t
sus
there is a soKtary on 3 on the southeastern side.
sus
there is a soKtary on 3 on the southeastern side.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
, 10, 10, 25.
-- Senec,
Qiutst. Nat. , 3, 25. --Vilruv. , 8, 3. --Varro, ap. Solin. ,
c. 7. ) Herodotus relates that Cleomenes, king of
Sparta, assembled in this quarter the Arcadian chiefs
whom he had united in a plot against that city, and
made them swear by this " infernal" stream that they
would persevere in their resolutions. The historian
describes the Nonacrian Styx as a scanty rill, distilling
from the rock, and falling into a hollow basin surround-
ed by a wall (6, 75). Pausanias, however, represents
the Styx as falling from one of the most elevated sum-
mits that he had ever seen (8, 17, 5), and this state-
ment agrees with the accounts of modern travellers.
(Von Stackelbcrg, La Grice, Vues pittoresques, &c,
livrais. xvii. , Paris, 1831. --Pouqueville, Voyage de
is Greet, vol. 5, p. 458. ) On comparing the language
of Herodotus with that of Pausanias in another pas-
sage -(8, 18, 2), it would appear that the historian
merely speaks of the Styx after it has descended from
the mountain-height. The modern name of the Styx
is Mavronero, or "Black Water," an appellation de-
rived from the dark colour of the rocks over which it
flows. (Von Stackelbtrg, I. c. --Pouqueville, I. e. )
Various etymologies aro assigned for the ancient name
Servius derives it from the hateful and gloomy nature
of the stream (and tov arvyepov. --Sere, ail Virg. ,
JJn. , 6, 133). According to another account, when
Ceres, in the course of her wandering to recover her
lost daughter, was pursued by Neptune, and compelled
to change herself into a mare, she came to this Arca-
dian stream, and, having beheld her altered form in it,
was so disgusted at the sight that she regarded its wa-
ters with hatred, and made them black of hue (lorv-
? yjtee re *cu t3 Sd<jp fiO. av tnoitjoe. --Ptol. , Hephast. ,
mp. Phot. , cod. , 190; vol. 1, p. 148, ei. Btkk. )--\U.
A fabulous river of the lower world, the idea of which
was in all probability borrowed from the Styx of Arca-
dia. It was said to encompass the lower region nine
times in its winding course (Virg. , Georg. , 4, 480),
and is described by the poets as a broad, dull, and slug-
gish stream of but little depth, whence the expression
"Stygian lake" (A? n. , 6, 134), "Stygian fen" (Mn. ,
6, 323), and the like, so frequently applied to it. Ac-
cording to the popular belief, the gods regarded this
stream with so much reverence that they were accus-
tomed to swear by it, and deemed such an oath the
most binding in its nature. (Mn. , 6, 324. ) If, how-
ever, any deity ever violated an oath thus taken, the
punishment was believed to be deprivation of nectar
and ambrosia, and the loss of all heavenly privileges
for the space of ten whole years. Hesiod, in a curioua
passage of the Theogony, gives the particulars of this
punishment very minutely, but makes it apply to the
case of celestial perjury in general, not merely to the
violation of an oath taken in the name of the infernal
river. According to the poet, when any one of the
gods is guilty of perjury. Iris is sent down to Hades,
and brings up thence, in a golden vase, some of the
chilling water of this celebrated stream. The offend-
ing deity is compelled tr swallow the noxious draught,
and thereupon he lies outstretched for one whole year,
? ? without 8cr. se or mo. ion, nor partakes of the nectar
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? SUE
SDL
nca --II. Tranquillus, a Roman historian, born about
the beginning of the reign of Vespasian. His father,
Suetonius Lenis, was tribune of the thirteenth legion
. n the war of Otho. The son followed at Rome the
profession of a grammarian and rhetorician. He be-
came intimately acquainted with the younger Pliny,
who recommended him to Trajan, and procured for him
the ortice of tribune, and the Jus trium liberorum,
though he had, in fact, no issue. Under the Emperor
Hadrian he was appointed private secretary {Magister
Eptstolarum), but was degraded from this post for
