a
daughter
of CE'j at and Jocasta, who,
when her sister Antigone had-V >en condemned to be
buried alive by Creon for givii.
when her sister Antigone had-V >en condemned to be
buried alive by Creon for givii.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
Alt.
,
vol. 3. ) The most useful edition, however, is that of
Schomann, Gryphisw. , 1831, 8vo. Sir W. Jones has
given a valuable translation of Is-cus. It appeared in
1779. His version, however, extends only to ten of
the orations, the eleventh having been discovered since.
(Schbtl, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 2, p. 215. )- II. A native of
Assyria, likewise an orator, who came to Rome AD.
17. He is greatly commended by Pliny the younger,
who observes that he always spoke extempore, and
that his language was marked by elegance, . inlaboured
ease, and great correctness. (Plin. , Ep. , 2,3. )
Isapib, a river of Umbria. Its ordinary name was
the Sapis. (Strab. , 216. --Plol. , p. 64. ) Its modern
appellation is the Savio. It rose not far from Sarsina,
? nd fell into the Adriatic to the northwest of the Ru-
bicon. (Luean, 2, 406. )
Isar and Isara, I. now the Isire, a river of Gaul,
where Fabius routed the Allobroges. It rose in the
Graiau Alps, and fell into the Rhodanus near Valentia,
the modern Valence. --II. Another, called the Oisc,
which falls into the Seine below Paris. The Celtic
name of Briva Isarre, a place on this river, has been
translated into Pont-Oisc.
Isaura (<e or orum), the capital of Isauria, near the
confines of Phrygia. Strabo and Stephanus of Byzan-
tium use the term as a plural one (ra 'laavpa); Am-
mianus Marcellinus, however, makes it of the first de-
clension (14, 8). It was a strong and rich place, and
its inhabitants appear to have acquired their wealth, in
a great degree, by plundering the neighbouring regions.
The city was attacked by the Macedonians under Pcr-
diccas, the inhabitants having put to death the govern-
or set over the province by Alexander. After a brave
resistance, the Isaurians destroyed themselves and their
city by fire. The conquerors arc said to have obtain-
ed much gold and silver from the ruins of the place.
(Diod. Sic. , 18,22. ) During the contentions between
Alexander's successors, the neighbouring mountain-
eers rebuilt the capital, and commenced plundering
anew until they were reduced by Servilius, hence sty-
led Isauricus, and the city was again destroyed. A
new Isaura was afterward built by Amyntas, king of
Galatia, in the vicinity of the old citv, and the stones
of this last were employed in its construction. (Serai. ,
? ? 591. ) This new Isaura appears to have existed until
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? ISIDORUS.
ISI
? bo. . cgetlier, wilh Anthemius, v>> is employed by
Justinian, emperor of iho oast, to erect the church of
St. Sophia at Constantinople. Anlhemius merely laid
the foundation of the edifice, and was then arrested by
the band of death, AD. 534. Isidorus was charged
with the completion of this structure. This church is
> m. :are building, with a hemispherical cupola in the
centre, and its summit 400 feet from the pavement
below. This edifice, which was considered the most
magnificent monument of the age, was scarcely fin-
ished before the cupola was thrown down by an earth-
quake. But Justinian had it immediately rebuilt.
On the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, the
church of St. Sophia was appropriated to the worship
? f the Mohammedan conquerors. --V. A New Plato-
nist, a native of Gaza, who succeeded Hegias in the
chair of Athens, in the fifth century, or, rather, at the
beginning of the sixth. He was a zealous follower of
Proclus, but deficient in talent and erudition, and,
consequently, soon made way for Zcnodotus as his
successor. (Scholl, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 7, p. 116. )
--VI. A native of Pelusium, a saint in the Roman
Catholic calendar, and one of the most celebrated of
the disciples of Chrysostom. He lived in the fifth
century, professed the monastic life from his youth,
? nd composed some thousand epistles, of which two
thousand and twelve remain, in five books, and are
deemed valuable, especially for the information which
they contain in relation to points of discipline and for
practical rules. The best edition is that of Schottus,
Paris, 1638, fol. In 1738, Heumann attacked the au-
thenticity of a part of these epistles, in a tract entitled
"Episloltt Isidori Pclusiota maximum partem con-
feetat" dec. --VII. Another saint in the Roman Cath-
olic calendar, and a distinguished Spanish prelate to-
wards the beginning of the seventh century, when he
succeeded his brother Leander in the see of Seville.
Hence he is commonly called Isidorus Hispalensis,
"Isidore of Seville. " He was, however, a native of
Carthago Nova (Carthagena), of which his father
Severianus was governor. He presided in a council
held in that city, A. D. 619; and at the fourth national
council, A. D. 633, in which numerous regulations
were by his influence adopted, in order to reform ec-
clesiastical discipline in Spain. He was well acquaint-
ed with Greek and Hebrew, and was considered by
the council of Toledo as the most learned man of bis
age. The style of his works, however, is not very
clear, and his judgment appears to have been very de-
fective. He died A. D. 636. --Isidorus was the au-
thor of many works, chiefly, however, compilations.
