Malachy O'Morgair in his efforts to take
possession
of the
See of Armagh, to which he had been elected as the chosen successor of
Celsus, both by the clergy and people.
See of Armagh, to which he had been elected as the chosen successor of
Celsus, both by the clergy and people.
O'Hanlon - Lives of the Irish Saints - v8
Thus,
1
the Bollandists had two Manuscript Lists ? of Scottish Saints, which affirmed
andbesides
cluding an account of the Saints of England, Ireland, and Scotland. '9 Wherefore according to their computation, his death must have occurred during the reign of Malcolm II. as King over Scotland. 20 He is said to have ruled from a. d.
these, they possessed
it;
13 According to Father Patrick Wemyss,
S. J.
14 This is a parish in Koss-shire, and ex-
tending for about twenty-five miles along the West Coast. It is a considerable dis- tance from Nairn.
16
See "Gazetteer of the World," vol.
1005
21 to a. d. 22 The 1034.
martyrdom
of St.
15 In the Manuscript copy of the Aber-
deen Breviary, which the Bollandists pos-
sessed, they found three Middle Lessons
from the Office of St. Rufus interpolated,
after what has been given in the text. These
are apparently referable to St. Rufus, Mar-
tyr, venerated at Capua, in Italy, on the
same day. It seems probable, the Scottish
compiler of that copy confounded Mael-
Rubha with St. Rufus, owing to a fancied tyrannical. Then certain persons, in re-
similarity of name,
venge for injuries inflicted on their friends, conspired to effect his destruction in his fort of Glammis in Angus, after a reign of
xiii. , p. 297.
'7 One of these has it, "S. Malrubbus thirty-one years. See " De Origine, Mori-
heremita et Martyr in Mernla Scotia: bus, et Rebus Gestis Scotorum," lib. , v. p.
regione"; the year added is mxxiv. In another compiled by Father Patrick Ninian Wemyss is found, "S. Malrubius eiemita et Martyr sub Malcolmo II. , anno Cliristi mxxiv. "
18
Thus marked lijf Ms. 167.
19 This was transcribed with the heading
202.
2I "
See William F. Skene's Celtic Scot-
land : A History of Ancient Alban," vol i. ,
book i. , chap, viii. , pp. 384 to 398.
n This is the year assigned for his death in the Chronicon of Marianus Scotus. " 1034 Moelcoluim Rex Scotiae obiit 7 Kal.
Decembri. "
"Sanctorum Scotorum Vitae ex Breviario
another 18 in- Manuscript collection,
in usum insignis ecclesioe Cathedralis Aber- donensis, adeoque totius ecclesise Scoticanae,
impensis Valteri Chepman Edinburgensis mercatoris typis mandati Kal. Februariis anno a Christo nato mdix. At p. 129 of the Jesuit MS. , is the title Vita S. Malrubii abbatis, a Danis Martyrio coronati, heremitae (Marne) in Scotia sub rege Malcolmo II. , anno mxxtv. , Augusti xxvn.
20
According to John Lesley, Bishop of Ross, when Grimus had been killed in battle a. d. ioio, Malcolm II. ascended the throne; and although for a great part of his life dis- tinguished for his virtues and glorious deeds, yet when old he became avaricious and
1 * where were they
August 27. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 395
Malrubius is said by some writers to have occurred, during the reign of King Duncan over Scotland, and this lasted from 1034 to io4o,23 when he was slain by his own general, Macbeth, on the 14th of August. This usurper succeeded him in the Kingdom and ruled afterwards for seventeen years. 24 Malrubius is stated by Rev. Alban Butler2* to have been martyred by the Norwegians, about the year 1040. 26 This account accords, also, with that given in his Proper Office and by Camerarius. InAdamKing'sCalendar,atthe27thofAugust,thissaint, called Malrube, is stated to have been martyred during the reign of King Malcolm III. over Scotland. 27 If such were the case, it should bring the deathofMalrubiustoamuchlater 28 Itwould thatthebounds
23 See William F. Skene's "Celtic Scot- land : A History of Ancient Alban," vol. i. , book i. , chap, viii. , p. 399.
24 Such is the account given by Marianus
25 In " Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and
he married the celebrated Queen Margaret,
daughter to the Saxon King Eadward
Aetheling. He had a prosperous reign of
thirty-five years, when he died a. d. 1092. See an account of him in " Rerum Scoti- carum Historia," auctore Georgio Buchanano Scoto, lib. vii. , pp. 195 to 200. Trajecti ad Rhenum, 1697, 8vo.
2? An interesting account of this extensive
:
" 1040 Donnchadh rex Scotiae in
Scotus
autumno occiditur (19 Kal. Sept. ) a duce suo Macbethad MacFinnloech, cui successit in regnumannis 17. "
period. seem, 2
of a sanctuary surrounded the Church of Applecross ? in former times, and the ecclesiastical lands extended around it, for the distance of six miles.
This tract enjoyed special religious immunities. Notwithstanding, the Danes invaded that part of the country, and entering on the church-lands,
they spoiled them of provisions by violence, and drove away several head of cattle from the ecclesiastical farms ; although it was a time of scarcity for the monks and people there living. However, the inhabitants and owners took up arms to rescue the prey, and to punish the depredators, who suc- ceeded in reaching their ships, having taken their plunder on board. Then they hoisted sail. Although the winds were light and the sea calm ; yet, their vessels sunk in the waves, and in presence of their pursuers, who viewed that fate reserved for their rapine. Other miracles are related, as due to the merits of this holy martyr. When a great number of the Islanders3° had con- spired to make an inroad on the inhabitants of Ross, while these were engaged in celebrating the annual festival of St. Maelrubius, in his church at Contan ;3« the marauders stole upon them unawares, and under darkness of the night, fire was set to the building. Then over one hundred Christian men and women perished in the flames, or by the sword, when they thought to escaped2 However, St. Maelrubius appeared in a vision to the relations of those who had been slain. Soon the people of Ross collected their forces. Although their adversaries greatly outnumbered them, and were better inured to war,
other principal Saints," vol. viii. , August parish, called by the Gaelic inhabitants
xxvii. 26
Lesley authorities.
and Adam
are
King quoted
as
Comrich or Comaraich, may be found in
the Gazetteer of vol. "Imperial Scotland,"
i. , pp. 59, 60.