having been wanting in respect to the Empress Sabi-
na. The year of his death is not known. --The prin-
cipal work that remains to us of Suetonius is his Bi-
ography of the first twelve Caesars. In some manu-
scripts these lives are divided into eight books, an ar-
rangement most probably made by the copyists. The
object of Suetonius was not so much to give a history
of the political arid military events that occurred during
the reign of each of these princes, as to delineate their
private characters, their virtues and vices, in a word,
the whole of their private life. His narratives do not
follow a chronological order: the division is rather one
resulting directly from the subject matter; as, for ex-
ample, the birth of each emperor, his manner of life,
occupations, amusements, &c. Suetonius traces his
characters with remarkable fidelity, and, according to
St. Jerome, with the same freedom with which they
lived; "pari libertate ae ipsi tixerunt. " Like Plu-
tarch, he seems to have collected his materials from
several very different authorities; but he had one
great advantage over the Greek biographer in the su-
perior knowledge which he naturally possessed of the
laws and usages of the Romans; so that on those sub-
jects his testimony is much more trustworthy. We
c'. o not see a,iy grounds for the charge of malignity
? vhicli has been sometimes brought against him; on
? he contrary, he appears to have recorded the virtues
i id vices of the Caesars with great impartiality; and
. -ortainly it is no*, the fault of Suetonius if their vicea
iccm to preponderate. He merely gives a plain and
andid account of facts, many of them otherwise un-
known, but of the greatest importance for history.
His style is simple, concise, and correct, without either
ornament or affectation. --Besides these biographies,
ivc have from the pen of Suetonius an account of dis-
tinguished grammarians, and a fragment of a similar
work on celebrated rhetoricians. To him also are as-
cribed lives of Terence, Horace, Lucan, Pliny the
ilder, Juvenal, and Persius. These are probably sup-
posititious. Suetonius wrote also other works, on the
Schools of the Greeks, on Rome and its institutions,
o genealogy of Roman families, &c, but these are all
? oat. --The best editions of Suetonius are, that of Pt-
iscus, Leonard. , 1714,2 vols. 8vo; that of Oudendorp,
L. Bat. , 1751, 2 vols. 8vo; that of Ernesti, Lips. ,
1775, 2 vols. 8vo; but particularly that of Crusius,
Lips. , 1816-18, 3 vols. 8vo. {Schill, Hist. Lit,
Rom. , vol. 2, p. 387. )
Suivi, a powerful people of Germany, consisting
of many tribes, and inhabiting the eastern section of
l! ic country, from the Danube to the Sinus Codanus.
Among the separate tribes composing this nation,
Ptolemy enumerates the Langobardi, Semitones, and
Angli. The Catti, Marcomanni, Ubii, Sygambri, &c,
were often included under the same general appella-
tion. In process of time, the names of the several
? ? tribes became gradually more prevalent, that of Suevi
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? BUI,
SUN
pitia (Bdhr, Gesch. Rim. Lit. , p. 181. ) The Sul-
pjiia here alluded to must nol be confounded with
another in the lime of Tibullus. To the latter are ae-
cribed by some critics a portion of the elegies in the
fourth book of Tibullus, namely, from the 2d to the
12th inclusive. (Barthc, Advers. , 59, 1U --Btourk-
iu. i. ad Tibull. , p. 384. )
Solpitia Lex, I. Militaris, by P. Sulpitius, the trib-
une, A. U. C. C65. It ordained that the prosecution
of the Milhradatic war should be taken from Sylla and
Tested in Marius. --II. Another, de Senatu, by Servius
Sulpitius, the tribune, A. U. C. 665. It required that
no senator should contract a debt over 20(10 denarii
(4J300). --III. Another, de Civitate, by P. Sulpitius,
the tribune, A. U. C. 665. That the Italian allies,
who had obtained the rights of citizenship, and had
been formed into eight new tribes, should be distribu-
ted throughout the thirty-five old tribes ; and also that
the manumitted slaves, who used formerly to vote only
in the four city tribes, might vote in all the tribes.