His principal production is entitled " Twenty Books
of Origins and Etymologies" (Originum sire Ety-
nologiarum Libri XX. ). Death prevented him from
finishing this, and it was completed by his friend
Braulio, bishop of Saragossa. It contains far more
than the title would seem to promise; and is, in fact,
a species of encyclopaedia, or a summary of all the
sciences cultivated at that period. The first book is
divided into forty-three chapters, of which the first
thirty-eight explain terms connected with grammar.
The remaining five have reference to matters connected
wilh history. The second book is devoted principally
to rhetorical subjects; it contains also an introduction
to philosophy, and a system of Dialectics after Porphy-
ry, Aristotle, and Victorious. The third book treats
of arithmetic, music, and astronomy. The fourth
? ? book is devoted to medicine. The fifth book con-
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? TSI8.
ISIS
attruut ;s, as we see from the Greek and Rpman wri-
ters. Sometimes she is represented like (Diana of
Ephcsus, the universal mother, with a nunber of
breasts. The mysterious rites of Isis werej probably
in their origin symbolical: on one of her statues was
this inscription, "I am all that has been or ". hat shall
be; no mortal has hitherto taken off my veil. "--But
the Isiac rites, transplanted to Italy, became a cloak
for licentiousness, and they were repeatedly forbidden
? t Rome. Tiberius caused the images of Isis to be
thrown into tbe Tiber; but the worship subsequently
revived, and Juvenal speaks of it in an indignant strain.
--The Isiac Table in the Turin Museum, which is
supposed to represent the mysteries of Isis, has been
judged by Champollion to be the work of an uninitiated
artist, little acquainted with the true worship of the
goddess, and probably of the age of Hadrian. (Con-
sult Plutarch's treatise on Isis and Osiris, ed. Wyt-
tenb. , vol. 2, p. 441. --Herod. , 2, 41, seqq. --Pausan. ,
2, 13, 7. --Id. , 10, 32, 13 )--The legend of Isis and
Osiris may be found in full detail in Creuzer (Sym-
bolik, vol. 1, p. 258, seqq). On comparing the differ-
ent explanations given by Plutarch and other ancient
writers, it will appear that Osiris is the type of the ac-
tive, generating, and beneficent force of nature and the
elements; Isis, on the contrary, is the passive force,
the power of conceiving and bringing forth into life in
the sublunary world. Osiris was particularly adored
in the sun, whose rays vivify and impart new warmth
to the earth, and who, on his annual return in the
spring, appears to create anew all organic bodies. He
was adored also in the Nile, the cause of Egyptian fer-
tility. Isis was the earth, or sublunary nature in gen-
eral; or, in a more confined sense, the soil of Egypt
inundated by the Nile, the principle of all fecundity,
the goddess of generation and production. United to
oii3 another, Osiris and Isis typify the universal Being,
tho soul of nature, the Panthcus of the Orphic verses.
(Symbolik, par Guigniaut, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 806. )--In
tec irdance with this general view of the subject are
the remarks of Knight: "Isis was the same with the
goddess of generation, except that by the later Egyp-
tians the personification was still core generalized, so
as to comprehend universal nature; whence Apuleius
invokes her by the names of Eieusinian Ceres, Celestial
Venus, and Proserpina; and she answers him by a
general explanation of these titles. 'I am,'says she,
* Nature, the parent of things, the sovereign of the ele-
ments, the primary progeny of time, the most exalted
of the deities, the first of the heavenly gods and god-
desses, the queen of the shades, the uniform counte-
nance; who dispose with my rod the numerous lights
of heaven, the salubrious breezes of the sea, and the
mournful silence of the dead; whose single deity the
whole world venerates in many forms, with various
rites and many names. The Egyptians, skilled in an-
cient lore, worship me with proper ceremonies, and
call me by my true name, Queen Isis. '" (Apul. , Met. ,
11, p. 257. ) This universal character of the goddess
appears, however, to have been subsequent to the
Macedonian conquest, when a new modification of the
ancient systems of religion and philosophy took place
at Alexandrea, and spread itself gradually over the
world. The statues of this Isis are of a composition
and form quite different from those of the ancient
Egyptian goddess; and all that we have seen are of
Greek or Roman sculpture. The original Egyptian
? ? figure of Isis is merely the animal symbol of the cow
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? ISO
ISOORA IES.
surest, the festival of the Pamylia; all these fell in
i great (period embracing the one half of the year, from
the autumnal equinox to that of the spring, at the
cjmrneiice. nont of which latter season was celebrated
the feast of the purification of Isia. A little before
this the Egyptians solemnized, at the new moon of
Phamenoth (March), the entrance of Osiris into the
Moon, which planet he was believed to fecundate,
that it might, in its turn, fecundate the earth. (Flat. ,
It. ) Finally, on the 30th of Epiphi (24th of July),
the festival of the birth of Horns took place (of Horus
the representative of Osiris, the conqueror of Typhon),
in the second great period, extending from the month
Pharmuthi (37th of March) to Tholh (29lh of August),
when the year recommenced. (Creuztr, Symbolik,
note 3, Guigniaut, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 801. )
Isvaius (Ismars, plur. ), a mountain of Thrace near
the mouth of the Hebrus, covered with vineyards.
