No More Learning

4. ]
of the senators who took up arms against Satur-
2. C. Atilius SERRANUS, probably son of the ninus in B. c. 100. (Cic. pro C. Rabir. 7. )
preceding, was praetor B. c. 218, the first year of 9. ATILIUS SERRANUS, one of the distinguished
the second Punic War, and was sent into northern men slain by order of Marius and Cinna, when
Italy, to strengthen the army of the other praetor, they entered Rome at the close of B. c. 87. (Ap-
L. Manlius, who was attacked by the Boii. At a pian, B. C. i. 72. )
later period of the year, he and his colleague re- 10. Sex. ATILIUS Serranus GAVIANUS, ori.
signed their command to the consul P. Scipio, who ginally belonged to the Gavia gens, but was
returned from the Rhone to oppose Hannibal in adopted by one of the Atilii. He was quaestor in
Italy. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the B. C. 63 in the consulship of Cicero, who treated
consulship for B. c. 216. (Liv. xxi. 26, 39, 62 ; him with distinguished favour ; but in bis tri-
Appian, Annib. 5 ; Polyb. iii. 40 ; Lir. xxii. 35. ) | bunate of the plebs, B. c. 57, he notwithstanding
3. C. Atilius Serkanus, probably the eldest allowed himself to be purchased by Cicero's ena


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789
SERTORIUS.
a
ECCO
COIN OF M. ATILIUS SERRANUS.
mies in order to prevent his recal from banish- 1 his intrepid character and some knowledge of the
ment, and in conjunction with his colleague, Q. Gallic language well qualified him. He served
Numerius Rufus, offered the most vigorous resist- as tribunus militum in Spain under T. Didius
ance to Cicero's friends. When the consul Lentulus (B. C. 97). During his residence in winter quar-
proposed in the senate on the 1st of January the recal ters at Castulo, which was probably on the Guadal-
of Cicero, Serranus begged that the question might quirr, he was expelled by the inhabitants on
be adjourned, in order that he might bave a night account of the oppressive conduct of the Roman
to consider it: this time he employed in securing for garrison ; but as the Spaniards left their gate
himself increase of the pay which he had already unguarded, Sertoring made his way into the town
received. After Cicero's return to Rome, Serranus again, and massacred all who were capable of
put his veto upon the decree of the senate restoring bearing arms. He then distributed the dresses
to Cicero the site on which his house had stood, but and armour of the barbarians who had been killed
he found it advisable to withdraw his opposition. among his men, and under this guise obtained
(Cic. pro Sest. 33, 34, 39, 43, post Red. ad Quir. admission into a town which had sent men to aid
5, ad Att. iv. 2 & 4, de Harusp. Resp. 15; Ascon. the people of Castulo in ejecting the Roman sol-
in Pison. p. 11, ed. Orelli. )
diers ; most of the persons in the town were killed,
11. (ATTILIUS? ) SERRANUS DOMESTICUA, the and the rest were sold.
funeral of whose son B. c. 54, is spoken of by Cicero On his return to Rome he obtained the quaestor-
(ud Q. Fr. iii. 8. $ 5. )
ship in Gaul upon the Po, and he held this office
It is uncertain to which member of the family at a critical time (B. C. 91), for the Marsic war
the annexed coin refers. It bears on the obverse was impending. He actively exerted himself in
the head of l'allas, with SARAN. , and on the reverse raising troops and procuring arms, and probably he
the Dioscuri, with M. ATIL. , and below ROMA. held some command during the war; but the
(Eckhel, vol v. p. 146. )
Roman annalists did not care to record the heroic
acts of a man of unknown family. The marks of
honour which he bore were, as he said, his scars,
and the loss of an eye. Sertorius was well re-
ceived in Rome ; the people acknowledged his
merit by clapping of hands when he entered the
theatre ; but L. Cornelius Sulla and his party suc-
cessfully opposed him when he was a candidate
REMA
for the tribuneship. On the outbreak of the civil
war, B. C. 88, he declared himself against the party
of the nobles, though he was by no means an
admirer of his old commander, C. Marius, whose
character he well understood.
