No More Learning

535-
Imagination in Anguish. — When one is
afraid of anything, one's imagination plays the
part of that evil spirit which springs on one's back
just when one has the heaviest load to bear.
536.
The Value of Insipid Opponents. —We
sometimes remain faithful to a cause merely
because its opponents never cease to be insipid.
537-
The Value of a Profession. —A profession
makes us thoughtless; that is its greatest blessing.


## p. 366 (#548) ############################################

366 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.

For it is a bulwark behind which we are permitted
to withdraw when commonplace doubts and cares
assail us.
538.
Talent. —Many a man's talent appears less
than it is, because he has always set himself too
heavy tasks.
539-
YOUTH. —Youth is an unpleasant period; for
then it is not possible or not prudent to be pro-
ductive in any sense whatsoever.
540.
Too Great Aims. —Whoever aims publicly at
great things and at length perceives secretly that
he is too weak to achieve them, has usually also
insufficient strength to renounce his aims publicly,
and then inevitably becomes a hypocrite.
541.
In the Current. —Mighty waters sweep
many stones and shrubs away with them; mighty
spirits many foolish and confused minds.
S42.
The Dangers of Intellectual Emanci-
pation. —In a seriously intended intellectual
emancipation a person's mute passions and crav-
ings also hope to find their advantage.


## p. 367 (#549) ############################################

MAN ALONE BY HIMSELF. 367
543-
The Incarnation of the Mind. —When any
one thinks much and to good purpose, not only
his face but also his body acquires a sage look.
544-
Seeing Badly and Hearing Badly. —The
man who sees little always sees less than there is
to see; the man who hears badly always hears
something more than there is to hear.
545-
Self-Enjoyment in Vanity. —The vain man
does not wish so much to be prominent as to feel
himself prominent; he therefore disdains none of
the expedients for self-deception and self-out-
witting. It is not the opinion of others that he
sets his heart on, but his opinion of their opinion.
546.
Exceptionally Vain. —He who is usually
self-sufficient becomes exceptionally vain, and
keenly alive to fame and praise when he is
physically ill. The more he loses himself the
more he has to endeavour to regain his position
by means of the opinion of others.
. 547-
The " Witty. "—Those who seek wit do not
possess it.


## p. 367 (#550) ############################################

366 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.

For it is a bulwark behind which we are permitted
to withdraw when commonplace doubts and cares
assail us.
538.
TALENT. —Many a man's talent appears less
than it is, because he has always set himself too
heavy tasks.
539-
Youth. —Youth is an unpleasant period; for
then it is not possible or not prudent to be pro-
ductive in any sense whatsoever.
540.
Too Great Aims. —Whoever aims publicly at
great things and at length perceives secretly that
he is too weak to achieve them, has usually also
insufficient strength to renounce his aims publicly,
and then inevitably becomes a hypocrite.
541.
In the Current. —Mighty waters sweep
many stones and shrubs away with them; mighty
spirits many foolish and confused minds.
542.
The Dangers of Intellectual Emanci-
pation. —In a seriously intended intellectual
emancipation a person's mute passions and crav-
ings also hope to find their advantage.


## p. 367 (#551) ############################################

MAN ALONE BY HIMSELF. 367
543-
The Incarnation of the Mind. —When any
one thinks much and to good purpose, not only
his face but also his body acquires a sage look.
544-
Seeing Badly and Hearing Badly. —The
man who sees little always sees less than there is
to see; the man who hears badly always hears
something more than there is to hear.
545-
Self-Enjoyment in Vanity. —The vain man
does not wish so much to be prominent as to feel
himself prominent; he therefore disdains none of
the expedients for self-deception and self-out-
witting. It is not the opinion of others that he
sets his heart on, but his opinion of their opinion.
546.
Exceptionally Vain. —He who is usually
self-sufficient becomes exceptionally vain, and
keenly alive to fame and praise when he is
physically ill. The more he loses himself the
more he has to endeavour to regain his position
by means of the opinion of others.
'547-
The " Witty. "—Those who seek wit do not
possess it.


