They assumed the name
of " Hearts of Oak," and in their green uniforms and leath-
ern caps, bearing the ominous inscription of "Freedom or
Death," attracted the attention of the inhabitants, and are
still recollected with enthusiasm by the few survivors of the
scene.
of " Hearts of Oak," and in their green uniforms and leath-
ern caps, bearing the ominous inscription of "Freedom or
Death," attracted the attention of the inhabitants, and are
still recollected with enthusiasm by the few survivors of the
scene.
Hamilton - 1834 - Life on Hamilton - v1
x000275470 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.
hathitrust.
org/access_use#pd-google
? HAMILTON. 37
umphant defences of their opinions and conduct, and curio-
sity was alive to discover their author. They were gene-
rally attributed to Governor Livingston and to Mr. Jay,
and these distinguished men gained from them, for a time,
increased celebrity; but when, on the inquiry to which of
these two individuals the public were indebted for this
great service, the author was ascertained to be Alexander
Hamilton, a youth about eighteen, but recently admitted to
college, and new to the country, admiration of the works
was lost in surprise at the discovery. By many it was
doubted. "I remember," says Colonel Troup, "that in a
conversation I once had with Doctor Cooper about the an-
swer, he insisted that Mr. Jay must be the author of it, it
being absurd to imagine that so young a man as Hamilton
could have written it;" and the positive assertions of Troup
and Mulligan, to whom parts of it had been read in the
progress of composition, seemed hardly sufficient to dispel
the doubt. *
Signal distinction followed the disclosure. Hamilton
was at once regarded as a prodigy of intellect: -- anxious
inquiries poured in from the other colonies. "Sir," said
the gallant Willet, " Sears was a warm man, but with little
reflection; McDougal was strong-minded, and Jay appear-
ing to fall in with the measures of Sears, tempered and
controlled them; but Hamilton, after these great writings,
became our oracle;" and from being known in New-York
as the eloquent collegian, he was distinguished in the pub-
lic press by the appellation of "The Vindicator of Con-
gress. "
When the vigour and terseness of style, the mass of in-
* The importance of gaining such an adversary, was felt by the friends of
the crown; and it is related by a cotemporary of his, now living, that a most
liberal offer was tendered to Hamilton by Dr. Cooper, if he would consent to
write in behalf of the ministry. It is unnecessary to add, that it was rejected.
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? 38 THE LIFE or
formation, the closeness of reasoning, the happy exposition
of the weak points of his antagonist, the clear perception
of the principles of political liberty which the American
revolution has rendered familiar, and chiefly the compre-
hensive and prophetic view which is taken of the great
questions then discussed, and which involved not less the
destinies of the British empire, than of all others, are con-
sidered, these pamphlets will be admitted to possess merits
of which the most practised statesman might be proud, and
when regarded as the productions of such a youth, are un-
rivalled.
The latter of these publications appeared in February,
seventeen hundred and seventy-five, at that gloomy period of
suspense when every eye was directed to England, waiting
the result of the proceedings of the late congress, and when
not a ray of relief broke upon the view. The rejection of
Lord Chatham's conciliatory bill, which was soon after
known, dissipated every remaining hope of peaceable re-
dress.
In New-York, the ministerial party maintained their as-
cendency in the assembly, although not without a severe
and persevering conflict. Not daring longer to defend the
measures of the ministry, they sought by holding out the
prospect of a favourable answer to their petitions, and by
assuring to their constituents a special exemption from the
common calamity, to quiet the minds and paralyze the
efforts of the people. The opposition in this body was still
led by two men of the most determined resolution, -- Phi-
lip Schuyler and George Clinton, -- who, together with
John Jay, were the leading patriots of New-York; and
when the importance of the concurrence of this province,
and the embarrassments with which it was surrounded, are
taken into view, contending, at the same time, with the
whole influence of the ministry, with the power of the co-
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? HAMILTON. 39
lonial government, adroitly exercised, with a large body of
its wealthy proprietors actively co-operating with the timid
portion of the mercantile community, amid a divided popu-
lation and distracted councils, it is difficult to measure the
value of their services.
The first of these, Colonel Schuyler, had been a partizan
officer in the war of seventeen hundred and fifty-six. By
his fertility of resource and unyielding energy, he rendered
distinguished services to the British commander,* who fell,
lamented, by his side, and to him the honour of his inter-
ment was confided. Descended from one of the early
Dutch settlers of this province, the influence and respecta-
bility of whose family had been transmitted through suc-
cessive generations, he exercised an almost unrivalled sway
over the minds of the descendants of a people, whose first
mention in history, as a distinct political community, is as-
sociated with the assertion of their liberties.
Possessed of great wealth, he embarked it in the contest,
as a pledge of his patriotism, and, in the course of the re-
volution, sacrificed as much of fortune and of feeling, as any
other individual in America.
Party to the most secret councils of the continent, he had
staked every thing on the issue of the conflict, and had ac-
quired a weight of influence which led both Virginia and
Massachusetts to regard him as the connecting link in the
great purposes at which they aimed. "On the shoulders
of this great man," said Judge Benson, "the conduct of
New-York rested. "
Hislove of fame was less than his love of country; and
when the misadventures of some robbed him of the glory
to which he was entitled, and while artifice withheld from
him an opportunity of vindication, he is not seen indulging
in invidious comments on the successes of others, but con-
* Lord Howe.
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? 40 THE LIFE OF
tinuing within the sphere of his great influence and resour-
ces, to advance the cause of his early preference. Thus,
his strength of character sustained him when other men
sink, and his adversity gave him more true honour than he
could have derived from success. * Sullied by no private
vices, and misled by no small passions, his path through life
was high, unspotted, equal; and he died with a reputation,
which those who knew and followed him, have contended
to perpetuate. ,
Sprung from a family of Irish descent, which counted
among their ancestry a gallant officer of the cavaliers who
fell with Charles the First, -- George Clinton, in a nobler
cause, displayed all the perseverance and courage of his
blood.
In early youth he broke from the thrall of parental au-
thority, and exchanged for his father's house, a birth on
board of a privateer, in which he made a cruise during the
French war. He is next seen in service with his father
and brother, in an attack which resulted in the capture of
Frontignac. He then became a lawyer, and was placed
soon after in that sphere in which he was the associate
of Schuyler, in opposition to the influence of the crown.
Transferred by the popular choice to the continental con-
gress, he took part in the measures of 1775 and 1776, and
on the formation of the constitution of the state of New-
York, was chosen its governor, and filled that station during
a period of eighteen years. On the first call to arms, he
was appointed a brigadier general, and during the most
trying years of the war commanded in the Highlands,
and held the keys of that natural citadel. In intrepidity,
* "I hope," said Mr. Jay, "you will seriously determine to serve your
country, at least in a legislative capacity. Class yourself with those great men
of antiquity, who, unmoved by the ingratitude of their country, omitted no op-
portunities of promoting the public weal. " -- 12th February, 1778.
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? HAMILTON. 41
perseverance, and love of liberty, he was not less distin-
guished than his great compatriot; but in the modes of at-
taining their objects, and in their political views, they were
most unlike. By Schuyler, the declaration of independ-
ence was regarded but as the first step toward the creation
of a great nation, pledged to the principles which that in-
strument proclaimed. With Clinton, the love of liberty
was a fiercer passion.
In Schuyler, it was a principle of high benevolence, en-
larging with the sphere of action. With Clinton, it was a
jealousy of power, contracting and deforming the object of
his adoration. The one, conscious of his own imperfec-
tions, regarded mankind with a kindred feeling, as full of
weaknesses from which they were to be protected. The
other, with a profound knowledge of human nature, and
consummate talents for popularity, looked more to the pas-
sions of men, as a field from which could be gathered a
store of influence for his own advancement. The one aided
in building up the constitution of the United States on the
basis of a firm and perpetual union. The other, had he
prevailed, would have doomed them to perpetual anarchy.
John Jay, younger than either, was educated for the bar,
and had already acquired celebrity in his profession. His
father, the descendant of a persecuted Hugonot, establish-
ed himself in the vicinity of New-Rochelle, where, sur-
rounded by a small community who traced their origin and
their adversities to the same source, he pursued an agricul-
tural life, and preserved all the simplicity of habits and pu-
rity of character, which had been cultivated by the protes-
tants in France, amid the various vicissitudes of their for-
tunes. Educated in such a school, he espoused the cause
of liberty, with an ardour equal to the zeal with which he
defended it, and soon acquired the ascendency, to which
his probity, and the soundness of his understanding, enti-
tled him.
vol. r. 6
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? 42 THE LIFE OP
By some, his jealousy of error was supposed to have run
into a proneness to suspicion; and his strict adherence to
right, to have bordered on severity; but the basis of his
character was a lofty virtue and manly self-dependence.