SERRA'NUS, a Roman poet mentioned by When Marius fled from Rome before Sulla,
Juvenal (vii. 80), to whom Sarpe assigns the Sertorius remained ; and while Sulla was engaged
Eclogues which have come down to us under the in the war against Mithridates, Sertorius sided
name of Calpurnius Siculus [CALPURNIUS]. (Sarpe, with L. Cornelius Cinna, the consul, against the
Quaest. Philol. Rostoch, 1819. )
other consul Octavius. The two consuls fought a
Q. SERTO'RIUS, was the son of a reputable battle in the Forum, which ended in the victory of
father, of Nursia, a Sabine village. His father died Octavius, and the fight of Cinna and Sertorius.
young, and he owed a good education to the care Cinna, however, soon rallied his party, and got a
of a mother, to whom he was most affectionately force together which made him a match for Octa-
attached. (Plut. Sertor. 2, 22. ) Sertorius had vius. In B. c. 87, Marius returned to Italy from
no ancestral dignity, and he left no children to Africa, and proposed to join Cinna. Sertorius
perpetuate his name. He had acquired some re- was against receiving the proposals of Marius, “a
putation as a speaker even before he became a man who could endure no partner in power, and
soldier. Cicero, who was acquainted with him, who was devoid of good faith. ” Cinna did not
commends his facile speech and the sharpness of follow the advice of Sertorius, and Marius was
his judgment. (Brutus, 48. ) Bodily strength, allowed to join them. Sertorius commanded one
endurance of fatigue, sagacity and fertility of re- of the four armies that presented themselves before
sources, qualified him for the life of adventure Rome ; and he, in conjunction with Cinna, fought
which it was his lot to have. The ancient writers the battle against Pompeius Strabo before the
have amused themselves with comparing him with Colline gate. (Appian, Bell. Civ. i. 67 ; Oro-
other remarkable men. Plutarch has instituted a sius, v. 19. )
parallel between Sertorius and Eumenes, which is Sertorius is not charged with the guilt of the
not inappropriate. The comparison with Hannibal, bloody massacre which ensued after Marius and
Philippus, and Antigonus, is mainly a classification Cinna entered Rome. The slaves whom Marius
of one-eyed men ; for Sertorius also had lost an bad invited to his standard, and now kept as
eye.
guards, committed worse excesses than Marius
His military career commenced in Gaul. He himself ; they butchered their masters, lay with
was in the bloody battle on the Rhone (B. c. 105), their masters' wives, and violated their children.
in which the proconsul, Q. Servilius Caepio, was Sertorius was at last roused, and either alone or
defeated by the Germans ; and though wounded, with the concurrence of Cinna, he fell upon these
Sertorius saved his life by swimming across the scoundrels in their camp, and speared four thou-
river in his armour. He was with Marius, B. C. sand of them. (Plut. Serior. 5, Mar. 44. )
102, at Aix (Aquae Sextiae), and before the In B. C. 83 Sertorius was praetor. Sulla was
battle he entered the camp of the Teutones in now returning home after reducing Mithridates to
disguise as a spy, for which hazardous undertaking | terms, and the party of Sertorius made prepara-

3 B 3


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790
SERTORIUS.