This part of Thrace was famous for its wines. Ulys-
ses, in the Odyssey, is made to speak in commenda-
tion of some wine given him by Maron, the priest of
Apollo. Ismarus was situated in the territory of the
Cicones, whose capital was also called by the same
name. Homer (Od. , 1, 40) makes Ulysses to have
taken and plundered this city; but the natives coming
down from the interior in great force, he was driven
off with severe loss both ol men and ships. Ismarus
is only known to later wfiTlfVai. . a mountain celebrated
for its wine, which indeed Hu- ' t;r himself alludes to
in another passage. (Od. , 1, i '. -- Virg. , Georg. , 2,
37. ) ".
Isxbke, I.
a daughter of CE'j at and Jocasta, who,
when her sister Antigone had-V >en condemned to be
buried alive by Creon for givii. ^ j, burial to her brother
Polynices, against the tyrant's f> . Vtive orders, declared
herself as guilty as her sister, << 'insisted upon being
punished along with her. (" ;, Antig. --Apollod. ,
3, S. )--II. A daughter of the r~. ? . <? Asopus, who mar-
ried the hundred-eyed Argusv*"' vy- horn she had Iasus
(Apollod. , 2, 1. ) >''? rr
Isme. hias, I. a celebrated i isician of Thebes.
When he waa taken prisoner by , . tie Scythians, Athe-
<<>>, the king of the country, obse- ''. d, that he liked the
neighing of his horse better th ? ! / j the music of Is-
? enias. (Plut. in Apophth. )- b e f V Theban gener-
al, sent to Persia on an emban | TM' his countrymen.
As none were admitted into then - g's presence with-
out prostrating themselves at h , feet, Ismenias had
recourse to artifice to avoid per, " rriiing an act which
would render him degraded in th , ? Wyes of his country-
men, and yet, at thesame time, '' "'offend against the
customs of Pcrs'n. When i **s introduced he
dropped his rinj;. anitlie motk ? ne made to recover
it from the ground beiuj mi<<t>> . it for the required
homage, Ismenias had a so. . . \ audience of the
monarch. (JElian, V. H. , 1, 21 ? ?
Isni. vus, I. a son of Apollo 'Melia, one of the
Nereides, who gave his name Itf'^ta "river of Bceotia,
near Thebes. --II. A river of Ba:e"a, in the immediate
vicinity of Thebes, at the foot of aV. lt. It was sacred
to Apollo, hence called Ismcnius, who had a temple
here. (Find. , Pyth. , 11, 6. --SopK, (Erf. Tyr. , 19. )
The Ismenus is more frequently alluded to in conjunc-
tion with the celebrated fountain of Dirce. (Eurip. ,
ttaceh. , b. --ld. , Phan. , 830. --Here, Fur. ,512. --fb. ,
1,81. --Find. , Isthm. ,6, 108. ) Dodwell observes, that
the Ismenus has less pretensions to the title of a river
? ? than the Athenian Ilissus, for it has no water except
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? ISOCRATES
ISOCRATES.
* the discourse entitled UavjiyvptKoc, Panegyricus,
K " Panegyrical Oration," i. e, a discourse pronounced
before the assembled people. The Panegyric of Isoc-
rates was delivered at the Olympic games, and was
written in the time of the Lacedsemonian ascendancy.
He exhorts the Lacedemonians and Athenians to vie
with each other in a noble emulation, and to unite
their forces in an expedition against Asia; and he de-
scants eloquently on the merits and glories of the
Athenian commonwealth, on the services it had ren-
dered to Greece, and on its high intellectual cultiva-
tion; while he defends it from the charges, urged by
its enemies, of tyranny by sea, and of oppression to-
wards its colonies. Among the other twenty dis-
courses of Isocrates, there are three of the parcnetic
or moral kind: 1. Hpoc An/ioviKov, "Discourse ad-
dressed to Demonieus," the son of Hipponicus, who,
with his brother Calltas. belonged to the highest class
of Athenian citizens. It consists of moral precepts
for the conduct of life and the regulation of the de-
portment of the young. Many critics have thought
that this piece, abounding with excellent morality, and
resembling an epistle rather than a discourse, is not
the work of the Athenian Isocrates, but of one of two
other orators of the same name, of whom mention is
made by the ancient writers, namely, Isocrates of Apol-
lonia. or Heraclea in Pontus, who was a disciple of
. he Athonian philosopher; and Isocrates the friend of
Dionysius of Halicarnassus. One thing is certain,
that rlarpocration cites a discourse of the Apollonian
Isocrates, under the title of Hapaiveoic npoc Aji/wv-
ikov, and it is not probable that the master and his
disciple would have written exhortations addressed to
the same individual. As regards the third Isocrates
just mentioned, it is very doubtful whether he ever
existed. --2. II/<<f Ni/coxXra, Discourse addressed to
Kicocles II, son of Evagoras, and prince of Salamis
in Cyprus, on the art of reigning. --3. NtnonX^r, Nie-
oeles, a discourse composed for this prince, to be pro-
uunced by him, and treating of the duties of subjects
towards their sovereigns. Nicocles is said to have
presented Isocrates, in return, with twenty talents.