Elevated by these qualities in the public confidence, he rose
to some of the highest stations in the civil branch of the
government, and long shone conspicuous among the great
lights which ushered this nation into existence, -- a pure,
consistent, and unyielding patriot.
Sustained by the ardent feelings of the other colonies, the
exertions of these men to secure the concert of the go-
vernment of New-York were unremitting, but vain. The
majority of the assembly would not be diverted from their
servile counsels, and although their efforts towards concilia-
tion had been treated by the ministry with contumely and
neglect, they still refused their sanction to those commercial
restrictions which the congress had recommended, and a
motion to appoint delegates to the second congress, was
negatived by a majority of two to one.
To counteract this influence, the popular committees in-
creased their numbers and their activity, and taking advan-
tage of every violation of the associations, kept alive the
spirit of their partizans by glowing appeals to their love of
country. All expectation of obtaining the concurrence of
the assembly being at last abandoned, on the fifth day of
March, seventeen hundred and seventy-five, a meeting of
the citizens of New-York was convened, in order to obtain
a representation in the approaching congress. The minis-
terial party determined to put down this attempt, and as
soon as the patriots assembled, resorted to violence. The
popular party was surprised and defeated, but soon rallied,
and having collected arms, routed their antagonists. The
victory was decisive. * The election of delegates to a pro-
* March 15,1775. Votes in favour, nine hundred and twenty-nine; against,
one hundred and forty-three. There were then two thousand five hundred
voters in the city.
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? HAMILTON. 43
vincial convention was held, and the concurrence of New-
York ultimately secured.
This body met in the ensuing month, and even in that
assemblage was found much of the timidity which had
characterized the representatives they were chosen to suc-
ceed. While they recommended to their constituents to
exercise themselves with arms, they still indulged the de-
lusive hope of redress. Day after day, in the earlier part
of their session, they remonstrated against the incursions
into Canada, and finally* adopted a plan of accommodation
with the ministry, f But the battle of Lexington had been
fought; the war cry was raised, and the American people
were convinced that nothing remained to them but an ap-
peal to the sword.
In New-England the hardy yeomanry abandoned their
homes and husbandry, and rushed to the conflict. In the
other colonies, as the intelligence reached them, on all
sides were heard bursts of popular indignation, and cries
to arms. In New-Jersey the provincial treasury was seized.
In Philadelphia the shipping was embargoed; and in Ma-
ryland and Virginia the public arms and ammunition were
secured. When the news of the skirmish reached New-
York, and it was announced in the concluding words of a
letter "that the crimson fountain was opened, and God only
knew when it would close," tumultuous menace and exe-
cration followed. Patroles were immediately employed
and, directed by Sears and Willet, the popular leaders,
took their rounds throughout the night as if the enemy were
at their doors. Mobs assembled; the keys of the custom
house were seized, the armory broken open; and, dis-
mayed by the irresistible impetuosity of the populace, a
* June 24, 1775.
f A company of troops was directed to receive General Washington or Go-
vernor Tryon, whichever should first arrive.
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? 44 TIE LIFE OF
battalion of the royal troops was compelled to surrender
their weapons and leave the city.
Congress met in May, 1775, and intelligence being re-
ceived of the destination of forces for America, assumed all
the powers of a paramount superintending sovereignty, and
exercised some of its highest attributes. They proceeded
to organize an army, and to establish a general post. Wash-
ington was elected commander-in-chief; -- the accession
of Georgia completed the confederacy; and, as the point
most exposed, five thousand men were ordered to be raised
for the protection of New-York. In that colony the lead-
ers were now on the alert. Positions were taken to com-
mand the Hudson; alarm posts were established ; the coun-
ties were divided into military districts; officers were cho-
sen under the superintendence of committees, which were
then the chief engines of government. The members of
the provincial convention partaking of the general enthu-
siasm, pledged their personal responsibility for loans made
to the colony, and with a signal magnanimity and self-de-
votion, a letter was addressed by the committee of safety
to General Lee, the commanding officer in New-York, on
the twenty-first of January, 1776, in which some of them
held large estates, authorizing him to devote the city to
flames, if he deemed it a necessary sacrifice for advancing
the cause of the revolution.
After the expulsion of the royal troops, that city remained
quiet until the arrival of Tryon, late governor of North
Carolina, recently appointed to the government of New-
York, a man of energy, courage, and decision.
His arrival reanimated the royalists; and although the
patriots retained their ascendency, a sufficient diversion
was created to keep up a feverish alarm.
While these events were passing in rapid succession,
Hamilton was not inactive. His mind roused to enthu-
siasm in the cause which he had espoused, was constantly
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? HAMILTON. 45
generating new arguments to sustain it; and the leisure
which he had from his collegiate duties was employed in
frequent contributions to the press. In June, seventeen
hundred and seventy-five, with a view to confirm the opin-
ion that the English ministry had abandoned every regard
to the principles of her constitution, he published a series of
"Remarks on the Quebec Bill," a measure which had been
resisted in the British Parliament by the whole force of the
opposition, and kindled in the bosoms of the Americans, at
this moment of irritation, the most angry suspicions. Unable
to discover the particular motive of policy which prompted
such an enactment at this time, they viewed it as contain-
ing some hidden purpose of hostility to themselves, and
as an example of the extent to which a British ministry
would exercise an arbitrary authority over the other colo-
nies, if the least encroachment was submitted to.
While Canada was a French province, the French laws
and customs were in force there, which were regulated in
conformity with the genius and disposition of a despotic
government. When it fell under the dominion of Britain,
these laws gave place to the milder influence of the English
laws; and all persons who settled in Canada were, by a
proclamation of the king of Great Britain, assured a full
enjoyment of the rights of British subjects. By this act,
that proclamation and the government exercised under it,
were annulled after the first of January, 1775. The French
laws were restored, and a power reserved to the executive
authority of the provinces of altering the laws at pleasure,
and, by a further provision, the free exercise of the Roman
catholic religion (subject to the king's supremacy) was
guarantied to the people; and the clergy of that church
were declared entitled to hold and enjoy their accustomed
dues and rights.
The "Remarks" were published in two numbers. The
first on the fifteenth of June, 1775, in a brief, but close ex-
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? 46 TUB LIFE 0 1'
animation of the terms of the act, commented forcibly on
the arbitrary character of this bill, which placed the laws
and government of the province under the sole discretion
of the prince; conferred on him the most extraordinary and
dangerous prerogative, that of creating courts of criminal,
civil; and ecclesiastical jurisdiction, and appointing tempo-
rary judges, whose commissions were revocable at plea-
sure ; and that of making the trial by jury dependent on the
will of the provincial legislature; thus showing that an ar-
bitrary government had been established in that extensive
region.
The purport of the second number, was to prove that the
church of Rome had the sanction of a legal establishment
in that province. It is an able refutation of an essay, which
professed to show, that by this act, the catholic religion
was merely tolerated; and giving a very precise and accu-
rate definition of an established religion, it deduces clearly
from the terms of the act, that the catholic religion is placed
on the footing of a regular establishment, while the protes-
tant is "left entirely destitute and unbefriended. "
The dangers to their protestant neighbours of the vicinity
of a colony of Roman catholics, allured in great numbers
by the favour of government, with a dependent clergy, dis-
posed to support absolute power,are stronglyportrayed, and
an earnest appeal is made to the jealous feelings of the
protestant colonies.
These essays are an interesting specimen of the early
reach of thought, and precision of language, which were
afterwards disclosed by him in so remarkable a degree.
He also repeatedly took part in the public deliberations.
One instance is related by a highly respectable member of
the Society of Friends. It was a meeting of merchants.
Soon after the discussion had opened, Hamilton rose to
address them: -- " Ah," said the gentleman, "what brings
that lad here ? --the poor boy will disgrace himself. " It
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? HAMILTON. 47
was a question as to the non-importation agreement. He
argued the necessity of adhering to it while in force, both
from obligation and the influence of example, but, at the
same time, seeing the approach of war, he contended, that
having been adopted only as a measure of resistance, and
stronger measures being inevitable, that good policy requi-
red the rescinding the agreement by congress, and that those
who had violated it should be forgiven, as indirectly bene-
fitting the public.