SERTORIUS.
tions to oppose him. But their means and mea- all occasions. Plutarch's life of Sertorius is written
sures were ineffectual against so wily an enemy. something in the style of a romance ; but his story
The consul Norbanus was defeated ; and the army of the fawn, and of the use which Sertorius made
of the other consul, L. Scipio, being gained over by of it, contains nothing improbable, if we consider
Sulla, though Q. Sertorius had warned Scipio of the character of the man and his circumstances.
the danger of a negotiation with Sulla, he withdrew The story of the fawn is also supported by the
into Etruria. His remonstrances also had no testimony of Frontinus (Stratag. i. 11. § 13).
effect in B. C. 82 with the consuls Carbo and the His first exploit was the defeat of Cotta, the
younger Marius, and in order to get rid of him, legate of Luscus, in a sea-fight in or near the Straits
they suggested that he should undertake the of Gibraltar (Plut. Sertor. 12). In B. C. 80,
administration of the province of Further Spain. Sulla sent L. Domitius Ahenobarbus to take the
Julius Exsuperantius (c. 8) is the sole authority command against Sertorius in Nearer Spain, and
for this fact, though he does not state the whole Fufidius in Further Spain. Fufidius was defeated
affair correctly. Appian (Bell. Civ. i. 86, 108) by Sertorius with great loss on the banks of the
makes Sertorius go to Spain in B. C. 83, before the Guadalquivr. Sertorius was now strengthened
consulship of Carbo and the younger Marius. by the accession of many Romans who had been
With few men and little money, Sertorius made proscribed by Sulla ; and this not only added
his way through Gaul, and bought a free passage to his consideration, but brought him many good
over the Pyrenees from the barbarians (Plut. officers. The dictator Sulla appointed, as go
Serlor. 6). In Spain he set about forming an vernor of Spain for the following year, B. c. 79,
army of Roman settlers and Spaniards, providing his colleague in the consulship, Q. Metellus Pius,
munitions of war and building ships. Sulla sent the son of Numidicus. Metellus was about fifty
C. Annius Luscus into Spain to oppose Sertorius, years of age, inactive and fond of ease, and no
with the title of proconsul, who was followed by match for a younger soldier, who was never weary
his quaestors, L. Fabius and Q. Tarquitius. They and never off his guard.
found the passages of the Pyrenees occupied by The kind of warfare which Metellus had to
Julius Salinator, the legate of Sertorius, and they carry on was new to his men and to himself. He
could not make any way until Salinator was could not bring the enemy to any decisive battle,
treacherously murdered. The road into Spain and yet the enemy let him have no rest. In
being opened, the troops of Luscus advanced with- a country without roads, which was so well known
out meeting with resistance, and Sertorius em- to Sertorius, he could not move with safety, and
barking at Carthago Nova (Cartagena) set sail he never knew when he might not expect an
for Mauritania. Here he was attacked by the attack. In the meantime, Domitius and his legate
barbarians, and after some loss he put to sea Thorius had pushed forward to the banks of the
again, and being joined by some Cilician pirates, Guadiana ; but in their attempt to cross the river
he drove the Roman garrison from the Pityussae they were routed by L. Hirtuleius, the quaestor of
Islands (Yvica and Formontera). His light ships Sertorius, and both the generals were killed. (Florus,
were now attacked by the fleet of Luscus ; and iii. 22. )
harassed by stormy weather, he sailed for the Two Roman armies were defeated by the ge-
Straits of Gibraltar, and finally landed at the mouth nerals of Sertorius in the north-east of Spain ;
of the Guadalquivr. Here he met with some L. Valerius Praeconinus was routed on the Segre
seamen who had visited the Atlantic Islands (Sicoris) in Catalonia, and L. Manilius, the pro
(Madeira and Porto Santo, or, as some suppose, the consul of Gallia Narbonensis, was routed, and with
Canaries), and from their description of this happy difficulty escaped to Lerida (Ilerda) on the Segre
region he was seized with a strong desire to dwell with the loss of his baggage (Caesar, Bell. Gall. iii.
in the islands, and to live in quiet, free from 20 ; Orosius, v. 23. ) Metellus was still harassed
tyranny and never-ending wars.