3° These were probably people belonging
to the race of sea-rovers.
3I This as also that of Urchart, is church,
placed in the province of Ross, and near the
German Ocean, by Blavius in his Geogra-
phical Maps of the Kingdom of Scotland, vol vi. , and before p. 14.
27 Thus is he noticed: " S. Malrube,
heremeit and mart, be ye daneis at Marne in
Scot, vnder King Malcolme 3. "—Bishop
.
Forbes' 160.
"
Kalendars of Scottish Saints," p. t
28
the monarch Malcolm III. , surnamed Cean
He was twice married his first wife was " Gazetteer of : Imperial
According to the Scottish historians,
Mor, was inaugurated King over Scotland,
3 * The parish of Contin is situated in the at Scone, on the 25th of April 1057. He centre and south-east of Ross-shire. An in- instituted various social usages and laws. teresting account of it may be found in the
Scotland," Norwegian potentate, and on her decease, 33 This is related in the Eighth Lesson of
Ingibiorg, the widow of Thorfinn, a Scoto- pp. 298, 299.
vol.
i. ,
396 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [August 27.
still the Islanders were repulsed with such slaughter, that of five hundred, only about thirty escaped with their lives, and these were subsequently re- duced to the condition of slaves. 33 At another time, a parish priest, who celebrated the divine mysteries on the solemn festival of St. Maelrubius, warned his parishioners to abstain from servile works on that day. But, as it
occurred in the time of harvest, his parishioners disregarded such a mandate,
and began to reap their corn during that afternoon, with the exception of one
pious man, who resolved on keeping the day according to the priest's in-
junction. It so happened, that as if by spontaneous combustion, the houses
of all those villagers took fire, his alone being excepted, although it adjoined
the others. 34 Moreover, when the reapers sought to save their domestic
utensils and effects, by removing them in an opposite direction to that where
the wind was blowing ; suddenly it veered about, seized on their furniture
which had been removed, and finally consumed all but what belonged to
that devout man, who had shown such special reverence towards our saint. 35
According to Camerarius, Malrubius had his feast assigned to the 27th of
Augusts
6
In Dempster's "Menologium Scotorum," at the 27th of August,
there is an entry of this holy martyr's feast. 37 Camerarius has a similar
accountatthissameday,andhestates, thatSt. Malrubiuswascelebratedin
8
Mernia,3 or the Mearns. Throughout the district of Ross-shire, his memory
was also held in great veneration ; but, it seems to be very probable, that the martyr Malrubius had been confounded with the earlier saint bearing a like name, and commemorated on the 21st of April.
Article III. —St. Aedhan or Aidan, possibly at Clontarf, County
of Tallagh, at the 27th of August. The same mode of entry is to be found in that copy contained in the Book of Leinster. 2 There is a saint having this name, and also called Mocukein. or belonging to the race of Kien, nephew to St. Columkille,3 and son of his sister Sinecha. * However, it cannot be said, that he was identical with the present Aidan. There is likewise an Aedhan, son to Lughar,s and sprung from the race of Eochaidh Finnfuathart, son of Feidhlimidh Reachtmar, son to Tuathal Teachtmar, from whom Brighet descends. 6 As we have already found, there are several holy men, named Aedh, Aedhan or Aidan, in our Irish Calendars, at different
of those are — or
many distinguished by parentage place,
Dublin. ThesimplenoticeofAidanappearsinthepublishedMartyrology 1
of the days year
;
while some are simply noted—-as in this instance
the proper Office, and the following sentence concludes: " Imrao omnes tanquam non
videntes stupore formidinis perculsi sunt, et
without any such clue to
tish Saints," p. 209.
38 Thus : "27 Die. Sanctus Malrubius
Martyr a Noruegis Celebris habetur in
Mernia. "— — Ibid. , p. 240.
Article hi. 'Edited by Rev. Dr. Kelly, p. xxxiii.
2
Thus <Voaiii.
3 See his Life, at the 9th of June in the
Sixth Volume of this work, Art. i.
* thinks he be identical with Colgan may
the present saint. See "Trias Thauma-
turga," Quarta Appendix ad Acta S. Columbae, cap. iii. , p. 487.
adversaiiis beatus vir baculum tans manu visus est. "
pluribus
ges-
3* This description seems to picture an un- settled state of society, when people chose to live in small communities as affording better protection for life and property, than if resided on their several land
they
holdings. 35 See "Acta Sanctorum," tomus vi. , Augusti xxvii. , De S. Malrubio Monacho ct
Martyre, p. 132.
36 "Celebris habetur in Mernia. " De
Scotorum Fortitudine Doctrina et Pietate,'' &c, p. 168.
:
61 Thus " In Scotia Malrubi Erernitae,
See the Life of St. Brigid, Patroness of i.
K. "—Bishop Forbes' " Kalendars of Scot-
—" s
His full pedigree is given in the Irish Menologic Genealogies, cap. xiv.
Art
6
Kildare, in the Second Volume of this work,
August 27. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 397
their recognition. According to Colgan, the Aidan, belonging to St. Bngid's family, seems to have been venerated at a Cluain Tarbh—now probably
Clontarf, County Dublin—either on the 27th of August, or on the 4th of
In the of 8 at this same is entered Martyrology Donegal, date,
September. ?
Aedhan, but without any peculiar recognition of family descent or place of residence.
Article IV. —The Blessed Maelerigid, Priest, at Armagh.
\Eleve? ith and Twelfth Centuries. '] There is an account of a holy man, named Maelbrighde MacDoilgen, or the son of Dolgen, in the Irish Annals. He was born in the year 1052, as may be inferred from the statements given. He became a priest a. d. 1080, and he appears to have been attached to the ChurchatArmagh. Heismentioned,ashavingbeenanoblepriest,andas
having been the senior of the priests of Ireland.
1
Towards the close of his
life occurred those disagreeable and factious proceedings, whereby a dominant
2
faction resisted St.
Malachy O'Morgair in his efforts to take possession of the
See of Armagh, to which he had been elected as the chosen successor of
Celsus, both by the clergy and people. In his industriously compiled Chronicle of the Primate Archbishops, illustrious men and incidents relating to the ancient Church of Armagh, Colgan has recorded the present dis- tinguishedPriest. 3 Hediedinthefifty-secondyearofhispriesthood,andin theeightiethofhisage,onthe27thofAugust,1132. + Althoughdesiringto know on what grounds Maelbrigidus is called beatus by Colgan, the Bollandistss have noticed him at the 27th day of August, that assigned for his death.