Sulpitia Gens, a distinguished patrician family at
Rome, the two principal branches of which were the
Camerini and Galbaj.
Sulpitius, I. Servius Sulpitius Rufus, a distin-
guished patrician, brother-in-law of C. Licinius Stolo.
He was highby esteemed for his talents and virtues,
and filled many important offices in the state. Sul-
pitius was four times military tribune with consular
power; the last of these times in 400 B. C. --II. Ser-
vius Sulpitius Paeticus, was consul B. C. 362, with Li-
cinius Stolo. Scenic exhibitions are said to have
been first given during this year, and it was during
this same year that Sulpitius drove a nail Into the
side of the temple of Jupiter on account of the ceas-
ing of a pestilence. --III. Publius Sulpitius Saverio,
was consul B. C. 279, with P. Decius Mus, and de-
feated Pyrrhus at Asculum. --IV. Servius Sulpitius
Galba. (Vid. Galba II. and III. )--V. Caius Sulpitius
Gallus. ( Vid. Gallusl. )-- VI. Publius Sulpitius, a trib-
une of the commons in 122 B. C. , and a person of
most turbulent character. As a partisan of Marius,
he brought forward a law to deprive Sylla of the
charge of the war against Mithradates, and to vest it in
Marius. He also proposed another law respecting the
Italian allies. {Vid. Sulpitia Lex III. ) While these
matters were pending, be paraded the streets, sur-
rounded by armed bands, and a set of ruffians whom
he called his anti-senate: the Italians also streamed
in extraordinary numbers to the city, to await the pas-
sage of the law in which they were interested. On
their first insertion into the register of citizens, eight
new tribes had been created for them,, whose suffrages
were only then demanded when the old fivc-and-thiny
gave no decision. Sulpitius now proposed by his law
to distribute them throughout all the tribes. Rome
became thereupon a scene of confusion and riot;
both parties, the old citizens and the Italians, fought
with sticks and clubs in the streets and forum; and
the law was near being passed by force, when Sylla,
who remained at Rome, came to the aid of the
senatorial party. Tho senate was assembled in the
temple of Castor, and regularly besieged by the peo-
ple because it had caused to be announced the meas-
jre usual in extreme confusion of an interruption of
ill public business. In the tumult that arose, Sylla's
eon-in-law was slain; his colleague escaped the
hands of the mob with difficulty; and Sylla himself,
? ? to save his life, was compelled to take off the restric-
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?
t
sus
there is a soKtary on 3 on the southeastern side. This
last has obtained for the promontory the name of Cape
Coionni, or the Cape of th& Column. The whiteness
of the marble has been preserved probably by the sea-
vapour, in the same manner as Trajan's triumphal
arch at Ancona. The rock on which the columns
itand is precipitous, but not inaccessible, nor very
high. It bears, according to Hobhouse, a strong re-
semblance to the pieture in Falconer's " Shipwreck;"
but the view given in Anacharsis places the temple
ust in the wrong position. Sunium was considered
ly the Athenians an important post, and as much a
town as the Piraus, but could not have been very
large, according to Hobhouse, who is of opinion that,
when Euripides styles it the rich rock of Sunium in
his Cyclops, he alludes to the wealth of the temple,
not the fertility of the soil. The same writer justly
considers the assertion of Pausanias to be unworthy
of belief, when he states that the spear and the crest
of the statue of Minerva in the Acropolis might be
seen from Sunium, a straight lino of nearly 30 miles.