## p. 368 (#552) ############################################

368 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
548.
A Hint to the Heads of Parties. —When
one can make people publicly support a cause they
have also generally been brought to the point of
inwardly declaring themselves in its favour, be-
cause they wish to be regarded as consistent.
549-
Contempt. —Man is more sensitive to the
contempt of others than to self-contempt.
5SO.
The Tie of Gratitude. . —There are servile
souls who carry so far their sense of obligation for
benefits received that they strangle themselves with
the tie of gratitude.
551.
The Prophet's Knack. —In predicting before-
hand the procedure of ordinary individuals, it must
be taken for granted that they always make use
of the smallest intellectual expenditure in freeing
themselves from disagreeable situations.
552.
Man's Sole Right. —He who swerves from
the traditional is a victim of the unusual; he who
keeps to the traditional is its slave. The man is
ruined in either case.


## p. 369 (#553) ############################################

MAN ALONE BY HIMSELF. 369
553-
Below the Beast. —When a man roars with
laughter he surpasses all the animals by his
vulgarity.
554-
Partial Knowledge. —He who speaks a
foreign language imperfectly has more enjoyment
therein than he who speaks it well. The enjoy-
ment is with the partially initiated.
555-
Dangerous Helpfulness. —There are people
who wish to make human life harder for no other
reason than to be able afterwards to offer men
their life-alleviating recipes—their Christianity, for
example.
556.
Industriousness and Conscientiousness.
—Industriousness and conscientiousness are often
antagonists, owing to the fact that industrious-
ness wants to pluck the fruit sour from the tree
while conscientiousness wants to let it hang too
long, until it falls and is bruised.
557-
Casting Suspicion. —We endeavour to cast
suspicion on persons whom we cannot endure.
vol. 1. 2A


## p. 370 (#554) ############################################

370 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
558.
The Conditions are Lacking. —Many people
wait all their lives for the opportunity to be good
in their own way.
5 59-
Lack of Friends. —Lack of friends leads to
the inference that a person is envious or presump-
tuous. Many a man owes his friends merely to the
fortunate circumstance that he has no occasion
for envy.
560.
Danger in Manifoldness. —With one talent
more we often stand less firmly than with one less;
just as a table stands better on three feet than on
561.
An Exemplar for Others. —Whoever wants
to set a good example must add a grain of folly
to his virtue; people then imitate their exemplar
and at the same time raise themselves above him,
a thing they love to do.
562.
Being a Target. —The bad things others say
about us are often not really aimed at us, but are
the manifestations of spite or ill-humour occasioned
by quite different causes.


## p. 371 (#555) ############################################

MAN ALONE BY HIMSELF. 371
563.
Easily Resigned. —We suffer but little on
account of ungratified wishes if we have exercised
our imagination in distorting the past.
S64.
In Danger. —One is in greatest danger of
being run over when one has just got out of
the way of a carriage.
S65.
The R6le According to the Voice. —
Whoever is obliged to speak louder than he
naturally does (say, to a partially deaf person
or before a large audience), usually exaggerates
what he has to communicate. Many a one
becomes a conspirator, malevolent gossip, or
intriguer, merely because his voice is best suited
for whispering.
566.
Love and Hatred. —Love and hatred are
not blind, but are dazzled by the fire which they
carry about with them.
567.
Advantageously Persecuted. —People who
cannot make their merits perfectly obvious to
the world endeavour to awaken a strong hostility
against themselves. They have then the consola-
tion of thinking that this hostility stands between
their merits and the acknowledgment thereof—


## p. 372 (#556) ############################################

372 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
and that many others think the same thing,
which is very advantageous for their recognition.
568.
Confession. —We forget our fault when we
have confessed it to another person, but he does not
generally forget it.
569.
Self-Sufficiency. —The Golden Fleece of
self-sufficiency is a protection against blows, but
not against needle-pricks.
570.
Shadows in the Flame. —The flame is not
so bright to itself as to those whom it illuminates,
—so also the wise man.
571-
OUR Own Opinions. —The first opinion that
occurs to us when we are suddenly asked about
anything is not usually our own, but only the
current opinion belonging to our caste, position,
or family; our own opinions seldom float on
the surface.
572.
The Origin of Courage. —The ordinary
man is as courageous and invulnerable as a hero
when he does not see the danger, when he has
no eyes for it. Reversely, the hero has his one
vulnerable spot upon the back, where he has
no eyes.


