The
anonymous
poet of Poland, Zygmunt KrasinskiMonica Mary Gardner
?
?
Poland - 1919 - Krasinski - Anonymous Poet of Poland
The anonymous poet of Poland, Zygmunt Krasinski, by Monica M.
Gardner . . .
Gardner, Monica Mary, d. 1941. Cambridge, University Press, 1919.
http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045
Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
This work is deemed to be in the public domain in the United States of America. It may not be in the public domain in other countries. Copies are provided as a preservation service. Particularly outside of the United States, persons receiving copies should make appropriate efforts to determine the copyright status of the work in their country and use the work accordingly. It is possible that heirs or the estate of the authors of individual portions of the work, such as illustrations, assert copyrights over these portions. Depending on the nature of subsequent use that is made, additional rights may need to be obtained independently of anything we can address. The digital images and OCR of this work were produced by Google, Inc. (indicated by a watermark on each page in the PageTurner). Google requests that the images and OCR not be re-hosted, redistributed or used commercially.
The images are provided for educational, scholarly, non-commercial purposes.
? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? The anonymous poet of Poland, Zygmunt KrasinskiMonica Mary Gardner
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? Xibrars
of tbe
TflnivereU^ of Misconsin
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? THE ANONYMOUS POET
OF POLAND
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
C. F. CLAY, Manager
LONDON : FETTER LANE, E. C-4
NEW YORK : G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
BOMBAY
CALCUTTA MACMILLANANDCO. Ltd.
MADRAS J
TORONTO : J. M. DENT AND SONS, Ltd.
TOKYO: MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? ZYGMUNT KRASINSKI
(after Ary Scheffer)
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? IE ANONYMOUS POET
'OF POLAND
ZYGMUNT KRASINSKI
BY
MONICA M. GARDNER
? i
AUTHOR OF
ADAM MICKIEWICZ: THE NATIONAL POET OF POLAND;
POLAND: A STUDY IN NATIONAL IDEALISM;
ETC.
"He who speaks truth to an unhappy nation is her
noblest son, for he brings her life. "
Letters of Zygmunt Krasinski.
CAMBRIDGE
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? TO THE MEMORY OF
EDMUND S. NAGANOWSKI
"Serca podnios? e pe? k? y. I mys? l wszelka,
Byleby tylko wolna-- silna-- wielka--
Z? egna sie? z nami. ''
Zygmunt Krasin? ski, Fryburg.
JMl? JTliO 'N QREAT >>RI7AIN
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? m 26 1942
YGn
PREFACE
In the following study on the Anonymous Poet of
Poland I have attempted to give the English reader
some idea of Zygmunt Krasinski as the poet, the
patriot, the mystic, who endowed his nation with much
of her greatest poetry and noblest thought, and finally
as the man of tortured and complex character. I would
ask my Polish readers to overlook the many omissions
that of necessity I have been compelled to make in a
subject too vast for one volume. I have restricted
myself to those details that seemed to me calculated to
further the object for which this book is written, that
is, to draw English attention to a poetry and a line of
thought that are, on one side, not only of a national but
of a world-wide appeal, and, on the other, of high
spiritual significance to the individual.
I have tried to let the poet speak mainly for him-
self both in his work and letters. For this purpose,
and because the very name of Krasinski is unknown
in this country, I have given extensive translations of
his writings.
On certain aspects of Krasinski's life we are unable
to speak with full certainty, as the voluminous cor-
respondence with his father and Delphina Potocka
remains at present unpublished in the family archives.
To Dr J6zef Kallenbach, who has had access to the
letters between father and son, and who has freely used
them in his monograph on Krasinski's youth, students
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? vi
Preface
of Krasinski owe their knowledge of much that would
otherwise be obscure: but unfortunately Dr Kallen-
bach's work ends with the year 1838, and he has not
as yet given us the completed biography. As it is,
Krasinski's published correspondence comprises several
volumes. Although I have drawn largely upon them,
yet I have reluctantly been obliged, through want of
space, to pass over much in these magnificent letters
that can ill be spared either from the artistic or psycho-
logical point of view. It is however my intention to
publish some of their most striking passages in a
separate form.