--Sir W. Gell observes that "nothing can exceed
the beauty of this spot, commanding from a portico of
white marble, erected in the happiest period of Gre-
cian art, and elevated 300 feet above the sea, a pros-
pect of the Gulf of ^Egina on one side, and the AZge-
an on the other. " {Itin. , p. 82. ) Dodwell states that
"the temple is supported on its northern side by a
regularly constructed terrace wall, of which seventeen
layers of stone still remain. The fallen columns are
? cattercd aboutbelow the temple, to which they form
the richest foreground. The walls of the tower, of
which there are a few remains, may be traced nearly
down to the port on the southern side; the greater
part of the opposite side, upon the edge of the preci-
pice, was undefended, except by the natural strength
of the place and the steepness of the rock; the walls
were fortified with square towers. " {Tour, vol. 1, p.
640. --Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 377. )
Sspkruh Mare, a name of the Adriatic Sea, as sit-
uate above Italy. The name of Mare Jnferum was
applied for the opposite reason to the sea below Italy.
Surena, a powerful officer under Orodes, king of
Parthia, and who had aided in raisin? that monarch to
the throne. He distinguished himself at the storming
of Seleucia, and was'afterward appointed commander
of the Parthian forces against Crassus, whom he over-
threw in the memorable victory at Charras, and after-
ward entrapped and put to death. Surena himself
was not long after put to death by Orodes. {Plut. ,
Vit. Crass. )
Surrentum, a city of Campania, on the lower shore
of the Sinus Crater, and near the Promontorium Mi-
nerva;. The place is reported to have been of very
ancient date, and was said to have derived its name
from the Sirens, who, as poets sung, in days of yore
made this coast their favourite haunt, and had a tem-
ple consecrated to them here. {Strab. , 247. ) Sur-
rentum appears to have become a Roman colony in
the reign of Augustus. The, wine of the Surrentine
hills was held in great estimation by the ancients.
{Ovid, Met. , 15, 709. -- Martial, 13, 110. -- Slat. ,
Syh. , 3, 5. ) Pliny, however, relates that Tiberius
used to say of this wine, that physicians had agreed
to give it a name, but that, in reality, it was only a bet-
ter sor'. of vinegar. {Plin. , 14, 16. ) The modern
tamo if Surrenium is Sorrento, and it is celebra-
? ? ted as the birthplace of Tasso, and admired for the
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? S YB
STE
? aeus, and was the first that sang of the Trojan war.
Diogenes Laertius writes the name Sagaris, and makes
him to have been the contemporary and rival ot Ho-
mer. (Diog. Laert. , 2, 46. )
SvB. iK-. s, I. a river of Lucania, running by the city
of the same name, and falling into the Sinus Tarenti-
nus. It is now the Cochile. Its waters were said to
render horses shy. (Slrab. , 263. --JSliam, H. N. , 2,
3B. )--II. A celebrated city of Lucania, on the Sinus
i arcntinus, and near the confines of Bruttium. It
was situate between the rivers Sybaris and Crathis,
and is said to have been founded by the people of
Troe^ene, not long after the siege of Troy. (Aristot. ,
Polil. , 5, 3. --Solin. , S. ) But these were subsequently
joined by a more numerous colony of Achaeans, under
the conduct of Iseliceus (Strab. , 263), about 720 B. C.
{Euseb. , Chron. , 2. ) The rise and progress of this
celebrated republic must have been wonderfully rapid.