## p. 373 (#557) ############################################

MAN ALONE BY HIMSELF. 373
573-
The Danger in the Physician. —One must
be born for one's physician, otherwise one comes
to grief through him.
574-
Marvellous Vanity. —Whoever has cour-
ageously prophesied the weather three times and
has been successful in his hits, acquires a certain
amount of inward confidence in his prophetic gift.
We give credence to the marvellous and irrational
when it flatters our self-esteem.
575-
A Profession. —A profession is the backbone
of life.
576.
The Danger of Personal Influence. —
Whoever feels that he exercises a great inward
influence over another person must give him a
perfectly free rein, must, in fact, welcome and
even induce occasional opposition, otherwise he
will inevitably make an enemy.
577-
Recognition of the Heir. —Whoever has
founded something great in an unselfish spirit
is careful to rear heirs for his work. It is the
sign of a tyrannical and ignoble nature to see
opponents in all possible heirs, and to live in a
state of self-defence against them.


## p. 374 (#558) ############################################

374 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
578.
Partial Knowledge. —Partial knowledge is
more triumphant than complete knowledge; it
takes things to be simpler than they are, and
so makes its theory more popular and convincing.
579-
Unsuitable for a Party-Man. —Whoever
thinks much is unsuitable for a party-man; his
thinking leads him too quickly beyond the party.
580.
A Bad MEMORY. —The advantage of a bad
memory is that one enjoys several times the
same good things for the first time.
581.
Self-Affliction. —Want of consideration is
often the sign of a discordant inner nature, which
craves for stupefaction.
582.
MARTYRS. —The disciples of a martyr suffer
more than the martyr.
583.
Arrears of Vanity. —The vanity of many
people who have no occasion to be vain is the
inveterate habit, still surviving from the time
when people had no right to the belief in them-


## p. 375 (#559) ############################################

MAN ALONE BY HIMSELF. 375
selves and only begged it in small sums from
others.
584.
Punctum Saliens of Passion. —A person
falling into a rage or into a violent passion of
love reaches a point when the soul is full like
a hogshead, but nevertheless a drop of water has
still to be added, the good will for the passion
(which is also generally called the evil will).
This item only is necessary, and then the hogs-
head overflows.
585.
A Gloomy Thought.
—It is with men as
with the charcoal fires in the forest. It is only
when young men have cooled down and have
got charred, like these piles, that they become
useful. As long as they fume and smoke they
are perhaps more interesting, but they are useless
and too often uncomfortable. Humanity ruthlessly
uses every individual as material for the heating
of its great machines; but what then is the purpose
of the machines, when all individuals (that is, the
human race) are useful only to maintain them?
Machines that are ends in themselves: is that the
umana corn-media?
586.
The Hour-hand of Life. —Life consists of
rare single moments of the greatest importance,
and of countless intervals during which, at best,
the phantoms of those moments hover around us.
Love, the Spring, every fine melody, the mountains,


## p. 376 (#560) ############################################

376 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
the moon, the sea—all speak but once fully to
the heart, if, indeed, they ever do quite attain
to speech. For many people have not those
moments at all, and are themselves intervals and
pauses in the symphony of actual life.
587.
Attack or Compromise. —We often make
the mistake of showing violent enmity towards a
tendency, party, or period, because we happen
only to get a sight of its most exposed side, its
stuntedness, or the inevitable " faults of its virtues,"
—perhaps because we ourselves have taken a
prominent part in them. We then turn our
backs on them and seek a diametrically opposite
course; but the better way would be to seek out
their strong good sides, or to develop them in
ourselves. To be sure, a keener glance and a
better will are needed to improve the becoming
and the imperfect than are required to see through
it in its imperfection and to deny it.
588.
MODESTY. —There is true modesty (that is the
knowledge that we are not the works we create);
and it is especially becoming in a great mind,
because such a mind can well grasp the thought
of absolute irresponsibility (even for the good it
creates). People do not hate a great man's pre-
sumptuousness in so far as he feels his strength,
but because he wishes to prove it by injuring