Congress having published a declaration of their deter-
mination to resist by force, and having recommended the
embodying throughout the continent of organized compa-
nies of militia, Hamilton joined a volunteer corps, command-
ed by Major Fleming, who had been an adjutant in the Bri-
tish service, and was a skilful and exact disciplinarian.
"Under his command he acquired a knowledge of the rudi-
ments of military science, and became expert in its details. "*
This company was composed chiefly of young gentlemen
of the city, anxious to acquire a knowledge of tactics, with
a view to future promotion.
They met for daily exercise in the churchyard of St.
George's chapel, early in the morning, before the com-
mencement of their college duties.
They assumed the name
of " Hearts of Oak," and in their green uniforms and leath-
ern caps, bearing the ominous inscription of "Freedom or
Death," attracted the attention of the inhabitants, and are
still recollected with enthusiasm by the few survivors of the
scene. In this corps were several of the personal friends
of Hamilton, among whom were Colonel Fish, afterwards
eminently distinguished at the siege of York Town, and
Colonel Troup, who served with credit in the northern de-
partment, and received the thanks of congress.
While Hamilton was a member of this corps, it was em-
ployed in a service of some danger. Having been required
* Colonel Troup.
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? 48 THE LIFE OF
by the committee to remove the cannon from the Battery,
while they were thus occupied, a boat of the Asia, man-of-
war, approached, with the design, as was believed, of pre-
venting their removal. The boat was fired upon by the
citizens, which drew a broadside from the ship, "during
which, Hamilton, who was aiding in the removal of the
cannon, exhibited the greatest unconcern, although one of
his companions was killed by his side," and was thus con-
nected in the minds of the people with the first act of re-
sistance to the first act of violence offered to the province.
A violent commotion was the consequence of this attack.
The liberty mobs collected and traversed the streets, threat-
ening personal injuries to every adherent of the crown. In
the height of their excitement, they approached the college,
with a view to seize the person of the president, Doctor
Cooper, an obnoxious tory. As they drew near his resi-
dence, Hamilton and Troup ascended the steps, and fearful
lest in this moment of irritation they might commit some
excess, Hamilton, in order to give the president time to es-
cape, harangued the mob, with great eloquence and ani-
mation, "on the excessive impropriety of their conduct,
and the disgrace they were bringing on the cause of liber-
ty, of which they professed to be the champions. " He suc-
ceeded in diverting their attention, until the alarmed cler-
gyman (who, at first, imagining he was exciting the popu-
lace, exclaimed from an upper window, "Don't listen to
him, gentlemen, he is crazy, he is crazy! ") took refuge in
the ship of war. *
By a similar exhibition of firmness, he interposed with
a concourse of people known as " Travis' mob," and divert-
ed their rage from Mr. Thurman, whose conduct as a mem-
ber of one of the committees, had aroused their indignation,
and whose life was menaced.
* Letter of Colonel Troup to Colonel Pickering.
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? HAMILTON. 49
At this time, the popular commotions became frequent;
the royalists who had fled from the other colonies to New-
York for safety, were compelled to leave it; and such was
the distempered state of feeling, that Tryon, the last royal
governor, a man of intrepid courage, fearful of his life, took
refuge on board the Halifax packet, whence he issued his
disregarded mandates.
The press of Rivington, the tory printer, was the last ob-
ject of attack. By occasionally printing for the popular
side, he had preserved some appearance of neutrality, but
as the controversy ripened, he took a decided part with the
royalists. On the twenty-third of November, a party of
horse from Connecticut, under the command of Sears, ap-
peared in the city, with the avowed design of destroying
his press. Heading the mob, they proceeded in the dusk
of evening to rifle its contents. Hamilton again appeared
the advocate of order, and relying on his former success,
renewed his appeals to the discretion of the citizens, and,
indignant at the encroachment of unlicensed troops from
another colony, offered to join in opposition to the intruders,
and check their progress. His exhortation was unsuccess-
ful. The outrage was perpetrated, but his interference
was not without happy consequences. It elevated him
still more in the estimation of the patriots, who saw in his
love of order and respect for the authority of the laws, as-
surances of those high qualities which, rising above the wild
uproar of the times, disdained to win popularity from popu-
lar delusion.
VOl. I.
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? CHAPTER IV.
During the winter of seventeen hundred and seventy-
six, while England was making a powerful effort for the
subjugation of her colonies, and an act of parliament had
been passed declaring them in open rebellion, the general
congress were chiefly occupied with measures to repair
the losses that attended the northern campaign, which, after
the most arduous exertions, had terminated with the fall of
Montgomery, before the walls of Quebec ; an event which,
from the recollection of the death of Wolfe, the heroism of
the attempt, the immense efforts which had been made,
and the hardships encountered, deeply engaged the sym-
pathies of his countrymen, and caused his loss to be de-
plored as a great national calamity. *
The failure of this expedition changed the whole aspect
of affairs. Instead of securing the co-operation of the Ca-
nadas, and presenting to the enemy an unbroken line of
hostility, the utmost exertions were requisite to maintain
the posts which had been won with so much gallantry in
the preceding spring, to suppress the disaffection that eagerly
displayed itself, and to prevent a junction of the forces of
the enemy, which must have left the larger portion of the
colonies an easy and unassisted prey to their overwhelming
numbers.
Hamilton, during the previous winter, foreseeing that the
course of events must soon lead to an open rupture, deter-
mined to apply himself to the study of arms, and before any
steps were taken to organize a regular force, had by great
* It was announced in these words, -- " Weep, America! for tho<< hast
lost one of thy most virtuous and bravest sons. "
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? 52 THE LIFE OF
assiduity, made such progress as books and the instruction
of a British bombardier could give him in pyrotechnics and
gunnery.
The convention of New-York having determined to aug-
ment its military establishment, among other arrangements
ordered a company of artillery to be raised. * Hamilton
seized this opportunity to enter the service, and was recom-
mended to the convention by his friend McDougal, who
had been appointed colonel of the first regiment raised in
the province. A doubt having been intimated of his know-
ledge of that branch of arms, McDougal proposed that he
should undergo an examination, and on a certificate being
given of his competency, he was appointed, on the four-
teenth day of March, seventeen hundred and seventy-six,
"Captain of the Provincial Company of Artillery," and
within a short time after was directed to guard the records
of the colony. "Hamilton," says Mulligan, by whom he
was aided, "recruited his men, and with the remnant of the
second and last remittance which he received from Santa
Cruz, equipped them. He attended to their drill and his
other duties with a degree of zeal and diligence which soon
made his company conspicuous for their appearance, and
the regularity of their movements. "
His first lieutenant having been transferred to another
command, he took this occasion to enforce, in a letter to
the convention, the policy of advancing officers in succes-
sion, in which he added, " I would beg the liberty warmly
to recommend to your attention the first sergeant in my
company, -- a man highly deserving notice and preferment.
He has discharged his duty in his present station with un-
common fidelity, assiduity, and expertness; he is a very
good disciplinarian, possesses the advantage of having seen
a good deal of service in Germany, and has a tolerable share
* January 6,1776.
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? HAMILTON. 53
of common sense. In a word, I verily believe he will make
an excellent lieutenant, and his advancement will be a
great encouragement and benefit to my company in parti-
cular, and will be an animating example to all men of merit
to whose knowledge it comes. " Hamilton, in this sugges-
tion, paid a debt of gratitude, and, at the same time, incul-
cated a measure, the efficacy of which was demonstrated
in various instances.
The convention adopted the suggestion. The brave
bombardier was promoted to a lieutenancy, and rising to
the command of a company, Captain Thomson fell at the
battle of Springfield, at the head of his men, after gallantly
repulsing a desperate charge of the enemy. A general
resolution was at the same time published by the conven-
tion, assuring " promotion to such privates and non-commis-
sioned officers as should distinguish themselves. " Captain
Hamilton seems not to have permitted the duties of his pro-
fession to divert him wholly from the course of study in
which he had been engaged. His military books of this
period give an interesting exhibition of his train of thought.