We are told that it held dominion over four different
people and twenty-five towns; and that the city extend-
ed fifty stadia, or upward of six miles, along the Cra-
this. But the number of its inhabitants capable of bear-
ing arms, which are computed at 300,000 by several
ancient writers, and which are said to have been actu-
ally brought into the field, is so prodigious as to raise
considerable doubts as to the accuracy of these state-
ments. The accounts which we have of their luxury
and opulence are not less extraordinary: to such a
degree, indeed, did they indulge their taste for pleas-
ure, that a Sybarite and a voluptuary became synony-
mous terms. Athenaeus, in particular, dwells on their
inordinate sensuality and excessive refinement. His
details are chiefly drawn from Timseus, Phylarchus,
and Aristotle. Among other particulars which he
gives, upon the authority of these Greek writers, are
the following. It was forbidden by law to exercise in
the city any trade or craft, the practice of which was
attended with noise, lest the sleep of its inhabitants
might be disturbed; and, for the same reason, an edict
was enforced against the breeding of cocks. On the
other hand, great encouragement was held out to all
who should discover any new refinement in luxury,
the profits arising from which were secured to the in-
ventor by patent for the space of a year. Fishermen
and dyers of purple were specially exempted from the
payment of taxes and duties. A crown of gold was
awarded to those who distinguished themselves by
the sumptuousness of their entertainments, and their
names were prcclaimed by heralds, at the solemn festi-
vals, as public benefactors. To these banquets their
ivomcn were also invited, and invitations were sent
them a year in advance, that they might have suf-
icient time to provide themselves with- dresses suita-
? Je to the occasion. These were of the most -costly
fiescription, generally purplo or saffron-coloured, and
>>f the finest Milesian wool. Dionysius of Syracuse,
having become possessed of one of these robes, which
was esteemed a singular rarity from its peculiar mag-
nificence, sold it to the Carthaginians for 120 talents,
upward of 20,000;. When they retired to their vil-
la*, the roads were covered with an awning, and the
journey, which might easily have been accomplished
in one day, was the work of three. Their cellars were
generally constructed near the seaside, whither the
wine was conveyed from the country by means ol
pipes. The Sybarites were also said to have invent-
ed vapour baths. --History has recorded the name ol
? ? one individual, famed beyond all his countrymen for
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? SYL
SYLLA.
? xect kind. That of the well of Syet. i is nu. among
:he number of these last, and can give us no assistance
in ascertaining the position of the tropic thirty centu-
ries ago, as some respectable men of science seem to
have believed. --Nature presents a peculiar spectacle
around Sycne. Here are the terraces of reddish gran-
ite cf a particular character, hence called Syenite; a
te;m"applied to those rocks which differ from granite
in containing particles of hornblende. These mighty
lerraces, shaped into peaks, cross the bed of the Nile,
and ovei them the river rolls majestically its impetu-
ous and foaming waves. Here are the quarries from
which the obelisks and colossal statues of the Egyp-
tian temples were dug. An obelisk, partially formed
and still remaining attached to the native rock, bears
testimony to the laborious and patient efforts of human
art. (Malte-Brun, vol. 4, p. 89, seqq. . Am. ed. )
Svkxnesis, a satrap, or, rather, tributary monarch
of Cilicia, when Cyrus the Younger made war upon
his brother Artaxerxes. The name Syennesis appears,
in fact, to have been a common appellation for the na-
tive princes of this country. (Consult B'ahr, ad He-
rod. , I, 64. --Kriiger, ad Xen. , Anab. , 1, 2, 12. --
Slanl. , ad ? sch, Ikrt. , 326. )
Sylla, Lucius Cornelius, was born at Rome
V. U. C. 616,B. C. 138, in the consulship of M. jEmilius
Lepidus and C. Hostilius Mancinus, four years before
'he death of Tiberius Gracchus. Sylla was a patrician
? iy birth; his father, however, did nothing to promote
either the honour or the wealth of his family, and his
son was born with no very flattering prospects either
of rank or fortune. We know not by whom his edu-
cation was superintended ; but he acquired, either
from his instructers, or by his own exertions in after
life, an unusual portion of knowledge; and he had the