## p. 377 (#561) ############################################

MAN ALONE BY HIMSELF. 377
others, by dominating them, and seeing how long
they will stand it. This, as a rule, is even a proof
of the absence of a secure sense of power, and
makes people doubt his greatness. We must
therefore beware of presumption from the stand-
point of wisdom.
5 89.
The Day's First Thought. —The best way
to begin a day well is to think, on awakening,
whether we cannot give pleasure during the day
to at least one person. If this could become a
substitute for the religious habit of prayer our
fellow-men would benefit by the change.
590.
Presumption as the Last Consolation. —
When we so interpret a misfortune, an intellectual
defect, or a disease that we see therein our pre-
destined fate, our trial, or the mysterious punish-
ment of our former misdeeds, we thereby make
our nature interesting and exalt ourselves in im-
agination above our fellows. The proud sinner
is a well-known figure in all religious sects.
591.
The Vegetation of Happiness. —Close be-
side the world's woe, and often upon its volcanic
soil, man has laid out his little garden of happiness.
Whether one regard life with the eyes of him
who only seeks knowledge therefrom, or of him
who submits and is resigned, or of him who re-


## p. 378 (#562) ############################################

378 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
joices over surmounted difficulties—everywhere
one will find some happiness springing up beside
the evil—and in fact always the more happiness
the more volcanic the soil has been,—only it
would be absurd to say that suffering itself is
justified by this happiness.
592-
The Path of our Ancestors. —It is sensible
when a person develops still further in himself
the talent upon which his father or grandfather
spent much trouble, and does not shift to some-
thing entirely new; otherwise he deprives himself
of the possibility of attaining perfection in any
one craft. That is why the proverb says,
"Which road shouldst thou ride ? —That of thine
ancestors. "
593-
Vanity and Ambition as Educators. —As
long as a person has not become an instrument
of general utility, ambition may torment him; if,
however, that point has been reached, if he
necessarily works like a machine for the good of
all, then vanity may result; it will humanise him
in small matters and make him more sociable,
endurable, and considerate, when ambition has
completed the coarser work of making him
useful.
594-
Philosophical Novices. — Immediately we
have comprehended the wisdom of a philosopher,
we go through the streets with a feeling as if we


## p. 379 (#563) ############################################

MAN ALONE BY HIMSELF. 379
had been re-created and had become great men;
for we encounter only those who are ignorant of
this wisdom, and have therefore to deliver new and
unknown verdicts concerning everything. Because
we now recognise a law-book we think we must
also comport ourselves as judges.
595-
Pleasing by Displeasing. —People who pre-
fer to attract attention, and thereby to displease,
desire the same thing as those who neither wish
to please nor to attract attention, only they seek
it more ardently and indirectly by means of a
step by which they apparently move away from
their goal. They desire influence and power, and
therefore show their superiority, even to such an
extent that it becomes disagreeable; for they
know that he who has finally attained power
pleases in almost all he says and does, and that
even when he displeases he still seems to please.
The free spirit also, and in like manner the
believer, desire power, in order some day to please
thereby; when, on account of their doctrine, evil
fate, persecution, dungeon, or execution threaten
them, they rejoice in the thought that their
teaching will thus be engraved and branded on
the heart of mankind; though its effect is remote
they accept their fate as a painful but powerful
means of still attaining to power.
596.
Casus Belli and the Like. —The prince
who, for his determination to make war against


## p. 380 (#564) ############################################

380 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
his neighbour, invents a casus belli, is like a father
who foists on his child a mother who is hence-
forth to be regarded as such. And are not almost
all publicly avowed motives of action just such
spurious mothers?
597-
Passion and Right. —Nobody talks more
passionately of his rights than he who, in the
depths of his soul, is doubtful about them. By
getting passion on his side he seeks to confound
his understanding and its doubts,—he thus obtains
a good conscience, and along with it success with
his fellow-men.
598.
The Trick of the Resigning One. —He
who protests against marriage, after the manner
of Catholic priests, will conceive of it in its lowest
and vulgarest form. In the same way he who
disavows the honour of his contemporaries will
have a mean opinion of it; he can thus dispense
with it and struggle against it more easily. More-
over, he who denies himself much in great matters
will readily indulge himself in small things. It
might be possible that he who is superior to the
approbation of his contemporaries would never-
theless not deny himself the gratification of small
vanities.
599-
The Years of Presumption. —The proper
period of presumption in gifted people is between
their twenty-sixth and thirtieth years; it is the
time of early ripeness, with a large residue of