. ” But the Cilician by the guerilla warfare of Sertorius (Plut.
pirates left him ; and, to satisfy bis men and keep Sertor. 13): he also received a challenge to a
them employed, he went over again to Mauritania, single combat from Sertorius, which, as Plutarch
to help the people against their king, whom he observes, he wisely declined. Metellus made an
defeated. He also defeated Paccianus, whom attempt to take the town of the Langobritae
Sulla had sent against him ; and he took Tingis (Langobriga or Lacobriga, a place of uncertain
(Tangier), in which the Moorish king was. This position), which had only one well of water within
African campaign of Sertorius was in the north- the walls. He expected to take the town in two
west part of Marocco.
days; but Sertorius supplied the place with water
Being strengthened by the addition of the forces by means of skins, which were carried into the
of Paccianus, and having acquired some fame by town by Spanish and Moorish volunteers. C.
his success in Africa, Sertorius was invited by the Aquinius, who was sent by Metellus to forage, fell
Lusitani, who were exposed to the invasion of the into an ambuscade, and Metellus at last was com-
Romans, to become their leader. He crossed over pelled to retire.
to the peninsula at the call with about two thou- In the year B. c. 77 Sertorius was joined by
sand six hundred men, of whom about one third M. Perperna, one of the legates of M. Lepidus.
were Libyans; and he soon got together an army, Perperna fled before the generals of Sulla, and
which for some years successfully opposed all the came to Spain with some troops and several senators
power of Rome.
and nobles. His men compelled Perperna to take
Plutarch says that he also availed himself of the the command under Sertorius ; Plutarch says that
superstitious character of the people among whom Perperna had fifty-three cohorts with him. (Sertor.
he was, to strengthen his authority over them. 15. ) To give some show of form to his formidable
A fawn was brought to him by one of the natives power, Sertorius established a seuate of three
as a present, which soon became so tame as to hundred, into which no provincial was admitted ;
accompany himn in his walks, and attend him on but to soothe the more distinguished Spaniards, and


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SERTORIUS.
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SERTORIUS.
to have some security for their fidelity, he esta- cause whether Pompeius was conquered or vic-
blished a school at Huesca (Osca), in Aragon, for torious, his movements after the baitle during the
the education of their children in Greek and dark, and in an unknown country, must be im-
Roman learning. The position chosen for his peded. The loss was great on both sides: tho
school shows that the north-east of Spain was camp of Sertorius was plundered ; and Pompeius,
under the authority of Sertorius, and probably his who was wounded, only escaped by quitting his
power was acknowledged in every part of the costly-caparisoned horse, the capture of which
peninsula which had ever felt the Roman arms. amused the Moors who were in pursuit of him.
Some time in B. c. 77 Pompeius was nppointed It may have been in this battle that Sertorius
by the senate to command in Spain. Pompeius stabbed the man who brought him news of the
was only an eques ; but in reply to the question in defeat of Hirtuleius (Frontinus, Stratag. ii. 7), to
the senate if an eques should be sent as proconsul, prevent his soldiers being discouraged by the in-
L. Philippus witrily replied, not“ pro consule," telligence. On the following day Sertorius was
but “pro consulibus. " Pompeius was entrusted ready to fight again ; but observing that Metellus
with equal authority with Metellus, an unwise was nenr, he broke up his order of battle, and
mcasure, which bred jealousy between the com- marched off, saying, “ If that old woman had not
manders. Pompeius left Italy in B. c. 76, with come up, I would have given this boy a good
thirty thonsand infantry and a thousand cavalry, and drubbing, by way of lesson, and have sent him
he crossed the Alps between the sources of the Po back to Rome. " (Plut. Sertor. 19. )
and the Rhone, as Appian states (Bell. Civ. i. 109). The fawn of Sertorius had been lost in the
He entered Spain, and advanced to the Ebro (Ibe confusion, but he got it again by offering a great
rus) without meeting resistance. (Ep. Pomp. Frag. reward to the finder. His men were encouraged
Sallust. lib. iii. ) He probably marched near the by the reappearance of this animal, which was