character of being very profoundly versed in the liter-
ature of both his own country and Greece. (Sallust,
Bell. Jug. , 95. ) But intellectual superiority affords
no security for the moral principles of its possessor;
and Sylla, from his earliest youth, was notorious for
gross sensuality, and for his keen enjoyment of low
and profligate society. He is said to have merely oc-
cupied lodgings at Home, and to have lived in a way
which seems to have been reckoned disgraceful to a
man of patrician family, and to have incurred great in-
digence. For his first advancement in life he was in-
debted to the fondness of a prostitute, who had ac-
qaired a large sum of money, and left it all to him by
ber will; and he also inherited the property of his
mother-in-law, who regarded him as her own son. Syl-
la was chosen one of the quxstors A. U. C. 646, and
joined the army of Marius, who was then in his first
consulship, and carrying on the war against Jugurtha
in Africa. Here his services were of great impor-
tance, since it was to him flat Jugurtha was at last sur-
rendered by Bocchus, king of Mauritania. This latter
circumstance excited, as is said, the jealousy of Ma-
rius; but Sylla nevertheless served under him as one
of his lieutenants in the war with the Cimbri, where
he again greatly distinguished himself. Finding, how-
ever, the ill will of his general daily increasing, he left
him, and served in the army of Lutatius Catulus, the
colleague of Marius: and in this situation, being
charged with the duty of supplying the soldiers with
provisions, he performed it so well, that the army of
Catulus was in the midst of abundance, while that of
Marius was labouring under severe privations. This
? ? a'ill farther inflamed the animosity with which Marius
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? SYLLA
SYLLA.
;iioscr;tii'd Mariais, his son, and bis chief adhe-
rents, reestablished t>e power of the senate, and ap-
pointed his friend Oclavius and his enemy Cinna to
the consulship, set out against Mithradates. The re-
lief of Greece was the first object of Sylla; and this
he accomplished after taking Athena by storm, and
defeating the armies of Mithradates in two great bat-
tles. Weakened and dispirited by these reverses, the
King of Pontus readily concluded a treaty with the
Roman general, who, on his part, was equally desi-
rous of a peace, that he might return to Rome, where
the Marian faction had regained the ascendancy. Syl-
la had probably expected to produce a comparative
equilibrium at Rome by the appointment to the con-
sulship of one from each of the contending factions.
Here, however, his policy failed, probably from beiug
too refined, or from his not taking into consideration
the new element which had been introduced by the
admission of the Italian states to the citizenship. He
had, in a great measure, exterminated the democratic
party in Rome itself, and restored the power of the
senate; but Cinna perceived the means of raising a
powerful body of new adherents, by proposing to
throw open all the tribes to the Italian stales, which
would have given them a preponderance in every pop-
ular assembly. This the other consul, Octavius, op-
posed; and Cinna was compelled to withdraw to the
country, where he soon mustered a powerful army of
the disaffected allies. Marius, who had fled to Africa,
being informed of the turn which affairs had taken at
Rome, conceived hopes of recovering his power, and
immediately returned to Italy, joined Cinna, and, at
the head of an immense horde of robbers and semi-
barbarians, the very dregs of the populace of all Italy,
who flocked to his standard from all quarters, advan-
ced against the city. At his approach Rome was
thrown into consternation; and there not being any
forces sufficient to oppose, him, the senate offered to
capitulate, on condition that the lives of the opposite
party should be spared. During the progress of these
negotiations, Marius entered the city at the head of
his armed and barbarous adherents, secured the gates
that none might escape, and gave the signal for
slaughter. On rushed his barbarians like wolves,
sparing neither age nor sex, while Marius gazed on
the horrid scene with grim and savage delight. Du-
ring ? ->c days and five nights the hideous massacre
was continued with relentless ferocity, while the streets
were deluged with blood, and the heads of the mur-
dered victims were exhibited in the forum, or laid be-
fore the monster himself for his peculiar gratification.