## p. 381 (#565) ############################################

MAN ALONE BY HIMSELF. 381
sourness. On the ground of what we feel within
ourselves we demand honour and humility from
men who see little or nothing of it, and because
this tribute is not immediately forthcoming we
revenge ourselves by the look, the gesture of
arrogance, and the tone of voice, which a keen ear
and eye recognise in every product of those years,
whether it be poetry, philosophy, or pictures and
music. Older men of experience smile thereat,
and think with emotion of those beautiful years
in which one resents the fate of being so much
and seeming so little. Later on one really seems
more,—but one has lost the good belief in being
much,—unless one remain for life an incorrigible
fool of vanity.
600.
Deceptive and yet Defensible. —Just as
in order to pass by an abyss or to cross a deep
stream on a plank we require a railing, not to
hold fast by,—for it would instantly break down
with us,—but to give the notion of security to
the eye, so in youth we require persons who
unconsciously render us the service of that
railing. It is true they would not help us if
we really wished to lean upon them in great
danger, but they afford the tranquillising sensation
of protection close to one (for instance, fathers,
teachers, friends, as all three usually are).
601.
Learning to Love. —One must learn to
love, one must learn to be kind, and this from


## p. 382 (#566) ############################################

382 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
childhood onwards; when education and chance
give us no opportunity for the exercise of these
feelings our soul becomes dried up, and even in-
capable of understanding the fine devices of
loving men. In the same way hatred must be
learnt and fostered, when one wants to become
a proficient hater,—otherwise the germ of it will
gradually die out.
602.
Ruin as Ornament. —Persons who pass
through numerous mental phases retain certain
sentiments and habits of their earlier states, which
then project like a piece of inexplicable antiquity
and grey stonework into their new thought and
action, often to the embellishment of the whole
surroundings.
603.
Love and Honour. —Love desires, fear
avoids. That is why one cannot be both loved
and honoured by the same person, at least not
at the same time. * For he who honours recog-
nises power,—that is to say, he fears it, he is in
a state of reverential fear (Ehr-furchf). But love
recognises no power, nothing that divides, detaches,
superordinates, or subordinates. Because it does
not honour them, ambitious people secretly or
openly resent being loved.
* Women never understand this. —J. M. K.


## p. 383 (#567) ############################################

MAN ALONE BY HIMSELF. 383
604.
A Prejudice in Favour of Cold Natures.
—People who quickly take fire grow cold quickly,
and therefore are, on the whole, unreliable. For
those, therefore, who are always cold, or pretend
to be so, there is the favourable prejudice that
they are particularly trustworthy, reliable persons;
they are confounded with those who take fire
slowly and retain it long.
605.
The Danger in Free Opinions. —Frivolous
occupation with free opinions has a charm, like
a kind of itching; if one yields to it further,
one begins to chafe the places; until at last an
open, painful wound results; that is to say,
until the free opinion begins to disturb and
torment us in our position in life and in our
human relations.
606.
Desire for Sore Affliction. —When
passion is over it leaves behind an obscure long-
ing for it, and even in disappearing it casts a
seductive glance at us. It must have afforded
a kind of pleasure to have been beaten with this
scourge. Compared with it, the more moderate
sensations appear insipid; we still prefer, ap-
parently, the more violent displeasure to languid
delight.