In the pay book of his company, amid various general spe-
culations and extracts from the ancients, chiefly relating to
politics and war, are intermingled tables of political arith-
metic, considerations on commerce, the value of the rela-
tive productions which are its objects, the balance of trade,
the progress of population, and the principles on which de-
pend the value of a circulating medium; and among his
papers, there remains a carefully digested outline of a plan
for the political and commercial history of British Ameri-
ca, compiled at this time.
Thus a fund of knowledge was early gathered by him,
which his powerful intellect soon after applied to the con-
dition of the new republic, and rapidly matured into results
of extensive utility.
But the term of these studies was soon closed. The
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? 54 THE LIFE OF
independence of the American states was declared by con-
gress, and on the same day Lord Howe with his invading
army landed in the vicinity of New-York.
The heights of Brooklyn, a small village opposite New-
York, on the southern banks of the Sound, was the posi-
tion selected by General Lee to meet the first impression
of the enemy. Its natural advantages for defence were
not great. The extensive line of approach rendered a di-
vision of the defensive force unavoidable, and there was
little in its situation to prevent the expected battle being
fought on nearly equal terms, while the difficulty of retreat
filled the minds of the undisciplined troops with dismay.
Washington balanced between the dangers of this post,
and the alarming effects which he apprehended from a
surrender of New-York without an attempt at defence.
The British took advantage of the interval, and the battle
of Long Island ensued.
The result of this action proved the perilous position of
the army; and although the mode of its escape was a sub-
ject of commendation, yet the course of the engagement
and conduct of the troops disclosed to the eye of the com-
mander all the weakness and disorganized state of his forces,
and filled his mind with a sad presage of the future. In the
retreat, Captain Hamilton brought up the rear, having lost
his baggage and a field-piece.
An important question as to the course to be pursued
with regard to the city of New-York had meanwhile occu-
pied the mind of Washington. Was it to be destroyed or
not? The subsequent events of the war proved the impo-
licy of the national councils on this point; but the follow-
ing extract from a letter* of the commander-in chief to con-
gress shows, that in this decision he had no part.
"If we should be obliged to abandon the town, ought it
to stand as winter quarters for the enemy? They would
* September 2, 1776.
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? HAMILTON. 55
derive great convenience from it on the one hand, and much
property would be destroyed on the other. It is an im-
portant question, and will admit of but little time for deli-
beration. At present, I dare say, the enemy mean to pre-
serve it if they can. If congress should resolve upon the
destruction of it, the resolution should be kept a profound
secret, as the knowledge of it will make a capital change
in their plan. " Congress resolved to save the city. *
Immediately after the action, the Americans evacuated
the city of New-York, leaving a small force in the field-
works which hadbeen erected on the eminences that skirted
the Sound, opposite to which a portion of the British fleet
were soon after moored, to cover the approach of that part
of the troops which were ordered to take possession of the
city. "I recollect," says a survivor of the scene, "as though
it were yesterday, the day when the British fleet came up.
Fascines had been extended across the Broadway near the
Bowling Green, where the statue of Chatham was thrown
down. On the west side of the town the barricades were
built of a cargo of mahogany; but this was all a show to
keep up the spirits of the people; for I myself heard Ge-
neral Wooster laugh at the idea of defence.
"Along the shores of the Hudson were piled in little heaps,
by which the women and children were sitting, the gather-
ed furniture of the timid, who were anxiously but vainly
looking for the means of transportation from the opposite
shores of the Jersey. The half-armed militia were seen
parading in small parties through the streets, who, incensed
at the approach of the enemy, every now and then dischar-
ged a volley on some unfortunate tory who was skulking
away; while at intervals were heard the ringing of the
small brass pieces on the battery, which the two frigates
that passed up the Hudson hardly cared to answer. As the
* September 3.
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? 56 THE LIFE OF
boats came near, filled with soldiers, they were drawn by
the tide into the form of a crescent. I never saw so beau-
tiful a sight; the sun shone out bright, and the water was
without a ripple. "
The next position taken was the heights of Harlem, at
which place, says Benson, Hamilton first attracted the ob-
servant eye of Washington, who, on the inspection of the
works which he was engaged in throwing up, entered into
conversation with him, invited him to his marquee, and
formed a high estimate of his military capacity.
Captain Hamilton remained with the main army until
the battle of White Plains,* where Ms conduct was remark-
ed; whence, on the retreat of Washington to North Cas-
tle, and the advance of Knyphausen to Kingsbridge, he was
detached to cover a post in the neighbourhood of Fort
Washington. The fall of that fortress, which sealed the
fate of the city of New-York, and cut off so large a portion
of the army, awakened all the soldier's spirit in his breast;
and, after a careful observation of the post, he volunteered
to General Washington to storm it; saying, that if he
would confide to him an adequate number of men, one half
under the command of Major Stevens, f the residue of him-
self, he would promise him success. But the small num-
ber of the troops, and the position and strength of the ene-
my forbade this gallant enterprise, to which Hamilton was
encouraged by a knowledge of its defences, and by the ease
with which it had fallen.
After the British had crossed the Hudson, he succeeded
in joining the army on the west side of that river.
On the approach of the enemy, they retreated first to
Hackensack, and thence to Newark. Here Washington,
reinforced by Stirling's and Hand's brigades, called a coun-
cil of officers.
* October 28.
f The late General Ebenezer Stevens.
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? HAMILTON. 57
By some of the members it was urged to move the army
to Morristown, to form a junction with the northern troops,
who were winding along the mountains of Sussex; but
Washington and Greene concurred in the more hazardous
and intrepid determination, if possible, to make a stand at
Brunswick; but, at all events, to dispute the passage of the
Delaware.
After a short repose, with a force not exceeding three
thousand men, half clothed, many of them unarmed, with-
out cavalry to protect them from surprises, debilitated by
fatigue, and worn down by a series of disasters, Washing-
ton was compelled again to retire, closely pursued by a de-
tachment of eight thousand men under the command of
Lord Cornwallis. The Americans succeeded in making
an undisturbed retreat until they approached the vicinity
of New-Brunswick; there, as the rear of the American
levies crossed the Raritan, the van of the British came in
sight. The bridge having been destroyed, and knowing
that the river was fordable, Hamilton, while the army was
parading, planted his field-pieces on the high grounds which
command the river, and, by a spirited cannonade, aided in
checking the progress of the British, while Washington de-
camping after night-fall, reached Princeton on the morning
of the first of December.
"Well do I recollect the day," said a friend, "when Ha-
milton's company marched into Princeton. It was a model
of discipline; at their head was a boy, and I wondered at
his youth; but what was my surprise, when struck with his
diminutive figure, he was pointed out to me as that Hamil-
ton of whom we had already heard so much. "
He continued with his company, which, from the severity
of the weather, and its exposure in the brilliant enterprises
of Trenton and Princeton, was reduced to a fragment of five-
and-twenty men, until the establishment of head quarters
at Morristown, when, at the invitation of General Wash-
vol. i. 8
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? 58 THE LIFE OF
ington, on the first of March, seventeen hundred and seven-
ty-seven, he was appointed his aid-de-camp, with the rank
of lieutenant colonel.
The situation of New-Jersey during the progress of the
hostile armies, was more calamitous than that of any por-
tion of the country under all the trials of the revolution.
Its position between the two great central colonies of
America, had for a long time, protected it from the harass-
ing exposure to which the out settlements were subject, and
the great body of its people were pursuing their rural oc-
cupations in quiet and security.
With but little foreign commerce to feel directly the ex-
actions of Great Britain, and with few causes of internal
dissatisfaction with their governors, the spirit of resistance
which this colony evinced, is a remarkable evidence of the
rapid growth of popular sentiments. New-Jersey was, in
fact, as to any present evils, scarcely a party to the question
then in agitation; but there, as in other parts of America,
the love of liberty which had been cultivated in a few ge-
nerous bosoms,* quickened the mass of the people, and no
sooner was opposition aroused, than she was seen entrust-
ing her fortunes to committees and conventions, the great
instruments of political hostility.
But the ardour which had enkindled the inhabitants of
that colony, had neither anticipated nor prepared them for
the scenes in which they were so early to participate.
* The exertions of Mr. Alexander, (Lord Stirling,) were particularly con-
spicuous. At the beginning of the controversy, he was a member of the king's
council of that state, and his correspondence with the governor gives an amu-
sing view of that doubtful allegiance to the king and to the people which was
sought to be preserved and justified. He served through the war, and died
in 1783, when Washington, in a letter to congress, paid this high tribute to
his courage and patriotism, -- " The remarkable bravery, intelligence, and
promptitude of his lordship, to perform his duty as an officer, had endeared him
to the whole army, and now make his loss the more sincerely regretted. "--
Dated January 20, 1783.