Article V. —St. Dagan or Degeman, Wales. This holy man, who
is classed among the Saints of Ireland, seems to have chosen Wales as the
countryforhismission. Itisrelated,thathepassedovertheriverSevernon
a hurdle made with branches of trees. He then retired into a vast wilder-
ness, covered with briars and brushwood. There he spent a life of prayer
and contemplation.
1
In Wales, he is honoured on the 27th of August.
Article VI. —Festival of St. Rufinus and of his Companions,
Martyrs. In the early Irish Church, on the 27 th of August, was celebrated the Feast of St. Rufinus and of his holy companions, who were Martyrs, as
we find from the " Feilire " of 1 iEngus.
7 See "Trias Thaumaturga," Appendix Quartaad Acta S. Brigidse, cap. 3, p. 613.
8 Edited by Drs. Todd and Reeves, pp.
The names most
nearly approach-
228, 229. — Article iv.
there were not priests in Ireland, at that time, his senior in years.
2
See his Life, at the 3rd of November,
in the Eleventh Volume of this work, lish translation is by Whitley Stokes,
'
1
It does not seem likely, that such a statement is to be received in an
See Right Rev. Patrick F. Moran's "Early Irish Missions," No. 1. absolute sense ; for it is hardly probable Fruits of Irish Piety in the British Church,
Art. i.
3 See "Trias Thaumaturga," Septima
Appendix ad Acta S. Patrici, Pars Tertia,
p. 303.
4 See Dr. O'Donovan's " Annals of the
LL. D. :—
"Opon^ in mAr\cir\ 5LAITOAI ttuphin CAin combitroe Corug nel noem rrooe two cj\e r\oe rvirvoe.
Four Masters, vol. ii. , pp. 1040,1041.
s See "Acta Sanctorum," tomus vi. ,
Augustii xxvii. leasts, p. 3. — Article v.
Among the pretermitted
p. 17. — Article vi.
" " Leabhar Breac
* In the
copy, it is thus entered in Irish. The Eng-
398 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [August 28. ing on this day are St. Rufus, said to have been a Bishop and Martyr, at
in 3 as also an apparently distinct St. Rufus, associated in Italy ;
3 August.
CtoentjMigbtl) 2Baj) of Sugusft.
ARTICLE I. —FESTIVAL OF FEIDHLIMIDH, SON OF CREMHTHANN, KING OF MUNSTER.
[EIGHTH AND NINTH CENTURIES. }
we find various allusions to the subject of our present
Capua,
martyrdom with St. Carpon, Carponius or Carphorus, in the same city of Capua, in Italy. In like manner, he is venerated, on the 27th day of
in the Annals of Ireland ALTHmeOmoUirG,H
; yet,
those accounts are brief and
disconnected, so that it is a difficult matter from such notices, to form an
exact judgment regarding this King's career and character. That his life
and actions can be generally approved must be a subject for discussion
among modern historians, since we find many conflicting opinions brought
down to us by tradition. At this date, Colgan had promised to treat at some length on this prince, who is said to have descended from a high worldly rank, that he might be exalted in the court of Heaven. This change of purpose seems to have occurred, only towards the close of his life. His reign was marked by broils and contentions ; but, he usually came off victorious, as we find recorded in the Irish Annals. The national and social state of Ireland, and the position he filled, may have rendered some of those intestine warsevilsthatcouldnotwellbeavoided; butambitionandgreedarelikely to have influenced his conduct, before penitence and contrition enabled this prince, to repair in a great measure the bloodshed and wrongs he had inflicted on others. Notwithstanding such a record, he is praised by several of the Minister bards and chroniclers, while his name has been inscribed among those, whose festivals are commemorated in our Calendars.
Veneration was given, as we are told, to Feidhilmidh MacCrimthain, at
Thus is he noticed in the
of 1 Martyrology Tallagh.
the 28th of
In the Book of Leinster
He descended from the race of Aenghus, son to Naetfraech, son of Lughaidh, as stated by the O'Clerys. His father's name was Crimhthann, and he is
August.
copy,
his name is found
contracted,
2 at this date.
"The troop of the purified martyr Ru-
finus, the fair with melodiousness, to the
holy rampart of the King of Clouds went
through keenest spear-points. "—" Transac-
tions of the Royal Irish Academy," Irish
Manuscript Series, vol. i. , part i. On the xxvii. , pp. 16 to 20. Under the heading, Calendar of Oengus, by Whitley Stokes,
LL. D. , p. cxxv.
2
The Bollandist Father John Stilting, S. J. , has a dissertation, or Sylloge Historico-
Martyre Capuse in Italia, pp. 9 to II. This is in eleven paragraphs, and there an at- tempt has been made to elucidate his Acts,
De SS. Rufo et Carpone, Carponio, vel Carpophoro Martyribus, Capuae in Cam-
"
vi,, Augusti xxvii. , De S. Rufo Episcopo ing them by ea—rlier writers.
Critica, in the
Acta Sanctorum," tomus
and to examine the various notices of him in ancient records.
3 The same Father John Stilling has edited the " Passio " of both these Martyrs in the "Acta Sanctorum," tomus vi. , Augu. ^ti
pania Italia, he has a previous commentary in eight paragraphs, and in these he criti- cally examines what has been stated regard-
'
Article I. by Kelly,
p. xxxiii.
a,,
Thus t? ei olimi o mAcCpich.
Edited Rev. Dr.
August 28. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 399
said to have been of Claire. 3 His son, who afterwards ascended the throne ofMunster,wasbornprobablytowardsthecloseoftheeighthcentury. The young prince appears to have received a liberal education for it is related,
that he was an excellent scribe—which means according to Irish acceptance— a writer, although none of his compositions have come down to us. Nor is the school in which he studied known. It is stated, also, that Feidhlimidh entered into Holy Orders,* and that afterwards he presided as Archbishop5 over Leath Mogha,6 otherwise in the See of Cashel. However, there is no sufficient warrant for such a statement. Moreover, in his enumeration of the Archbishops of Cashel, Sir James Ware does not record any earlier bishop than Cormac MacCullinan,? who flourished towards the close of the
;
ninth and beginning of the tenth century.