coast, and advanced into Valencia to relieve Lauro, supposed to be a favourable omen, and Sertorius
on the Xucar (Sucro) which Sertorius was besieg- led them against the united forces of Metellus and
ing. But Pompeius was out-maneuvred by his Pompeius, which were encamped at Murviedro, on
opponent, and compelled to retire with the loss of a the site of Saguntum. Pompeius was compelled
legion. Frontinus (Siratag. ii. 5), following the to retreat with the loss of six thousand men ;
authority of Livius, makes the loss of Pompeius Sertorius lost three thousand. The division of
much larger. Appian (i. 109) gives an instance of Metellus defeated that of Perperna, which lost
the severity of Sertorius on this occasion : he put above five thousand men. (Appian, i. 110. )
to death a whole Roman cohort of his own troops, The winter was now coming on. Sertorius,
on the ground of the men being addicted to unna- according to his fashion, gave the greater part
tural practices. Pompeius wintered north of the of his troops leave to disperse, and appointed,
Ebro, a fact which shows the advantage that Ser- as their rendezvous, Clunia, a town among the
torius had gained. The winter camp of Sertorius Arevaci, not far from the Douro. (Drumann,
was also not far from the Iberus at Aelia Castra. p. 369. ) Metellus and Pompeius separated :
Appian says that both Metellus and Pompeius Metellus wintered between the Ebro and the
wintered near the Pyrenees, and Sertorius and Pyrenees; Plutarch (Sertor. 21) says that he
Perperna in Lusitania. (Compare Drumann, Pom- wintered in Gallia, which is probably a mistake.
peius, p. 364. )
Pompeius wintered among the Vaccaei. If the
In the spring of B. c. 75 Perperna was sent by position of Clunia is well fixed, Pompeius must
Sertorius, with a large force, to the mouth of the have wintered to the rear of Sertorius, which is
Iberus, to watch Pompeius. In Baetica, or Further very improbable. Owing to the want of precision,
Spain, L. Hirtuleius had to observe the movements in Plutarch's narrative, and the defective state of
of Metellus. Sertorius ascended the Ebro, and other authorities, the movements of the hostile
laid waste the country as far as Calahorra (Cala- armies cannot be ascertained.
guris Nassica). Contrebia was the place at which Pompeius wrote to the senate, in urgent terms,
M. Insteius, who was ordered to reinforce the for men and supplies. He said, that if they did
cavalry, and the rest of the commanders, were to not come, he and his army must leave Spain, and
meet him.
Sertorius would come after them. (Frag. Hist.
Hirtuleius, contrary to the instructions of Ser- Sallust. lib. iii. ) The letter reached Rome before
torius, fought a battle with Metellus at Italica the end of the year B. c. 75, but nothing was done
near Seville, in which he was totally defeated. upon it until the following year.
After the victory Metellus advanced northwards The last battle had procured Metellus the title
against Sertorius, Hirtuleius rallied his troops, of Imperator, and he was as proud of it as any
and followed Metellus ; but in a second battle silly child would have been. He was received in
near Segovia he was again defeated, and lost his Nearer Spain with flattering entertainments, and
life. Pompeius, though he had received no reinforce all the pomp of rejoicings after victory. Pompeius
ments from Rome, marched south ward to oppose was better employed in looking after his troops.
Herennius and Perperna, who had joined their In B. c. 74 he received from Italy money and two
forces ; and he gave them a signal defeat near Va- legions, for which he was indebted as much to the
lencia on the Guadavial (Turia): Herennius lost jealousy of his enemies at Rome as to his friends.
his life, and according to Plutarch (Pompeius, 18), The consul L. Lucullus was afraid that if Pompeius
ten thousand men fell on that side.
returned from Spain, he would get the command
To prevent the junction of Pompeius and Me in the war against Mithridates, king of Pontus.
tellus, Sertorius advanced to the river Xucar ; but Mithridates now sent proposals to Sertorius to
Pompeius had no wish to join Metellus: he aspired form an alliance, and they were accepted with
to the glory of finishing the war himself. Sertorius some modifications. The terms are stated by
met his enemy on the river, and, with his usual Plutarch (Sertor. 24): Metellus had already
ragacity, deferred the combat till the evening, be offered a great reward for the head of Sertorius, a
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SERTORIUS.