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? HAMILTON. 37
umphant defences of their opinions and conduct, and curio-
sity was alive to discover their author. They were gene-
rally attributed to Governor Livingston and to Mr. Jay,
and these distinguished men gained from them, for a time,
increased celebrity; but when, on the inquiry to which of
these two individuals the public were indebted for this
great service, the author was ascertained to be Alexander
Hamilton, a youth about eighteen, but recently admitted to
college, and new to the country, admiration of the works
was lost in surprise at the discovery. By many it was
doubted. "I remember," says Colonel Troup, "that in a
conversation I once had with Doctor Cooper about the an-
swer, he insisted that Mr. Jay must be the author of it, it
being absurd to imagine that so young a man as Hamilton
could have written it;" and the positive assertions of Troup
and Mulligan, to whom parts of it had been read in the
progress of composition, seemed hardly sufficient to dispel
the doubt. *
Signal distinction followed the disclosure. Hamilton
was at once regarded as a prodigy of intellect: -- anxious
inquiries poured in from the other colonies. "Sir," said
the gallant Willet, " Sears was a warm man, but with little
reflection; McDougal was strong-minded, and Jay appear-
ing to fall in with the measures of Sears, tempered and
controlled them; but Hamilton, after these great writings,
became our oracle;" and from being known in New-York
as the eloquent collegian, he was distinguished in the pub-
lic press by the appellation of "The Vindicator of Con-
gress. "
When the vigour and terseness of style, the mass of in-
* The importance of gaining such an adversary, was felt by the friends of
the crown; and it is related by a cotemporary of his, now living, that a most
liberal offer was tendered to Hamilton by Dr. Cooper, if he would consent to
write in behalf of the ministry. It is unnecessary to add, that it was rejected.
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? 38 THE LIFE or
formation, the closeness of reasoning, the happy exposition
of the weak points of his antagonist, the clear perception
of the principles of political liberty which the American
revolution has rendered familiar, and chiefly the compre-
hensive and prophetic view which is taken of the great
questions then discussed, and which involved not less the
destinies of the British empire, than of all others, are con-
sidered, these pamphlets will be admitted to possess merits
of which the most practised statesman might be proud, and
when regarded as the productions of such a youth, are un-
rivalled.
The latter of these publications appeared in February,
seventeen hundred and seventy-five, at that gloomy period of
suspense when every eye was directed to England, waiting
the result of the proceedings of the late congress, and when
not a ray of relief broke upon the view. The rejection of
Lord Chatham's conciliatory bill, which was soon after
known, dissipated every remaining hope of peaceable re-
dress.
In New-York, the ministerial party maintained their as-
cendency in the assembly, although not without a severe
and persevering conflict. Not daring longer to defend the
measures of the ministry, they sought by holding out the
prospect of a favourable answer to their petitions, and by
assuring to their constituents a special exemption from the
common calamity, to quiet the minds and paralyze the
efforts of the people. The opposition in this body was still
led by two men of the most determined resolution, -- Phi-
lip Schuyler and George Clinton, -- who, together with
John Jay, were the leading patriots of New-York; and
when the importance of the concurrence of this province,
and the embarrassments with which it was surrounded, are
taken into view, contending, at the same time, with the
whole influence of the ministry, with the power of the co-
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? HAMILTON. 39
lonial government, adroitly exercised, with a large body of
its wealthy proprietors actively co-operating with the timid
portion of the mercantile community, amid a divided popu-
lation and distracted councils, it is difficult to measure the
value of their services.
The first of these, Colonel Schuyler, had been a partizan
officer in the war of seventeen hundred and fifty-six. By
his fertility of resource and unyielding energy, he rendered
distinguished services to the British commander,* who fell,
lamented, by his side, and to him the honour of his inter-
ment was confided. Descended from one of the early
Dutch settlers of this province, the influence and respecta-
bility of whose family had been transmitted through suc-
cessive generations, he exercised an almost unrivalled sway
over the minds of the descendants of a people, whose first
mention in history, as a distinct political community, is as-
sociated with the assertion of their liberties.
Possessed of great wealth, he embarked it in the contest,
as a pledge of his patriotism, and, in the course of the re-
volution, sacrificed as much of fortune and of feeling, as any
other individual in America.
Party to the most secret councils of the continent, he had
staked every thing on the issue of the conflict, and had ac-
quired a weight of influence which led both Virginia and
Massachusetts to regard him as the connecting link in the
great purposes at which they aimed. "On the shoulders
of this great man," said Judge Benson, "the conduct of
New-York rested. "
Hislove of fame was less than his love of country; and
when the misadventures of some robbed him of the glory
to which he was entitled, and while artifice withheld from
him an opportunity of vindication, he is not seen indulging
in invidious comments on the successes of others, but con-
* Lord Howe.
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? 40 THE LIFE OF
tinuing within the sphere of his great influence and resour-
ces, to advance the cause of his early preference. Thus,
his strength of character sustained him when other men
sink, and his adversity gave him more true honour than he
could have derived from success. * Sullied by no private
vices, and misled by no small passions, his path through life
was high, unspotted, equal; and he died with a reputation,
which those who knew and followed him, have contended
to perpetuate. ,
Sprung from a family of Irish descent, which counted
among their ancestry a gallant officer of the cavaliers who
fell with Charles the First, -- George Clinton, in a nobler
cause, displayed all the perseverance and courage of his
blood.
In early youth he broke from the thrall of parental au-
thority, and exchanged for his father's house, a birth on
board of a privateer, in which he made a cruise during the
French war. He is next seen in service with his father
and brother, in an attack which resulted in the capture of
Frontignac. He then became a lawyer, and was placed
soon after in that sphere in which he was the associate
of Schuyler, in opposition to the influence of the crown.
Transferred by the popular choice to the continental con-
gress, he took part in the measures of 1775 and 1776, and
on the formation of the constitution of the state of New-
York, was chosen its governor, and filled that station during
a period of eighteen years. On the first call to arms, he
was appointed a brigadier general, and during the most
trying years of the war commanded in the Highlands,
and held the keys of that natural citadel. In intrepidity,
* "I hope," said Mr. Jay, "you will seriously determine to serve your
country, at least in a legislative capacity. Class yourself with those great men
of antiquity, who, unmoved by the ingratitude of their country, omitted no op-
portunities of promoting the public weal. " -- 12th February, 1778.
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? HAMILTON. 41
perseverance, and love of liberty, he was not less distin-
guished than his great compatriot; but in the modes of at-
taining their objects, and in their political views, they were
most unlike. By Schuyler, the declaration of independ-
ence was regarded but as the first step toward the creation
of a great nation, pledged to the principles which that in-
strument proclaimed. With Clinton, the love of liberty
was a fiercer passion.
In Schuyler, it was a principle of high benevolence, en-
larging with the sphere of action. With Clinton, it was a
jealousy of power, contracting and deforming the object of
his adoration. The one, conscious of his own imperfec-
tions, regarded mankind with a kindred feeling, as full of
weaknesses from which they were to be protected. The
other, with a profound knowledge of human nature, and
consummate talents for popularity, looked more to the pas-
sions of men, as a field from which could be gathered a
store of influence for his own advancement. The one aided
in building up the constitution of the United States on the
basis of a firm and perpetual union. The other, had he
prevailed, would have doomed them to perpetual anarchy.
John Jay, younger than either, was educated for the bar,
and had already acquired celebrity in his profession. His
father, the descendant of a persecuted Hugonot, establish-
ed himself in the vicinity of New-Rochelle, where, sur-
rounded by a small community who traced their origin and
their adversities to the same source, he pursued an agricul-
tural life, and preserved all the simplicity of habits and pu-
rity of character, which had been cultivated by the protes-
tants in France, amid the various vicissitudes of their for-
tunes. Educated in such a school, he espoused the cause
of liberty, with an ardour equal to the zeal with which he
defended it, and soon acquired the ascendency, to which
his probity, and the soundness of his understanding, enti-
tled him.
vol. r. 6
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? 42 THE LIFE OP
By some, his jealousy of error was supposed to have run
into a proneness to suspicion; and his strict adherence to
right, to have bordered on severity; but the basis of his
character was a lofty virtue and manly self-dependence.