From what has been stated in the Irish Annals regarding Feidhlimidh,
we are led to infer, that he must have succeeded in the principality of Munster, in or about the year 820. 9 He was remarkable for personal courage and force of character—qualities which were sufficient to excite the admiration of his followers, and to cause his interested and over-partial panegyrists in prose and verse to overlook or conceal his many deficiencies. Having been recognised as a King over Ireland, by some authorities, without
TO his
with the period when Gaithen," the son of Cionaedhe, was chief over
Laeighis or Leix, a territory contained within the present Queen's County. He is also noticed, as having lived about that period, when the death of the
Ostman tyrant Turgesius took place. Moreover, he is supposed by Giraldus Cambrensis to have been a King over Ireland, and the . seventeenth
predecessor of Roderick O'Conor, 12 the latest recognised monarch, who died towards the close of the twelfth century. ^
Our native Annalists, for the most part, do not class Feidhlimidh among the supreme monarchs of Ireland ; although some of the Munster chroni- clers and bards, who state that he ruled twenty-seven years over that province, reserve seven of these for jurisdiction over all the otlier provincial
denning
the term or the number of
years ;
reign
has been
synchronized
kings and chiefs of the nation. 14
3 See the "Chronicum Scotorum," edited, with a translation by William M. Hennessy,
M. R. I. A. , pp. 146, 147.
Jeffry Keating's "History of Ireland," part ii.
This claim nevertheless can hardly be
Dounchadh, had begun to reign, A. D. 819, according to Roderick O'Flaherty, and was regarded as king over Ireland for the en-
4 See Rev. Dr.
fourteen See "
years. Ogygia," pars
= This is a mistake of Mr.
O'Daly.
In
I0 See " Trias
Colgan's Thaumaturga,"
where allusion is made to him, in Septima
Vita S. Patricii, pars iii. , cap. xxvi. , p. 155. " In St. Patrick's time, the Irish Apostle is said to have foretold the destruction of
his time, Cashel had not been erected into
an Archiepiscopal See.
6 The south half of Ireland was generally
so called in ancient times.
7 See his Life in the Ninth Volume of this
work, at the 14th of September, when he is
commemorated as a saint and martyr, in the
Irish Calendar,
8"
In his Preface to Archiepiscoporum Cas-
" ventus ab A scholiast on the Tri- partite Life refers the fulfilment of that pro- phecy to Goithin, "enim vox Hibernica ex suo etymo venteum vel ventuosum denotat. "
seliensium et —Tuamensium Vitas," Sir
James
This is said to have occurred "
Conchonario,"
regnantibus
Ware writes
libentius desudavi, quia omnia pene Vetera utriusque sedis monumenta (Casseliensis scilicet et Tuamensis) sive per incuriam et
:
"Atque
in hac
indagine
eo Fedhlimidio et Ireland.
over
I2 See Giraldi Cambrensis "Opera," edited by James T. Dimock, M. A. , vol. v. negligentiam, sive per bellorum rabiem " Topographia Hibernica," Dist. iii. , cap.
peiierunt, vel salter—n per invidorum malitiam
hodie diletescunt. " Ad Lectorem, Dublini,
1626, sm. 4to.
» At this time Conchobhar, the son of
xliv. , p. 188.
8
suing
iii. , cap. xciii. , p. 433.
then inferno exortus, "
Rath-Bacain,
building, by
I3
ferred to A. D. 1 198.
By the Irish historians his death is re- I4 Thus, in an Irish poem by John
/'. <? ,,
4oo LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [August 28.
allowed ; but, having been a highly successful raider in his time, provincial tradition probably assigned that elevation to him, and caused it to be circulated for belief in other districts of the country. However, it cannot be doubted, that he not only exercised the power and privileges of a King throughout the province of Munster for a long period ; but, his influence and fame as a warrior caused him to be feared and respected, even by the recognised sovereign of Ireland, and by all the subordinate kings and chiefs.
Our Annals contain many brief records of his acts. Thus, in the year
823, it is related, that the Law of Patrick was established over Mumhan's
by Feidhlimidh, son of Crimhthann. '6 He is said to have immediately
succeeded Fiacha Airtre, 1 ? who ruled for fourteen or fifteen years over that
18
The Law of Patrick to which allusion has been made seems referable to some tribute or contribution allowed by the other provinces of Ireland, and as an acknowledgment of primacy over the Irish Church, in the See of Armagh. We find frequent allusion in the Annals, to visits made by the Archbishops and Abbots, to different places and at various times, in order to renew or establish that Law. Moreover, the kings and chiefs of those territories and districts were ready to enforce the obligations it involved, so far as their power extended. It is less pleasing for us to recount the many destructive raids or expeditions noted in our Annals.
Inthe wereadthatGalinneoftheBritons1? wasburned year 823,
province,
but, the date for whose death we have not been able to ascertain.
by Feidhlimidh, son of Crimhthann, with its whole dwelling-place and the
18
According to John O'Dugan's poem
UobcAp cpenA ComiAchcA a 1Uai§ ni, mboAn pMinA jma treiT>limit>.
—
"Strong were the Connachtmen in
Magh Ai ;
They were not weak against Feidh-
limidh. "
20 Other authorities
place
that incident at earlier 21 It periods.
oratory.
would seem, that the King of Munster had planned another expedition for
22
the invasion of Connaught. That very same year 823, we find a victory
was gained by Cathal, son of Ailill, over Feidhlimidhin Magh-Ai, where
2
many fell. ^ However, this reverse of his career is stated to have occurred in
O'Dugan, and intituled ftioJA rib Oibir\, or Kings of the Race of Eibhear, with a trans- lation by Michael Kearney, A. D. 1635, and edited by John O'Daly, allusion is thus made to him at pp. 20, 21 : —
•A feAcc pceAT) da j? eit>m rearm
fei'olim fiu jtIaic eipeArm ; CiAjvAn mac an c-r-AOir\ t>a gum,
£up cuic cj\e AOib nA folui§.
:
It is thus translated into English —
" Ffeilimidh, fitt a Monarch to be, Of Ireland all, to Twenty,
Adding 7 yeares over Mounster
raigned,
Ere Kyaran him killed most basely. "
'5 The Irish term for Munster.
,6 See the "Chronicum Scotorum," edited
by William M. Hennessy, pp. 130, 131.