SERVILIA.
measure which would appear to be in some degree, for the hands of assassins, and not their skill or
justified by Roman notions, if it followed the courage, concluded the contest. The loss of all
treaty with Mithridates. Plutarch (Sertor. 22) complete and authentic materials for the war of
mentions this fact before he mentions the treaty ; Sertorius is ill supplied by the life in Plutarch.
but his chronology cannot be trusted.
Drumann (Pompeii) has collected and arranged the
Jealousy among the party of Sertorius was the scattered fragments of the history, and he has done
immediate cause of his ruin. Many Roman nobles it with care and ability. A certain amount of con-
who served under him, envied the man who was jecture or inference is, however, necessary to fill
their superior, and Perperna, for his own ambitious up even the scantiest outline of the war. Plutarch's
purposes, increased the disaffection. Pompeius, Life of Sertorius, translated by G. Long, contains
who was in the north of Spain, was now besieging a few notes. Corneille has made Sertorius the
Palencia (Palantia) in Leon, but he retreated on subject of a tragedy ; and a modern writer, of a
the approach of Sertorius, and joined Metellus. novel or romance, “ The Fawn of Sertorius," Lon-
The two generals advanced against Calahorra on don, 1846.
(G. L. )
the Ebro, but here they were attacked by Sertorius, Q. SERVAEUS, was appointed to the government
and sustained great loss. Metellus spent the winter of Commagene in the reign of Tiberius, A. D. 18,
in Nearer Spain, and Pompeius was compelled, by having been previously praetor. He was a friend
want of supplies, to spend the winter in Gallia, in of Germanicus, and after the death of the latter
the province of M. Fonteius (Cic. pro Font. 3). | was one of the accusers of Cn. Piso, in A. D. 20
Sertorius was actively employed in visiting the [Piso, No. 23. ] He was involved in the fall of
south-east coast of Spain and inspecting his fleet, Sejanus, was accused and condemned, but saved
which was employed in intercepting any supplies himself by turning informer, A. D. 32. (Tac. Ann.
to the enemy.
ii. 56, ii. 13, vi. 7. )
The events of the campaigns B. c. 73 and 72 SERVIANUS, JU'LIUS, whose full name,
are merely hinted at by the ancient authorities. as we learn from an inscription, was C. JULIUS
Sertorius lost many towns ; but there was no de Servilius URSUS SERVIANUS, was the brother-
cisive battle. He began to abate his activity, to in-law of Hadrian, having married his sister Do-
indulge in wine and women, and to become cruel and mitia Paulina. This marriage took place before
suspicious. (Appian, i. 113). There was, indeed, the accession of Trajan to the empire; and Ser-
good reason for his suspicions ; but as to the rest, vianus was so jealous of the favour of his brother-
Appian's testimony is doubtful. He had taken in-law with Trajan, that he attempted to stop him
Spaniards for his guard, because he distrusted his when he was hastening to Trajan in Germany to
own countrymen. The Spaniards of higher rank were announce the death of Nerva in A. D. 96. Ser-
dissatisfied with not having the same distinctions as vianus afterwards became reconciled to Hadrian,
the Romans; and many were made indifferent to and appears to have lived on good terms with him
the cause of Sertorius by the success of Pompeius during the reign of Trajan. By this emperor he
and Metellus. Many of the Romans “secretly was twice raised to the consulship, as we see from
damaged all his measures, and they oppressed the inscriptions, once in A. D. 107, and again in lll.
barbarians by severe treatment and exactions, on It was also during the reign of Trajan that he
the pretext that it was by the order of Sertorius. married his daughter to Fuscus Salinator, on which
This caused revolts and disturbances in the cities ; occasion Pliny wrote him a letter of congratulation.
and those who were sent to settle and pacify these (Plin. Ep. vi. 26.