## p. 384 (#568) ############################################

384 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
607.
Dissatisfaction with Others and with
THE WORLD. —When, as so frequently happens,
we vent our dissatisfaction on others when we
are really dissatisfied with ourselves, we are in
fact attempting to mystify and deceive our
judgment; we desire to find a motive a posteriori
for this dissatisfaction, in the mistakes or de-
ficiencies of others, and so lose sight of ourselves.
Strictly religious people, who have been relentless
judges of themselves, have at the same time
spoken most ill of humanity generally; there has
never been a saint who reserved sin for himself
and virture for others, any more than a man
I who, according to Buddha's rule, hides his good
qualities from people and only shows his bad ones.
608.
Confusion of Cause and Effect. —Un-
consciously we seek the principles and opinions
which are suited to our temperament, so that
at last it seems as if these principles and opinions
had formed our character and given it support
and stability, whereas exactly the contrary has
taken place. Our thoughts and judgments are,
apparently, to be taken subsequently as the
causes of our nature, but as a matter of fact our
nature is the cause of our so thinking and judging.
And what induces us to play this almost un-
conscious comedy? Inertness and convenience,
and to a large extent also the vain desire to be
regarded as thoroughly consistent and homo-


## p. 385 (#569) ############################################

MAN ALONE BY HIMSELF. 385
geneous in nature and thought; for this wins
respect and gives confidence and power.
609.
Age in Relation to Truth. —Young people
love what is interesting and exceptional, indifferent
whether it is truth or falsehood. Riper minds
love what is interesting and extraordinary when
it is truth. Matured minds, finally, love truth
even in those in whom it appears plain and
simple and is found tiresome by ordinary people,
because they have observed that truth is in the
habit of giving utterance to its highest intellectual
verities with all the appearance of simplicity.
610.
Men as Bad Poets. —Just as bad poets seek
a thought to fit the rhyme in the second half
of the verse, so men in the second half of life,
having become more scrupulous, are in the habit
of seeking pursuits, positions, and conditions which
suit those of their earlier life, so that outwardly
all sounds well, but their life is no longer ruled
and continuously determined anew by a powerful
thought: in place thereof there is merely the
intention of finding a rhyme.
611.
Ennui and Play. —Necessity compels us to
work, with the product of which the necessity is
appeased; the ever new awakening of necessity
vol. 1. 2B


## p. 386 (#570) ############################################

386 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
however, accustoms us to work. But in the
intervals in which necessity is appeased and
asleep, as it were, we are attacked by ennui.
What is this? In a word it is the habituation
to work, which now makes itself felt as a new
and additional necessity; it will be all the
stronger the more a person has been accustomed
to work, perhaps, even, the more a person has
suffered from necessities. In order to escape
ennui, a man either works beyond the extent
of his former necessities, or he invents play, that
is to say, work that is only intended to appease
the general necessity for work. He who has
become satiated with play, and has no new
necessities impelling him to work, is sometimes
attacked by the longing for a third state, which
is related to play as gliding is to dancing, as
dancing is to walking, a blessed, tranquil move-
ment; it is the artists' and philosophers' vision
of happiness.
612.
Lessons from Pictures. —If we look at a
series of pictures of ourselves, from the time of
later childhood to the time of mature man-
hood, we discover with pleased surprise that the
man bears more resemblance to the child than
to the youth: that probably, therefore, in accord-
ance with this fact, there has been in the interval a
temporary alienation of the fundamental character",
over which the collected, concentrated force of the
man has again become master. With this observa-
tion this other is also in accordance, namely, that


## p. 387 (#571) ############################################

MAN ALONE BY HIMSELF. 387
all strong influences of passions, teachers, and
political events, which in our youthful years draw
us hither and thither, seem later on to be referred
back again to a fixed standard; of course they
still continue to exist and operate within us, but
our fundamental sentiments and opinions have now
the upper hand, and use their influence perhaps as
a source of strength, but are no longer merely
regulative, as was perhaps the case in our twenties.
Thus even the thoughts and sentiments of the
man appear more in accordance with those of his
childish years,—and this objective fact expresses
itself in the above-mentioned subjective fact.
613.
The Tone of Voice of Different Ages. —
The tone in which youths speak, praise, blame,
and versify, displeases an older person because it
is too loud, and yet at the same time dull and
confused like a sound in a vault, which acquires
such a loud ring owing to the emptiness; for
most of the thought of youths does not gush forth
out of the fulness of their own nature, but is the
accord and the echo of what has been thought,
said, praised or blamed around them. As their
sentiments, however (their inclinations and aver-
sions), resound much more forcibly than the
reasons thereof, there is heard, whenever they
divulge these sentiments, the dull, clanging tone
which is a sign of the absence or scarcity of
reasons. The tone of riper age is rigorous,
abruptly concise, moderately loud, but, like every-