1 Said to have been of the progeny of
Chuirc or Corck.
monastery for British monks, towards the close of the fifth century,
20 "
See the Chronicon Scotorum," edited
by William M.
1
the Bollandists had two Manuscript Lists ? of Scottish Saints, which affirmed
andbesides
cluding an account of the Saints of England, Ireland, and Scotland. '9 Wherefore according to their computation, his death must have occurred during the reign of Malcolm II. as King over Scotland. 20 He is said to have ruled from a. d.
these, they possessed
it;
13 According to Father Patrick Wemyss,
S. J.
14 This is a parish in Koss-shire, and ex-
tending for about twenty-five miles along the West Coast. It is a considerable dis- tance from Nairn.
16
See "Gazetteer of the World," vol.
1005
21 to a. d. 22 The 1034.
martyrdom
of St.
15 In the Manuscript copy of the Aber-
deen Breviary, which the Bollandists pos-
sessed, they found three Middle Lessons
from the Office of St. Rufus interpolated,
after what has been given in the text. These
are apparently referable to St. Rufus, Mar-
tyr, venerated at Capua, in Italy, on the
same day. It seems probable, the Scottish
compiler of that copy confounded Mael-
Rubha with St. Rufus, owing to a fancied tyrannical. Then certain persons, in re-
similarity of name,
venge for injuries inflicted on their friends, conspired to effect his destruction in his fort of Glammis in Angus, after a reign of
xiii. , p. 297.
'7 One of these has it, "S. Malrubbus thirty-one years. See " De Origine, Mori-
heremita et Martyr in Mernla Scotia: bus, et Rebus Gestis Scotorum," lib. , v. p.
regione"; the year added is mxxiv. In another compiled by Father Patrick Ninian Wemyss is found, "S. Malrubius eiemita et Martyr sub Malcolmo II. , anno Cliristi mxxiv. "
18
Thus marked lijf Ms. 167.
19 This was transcribed with the heading
202.
2I "
See William F. Skene's Celtic Scot-
land : A History of Ancient Alban," vol i. ,
book i. , chap, viii. , pp. 384 to 398.
n This is the year assigned for his death in the Chronicon of Marianus Scotus. " 1034 Moelcoluim Rex Scotiae obiit 7 Kal.
Decembri. "
"Sanctorum Scotorum Vitae ex Breviario
another 18 in- Manuscript collection,
in usum insignis ecclesioe Cathedralis Aber- donensis, adeoque totius ecclesise Scoticanae,
impensis Valteri Chepman Edinburgensis mercatoris typis mandati Kal. Februariis anno a Christo nato mdix. At p. 129 of the Jesuit MS. , is the title Vita S. Malrubii abbatis, a Danis Martyrio coronati, heremitae (Marne) in Scotia sub rege Malcolmo II. , anno mxxtv. , Augusti xxvn.
20
According to John Lesley, Bishop of Ross, when Grimus had been killed in battle a. d. ioio, Malcolm II. ascended the throne; and although for a great part of his life dis- tinguished for his virtues and glorious deeds, yet when old he became avaricious and
1 * where were they
August 27. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 395
Malrubius is said by some writers to have occurred, during the reign of King Duncan over Scotland, and this lasted from 1034 to io4o,23 when he was slain by his own general, Macbeth, on the 14th of August. This usurper succeeded him in the Kingdom and ruled afterwards for seventeen years. 24 Malrubius is stated by Rev. Alban Butler2* to have been martyred by the Norwegians, about the year 1040. 26 This account accords, also, with that given in his Proper Office and by Camerarius. InAdamKing'sCalendar,atthe27thofAugust,thissaint, called Malrube, is stated to have been martyred during the reign of King Malcolm III. over Scotland. 27 If such were the case, it should bring the deathofMalrubiustoamuchlater 28 Itwould thatthebounds
23 See William F. Skene's "Celtic Scot- land : A History of Ancient Alban," vol. i. , book i. , chap, viii. , p. 399.
24 Such is the account given by Marianus
25 In " Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and
he married the celebrated Queen Margaret,
daughter to the Saxon King Eadward
Aetheling. He had a prosperous reign of
thirty-five years, when he died a. d. 1092. See an account of him in " Rerum Scoti- carum Historia," auctore Georgio Buchanano Scoto, lib. vii. , pp. 195 to 200. Trajecti ad Rhenum, 1697, 8vo.
2? An interesting account of this extensive
:
" 1040 Donnchadh rex Scotiae in
Scotus
autumno occiditur (19 Kal. Sept. ) a duce suo Macbethad MacFinnloech, cui successit in regnumannis 17. "
period. seem, 2
of a sanctuary surrounded the Church of Applecross ? in former times, and the ecclesiastical lands extended around it, for the distance of six miles.
This tract enjoyed special religious immunities. Notwithstanding, the Danes invaded that part of the country, and entering on the church-lands,
they spoiled them of provisions by violence, and drove away several head of cattle from the ecclesiastical farms ; although it was a time of scarcity for the monks and people there living. However, the inhabitants and owners took up arms to rescue the prey, and to punish the depredators, who suc- ceeded in reaching their ships, having taken their plunder on board. Then they hoisted sail. Although the winds were light and the sea calm ; yet, their vessels sunk in the waves, and in presence of their pursuers, who viewed that fate reserved for their rapine. Other miracles are related, as due to the merits of this holy martyr. When a great number of the Islanders3° had con- spired to make an inroad on the inhabitants of Ross, while these were engaged in celebrating the annual festival of St. Maelrubius, in his church at Contan ;3« the marauders stole upon them unawares, and under darkness of the night, fire was set to the building. Then over one hundred Christian men and women perished in the flames, or by the sword, when they thought to escaped2 However, St. Maelrubius appeared in a vision to the relations of those who had been slain. Soon the people of Ross collected their forces. Although their adversaries greatly outnumbered them, and were better inured to war,
other principal Saints," vol. viii. , August parish, called by the Gaelic inhabitants
xxvii. 26
Lesley authorities.
and Adam
are
King quoted
as
Comrich or Comaraich, may be found in
the Gazetteer of vol. "Imperial Scotland,"
i. , pp. 59, 60.
3° These were probably people belonging
to the race of sea-rovers.
3I This as also that of Urchart, is church,
placed in the province of Ross, and near the
German Ocean, by Blavius in his Geogra-
phical Maps of the Kingdom of Scotland, vol vi. , and before p. 14.