Elevated by these qualities in the public confidence, he rose
to some of the highest stations in the civil branch of the
government, and long shone conspicuous among the great
lights which ushered this nation into existence, -- a pure,
consistent, and unyielding patriot.
Sustained by the ardent feelings of the other colonies, the
exertions of these men to secure the concert of the go-
vernment of New-York were unremitting, but vain. The
majority of the assembly would not be diverted from their
servile counsels, and although their efforts towards concilia-
tion had been treated by the ministry with contumely and
neglect, they still refused their sanction to those commercial
restrictions which the congress had recommended, and a
motion to appoint delegates to the second congress, was
negatived by a majority of two to one.
To counteract this influence, the popular committees in-
creased their numbers and their activity, and taking advan-
tage of every violation of the associations, kept alive the
spirit of their partizans by glowing appeals to their love of
country. All expectation of obtaining the concurrence of
the assembly being at last abandoned, on the fifth day of
March, seventeen hundred and seventy-five, a meeting of
the citizens of New-York was convened, in order to obtain
a representation in the approaching congress. The minis-
terial party determined to put down this attempt, and as
soon as the patriots assembled, resorted to violence. The
popular party was surprised and defeated, but soon rallied,
and having collected arms, routed their antagonists. The
victory was decisive. * The election of delegates to a pro-
* March 15,1775. Votes in favour, nine hundred and twenty-nine; against,
one hundred and forty-three. There were then two thousand five hundred
voters in the city.
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? HAMILTON. 43
vincial convention was held, and the concurrence of New-
York ultimately secured.
This body met in the ensuing month, and even in that
assemblage was found much of the timidity which had
characterized the representatives they were chosen to suc-
ceed. While they recommended to their constituents to
exercise themselves with arms, they still indulged the de-
lusive hope of redress. Day after day, in the earlier part
of their session, they remonstrated against the incursions
into Canada, and finally* adopted a plan of accommodation
with the ministry, f But the battle of Lexington had been
fought; the war cry was raised, and the American people
were convinced that nothing remained to them but an ap-
peal to the sword.
In New-England the hardy yeomanry abandoned their
homes and husbandry, and rushed to the conflict. In the
other colonies, as the intelligence reached them, on all
sides were heard bursts of popular indignation, and cries
to arms. In New-Jersey the provincial treasury was seized.
In Philadelphia the shipping was embargoed; and in Ma-
ryland and Virginia the public arms and ammunition were
secured. When the news of the skirmish reached New-
York, and it was announced in the concluding words of a
letter "that the crimson fountain was opened, and God only
knew when it would close," tumultuous menace and exe-
cration followed. Patroles were immediately employed
and, directed by Sears and Willet, the popular leaders,
took their rounds throughout the night as if the enemy were
at their doors. Mobs assembled; the keys of the custom
house were seized, the armory broken open; and, dis-
mayed by the irresistible impetuosity of the populace, a
* June 24, 1775.
f A company of troops was directed to receive General Washington or Go-
vernor Tryon, whichever should first arrive.
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? 44 TIE LIFE OF
battalion of the royal troops was compelled to surrender
their weapons and leave the city.
Congress met in May, 1775, and intelligence being re-
ceived of the destination of forces for America, assumed all
the powers of a paramount superintending sovereignty, and
exercised some of its highest attributes. They proceeded
to organize an army, and to establish a general post. Wash-
ington was elected commander-in-chief; -- the accession
of Georgia completed the confederacy; and, as the point
most exposed, five thousand men were ordered to be raised
for the protection of New-York. In that colony the lead-
ers were now on the alert. Positions were taken to com-
mand the Hudson; alarm posts were established ; the coun-
ties were divided into military districts; officers were cho-
sen under the superintendence of committees, which were
then the chief engines of government. The members of
the provincial convention partaking of the general enthu-
siasm, pledged their personal responsibility for loans made
to the colony, and with a signal magnanimity and self-de-
votion, a letter was addressed by the committee of safety
to General Lee, the commanding officer in New-York, on
the twenty-first of January, 1776, in which some of them
held large estates, authorizing him to devote the city to
flames, if he deemed it a necessary sacrifice for advancing
the cause of the revolution.
After the expulsion of the royal troops, that city remained
quiet until the arrival of Tryon, late governor of North
Carolina, recently appointed to the government of New-
York, a man of energy, courage, and decision.
His arrival reanimated the royalists; and although the
patriots retained their ascendency, a sufficient diversion
was created to keep up a feverish alarm.
While these events were passing in rapid succession,
Hamilton was not inactive. His mind roused to enthu-
siasm in the cause which he had espoused, was constantly
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? HAMILTON. 45
generating new arguments to sustain it; and the leisure
which he had from his collegiate duties was employed in
frequent contributions to the press. In June, seventeen
hundred and seventy-five, with a view to confirm the opin-
ion that the English ministry had abandoned every regard
to the principles of her constitution, he published a series of
"Remarks on the Quebec Bill," a measure which had been
resisted in the British Parliament by the whole force of the
opposition, and kindled in the bosoms of the Americans, at
this moment of irritation, the most angry suspicions. Unable
to discover the particular motive of policy which prompted
such an enactment at this time, they viewed it as contain-
ing some hidden purpose of hostility to themselves, and
as an example of the extent to which a British ministry
would exercise an arbitrary authority over the other colo-
nies, if the least encroachment was submitted to.
While Canada was a French province, the French laws
and customs were in force there, which were regulated in
conformity with the genius and disposition of a despotic
government. When it fell under the dominion of Britain,
these laws gave place to the milder influence of the English
laws; and all persons who settled in Canada were, by a
proclamation of the king of Great Britain, assured a full
enjoyment of the rights of British subjects. By this act,
that proclamation and the government exercised under it,
were annulled after the first of January, 1775. The French
laws were restored, and a power reserved to the executive
authority of the provinces of altering the laws at pleasure,
and, by a further provision, the free exercise of the Roman
catholic religion (subject to the king's supremacy) was
guarantied to the people; and the clergy of that church
were declared entitled to hold and enjoy their accustomed
dues and rights.
The "Remarks" were published in two numbers. The
first on the fifteenth of June, 1775, in a brief, but close ex-
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? 46 TUB LIFE 0 1'
animation of the terms of the act, commented forcibly on
the arbitrary character of this bill, which placed the laws
and government of the province under the sole discretion
of the prince; conferred on him the most extraordinary and
dangerous prerogative, that of creating courts of criminal,
civil; and ecclesiastical jurisdiction, and appointing tempo-
rary judges, whose commissions were revocable at plea-
sure ; and that of making the trial by jury dependent on the
will of the provincial legislature; thus showing that an ar-
bitrary government had been established in that extensive
region.
The purport of the second number, was to prove that the
church of Rome had the sanction of a legal establishment
in that province. It is an able refutation of an essay, which
professed to show, that by this act, the catholic religion
was merely tolerated; and giving a very precise and accu-
rate definition of an established religion, it deduces clearly
from the terms of the act, that the catholic religion is placed
on the footing of a regular establishment, while the protes-
tant is "left entirely destitute and unbefriended. "
The dangers to their protestant neighbours of the vicinity
of a colony of Roman catholics, allured in great numbers
by the favour of government, with a dependent clergy, dis-
posed to support absolute power,are stronglyportrayed, and
an earnest appeal is made to the jealous feelings of the
protestant colonies.
These essays are an interesting specimen of the early
reach of thought, and precision of language, which were
afterwards disclosed by him in so remarkable a degree.
He also repeatedly took part in the public deliberations.
One instance is related by a highly respectable member of
the Society of Friends. It was a meeting of merchants.
Soon after the discussion had opened, Hamilton rose to
address them: -- " Ah," said the gentleman, "what brings
that lad here ? --the poor boy will disgrace himself. " It
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? HAMILTON. 47
was a question as to the non-importation agreement. He
argued the necessity of adhering to it while in force, both
from obligation and the influence of example, but, at the
same time, seeing the approach of war, he contended, that
having been adopted only as a measure of resistance, and
stronger measures being inevitable, that good policy requi-
red the rescinding the agreement by congress, and that those
who had violated it should be forgiven, as indirectly bene-
fitting the public.