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388 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
thing distinctly articulated, is heard very far off.
Old age, finally, often brings a certain mildness
and consideration into the tone of the voice, and,
as it were, sweetens it; in many cases, to be sure,
it also sours it.
614
The Atavist and the Forerunner. —The
man of unpleasant character, full of distrust,
envious of the success of fellow-competitors and
neighbours, violent and enraged at divergent
opinions, shows that he belongs to an earlier grade
of culture, and is, therefore, an atavism; for the
way in which he behaves to people was right and
suitable only for an age of club-law; he is an
atavist. The man of a different character, rich in
sympathy, winning friends everywhere, finding all
that is growing and becoming amiable, rejoicing
at the honours and successes of others and
claiming no privilege of solely knowing the truth,
but full of a modest distrust,—he is a forerunner
who presses upward towards a higher human
culture. The man of unpleasant character dates
from the times when the rude basis of human
intercourse had yet to be laid, the other lives on
the upper floor of the edifice of culture, removed
as far as possible from the howling and raging
wild beast imprisoned in the cellars.
615.
Consolation for Hypochondriacs. —When
a great thinker is temporarily subjected to hypo-
chondriacal self-torture he can say to himself, by


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MAN ALONE BY HIMSELF. 389
way of consolation: "It is thine own great
strength on which this parasite feeds and grows;
if thy strength were smaller thou wouldst have
less to suffer. " The statesman may say just the
same thing when jealousy and vengeful feeling, or,
in a word, the tone of the bellum omnium contra
omnes, for which, as the representative of a nation,
he must necessarily have a great capacity, occa-
sionally intrudes into his personal relations and
makes his life hard.
616.
Estranged from the Present. —There are
great advantages in estranging one's self for once
to a large extent from one's age, and being as it
were driven back from its shores into the ocean
of past views of things. Looking thence towards
the coast one commands a view, perhaps for the
first time, of its aggregate formation, and when one
again approaches the land one has the advantage
of understanding it better, on the whole, than those
who have never left it.
617.
Sowing and Reaping on the field of Per- $3/
SONAL Defects. —Men like Rousseau understand
how to use their weaknesses, defects, and vices as
manure for their talent. When Rousseau bewails
the corruption and degeneration of society as the
evil results of culture, there is a personal experience
at the bottom of it, the bitterness which gives
sharpness to his general condemnation and poisons


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390 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
the arrows with which he shoots; he unburdens
himself first as an individual, and thinks of getting
a remedy which, while benefiting society directly,
will also benefit himself indirectly by means of
society.
618.
Philosophically Minded. —We usually en-
deavour to acquire one attitude of mind, one set
of opinions for all situations and events of life—
it is mostly called being philosophically minded.
But for the acquisition of knowledge it may be of
greater importance not to make ourselves thus
uniform, but to hearken to the low voice of the
different situations in life; these bring their own
opinions with them. We thus take an intelligent
interest in the life and nature of many persons by
not treating ourselves as rigid, persistent single
individuals.
619.
In the Fire of Contempt. —It is a fresh
step towards independence when one first dares
to give utterance to opinions which it is considered
as disgraceful for a person to entertain; even
friends and acquaintances are then accustomed to
grow anxious. The gifted nature must also pass
through this fire; it afterwards belongs far more
to itself.
620.
Self-sacrifice. —In the event of choice, a
great sacrifice is preferred to a small one, because
we compensate ourselves for the great sacrifice by


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MAN ALONE BY HIMSELF. 39I
self-admiration, which is not possible in the case
of a small one.
621.
LOVE AS AN ARTIFICE. —Whoever really wishes
to become acquainted with something new (whether
it be a person, an event, or a book), does well to
take up the matter with all possible love, and to
avert his eye quickly from all that seems hostile,
objectionable, and false therein,—in fact to forget
such things; so that, for instance, he gives the
author of a book the best sta/t possible, and
straightway, just as in a race, longs with beating
heart that he may reach the goal. In this manner
one penetrates to the heart of the new thing, to its
moving point, and this is called becoming ac-
quainted with it.