27 Thus is he noticed: " S. Malrube,
heremeit and mart, be ye daneis at Marne in
Scot, vnder King Malcolme 3. "—Bishop
.
Forbes' 160.
"
Kalendars of Scottish Saints," p. t
28
the monarch Malcolm III. , surnamed Cean
He was twice married his first wife was " Gazetteer of : Imperial
According to the Scottish historians,
Mor, was inaugurated King over Scotland,
3 * The parish of Contin is situated in the at Scone, on the 25th of April 1057. He centre and south-east of Ross-shire. An in- instituted various social usages and laws. teresting account of it may be found in the
Scotland," Norwegian potentate, and on her decease, 33 This is related in the Eighth Lesson of
Ingibiorg, the widow of Thorfinn, a Scoto- pp. 298, 299.
vol.
i. ,
396 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [August 27.
still the Islanders were repulsed with such slaughter, that of five hundred, only about thirty escaped with their lives, and these were subsequently re- duced to the condition of slaves. 33 At another time, a parish priest, who celebrated the divine mysteries on the solemn festival of St. Maelrubius, warned his parishioners to abstain from servile works on that day. But, as it
occurred in the time of harvest, his parishioners disregarded such a mandate,
and began to reap their corn during that afternoon, with the exception of one
pious man, who resolved on keeping the day according to the priest's in-
junction. It so happened, that as if by spontaneous combustion, the houses
of all those villagers took fire, his alone being excepted, although it adjoined
the others. 34 Moreover, when the reapers sought to save their domestic
utensils and effects, by removing them in an opposite direction to that where
the wind was blowing ; suddenly it veered about, seized on their furniture
which had been removed, and finally consumed all but what belonged to
that devout man, who had shown such special reverence towards our saint. 35
According to Camerarius, Malrubius had his feast assigned to the 27th of
Augusts
6
In Dempster's "Menologium Scotorum," at the 27th of August,
there is an entry of this holy martyr's feast. 37 Camerarius has a similar
accountatthissameday,andhestates, thatSt. Malrubiuswascelebratedin
8
Mernia,3 or the Mearns. Throughout the district of Ross-shire, his memory
was also held in great veneration ; but, it seems to be very probable, that the martyr Malrubius had been confounded with the earlier saint bearing a like name, and commemorated on the 21st of April.
Article III. —St. Aedhan or Aidan, possibly at Clontarf, County
of Tallagh, at the 27th of August. The same mode of entry is to be found in that copy contained in the Book of Leinster. 2 There is a saint having this name, and also called Mocukein. or belonging to the race of Kien, nephew to St. Columkille,3 and son of his sister Sinecha. * However, it cannot be said, that he was identical with the present Aidan. There is likewise an Aedhan, son to Lughar,s and sprung from the race of Eochaidh Finnfuathart, son of Feidhlimidh Reachtmar, son to Tuathal Teachtmar, from whom Brighet descends. 6 As we have already found, there are several holy men, named Aedh, Aedhan or Aidan, in our Irish Calendars, at different
of those are — or
many distinguished by parentage place,
Dublin. ThesimplenoticeofAidanappearsinthepublishedMartyrology 1
of the days year
;
while some are simply noted—-as in this instance
the proper Office, and the following sentence concludes: " Imrao omnes tanquam non
videntes stupore formidinis perculsi sunt, et
without any such clue to
tish Saints," p. 209.
38 Thus : "27 Die. Sanctus Malrubius
Martyr a Noruegis Celebris habetur in
Mernia. "— — Ibid. , p. 240.
Article hi. 'Edited by Rev. Dr. Kelly, p. xxxiii.
2
Thus <Voaiii.
3 See his Life, at the 9th of June in the
Sixth Volume of this work, Art. i.
* thinks he be identical with Colgan may
the present saint. See "Trias Thauma-
turga," Quarta Appendix ad Acta S. Columbae, cap. iii. , p. 487.
adversaiiis beatus vir baculum tans manu visus est. "
pluribus
ges-
3* This description seems to picture an un- settled state of society, when people chose to live in small communities as affording better protection for life and property, than if resided on their several land
they
holdings. 35 See "Acta Sanctorum," tomus vi. , Augusti xxvii. , De S. Malrubio Monacho ct
Martyre, p. 132.
36 "Celebris habetur in Mernia. " De
Scotorum Fortitudine Doctrina et Pietate,'' &c, p. 168.
:
61 Thus " In Scotia Malrubi Erernitae,
See the Life of St. Brigid, Patroness of i.
K. "—Bishop Forbes' " Kalendars of Scot-
—" s
His full pedigree is given in the Irish Menologic Genealogies, cap. xiv.
Art
6
Kildare, in the Second Volume of this work,
August 27. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 397
their recognition. According to Colgan, the Aidan, belonging to St. Bngid's family, seems to have been venerated at a Cluain Tarbh—now probably
Clontarf, County Dublin—either on the 27th of August, or on the 4th of
In the of 8 at this same is entered Martyrology Donegal, date,
September. ?
Aedhan, but without any peculiar recognition of family descent or place of residence.
Article IV. —The Blessed Maelerigid, Priest, at Armagh.
\Eleve? ith and Twelfth Centuries. '] There is an account of a holy man, named Maelbrighde MacDoilgen, or the son of Dolgen, in the Irish Annals. He was born in the year 1052, as may be inferred from the statements given. He became a priest a. d. 1080, and he appears to have been attached to the ChurchatArmagh. Heismentioned,ashavingbeenanoblepriest,andas
having been the senior of the priests of Ireland.
1
Towards the close of his
life occurred those disagreeable and factious proceedings, whereby a dominant
2
faction resisted St.
Malachy O'Morgair in his efforts to take possession of the
See of Armagh, to which he had been elected as the chosen successor of
Celsus, both by the clergy and people. In his industriously compiled Chronicle of the Primate Archbishops, illustrious men and incidents relating to the ancient Church of Armagh, Colgan has recorded the present dis- tinguishedPriest. 3 Hediedinthefifty-secondyearofhispriesthood,andin theeightiethofhisage,onthe27thofAugust,1132. + Althoughdesiringto know on what grounds Maelbrigidus is called beatus by Colgan, the Bollandistss have noticed him at the 27th day of August, that assigned for his death.