This piece is sometimes cited under the name of the
Cyprian Discourse, Kiiirptoc ? . 6yoe. Five other dis-
courses of Isocrates are of the deliberative kind. 1.
The Panegyric, of which we have already spoken. --
2. QiXtiriroc, or Hp&e toihiirirov, "Discourse address-
ed to Philip of Macedon," to induce him to act as me-
diator between the Greek cities, and to make war
against Persia. --3. 'Apxiia/ioc, Archidamus. Under
the nsme of this prince, who afterward ascended the
throne of Sparta, the orator endeavours to persuade
the Lacedemonians, after the battle of Mantinea, not
to relinquish Messenia. --4 'ApeionayiTindc, Areopa-
giticus. One of the best discourses of Isocrates. In
it he counsels the Athenians to re-establish the con-
stitution of Solon, as modified byClisthenes. --5. Ilepi
elpqvtic, fj ovpiiaxtKdc, " Of Peace," or, "Respecting
tie Allies. " In this discourse, pronounced after the
commencement of the social war, Isocrates advises
the Athenians to make peace with the inhabitants of
Chios, Rhodes, and Byzantium. We have also four
discourses by this writer that fall under the head of
tioges (iyKufiiaariKoi): viz. , 1. Eiayopae, Evagoras.
A funeral oration on Evagoras, king of Cyprus, and
father of Nicocles, who had been assassinated, 01.
101, 3. --2. 'Eton? ? tyxu/uov, Eloge on Helen, a
? ? piece full of pleasing digressions. --3. Qovaiptc, Ba-
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? I& s
1ST
tinted A more correct edition was published bv
Drcllius, in 1814, 8vo, with a double commentary,
critical and philological, in German; and also a small-
er edition, containing merely the Greek text with va-
rious readings. These two editions are more accu-
rate t. ian th*- nf Milan. (Scholl, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol.
2, p. 208, serf. --Hoffmann, Lex. BMiograph. , vol.
t, p. 620. )
IssA, one of the smallest of the Dalmatian islands,
cut the best known in history. It is mentioned by
Scylax as a Greek colony (p. 8), which, according to
Scymnus of Chios, was sent from Syracuse (v. 412).
Issa is often alluded to by Polybius in his account of
the Illyrian war. It was attacked by Teuta; but the
aiege was raised on the appearance of the Roman fleet,
and the inhabitants immediately placed themselves
under the protection of that power. (Appian, Illyr. ,
7. --Poiyb. , 2, 11. ) It became afterward a constant
station for the Roman galleys in their wars with the
kings of Macedon. (Lh>. , 43, 9. ) In Caesar's time
the town appears to have been very flourishing, for it
is styled "nobilistimum earum regionum oppidum"
(B. Alex. , 47), and Pliny informs us that the inhabi-
tants were Roman citizens. (Plin. , 3, 21. ) Athe-
naeus states that the wine of this island was much es-
teemed (I, 22). Its present name is Lissa. (Cra-
mer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 44. )
Issedonks, the principal nation in Series, whose
metropolis was Sera, now Kant-schu, in the Chinese
irovince of Sken-Si, without the great wall. This
? Miy has been erroneously confounded with Pekin, tho
capital of China, which is 300 leagues distant. They
Had also two towns, both called Issedon, but distin-
guished by the epithets of Serica and Scythica. (Ptol.
--Bischoff und MuiUr, Wirlcrb. der Geogr. , p. 649. )
Isscs, a town of Cilicia Campestris, at tho foot of
the main chain of Amanus, and nearly at the centre
of the head of the gulf to which it gave its name (Issi-
cus Sinus). Xenophon describes Issus (*I<r<rot, in the
plural) as a considerable town in his time. Cyrus
remained here three days, and was joined by his fleet
from the Peloponnesus. These ships anchored close
to the shore, where Cyrus had his quarters. (Anab ,
1. 4. --Compare Arrian, Exp. Alex. , 2, 7. -- Diod.
Sic. , 17,32 ) Issus was famous for the victory gained
here by Alexander over Darius. Tho error on the
part of the Persian monarch was in selecting so con-
tracted a spot for a pitched battle. The breadth of
the plain of Issus, between the sea and the mountains,
appears from Callisthenes, quoted by Polybius, not to
exceed fourteen stadia, less than two miles, a space
very inadequate for the manoeuvres of so large an ar-
my as that of Darius. The ground was, besides, bro-
ken, and intersected by many ravines and torrents
which descended from the mountains. The principal
one of these, and which is frequently mentioned in the
narrative of this momentous battle, is the Pinarus.
The two armies were at first drawn up on opposite
banks of this stream; Darius on the side of Issus, Al-
exander towards Syria. A clear notion of the whole
affair may be obtained from tho narratives of Arrian,
Curtius, and Plutarch, and from the critical remarks
of Polybius on the statement of Callisthenes. The
town of Issus, in Strabo's time, was only a small place
with a port. (Strab. , 676. ) Stephanus says it was
called Nicopolis, in consequence of the victory gained
by Alexander (*. v. 'loooe). Strabo, however, speaks
? ?
vol. 3. ) The most useful edition, however, is that of
Schomann, Gryphisw. , 1831, 8vo. Sir W. Jones has
given a valuable translation of Is-cus. It appeared in
1779. His version, however, extends only to ten of
the orations, the eleventh having been discovered since.