My grateful thanks are due to Dr Kallenbach of
the Lw6w University for his gifts of his writings on
Krasinski, and for the interest he showed in my work
before the war put an end to my correspondence with
Poles in Poland; to Prof. Zdziechowski; to Mr Ladislas
Mickiewicz, who kindly lent me a volume of the Kra-
sinski letters that in these difficult days I could obtain
in no other way. But above all I wish to express here
my indebtedness to my friend, the late Mr Edmund
Naganowski. He was my first and constant guide in
my Krasinski readings. From the hour that I began
my Polish studies under his direction, twenty years ago,
until the outbreak of the war cut off all possibility of
communication between us, his help, his advice, his
unfailing sympathy, were ceaseless. He died in Poland
while the war was ravaging his country. It is to him
that as a small tribute of affection and gratitude for a
long and most precious friendship I dedicate this book.
May, 1919.
M. M. G.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? CONTENTS
PAGE
Preface v
Note on the Pronunciation of Polish names . viii
CHAP.
I. The Initiation (1812-1829) . . . . I
II. The First Exile (1829-1830) . . .
The anonymous poet of Poland, Zygmunt KrasinskiMonica Mary Gardner
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? Xibrars
of tbe
TflnivereU^ of Misconsin
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? THE ANONYMOUS POET
OF POLAND
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
C. F. CLAY, Manager
LONDON : FETTER LANE, E. C-4
NEW YORK : G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
BOMBAY
CALCUTTA MACMILLANANDCO. Ltd.
MADRAS J
TORONTO : J. M. DENT AND SONS, Ltd.
TOKYO: MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? ZYGMUNT KRASINSKI
(after Ary Scheffer)
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? IE ANONYMOUS POET
'OF POLAND
ZYGMUNT KRASINSKI
BY
MONICA M. GARDNER
? i
AUTHOR OF
ADAM MICKIEWICZ: THE NATIONAL POET OF POLAND;
POLAND: A STUDY IN NATIONAL IDEALISM;
ETC.
"He who speaks truth to an unhappy nation is her
noblest son, for he brings her life. "
Letters of Zygmunt Krasinski.
CAMBRIDGE
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? TO THE MEMORY OF
EDMUND S. NAGANOWSKI
"Serca podnios? e pe? k? y. I mys? l wszelka,
Byleby tylko wolna-- silna-- wielka--
Z? egna sie? z nami. ''
Zygmunt Krasin? ski, Fryburg.
JMl? JTliO 'N QREAT >>RI7AIN
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? m 26 1942
YGn
PREFACE
In the following study on the Anonymous Poet of
Poland I have attempted to give the English reader
some idea of Zygmunt Krasinski as the poet, the
patriot, the mystic, who endowed his nation with much
of her greatest poetry and noblest thought, and finally
as the man of tortured and complex character. I would
ask my Polish readers to overlook the many omissions
that of necessity I have been compelled to make in a
subject too vast for one volume. I have restricted
myself to those details that seemed to me calculated to
further the object for which this book is written, that
is, to draw English attention to a poetry and a line of
thought that are, on one side, not only of a national but
of a world-wide appeal, and, on the other, of high
spiritual significance to the individual.
I have tried to let the poet speak mainly for him-
self both in his work and letters. For this purpose,
and because the very name of Krasinski is unknown
in this country, I have given extensive translations of
his writings.
On certain aspects of Krasinski's life we are unable
to speak with full certainty, as the voluminous cor-
respondence with his father and Delphina Potocka
remains at present unpublished in the family archives.
To Dr J6zef Kallenbach, who has had access to the
letters between father and son, and who has freely used
them in his monograph on Krasinski's youth, students
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? vi
Preface
of Krasinski owe their knowledge of much that would
otherwise be obscure: but unfortunately Dr Kallen-
bach's work ends with the year 1838, and he has not
as yet given us the completed biography. As it is,
Krasinski's published correspondence comprises several
volumes. Although I have drawn largely upon them,
yet I have reluctantly been obliged, through want of
space, to pass over much in these magnificent letters
that can ill be spared either from the artistic or psycho-
logical point of view. It is however my intention to
publish some of their most striking passages in a
separate form.