Article V. —St. Dagan or Degeman, Wales. This holy man, who
is classed among the Saints of Ireland, seems to have chosen Wales as the
countryforhismission. Itisrelated,thathepassedovertheriverSevernon
a hurdle made with branches of trees. He then retired into a vast wilder-
ness, covered with briars and brushwood. There he spent a life of prayer
and contemplation.
1
In Wales, he is honoured on the 27th of August.
Article VI. —Festival of St. Rufinus and of his Companions,
Martyrs. In the early Irish Church, on the 27 th of August, was celebrated the Feast of St. Rufinus and of his holy companions, who were Martyrs, as
we find from the " Feilire " of 1 iEngus.
7 See "Trias Thaumaturga," Appendix Quartaad Acta S. Brigidse, cap. 3, p. 613.
8 Edited by Drs. Todd and Reeves, pp.
The names most
nearly approach-
228, 229. — Article iv.
there were not priests in Ireland, at that time, his senior in years.
2
See his Life, at the 3rd of November,
in the Eleventh Volume of this work, lish translation is by Whitley Stokes,
'
1
It does not seem likely, that such a statement is to be received in an
See Right Rev. Patrick F. Moran's "Early Irish Missions," No. 1. absolute sense ; for it is hardly probable Fruits of Irish Piety in the British Church,
Art. i.
3 See "Trias Thaumaturga," Septima
Appendix ad Acta S. Patrici, Pars Tertia,
p. 303.
4 See Dr. O'Donovan's " Annals of the
LL. D. :—
"Opon^ in mAr\cir\ 5LAITOAI ttuphin CAin combitroe Corug nel noem rrooe two cj\e r\oe rvirvoe.
Four Masters, vol. ii. , pp. 1040,1041.
s See "Acta Sanctorum," tomus vi. ,
Augustii xxvii. leasts, p. 3. — Article v.
Among the pretermitted
p. 17. — Article vi.
" " Leabhar Breac
* In the
copy, it is thus entered in Irish. The Eng-
398 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [August 28. ing on this day are St. Rufus, said to have been a Bishop and Martyr, at
in 3 as also an apparently distinct St. Rufus, associated in Italy ;
3 August.
CtoentjMigbtl) 2Baj) of Sugusft.
ARTICLE I. —FESTIVAL OF FEIDHLIMIDH, SON OF CREMHTHANN, KING OF MUNSTER.
[EIGHTH AND NINTH CENTURIES. }
we find various allusions to the subject of our present
Capua,
martyrdom with St. Carpon, Carponius or Carphorus, in the same city of Capua, in Italy. In like manner, he is venerated, on the 27th day of
in the Annals of Ireland ALTHmeOmoUirG,H
; yet,
those accounts are brief and
disconnected, so that it is a difficult matter from such notices, to form an
exact judgment regarding this King's career and character. That his life
and actions can be generally approved must be a subject for discussion
among modern historians, since we find many conflicting opinions brought
down to us by tradition. At this date, Colgan had promised to treat at some length on this prince, who is said to have descended from a high worldly rank, that he might be exalted in the court of Heaven. This change of purpose seems to have occurred, only towards the close of his life. His reign was marked by broils and contentions ; but, he usually came off victorious, as we find recorded in the Irish Annals. The national and social state of Ireland, and the position he filled, may have rendered some of those intestine warsevilsthatcouldnotwellbeavoided; butambitionandgreedarelikely to have influenced his conduct, before penitence and contrition enabled this prince, to repair in a great measure the bloodshed and wrongs he had inflicted on others. Notwithstanding such a record, he is praised by several of the Minister bards and chroniclers, while his name has been inscribed among those, whose festivals are commemorated in our Calendars.
Veneration was given, as we are told, to Feidhilmidh MacCrimthain, at
Thus is he noticed in the
of 1 Martyrology Tallagh.
the 28th of
In the Book of Leinster
He descended from the race of Aenghus, son to Naetfraech, son of Lughaidh, as stated by the O'Clerys. His father's name was Crimhthann, and he is
August.
copy,
his name is found
contracted,
2 at this date.
"The troop of the purified martyr Ru-
finus, the fair with melodiousness, to the
holy rampart of the King of Clouds went
through keenest spear-points. "—" Transac-
tions of the Royal Irish Academy," Irish
Manuscript Series, vol. i. , part i. On the xxvii. , pp. 16 to 20. Under the heading, Calendar of Oengus, by Whitley Stokes,
LL. D. , p. cxxv.
2
The Bollandist Father John Stilting, S. J. , has a dissertation, or Sylloge Historico-
Martyre Capuse in Italia, pp. 9 to II. This is in eleven paragraphs, and there an at- tempt has been made to elucidate his Acts,
De SS. Rufo et Carpone, Carponio, vel Carpophoro Martyribus, Capuae in Cam-
"
vi,, Augusti xxvii. , De S. Rufo Episcopo ing them by ea—rlier writers.
Critica, in the
Acta Sanctorum," tomus
and to examine the various notices of him in ancient records.
3 The same Father John Stilling has edited the " Passio " of both these Martyrs in the "Acta Sanctorum," tomus vi. , Augu. ^ti
pania Italia, he has a previous commentary in eight paragraphs, and in these he criti- cally examines what has been stated regard-
'
Article I. by Kelly,
p. xxxiii.
a,,
Thus t? ei olimi o mAcCpich.
Edited Rev. Dr.
August 28. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 399
said to have been of Claire. 3 His son, who afterwards ascended the throne ofMunster,wasbornprobablytowardsthecloseoftheeighthcentury. The young prince appears to have received a liberal education for it is related,
that he was an excellent scribe—which means according to Irish acceptance— a writer, although none of his compositions have come down to us. Nor is the school in which he studied known. It is stated, also, that Feidhlimidh entered into Holy Orders,* and that afterwards he presided as Archbishop5 over Leath Mogha,6 otherwise in the See of Cashel. However, there is no sufficient warrant for such a statement. Moreover, in his enumeration of the Archbishops of Cashel, Sir James Ware does not record any earlier bishop than Cormac MacCullinan,? who flourished towards the close of the
;
ninth and beginning of the tenth century.