(Schbtl, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 2, p. 215. )- II. A native of
Assyria, likewise an orator, who came to Rome AD.
17. He is greatly commended by Pliny the younger,
who observes that he always spoke extempore, and
that his language was marked by elegance, . inlaboured
ease, and great correctness. (Plin. , Ep. , 2,3. )
Isapib, a river of Umbria. Its ordinary name was
the Sapis. (Strab. , 216. --Plol. , p. 64. ) Its modern
appellation is the Savio. It rose not far from Sarsina,
? nd fell into the Adriatic to the northwest of the Ru-
bicon. (Luean, 2, 406. )
Isar and Isara, I. now the Isire, a river of Gaul,
where Fabius routed the Allobroges. It rose in the
Graiau Alps, and fell into the Rhodanus near Valentia,
the modern Valence. --II. Another, called the Oisc,
which falls into the Seine below Paris. The Celtic
name of Briva Isarre, a place on this river, has been
translated into Pont-Oisc.
Isaura (<e or orum), the capital of Isauria, near the
confines of Phrygia. Strabo and Stephanus of Byzan-
tium use the term as a plural one (ra 'laavpa); Am-
mianus Marcellinus, however, makes it of the first de-
clension (14, 8). It was a strong and rich place, and
its inhabitants appear to have acquired their wealth, in
a great degree, by plundering the neighbouring regions.
The city was attacked by the Macedonians under Pcr-
diccas, the inhabitants having put to death the govern-
or set over the province by Alexander. After a brave
resistance, the Isaurians destroyed themselves and their
city by fire. The conquerors arc said to have obtain-
ed much gold and silver from the ruins of the place.
(Diod. Sic. , 18,22. ) During the contentions between
Alexander's successors, the neighbouring mountain-
eers rebuilt the capital, and commenced plundering
anew until they were reduced by Servilius, hence sty-
led Isauricus, and the city was again destroyed. A
new Isaura was afterward built by Amyntas, king of
Galatia, in the vicinity of the old citv, and the stones
of this last were employed in its construction. (Serai. ,
? ? 591. ) This new Isaura appears to have existed until
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? ISIDORUS.
ISI
? bo. . cgetlier, wilh Anthemius, v>> is employed by
Justinian, emperor of iho oast, to erect the church of
St. Sophia at Constantinople. Anlhemius merely laid
the foundation of the edifice, and was then arrested by
the band of death, AD. 534. Isidorus was charged
with the completion of this structure. This church is
> m. :are building, with a hemispherical cupola in the
centre, and its summit 400 feet from the pavement
below. This edifice, which was considered the most
magnificent monument of the age, was scarcely fin-
ished before the cupola was thrown down by an earth-
quake. But Justinian had it immediately rebuilt.
On the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, the
church of St. Sophia was appropriated to the worship
? f the Mohammedan conquerors. --V. A New Plato-
nist, a native of Gaza, who succeeded Hegias in the
chair of Athens, in the fifth century, or, rather, at the
beginning of the sixth. He was a zealous follower of
Proclus, but deficient in talent and erudition, and,
consequently, soon made way for Zcnodotus as his
successor. (Scholl, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 7, p. 116. )
--VI. A native of Pelusium, a saint in the Roman
Catholic calendar, and one of the most celebrated of
the disciples of Chrysostom. He lived in the fifth
century, professed the monastic life from his youth,
? nd composed some thousand epistles, of which two
thousand and twelve remain, in five books, and are
deemed valuable, especially for the information which
they contain in relation to points of discipline and for
practical rules. The best edition is that of Schottus,
Paris, 1638, fol. In 1738, Heumann attacked the au-
thenticity of a part of these epistles, in a tract entitled
"Episloltt Isidori Pclusiota maximum partem con-
feetat" dec. --VII. Another saint in the Roman Cath-
olic calendar, and a distinguished Spanish prelate to-
wards the beginning of the seventh century, when he
succeeded his brother Leander in the see of Seville.
Hence he is commonly called Isidorus Hispalensis,
"Isidore of Seville. " He was, however, a native of
Carthago Nova (Carthagena), of which his father
Severianus was governor. He presided in a council
held in that city, A. D. 619; and at the fourth national
council, A. D. 633, in which numerous regulations
were by his influence adopted, in order to reform ec-
clesiastical discipline in Spain. He was well acquaint-
ed with Greek and Hebrew, and was considered by
the council of Toledo as the most learned man of bis
age. The style of his works, however, is not very
clear, and his judgment appears to have been very de-
fective. He died A. D. 636. --Isidorus was the au-
thor of many works, chiefly, however, compilations.