My grateful thanks are due to Dr Kallenbach of
the Lw6w University for his gifts of his writings on
Krasinski, and for the interest he showed in my work
before the war put an end to my correspondence with
Poles in Poland; to Prof. Zdziechowski; to Mr Ladislas
Mickiewicz, who kindly lent me a volume of the Kra-
sinski letters that in these difficult days I could obtain
in no other way. But above all I wish to express here
my indebtedness to my friend, the late Mr Edmund
Naganowski. He was my first and constant guide in
my Krasinski readings. From the hour that I began
my Polish studies under his direction, twenty years ago,
until the outbreak of the war cut off all possibility of
communication between us, his help, his advice, his
unfailing sympathy, were ceaseless. He died in Poland
while the war was ravaging his country. It is to him
that as a small tribute of affection and gratitude for a
long and most precious friendship I dedicate this book.
May, 1919.
M. M. G.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? CONTENTS
PAGE
Preface v
Note on the Pronunciation of Polish names . viii
CHAP.
I. The Initiation (1812-1829) . . . . I
II. The First Exile (1829-1830) . . . . 19
III. The Sacrifice (1830-1831) . . . . 38
IV. The Sowing of the Seed (1831-1834) . . 67
V. The Undivine Comedy: the domestic drama . 92
VI. The Undivine Comedy: the social drama . . 115
VII. Iridion 135
VIII. The Deviation: A Summer Night and The
Temptation (1836-1838) 169
IX. Before the Dawn: The Three Thoughts and The
Treatise of the Trinity (1839-1842) . . . 192
X. Dawn (1843) 219
XI. The Psalms of the Future: the Psalms of Faith,
of Hope, and of Love (1843-1847) ? ? ? 247
XII. To-Day, The Last, and the last Psalms of the
Future (1847-1848) 270
XIII. The Unfinished Poem 286
XIV. Resurrecturis: the Last Words of the Anony-
mous Poet (1851-1859) 304
Bibliographical Note 315
Index 317
Zygmunt Krasinski (after Ary Scheffer) Frontispiece
? ?
Gardner . . .
Gardner, Monica Mary, d. 1941. Cambridge, University Press, 1919.
http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045
Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
This work is deemed to be in the public domain in the United States of America. It may not be in the public domain in other countries. Copies are provided as a preservation service. Particularly outside of the United States, persons receiving copies should make appropriate efforts to determine the copyright status of the work in their country and use the work accordingly. It is possible that heirs or the estate of the authors of individual portions of the work, such as illustrations, assert copyrights over these portions. Depending on the nature of subsequent use that is made, additional rights may need to be obtained independently of anything we can address. The digital images and OCR of this work were produced by Google, Inc. (indicated by a watermark on each page in the PageTurner). Google requests that the images and OCR not be re-hosted, redistributed or used commercially.
The images are provided for educational, scholarly, non-commercial purposes.
? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? The anonymous poet of Poland, Zygmunt KrasinskiMonica Mary Gardner
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? Xibrars
of tbe
TflnivereU^ of Misconsin
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? THE ANONYMOUS POET
OF POLAND
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
C. F. CLAY, Manager
LONDON : FETTER LANE, E. C-4
NEW YORK : G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
BOMBAY
CALCUTTA MACMILLANANDCO. Ltd.
MADRAS J
TORONTO : J. M. DENT AND SONS, Ltd.
TOKYO: MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? ZYGMUNT KRASINSKI
(after Ary Scheffer)
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? IE ANONYMOUS POET
'OF POLAND
ZYGMUNT KRASINSKI
BY
MONICA M. GARDNER
? i
AUTHOR OF
ADAM MICKIEWICZ: THE NATIONAL POET OF POLAND;
POLAND: A STUDY IN NATIONAL IDEALISM;
ETC.
"He who speaks truth to an unhappy nation is her
noblest son, for he brings her life. "
Letters of Zygmunt Krasinski.