From what has been stated in the Irish Annals regarding Feidhlimidh,
we are led to infer, that he must have succeeded in the principality of Munster, in or about the year 820. 9 He was remarkable for personal courage and force of character—qualities which were sufficient to excite the admiration of his followers, and to cause his interested and over-partial panegyrists in prose and verse to overlook or conceal his many deficiencies. Having been recognised as a King over Ireland, by some authorities, without
TO his
with the period when Gaithen," the son of Cionaedhe, was chief over
Laeighis or Leix, a territory contained within the present Queen's County. He is also noticed, as having lived about that period, when the death of the
Ostman tyrant Turgesius took place. Moreover, he is supposed by Giraldus Cambrensis to have been a King over Ireland, and the . seventeenth
predecessor of Roderick O'Conor, 12 the latest recognised monarch, who died towards the close of the twelfth century. ^
Our native Annalists, for the most part, do not class Feidhlimidh among the supreme monarchs of Ireland ; although some of the Munster chroni- clers and bards, who state that he ruled twenty-seven years over that province, reserve seven of these for jurisdiction over all the otlier provincial
denning
the term or the number of
years ;
reign
has been
synchronized
kings and chiefs of the nation. 14
3 See the "Chronicum Scotorum," edited, with a translation by William M. Hennessy,
M. R. I. A. , pp. 146, 147.
Jeffry Keating's "History of Ireland," part ii.
This claim nevertheless can hardly be
Dounchadh, had begun to reign, A. D. 819, according to Roderick O'Flaherty, and was regarded as king over Ireland for the en-
4 See Rev. Dr.
fourteen See "
years. Ogygia," pars
= This is a mistake of Mr.
O'Daly.
In
I0 See " Trias
Colgan's Thaumaturga,"
where allusion is made to him, in Septima
Vita S. Patricii, pars iii. , cap. xxvi. , p. 155. " In St. Patrick's time, the Irish Apostle is said to have foretold the destruction of
his time, Cashel had not been erected into
an Archiepiscopal See.
6 The south half of Ireland was generally
so called in ancient times.
7 See his Life in the Ninth Volume of this
work, at the 14th of September, when he is
commemorated as a saint and martyr, in the
Irish Calendar,
8"
In his Preface to Archiepiscoporum Cas-
" ventus ab A scholiast on the Tri- partite Life refers the fulfilment of that pro- phecy to Goithin, "enim vox Hibernica ex suo etymo venteum vel ventuosum denotat. "
seliensium et —Tuamensium Vitas," Sir
James
This is said to have occurred "
Conchonario,"
regnantibus
Ware writes
libentius desudavi, quia omnia pene Vetera utriusque sedis monumenta (Casseliensis scilicet et Tuamensis) sive per incuriam et
:
"Atque
in hac
indagine
eo Fedhlimidio et Ireland.
over
I2 See Giraldi Cambrensis "Opera," edited by James T. Dimock, M. A. , vol. v. negligentiam, sive per bellorum rabiem " Topographia Hibernica," Dist. iii. , cap.
peiierunt, vel salter—n per invidorum malitiam
hodie diletescunt. " Ad Lectorem, Dublini,
1626, sm. 4to.
» At this time Conchobhar, the son of
xliv. , p. 188.
8
suing
iii. , cap. xciii. , p. 433.
then inferno exortus, "
Rath-Bacain,
building, by
I3
ferred to A. D. 1 198.
By the Irish historians his death is re- I4 Thus, in an Irish poem by John
/'. <? ,,
4oo LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [August 28.
allowed ; but, having been a highly successful raider in his time, provincial tradition probably assigned that elevation to him, and caused it to be circulated for belief in other districts of the country. However, it cannot be doubted, that he not only exercised the power and privileges of a King throughout the province of Munster for a long period ; but, his influence and fame as a warrior caused him to be feared and respected, even by the recognised sovereign of Ireland, and by all the subordinate kings and chiefs.
Our Annals contain many brief records of his acts. Thus, in the year
823, it is related, that the Law of Patrick was established over Mumhan's
by Feidhlimidh, son of Crimhthann. '6 He is said to have immediately
succeeded Fiacha Airtre, 1 ? who ruled for fourteen or fifteen years over that
18
The Law of Patrick to which allusion has been made seems referable to some tribute or contribution allowed by the other provinces of Ireland, and as an acknowledgment of primacy over the Irish Church, in the See of Armagh. We find frequent allusion in the Annals, to visits made by the Archbishops and Abbots, to different places and at various times, in order to renew or establish that Law. Moreover, the kings and chiefs of those territories and districts were ready to enforce the obligations it involved, so far as their power extended. It is less pleasing for us to recount the many destructive raids or expeditions noted in our Annals.
Inthe wereadthatGalinneoftheBritons1? wasburned year 823,
province,
but, the date for whose death we have not been able to ascertain.
by Feidhlimidh, son of Crimhthann, with its whole dwelling-place and the
18
According to John O'Dugan's poem
UobcAp cpenA ComiAchcA a 1Uai§ ni, mboAn pMinA jma treiT>limit>.
—
"Strong were the Connachtmen in
Magh Ai ;
They were not weak against Feidh-
limidh. "
20 Other authorities
place
that incident at earlier 21 It periods.
oratory.
would seem, that the King of Munster had planned another expedition for
22
the invasion of Connaught. That very same year 823, we find a victory
was gained by Cathal, son of Ailill, over Feidhlimidhin Magh-Ai, where
2
many fell. ^ However, this reverse of his career is stated to have occurred in
O'Dugan, and intituled ftioJA rib Oibir\, or Kings of the Race of Eibhear, with a trans- lation by Michael Kearney, A. D. 1635, and edited by John O'Daly, allusion is thus made to him at pp. 20, 21 : —
•A feAcc pceAT) da j? eit>m rearm
fei'olim fiu jtIaic eipeArm ; CiAjvAn mac an c-r-AOir\ t>a gum,
£up cuic cj\e AOib nA folui§.
:
It is thus translated into English —
" Ffeilimidh, fitt a Monarch to be, Of Ireland all, to Twenty,
Adding 7 yeares over Mounster
raigned,
Ere Kyaran him killed most basely. "
'5 The Irish term for Munster.
,6 See the "Chronicum Scotorum," edited
by William M. Hennessy, pp. 130, 131.
1 Said to have been of the progeny of
Chuirc or Corck.
monastery for British monks, towards the close of the fifth century,
20 "
See the Chronicon Scotorum," edited
by William M.