His principal production is entitled " Twenty Books
of Origins and Etymologies" (Originum sire Ety-
nologiarum Libri XX. ). Death prevented him from
finishing this, and it was completed by his friend
Braulio, bishop of Saragossa. It contains far more
than the title would seem to promise; and is, in fact,
a species of encyclopaedia, or a summary of all the
sciences cultivated at that period. The first book is
divided into forty-three chapters, of which the first
thirty-eight explain terms connected with grammar.
The remaining five have reference to matters connected
wilh history. The second book is devoted principally
to rhetorical subjects; it contains also an introduction
to philosophy, and a system of Dialectics after Porphy-
ry, Aristotle, and Victorious. The third book treats
of arithmetic, music, and astronomy. The fourth
? ? book is devoted to medicine. The fifth book con-
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? TSI8.
ISIS
attruut ;s, as we see from the Greek and Rpman wri-
ters. Sometimes she is represented like (Diana of
Ephcsus, the universal mother, with a nunber of
breasts. The mysterious rites of Isis werej probably
in their origin symbolical: on one of her statues was
this inscription, "I am all that has been or ". hat shall
be; no mortal has hitherto taken off my veil. "--But
the Isiac rites, transplanted to Italy, became a cloak
for licentiousness, and they were repeatedly forbidden
? t Rome. Tiberius caused the images of Isis to be
thrown into tbe Tiber; but the worship subsequently
revived, and Juvenal speaks of it in an indignant strain.
--The Isiac Table in the Turin Museum, which is
supposed to represent the mysteries of Isis, has been
judged by Champollion to be the work of an uninitiated
artist, little acquainted with the true worship of the
goddess, and probably of the age of Hadrian. (Con-
sult Plutarch's treatise on Isis and Osiris, ed. Wyt-
tenb. , vol. 2, p. 441. --Herod. , 2, 41, seqq. --Pausan. ,
2, 13, 7. --Id. , 10, 32, 13 )--The legend of Isis and
Osiris may be found in full detail in Creuzer (Sym-
bolik, vol. 1, p. 258, seqq). On comparing the differ-
ent explanations given by Plutarch and other ancient
writers, it will appear that Osiris is the type of the ac-
tive, generating, and beneficent force of nature and the
elements; Isis, on the contrary, is the passive force,
the power of conceiving and bringing forth into life in
the sublunary world. Osiris was particularly adored
in the sun, whose rays vivify and impart new warmth
to the earth, and who, on his annual return in the
spring, appears to create anew all organic bodies. He
was adored also in the Nile, the cause of Egyptian fer-
tility. Isis was the earth, or sublunary nature in gen-
eral; or, in a more confined sense, the soil of Egypt
inundated by the Nile, the principle of all fecundity,
the goddess of generation and production. United to
oii3 another, Osiris and Isis typify the universal Being,
tho soul of nature, the Panthcus of the Orphic verses.
(Symbolik, par Guigniaut, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 806. )--In
tec irdance with this general view of the subject are
the remarks of Knight: "Isis was the same with the
goddess of generation, except that by the later Egyp-
tians the personification was still core generalized, so
as to comprehend universal nature; whence Apuleius
invokes her by the names of Eieusinian Ceres, Celestial
Venus, and Proserpina; and she answers him by a
general explanation of these titles. 'I am,'says she,
* Nature, the parent of things, the sovereign of the ele-
ments, the primary progeny of time, the most exalted
of the deities, the first of the heavenly gods and god-
desses, the queen of the shades, the uniform counte-
nance; who dispose with my rod the numerous lights
of heaven, the salubrious breezes of the sea, and the
mournful silence of the dead; whose single deity the
whole world venerates in many forms, with various
rites and many names. The Egyptians, skilled in an-
cient lore, worship me with proper ceremonies, and
call me by my true name, Queen Isis. '" (Apul. , Met. ,
11, p. 257. ) This universal character of the goddess
appears, however, to have been subsequent to the
Macedonian conquest, when a new modification of the
ancient systems of religion and philosophy took place
at Alexandrea, and spread itself gradually over the
world. The statues of this Isis are of a composition
and form quite different from those of the ancient
Egyptian goddess; and all that we have seen are of
Greek or Roman sculpture. The original Egyptian
? ? figure of Isis is merely the animal symbol of the cow
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? ISO
ISOORA IES.
surest, the festival of the Pamylia; all these fell in
i great (period embracing the one half of the year, from
the autumnal equinox to that of the spring, at the
cjmrneiice. nont of which latter season was celebrated
the feast of the purification of Isia. A little before
this the Egyptians solemnized, at the new moon of
Phamenoth (March), the entrance of Osiris into the
Moon, which planet he was believed to fecundate,
that it might, in its turn, fecundate the earth. (Flat. ,
It. ) Finally, on the 30th of Epiphi (24th of July),
the festival of the birth of Horns took place (of Horus
the representative of Osiris, the conqueror of Typhon),
in the second great period, extending from the month
Pharmuthi (37th of March) to Tholh (29lh of August),
when the year recommenced. (Creuztr, Symbolik,
note 3, Guigniaut, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 801. )
Isvaius (Ismars, plur. ), a mountain of Thrace near
the mouth of the Hebrus, covered with vineyards.