CAMBRIDGE
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? TO THE MEMORY OF
EDMUND S. NAGANOWSKI
"Serca podnios? e pe? k? y. I mys? l wszelka,
Byleby tylko wolna-- silna-- wielka--
Z? egna sie? z nami. ''
Zygmunt Krasin? ski, Fryburg.
JMl? JTliO 'N QREAT >>RI7AIN
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? m 26 1942
YGn
PREFACE
In the following study on the Anonymous Poet of
Poland I have attempted to give the English reader
some idea of Zygmunt Krasinski as the poet, the
patriot, the mystic, who endowed his nation with much
of her greatest poetry and noblest thought, and finally
as the man of tortured and complex character. I would
ask my Polish readers to overlook the many omissions
that of necessity I have been compelled to make in a
subject too vast for one volume. I have restricted
myself to those details that seemed to me calculated to
further the object for which this book is written, that
is, to draw English attention to a poetry and a line of
thought that are, on one side, not only of a national but
of a world-wide appeal, and, on the other, of high
spiritual significance to the individual.
I have tried to let the poet speak mainly for him-
self both in his work and letters. For this purpose,
and because the very name of Krasinski is unknown
in this country, I have given extensive translations of
his writings.
On certain aspects of Krasinski's life we are unable
to speak with full certainty, as the voluminous cor-
respondence with his father and Delphina Potocka
remains at present unpublished in the family archives.
To Dr J6zef Kallenbach, who has had access to the
letters between father and son, and who has freely used
them in his monograph on Krasinski's youth, students
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? vi
Preface
of Krasinski owe their knowledge of much that would
otherwise be obscure: but unfortunately Dr Kallen-
bach's work ends with the year 1838, and he has not
as yet given us the completed biography. As it is,
Krasinski's published correspondence comprises several
volumes. Although I have drawn largely upon them,
yet I have reluctantly been obliged, through want of
space, to pass over much in these magnificent letters
that can ill be spared either from the artistic or psycho-
logical point of view. It is however my intention to
publish some of their most striking passages in a
separate form.
My grateful thanks are due to Dr Kallenbach of
the Lw6w University for his gifts of his writings on
Krasinski, and for the interest he showed in my work
before the war put an end to my correspondence with
Poles in Poland; to Prof. Zdziechowski; to Mr Ladislas
Mickiewicz, who kindly lent me a volume of the Kra-
sinski letters that in these difficult days I could obtain
in no other way. But above all I wish to express here
my indebtedness to my friend, the late Mr Edmund
Naganowski. He was my first and constant guide in
my Krasinski readings. From the hour that I began
my Polish studies under his direction, twenty years ago,
until the outbreak of the war cut off all possibility of
communication between us, his help, his advice, his
unfailing sympathy, were ceaseless. He died in Poland
while the war was ravaging his country. It is to him
that as a small tribute of affection and gratitude for a
long and most precious friendship I dedicate this book.
May, 1919.
M. M. G.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:08 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89102083045 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? CONTENTS
PAGE
Preface v
Note on the Pronunciation of Polish names . viii
CHAP.
I. The Initiation (1812-1829) . . . . I
II. The First Exile (1829-1830) . . .
The anonymous poet of Poland, Zygmunt KrasinskiMonica Mary Gardner
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? Xibrars
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TflnivereU^ of Misconsin
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? THE ANONYMOUS POET
OF POLAND
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? CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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NEW YORK : G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
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TOKYO: MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
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? ZYGMUNT KRASINSKI
(after Ary Scheffer)
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? IE ANONYMOUS POET
'OF POLAND
ZYGMUNT KRASINSKI
BY
MONICA M. GARDNER
? i
AUTHOR OF
ADAM MICKIEWICZ: THE NATIONAL POET OF POLAND;
POLAND: A STUDY IN NATIONAL IDEALISM;
ETC.
"He who speaks truth to an unhappy nation is her
noblest son, for he brings her life. "
Letters of Zygmunt Krasinski.