At length Cinna grew sick of the protracted butchery;
but the barbarians of Marius could not be restrained
till they weie themselves surrounded and cut to pieces
by Cinna's soldiers. Having gratified his revenge by
this bloody butchery, Marius nominated himself consul
for the seventh time, and chose Cinna to be his col-
league. This he did without the formalities of a pub-
lic assembly, as if to consummate his triumph over
the liberties of his country, thus trampled upon by an
act at once of violation and of insult. But a short time
did he enjoy his triumph and revenge. In the seven-
teenth day of his seventh consulate, and in the sev-
entieth year of his age, he expired, leaving behind him
the character of having been one of the most suc-
cessful genera's and most pernicious citizens of Rome.
Sylla, having concluded a treaty with Mithradates, re-
? ? turned at the head of his victorious army, prepared
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? SYN
s yp
institutions; that she was tolterir.
Qiutst. Nat. , 3, 25. --Vilruv. , 8, 3. --Varro, ap. Solin. ,
c. 7. ) Herodotus relates that Cleomenes, king of
Sparta, assembled in this quarter the Arcadian chiefs
whom he had united in a plot against that city, and
made them swear by this " infernal" stream that they
would persevere in their resolutions. The historian
describes the Nonacrian Styx as a scanty rill, distilling
from the rock, and falling into a hollow basin surround-
ed by a wall (6, 75). Pausanias, however, represents
the Styx as falling from one of the most elevated sum-
mits that he had ever seen (8, 17, 5), and this state-
ment agrees with the accounts of modern travellers.
(Von Stackelbcrg, La Grice, Vues pittoresques, &c,
livrais. xvii. , Paris, 1831. --Pouqueville, Voyage de
is Greet, vol. 5, p. 458. ) On comparing the language
of Herodotus with that of Pausanias in another pas-
sage -(8, 18, 2), it would appear that the historian
merely speaks of the Styx after it has descended from
the mountain-height. The modern name of the Styx
is Mavronero, or "Black Water," an appellation de-
rived from the dark colour of the rocks over which it
flows. (Von Stackelbtrg, I. c. --Pouqueville, I. e. )
Various etymologies aro assigned for the ancient name
Servius derives it from the hateful and gloomy nature
of the stream (and tov arvyepov. --Sere, ail Virg. ,
JJn. , 6, 133). According to another account, when
Ceres, in the course of her wandering to recover her
lost daughter, was pursued by Neptune, and compelled
to change herself into a mare, she came to this Arca-
dian stream, and, having beheld her altered form in it,
was so disgusted at the sight that she regarded its wa-
ters with hatred, and made them black of hue (lorv-
? yjtee re *cu t3 Sd<jp fiO. av tnoitjoe. --Ptol. , Hephast. ,
mp. Phot. , cod. , 190; vol. 1, p. 148, ei. Btkk. )--\U.
A fabulous river of the lower world, the idea of which
was in all probability borrowed from the Styx of Arca-
dia. It was said to encompass the lower region nine
times in its winding course (Virg. , Georg. , 4, 480),
and is described by the poets as a broad, dull, and slug-
gish stream of but little depth, whence the expression
"Stygian lake" (A? n. , 6, 134), "Stygian fen" (Mn. ,
6, 323), and the like, so frequently applied to it. Ac-
cording to the popular belief, the gods regarded this
stream with so much reverence that they were accus-
tomed to swear by it, and deemed such an oath the
most binding in its nature. (Mn. , 6, 324. ) If, how-
ever, any deity ever violated an oath thus taken, the
punishment was believed to be deprivation of nectar
and ambrosia, and the loss of all heavenly privileges
for the space of ten whole years. Hesiod, in a curioua
passage of the Theogony, gives the particulars of this
punishment very minutely, but makes it apply to the
case of celestial perjury in general, not merely to the
violation of an oath taken in the name of the infernal
river. According to the poet, when any one of the
gods is guilty of perjury. Iris is sent down to Hades,
and brings up thence, in a golden vase, some of the
chilling water of this celebrated stream. The offend-