This part of Thrace was famous for its wines. Ulys-
ses, in the Odyssey, is made to speak in commenda-
tion of some wine given him by Maron, the priest of
Apollo. Ismarus was situated in the territory of the
Cicones, whose capital was also called by the same
name. Homer (Od. , 1, 40) makes Ulysses to have
taken and plundered this city; but the natives coming
down from the interior in great force, he was driven
off with severe loss both ol men and ships. Ismarus
is only known to later wfiTlfVai. . a mountain celebrated
for its wine, which indeed Hu- ' t;r himself alludes to
in another passage. (Od. , 1, i '. -- Virg. , Georg. , 2,
37. ) ".
Isxbke, I.
a daughter of CE'j at and Jocasta, who,
when her sister Antigone had-V >en condemned to be
buried alive by Creon for givii. ^ j, burial to her brother
Polynices, against the tyrant's f> . Vtive orders, declared
herself as guilty as her sister, << 'insisted upon being
punished along with her. (" ;, Antig. --Apollod. ,
3, S. )--II. A daughter of the r~. ? . <? Asopus, who mar-
ried the hundred-eyed Argusv*"' vy- horn she had Iasus
(Apollod. , 2, 1. ) >''? rr
Isme. hias, I. a celebrated i isician of Thebes.
When he waa taken prisoner by , . tie Scythians, Athe-
<<>>, the king of the country, obse- ''. d, that he liked the
neighing of his horse better th ? ! / j the music of Is-
? enias. (Plut. in Apophth. )- b e f V Theban gener-
al, sent to Persia on an emban | TM' his countrymen.
As none were admitted into then - g's presence with-
out prostrating themselves at h , feet, Ismenias had
recourse to artifice to avoid per, " rriiing an act which
would render him degraded in th , ? Wyes of his country-
men, and yet, at thesame time, '' "'offend against the
customs of Pcrs'n. When i **s introduced he
dropped his rinj;. anitlie motk ? ne made to recover
it from the ground beiuj mi<<t>> . it for the required
homage, Ismenias had a so. . . \ audience of the
monarch. (JElian, V. H. , 1, 21 ? ?
Isni. vus, I. a son of Apollo 'Melia, one of the
Nereides, who gave his name Itf'^ta "river of Bceotia,
near Thebes. --II. A river of Ba:e"a, in the immediate
vicinity of Thebes, at the foot of aV. lt. It was sacred
to Apollo, hence called Ismcnius, who had a temple
here. (Find. , Pyth. , 11, 6. --SopK, (Erf. Tyr. , 19. )
The Ismenus is more frequently alluded to in conjunc-
tion with the celebrated fountain of Dirce. (Eurip. ,
ttaceh. , b. --ld. , Phan. , 830. --Here, Fur. ,512. --fb. ,
1,81. --Find. , Isthm. ,6, 108. ) Dodwell observes, that
the Ismenus has less pretensions to the title of a river
? ? than the Athenian Ilissus, for it has no water except
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? ISOCRATES
ISOCRATES.
* the discourse entitled UavjiyvptKoc, Panegyricus,
K " Panegyrical Oration," i. e, a discourse pronounced
before the assembled people. The Panegyric of Isoc-
rates was delivered at the Olympic games, and was
written in the time of the Lacedsemonian ascendancy.
He exhorts the Lacedemonians and Athenians to vie
with each other in a noble emulation, and to unite
their forces in an expedition against Asia; and he de-
scants eloquently on the merits and glories of the
Athenian commonwealth, on the services it had ren-
dered to Greece, and on its high intellectual cultiva-
tion; while he defends it from the charges, urged by
its enemies, of tyranny by sea, and of oppression to-
wards its colonies. Among the other twenty dis-
courses of Isocrates, there are three of the parcnetic
or moral kind: 1. Hpoc An/ioviKov, "Discourse ad-
dressed to Demonieus," the son of Hipponicus, who,
with his brother Calltas. belonged to the highest class
of Athenian citizens. It consists of moral precepts
for the conduct of life and the regulation of the de-
portment of the young. Many critics have thought
that this piece, abounding with excellent morality, and
resembling an epistle rather than a discourse, is not
the work of the Athenian Isocrates, but of one of two
other orators of the same name, of whom mention is
made by the ancient writers, namely, Isocrates of Apol-
lonia. or Heraclea in Pontus, who was a disciple of
. he Athonian philosopher; and Isocrates the friend of
Dionysius of Halicarnassus. One thing is certain,
that rlarpocration cites a discourse of the Apollonian
Isocrates, under the title of Hapaiveoic npoc Aji/wv-
ikov, and it is not probable that the master and his
disciple would have written exhortations addressed to
the same individual. As regards the third Isocrates
just mentioned, it is very doubtful whether he ever
existed. --2. II/<<f Ni/coxXra, Discourse addressed to
Kicocles II, son of Evagoras, and prince of Salamis
in Cyprus, on the art of reigning. --3. NtnonX^r, Nie-
oeles, a discourse composed for this prince, to be pro-
uunced by him, and treating of the duties of subjects
towards their sovereigns. Nicocles is said to have
presented Isocrates, in return, with twenty talents.