CAMBRIDGE
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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? TO THE MEMORY OF
EDMUND S. NAGANOWSKI
"Serca podnios? e pe? k? y. I mys? l wszelka,
Byleby tylko wolna-- silna-- wielka--
Z? egna sie? z nami. ''
Zygmunt Krasin? ski, Fryburg.
JMl? JTliO 'N QREAT >>RI7AIN
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? m 26 1942
YGn
PREFACE
In the following study on the Anonymous Poet of
Poland I have attempted to give the English reader
some idea of Zygmunt Krasinski as the poet, the
patriot, the mystic, who endowed his nation with much
of her greatest poetry and noblest thought, and finally
as the man of tortured and complex character. I would
ask my Polish readers to overlook the many omissions
that of necessity I have been compelled to make in a
subject too vast for one volume. I have restricted
myself to those details that seemed to me calculated to
further the object for which this book is written, that
is, to draw English attention to a poetry and a line of
thought that are, on one side, not only of a national but
of a world-wide appeal, and, on the other, of high
spiritual significance to the individual.
I have tried to let the poet speak mainly for him-
self both in his work and letters. For this purpose,
and because the very name of Krasinski is unknown
in this country, I have given extensive translations of
his writings.
On certain aspects of Krasinski's life we are unable
to speak with full certainty, as the voluminous cor-
respondence with his father and Delphina Potocka
remains at present unpublished in the family archives.
To Dr J6zef Kallenbach, who has had access to the
letters between father and son, and who has freely used
them in his monograph on Krasinski's youth, students
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? vi
Preface
of Krasinski owe their knowledge of much that would
otherwise be obscure: but unfortunately Dr Kallen-
bach's work ends with the year 1838, and he has not
as yet given us the completed biography. As it is,
Krasinski's published correspondence comprises several
volumes. Although I have drawn largely upon them,
yet I have reluctantly been obliged, through want of
space, to pass over much in these magnificent letters
that can ill be spared either from the artistic or psycho-
logical point of view. It is however my intention to
publish some of their most striking passages in a
separate form.
My grateful thanks are due to Dr Kallenbach of
the Lw6w University for his gifts of his writings on
Krasinski, and for the interest he showed in my work
before the war put an end to my correspondence with
Poles in Poland; to Prof. Zdziechowski; to Mr Ladislas
Mickiewicz, who kindly lent me a volume of the Kra-
sinski letters that in these difficult days I could obtain
in no other way. But above all I wish to express here
my indebtedness to my friend, the late Mr Edmund
Naganowski. He was my first and constant guide in
my Krasinski readings. From the hour that I began
my Polish studies under his direction, twenty years ago,
until the outbreak of the war cut off all possibility of
communication between us, his help, his advice, his
unfailing sympathy, were ceaseless. He died in Poland
while the war was ravaging his country. It is to him
that as a small tribute of affection and gratitude for a
long and most precious friendship I dedicate this book.
May, 1919.
M. M. G.
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? CONTENTS
PAGE
Preface v
Note on the Pronunciation of Polish names . viii
CHAP.
I. The Initiation (1812-1829) . . . . I
II. The First Exile (1829-1830) . . . . 19
III. The Sacrifice (1830-1831) . . . . 38
IV. The Sowing of the Seed (1831-1834) . . 67
V. The Undivine Comedy: the domestic drama . 92
VI. The Undivine Comedy: the social drama . . 115
VII. Iridion 135
VIII. The Deviation: A Summer Night and The
Temptation (1836-1838) 169
IX. Before the Dawn: The Three Thoughts and The
Treatise of the Trinity (1839-1842) . . . 192
X. Dawn (1843) 219
XI. The Psalms of the Future: the Psalms of Faith,
of Hope, and of Love (1843-1847) ? ? ? 247
XII. To-Day, The Last, and the last Psalms of the
Future (1847-1848) 270
XIII. The Unfinished Poem 286
XIV. Resurrecturis: the Last Words of the Anony-
mous Poet (1851-1859) 304
Bibliographical Note 315
Index 317
Zygmunt Krasinski (after Ary Scheffer) Frontispiece
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