Congress having published a declaration of their deter-
mination to resist by force, and having recommended the
embodying throughout the continent of organized compa-
nies of militia, Hamilton joined a volunteer corps, command-
ed by Major Fleming, who had been an adjutant in the Bri-
tish service, and was a skilful and exact disciplinarian.
"Under his command he acquired a knowledge of the rudi-
ments of military science, and became expert in its details. "*
This company was composed chiefly of young gentlemen
of the city, anxious to acquire a knowledge of tactics, with
a view to future promotion.
They met for daily exercise in the churchyard of St.
George's chapel, early in the morning, before the com-
mencement of their college duties.
They assumed the name
of " Hearts of Oak," and in their green uniforms and leath-
ern caps, bearing the ominous inscription of "Freedom or
Death," attracted the attention of the inhabitants, and are
still recollected with enthusiasm by the few survivors of the
scene. In this corps were several of the personal friends
of Hamilton, among whom were Colonel Fish, afterwards
eminently distinguished at the siege of York Town, and
Colonel Troup, who served with credit in the northern de-
partment, and received the thanks of congress.
While Hamilton was a member of this corps, it was em-
ployed in a service of some danger. Having been required
* Colonel Troup.
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? 48 THE LIFE OF
by the committee to remove the cannon from the Battery,
while they were thus occupied, a boat of the Asia, man-of-
war, approached, with the design, as was believed, of pre-
venting their removal. The boat was fired upon by the
citizens, which drew a broadside from the ship, "during
which, Hamilton, who was aiding in the removal of the
cannon, exhibited the greatest unconcern, although one of
his companions was killed by his side," and was thus con-
nected in the minds of the people with the first act of re-
sistance to the first act of violence offered to the province.
A violent commotion was the consequence of this attack.
The liberty mobs collected and traversed the streets, threat-
ening personal injuries to every adherent of the crown. In
the height of their excitement, they approached the college,
with a view to seize the person of the president, Doctor
Cooper, an obnoxious tory. As they drew near his resi-
dence, Hamilton and Troup ascended the steps, and fearful
lest in this moment of irritation they might commit some
excess, Hamilton, in order to give the president time to es-
cape, harangued the mob, with great eloquence and ani-
mation, "on the excessive impropriety of their conduct,
and the disgrace they were bringing on the cause of liber-
ty, of which they professed to be the champions. " He suc-
ceeded in diverting their attention, until the alarmed cler-
gyman (who, at first, imagining he was exciting the popu-
lace, exclaimed from an upper window, "Don't listen to
him, gentlemen, he is crazy, he is crazy! ") took refuge in
the ship of war. *
By a similar exhibition of firmness, he interposed with
a concourse of people known as " Travis' mob," and divert-
ed their rage from Mr. Thurman, whose conduct as a mem-
ber of one of the committees, had aroused their indignation,
and whose life was menaced.
* Letter of Colonel Troup to Colonel Pickering.
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? HAMILTON. 49
At this time, the popular commotions became frequent;
the royalists who had fled from the other colonies to New-
York for safety, were compelled to leave it; and such was
the distempered state of feeling, that Tryon, the last royal
governor, a man of intrepid courage, fearful of his life, took
refuge on board the Halifax packet, whence he issued his
disregarded mandates.
The press of Rivington, the tory printer, was the last ob-
ject of attack. By occasionally printing for the popular
side, he had preserved some appearance of neutrality, but
as the controversy ripened, he took a decided part with the
royalists. On the twenty-third of November, a party of
horse from Connecticut, under the command of Sears, ap-
peared in the city, with the avowed design of destroying
his press. Heading the mob, they proceeded in the dusk
of evening to rifle its contents. Hamilton again appeared
the advocate of order, and relying on his former success,
renewed his appeals to the discretion of the citizens, and,
indignant at the encroachment of unlicensed troops from
another colony, offered to join in opposition to the intruders,
and check their progress. His exhortation was unsuccess-
ful. The outrage was perpetrated, but his interference
was not without happy consequences. It elevated him
still more in the estimation of the patriots, who saw in his
love of order and respect for the authority of the laws, as-
surances of those high qualities which, rising above the wild
uproar of the times, disdained to win popularity from popu-
lar delusion.
VOl. I.
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? CHAPTER IV.
During the winter of seventeen hundred and seventy-
six, while England was making a powerful effort for the
subjugation of her colonies, and an act of parliament had
been passed declaring them in open rebellion, the general
congress were chiefly occupied with measures to repair
the losses that attended the northern campaign, which, after
the most arduous exertions, had terminated with the fall of
Montgomery, before the walls of Quebec ; an event which,
from the recollection of the death of Wolfe, the heroism of
the attempt, the immense efforts which had been made,
and the hardships encountered, deeply engaged the sym-
pathies of his countrymen, and caused his loss to be de-
plored as a great national calamity. *
The failure of this expedition changed the whole aspect
of affairs. Instead of securing the co-operation of the Ca-
nadas, and presenting to the enemy an unbroken line of
hostility, the utmost exertions were requisite to maintain
the posts which had been won with so much gallantry in
the preceding spring, to suppress the disaffection that eagerly
displayed itself, and to prevent a junction of the forces of
the enemy, which must have left the larger portion of the
colonies an easy and unassisted prey to their overwhelming
numbers.
Hamilton, during the previous winter, foreseeing that the
course of events must soon lead to an open rupture, deter-
mined to apply himself to the study of arms, and before any
steps were taken to organize a regular force, had by great
* It was announced in these words, -- " Weep, America! for tho<< hast
lost one of thy most virtuous and bravest sons. "
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? 52 THE LIFE OF
assiduity, made such progress as books and the instruction
of a British bombardier could give him in pyrotechnics and
gunnery.
The convention of New-York having determined to aug-
ment its military establishment, among other arrangements
ordered a company of artillery to be raised. * Hamilton
seized this opportunity to enter the service, and was recom-
mended to the convention by his friend McDougal, who
had been appointed colonel of the first regiment raised in
the province. A doubt having been intimated of his know-
ledge of that branch of arms, McDougal proposed that he
should undergo an examination, and on a certificate being
given of his competency, he was appointed, on the four-
teenth day of March, seventeen hundred and seventy-six,
"Captain of the Provincial Company of Artillery," and
within a short time after was directed to guard the records
of the colony. "Hamilton," says Mulligan, by whom he
was aided, "recruited his men, and with the remnant of the
second and last remittance which he received from Santa
Cruz, equipped them. He attended to their drill and his
other duties with a degree of zeal and diligence which soon
made his company conspicuous for their appearance, and
the regularity of their movements. "
His first lieutenant having been transferred to another
command, he took this occasion to enforce, in a letter to
the convention, the policy of advancing officers in succes-
sion, in which he added, " I would beg the liberty warmly
to recommend to your attention the first sergeant in my
company, -- a man highly deserving notice and preferment.
He has discharged his duty in his present station with un-
common fidelity, assiduity, and expertness; he is a very
good disciplinarian, possesses the advantage of having seen
a good deal of service in Germany, and has a tolerable share
* January 6,1776.
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? HAMILTON. 53
of common sense. In a word, I verily believe he will make
an excellent lieutenant, and his advancement will be a
great encouragement and benefit to my company in parti-
cular, and will be an animating example to all men of merit
to whose knowledge it comes. " Hamilton, in this sugges-
tion, paid a debt of gratitude, and, at the same time, incul-
cated a measure, the efficacy of which was demonstrated
in various instances.
The convention adopted the suggestion. The brave
bombardier was promoted to a lieutenancy, and rising to
the command of a company, Captain Thomson fell at the
battle of Springfield, at the head of his men, after gallantly
repulsing a desperate charge of the enemy. A general
resolution was at the same time published by the conven-
tion, assuring " promotion to such privates and non-commis-
sioned officers as should distinguish themselves. " Captain
Hamilton seems not to have permitted the duties of his pro-
fession to divert him wholly from the course of study in
which he had been engaged. His military books of this
period give an interesting exhibition of his train of thought.
In the pay book of his company, amid various general spe-
culations and extracts from the ancients, chiefly relating to
politics and war, are intermingled tables of political arith-
metic, considerations on commerce, the value of the rela-
tive productions which are its objects, the balance of trade,
the progress of population, and the principles on which de-
pend the value of a circulating medium; and among his
papers, there remains a carefully digested outline of a plan
for the political and commercial history of British Ameri-
ca, compiled at this time.