This piece is sometimes cited under the name of the
Cyprian Discourse, Kiiirptoc ? . 6yoe. Five other dis-
courses of Isocrates are of the deliberative kind. 1.
The Panegyric, of which we have already spoken. --
2. QiXtiriroc, or Hp&e toihiirirov, "Discourse address-
ed to Philip of Macedon," to induce him to act as me-
diator between the Greek cities, and to make war
against Persia. --3. 'Apxiia/ioc, Archidamus. Under
the nsme of this prince, who afterward ascended the
throne of Sparta, the orator endeavours to persuade
the Lacedemonians, after the battle of Mantinea, not
to relinquish Messenia. --4 'ApeionayiTindc, Areopa-
giticus. One of the best discourses of Isocrates. In
it he counsels the Athenians to re-establish the con-
stitution of Solon, as modified byClisthenes. --5. Ilepi
elpqvtic, fj ovpiiaxtKdc, " Of Peace," or, "Respecting
tie Allies. " In this discourse, pronounced after the
commencement of the social war, Isocrates advises
the Athenians to make peace with the inhabitants of
Chios, Rhodes, and Byzantium. We have also four
discourses by this writer that fall under the head of
tioges (iyKufiiaariKoi): viz. , 1. Eiayopae, Evagoras.
A funeral oration on Evagoras, king of Cyprus, and
father of Nicocles, who had been assassinated, 01.
101, 3. --2. 'Eton? ? tyxu/uov, Eloge on Helen, a
? ? piece full of pleasing digressions. --3. Qovaiptc, Ba-
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? I& s
1ST
tinted A more correct edition was published bv
Drcllius, in 1814, 8vo, with a double commentary,
critical and philological, in German; and also a small-
er edition, containing merely the Greek text with va-
rious readings. These two editions are more accu-
rate t. ian th*- nf Milan. (Scholl, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol.
2, p. 208, serf. --Hoffmann, Lex. BMiograph. , vol.
t, p. 620. )
IssA, one of the smallest of the Dalmatian islands,
cut the best known in history. It is mentioned by
Scylax as a Greek colony (p. 8), which, according to
Scymnus of Chios, was sent from Syracuse (v. 412).
Issa is often alluded to by Polybius in his account of
the Illyrian war. It was attacked by Teuta; but the
aiege was raised on the appearance of the Roman fleet,
and the inhabitants immediately placed themselves
under the protection of that power. (Appian, Illyr. ,
7. --Poiyb. , 2, 11. ) It became afterward a constant
station for the Roman galleys in their wars with the
kings of Macedon. (Lh>. , 43, 9. ) In Caesar's time
the town appears to have been very flourishing, for it
is styled "nobilistimum earum regionum oppidum"
(B. Alex. , 47), and Pliny informs us that the inhabi-
tants were Roman citizens. (Plin. , 3, 21. ) Athe-
naeus states that the wine of this island was much es-
teemed (I, 22). Its present name is Lissa. (Cra-
mer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 44. )
Issedonks, the principal nation in Series, whose
metropolis was Sera, now Kant-schu, in the Chinese
irovince of Sken-Si, without the great wall. This
? Miy has been erroneously confounded with Pekin, tho
capital of China, which is 300 leagues distant. They
Had also two towns, both called Issedon, but distin-
guished by the epithets of Serica and Scythica. (Ptol.
--Bischoff und MuiUr, Wirlcrb. der Geogr. , p. 649. )
Isscs, a town of Cilicia Campestris, at tho foot of
the main chain of Amanus, and nearly at the centre
of the head of the gulf to which it gave its name (Issi-
cus Sinus). Xenophon describes Issus (*I<r<rot, in the
plural) as a considerable town in his time. Cyrus
remained here three days, and was joined by his fleet
from the Peloponnesus. These ships anchored close
to the shore, where Cyrus had his quarters. (Anab ,
1. 4. --Compare Arrian, Exp. Alex. , 2, 7. -- Diod.
Sic. , 17,32 ) Issus was famous for the victory gained
here by Alexander over Darius. Tho error on the
part of the Persian monarch was in selecting so con-
tracted a spot for a pitched battle. The breadth of
the plain of Issus, between the sea and the mountains,
appears from Callisthenes, quoted by Polybius, not to
exceed fourteen stadia, less than two miles, a space
very inadequate for the manoeuvres of so large an ar-
my as that of Darius. The ground was, besides, bro-
ken, and intersected by many ravines and torrents
which descended from the mountains. The principal
one of these, and which is frequently mentioned in the
narrative of this momentous battle, is the Pinarus.
The two armies were at first drawn up on opposite
banks of this stream; Darius on the side of Issus, Al-
exander towards Syria. A clear notion of the whole
affair may be obtained from tho narratives of Arrian,
Curtius, and Plutarch, and from the critical remarks
of Polybius on the statement of Callisthenes. The
town of Issus, in Strabo's time, was only a small place
with a port. (Strab. , 676. ) Stephanus says it was
called Nicopolis, in consequence of the victory gained
by Alexander (*. v. 'loooe). Strabo, however, speaks
? ?