Thus a fund of knowledge was early gathered by him,
which his powerful intellect soon after applied to the con-
dition of the new republic, and rapidly matured into results
of extensive utility.
But the term of these studies was soon closed. The
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? 54 THE LIFE OF
independence of the American states was declared by con-
gress, and on the same day Lord Howe with his invading
army landed in the vicinity of New-York.
The heights of Brooklyn, a small village opposite New-
York, on the southern banks of the Sound, was the posi-
tion selected by General Lee to meet the first impression
of the enemy. Its natural advantages for defence were
not great. The extensive line of approach rendered a di-
vision of the defensive force unavoidable, and there was
little in its situation to prevent the expected battle being
fought on nearly equal terms, while the difficulty of retreat
filled the minds of the undisciplined troops with dismay.
Washington balanced between the dangers of this post,
and the alarming effects which he apprehended from a
surrender of New-York without an attempt at defence.
The British took advantage of the interval, and the battle
of Long Island ensued.
The result of this action proved the perilous position of
the army; and although the mode of its escape was a sub-
ject of commendation, yet the course of the engagement
and conduct of the troops disclosed to the eye of the com-
mander all the weakness and disorganized state of his forces,
and filled his mind with a sad presage of the future. In the
retreat, Captain Hamilton brought up the rear, having lost
his baggage and a field-piece.
An important question as to the course to be pursued
with regard to the city of New-York had meanwhile occu-
pied the mind of Washington. Was it to be destroyed or
not? The subsequent events of the war proved the impo-
licy of the national councils on this point; but the follow-
ing extract from a letter* of the commander-in chief to con-
gress shows, that in this decision he had no part.
"If we should be obliged to abandon the town, ought it
to stand as winter quarters for the enemy? They would
* September 2, 1776.
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? HAMILTON. 55
derive great convenience from it on the one hand, and much
property would be destroyed on the other. It is an im-
portant question, and will admit of but little time for deli-
beration. At present, I dare say, the enemy mean to pre-
serve it if they can. If congress should resolve upon the
destruction of it, the resolution should be kept a profound
secret, as the knowledge of it will make a capital change
in their plan. " Congress resolved to save the city. *
Immediately after the action, the Americans evacuated
the city of New-York, leaving a small force in the field-
works which hadbeen erected on the eminences that skirted
the Sound, opposite to which a portion of the British fleet
were soon after moored, to cover the approach of that part
of the troops which were ordered to take possession of the
city. "I recollect," says a survivor of the scene, "as though
it were yesterday, the day when the British fleet came up.
Fascines had been extended across the Broadway near the
Bowling Green, where the statue of Chatham was thrown
down. On the west side of the town the barricades were
built of a cargo of mahogany; but this was all a show to
keep up the spirits of the people; for I myself heard Ge-
neral Wooster laugh at the idea of defence.
"Along the shores of the Hudson were piled in little heaps,
by which the women and children were sitting, the gather-
ed furniture of the timid, who were anxiously but vainly
looking for the means of transportation from the opposite
shores of the Jersey. The half-armed militia were seen
parading in small parties through the streets, who, incensed
at the approach of the enemy, every now and then dischar-
ged a volley on some unfortunate tory who was skulking
away; while at intervals were heard the ringing of the
small brass pieces on the battery, which the two frigates
that passed up the Hudson hardly cared to answer. As the
* September 3.
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? 56 THE LIFE OF
boats came near, filled with soldiers, they were drawn by
the tide into the form of a crescent. I never saw so beau-
tiful a sight; the sun shone out bright, and the water was
without a ripple. "
The next position taken was the heights of Harlem, at
which place, says Benson, Hamilton first attracted the ob-
servant eye of Washington, who, on the inspection of the
works which he was engaged in throwing up, entered into
conversation with him, invited him to his marquee, and
formed a high estimate of his military capacity.
Captain Hamilton remained with the main army until
the battle of White Plains,* where Ms conduct was remark-
ed; whence, on the retreat of Washington to North Cas-
tle, and the advance of Knyphausen to Kingsbridge, he was
detached to cover a post in the neighbourhood of Fort
Washington. The fall of that fortress, which sealed the
fate of the city of New-York, and cut off so large a portion
of the army, awakened all the soldier's spirit in his breast;
and, after a careful observation of the post, he volunteered
to General Washington to storm it; saying, that if he
would confide to him an adequate number of men, one half
under the command of Major Stevens, f the residue of him-
self, he would promise him success. But the small num-
ber of the troops, and the position and strength of the ene-
my forbade this gallant enterprise, to which Hamilton was
encouraged by a knowledge of its defences, and by the ease
with which it had fallen.
After the British had crossed the Hudson, he succeeded
in joining the army on the west side of that river.
On the approach of the enemy, they retreated first to
Hackensack, and thence to Newark. Here Washington,
reinforced by Stirling's and Hand's brigades, called a coun-
cil of officers.
* October 28.
f The late General Ebenezer Stevens.
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? HAMILTON. 57
By some of the members it was urged to move the army
to Morristown, to form a junction with the northern troops,
who were winding along the mountains of Sussex; but
Washington and Greene concurred in the more hazardous
and intrepid determination, if possible, to make a stand at
Brunswick; but, at all events, to dispute the passage of the
Delaware.
After a short repose, with a force not exceeding three
thousand men, half clothed, many of them unarmed, with-
out cavalry to protect them from surprises, debilitated by
fatigue, and worn down by a series of disasters, Washing-
ton was compelled again to retire, closely pursued by a de-
tachment of eight thousand men under the command of
Lord Cornwallis. The Americans succeeded in making
an undisturbed retreat until they approached the vicinity
of New-Brunswick; there, as the rear of the American
levies crossed the Raritan, the van of the British came in
sight. The bridge having been destroyed, and knowing
that the river was fordable, Hamilton, while the army was
parading, planted his field-pieces on the high grounds which
command the river, and, by a spirited cannonade, aided in
checking the progress of the British, while Washington de-
camping after night-fall, reached Princeton on the morning
of the first of December.
"Well do I recollect the day," said a friend, "when Ha-
milton's company marched into Princeton. It was a model
of discipline; at their head was a boy, and I wondered at
his youth; but what was my surprise, when struck with his
diminutive figure, he was pointed out to me as that Hamil-
ton of whom we had already heard so much. "
He continued with his company, which, from the severity
of the weather, and its exposure in the brilliant enterprises
of Trenton and Princeton, was reduced to a fragment of five-
and-twenty men, until the establishment of head quarters
at Morristown, when, at the invitation of General Wash-
vol. i. 8
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? 58 THE LIFE OF
ington, on the first of March, seventeen hundred and seven-
ty-seven, he was appointed his aid-de-camp, with the rank
of lieutenant colonel.
The situation of New-Jersey during the progress of the
hostile armies, was more calamitous than that of any por-
tion of the country under all the trials of the revolution.
Its position between the two great central colonies of
America, had for a long time, protected it from the harass-
ing exposure to which the out settlements were subject, and
the great body of its people were pursuing their rural oc-
cupations in quiet and security.
With but little foreign commerce to feel directly the ex-
actions of Great Britain, and with few causes of internal
dissatisfaction with their governors, the spirit of resistance
which this colony evinced, is a remarkable evidence of the
rapid growth of popular sentiments. New-Jersey was, in
fact, as to any present evils, scarcely a party to the question
then in agitation; but there, as in other parts of America,
the love of liberty which had been cultivated in a few ge-
nerous bosoms,* quickened the mass of the people, and no
sooner was opposition aroused, than she was seen entrust-
ing her fortunes to committees and conventions, the great
instruments of political hostility.
But the ardour which had enkindled the inhabitants of
that colony, had neither anticipated nor prepared them for
the scenes in which they were so early to participate.
* The exertions of Mr. Alexander, (Lord Stirling,) were particularly con-
spicuous. At the beginning of the controversy, he was a member of the king's
council of that state, and his correspondence with the governor gives an amu-
sing view of that doubtful allegiance to the king and to the people which was
sought to be preserved and justified. He served through the war, and died
in 1783, when Washington, in a letter to congress, paid this high tribute to
his courage and patriotism, -- " The remarkable bravery, intelligence, and
promptitude of his lordship, to perform his duty as an officer, had endeared him
to the whole army, and now make his loss the more sincerely regretted. "--
Dated January 20, 1783.
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