ing deity is compelled tr swallow the noxious draught,
and thereupon he lies outstretched for one whole year,
? ? without 8cr. se or mo. ion, nor partakes of the nectar
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? SUE
SDL
nca --II. Tranquillus, a Roman historian, born about
the beginning of the reign of Vespasian. His father,
Suetonius Lenis, was tribune of the thirteenth legion
. n the war of Otho. The son followed at Rome the
profession of a grammarian and rhetorician. He be-
came intimately acquainted with the younger Pliny,
who recommended him to Trajan, and procured for him
the ortice of tribune, and the Jus trium liberorum,
though he had, in fact, no issue. Under the Emperor
Hadrian he was appointed private secretary {Magister
Eptstolarum), but was degraded from this post for
having been wanting in respect to the Empress Sabi-
na. The year of his death is not known. --The prin-
cipal work that remains to us of Suetonius is his Bi-
ography of the first twelve Caesars. In some manu-
scripts these lives are divided into eight books, an ar-
rangement most probably made by the copyists. The
object of Suetonius was not so much to give a history
of the political arid military events that occurred during
the reign of each of these princes, as to delineate their
private characters, their virtues and vices, in a word,
the whole of their private life. His narratives do not
follow a chronological order: the division is rather one
resulting directly from the subject matter; as, for ex-
ample, the birth of each emperor, his manner of life,
occupations, amusements, &c. Suetonius traces his
characters with remarkable fidelity, and, according to
St. Jerome, with the same freedom with which they
lived; "pari libertate ae ipsi tixerunt. " Like Plu-
tarch, he seems to have collected his materials from
several very different authorities; but he had one
great advantage over the Greek biographer in the su-
perior knowledge which he naturally possessed of the
laws and usages of the Romans; so that on those sub-
jects his testimony is much more trustworthy. We
c'. o not see a,iy grounds for the charge of malignity
? vhicli has been sometimes brought against him; on
? he contrary, he appears to have recorded the virtues
i id vices of the Caesars with great impartiality; and
. -ortainly it is no*, the fault of Suetonius if their vicea
iccm to preponderate. He merely gives a plain and
andid account of facts, many of them otherwise un-
known, but of the greatest importance for history.
His style is simple, concise, and correct, without either
ornament or affectation. --Besides these biographies,
ivc have from the pen of Suetonius an account of dis-
tinguished grammarians, and a fragment of a similar
work on celebrated rhetoricians. To him also are as-
cribed lives of Terence, Horace, Lucan, Pliny the
ilder, Juvenal, and Persius. These are probably sup-
posititious. Suetonius wrote also other works, on the
Schools of the Greeks, on Rome and its institutions,
o genealogy of Roman families, &c, but these are all
? oat. --The best editions of Suetonius are, that of Pt-
iscus, Leonard. , 1714,2 vols. 8vo; that of Oudendorp,
L. Bat. , 1751, 2 vols. 8vo; that of Ernesti, Lips. ,
1775, 2 vols. 8vo; but particularly that of Crusius,
Lips. , 1816-18, 3 vols. 8vo. {Schill, Hist. Lit,
Rom. , vol. 2, p. 387. )
Suivi, a powerful people of Germany, consisting
of many tribes, and inhabiting the eastern section of
l! ic country, from the Danube to the Sinus Codanus.
Among the separate tribes composing this nation,
Ptolemy enumerates the Langobardi, Semitones, and
Angli. The Catti, Marcomanni, Ubii, Sygambri, &c,
were often included under the same general appella-
tion. In process of time, the names of the several
? ? tribes became gradually more prevalent, that of Suevi
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? BUI,
SUN
pitia (Bdhr, Gesch. Rim. Lit. , p. 181. ) The Sul-
pjiia here alluded to must nol be confounded with
another in the lime of Tibullus. To the latter are ae-
cribed by some critics a portion of the elegies in the
fourth book of Tibullus, namely, from the 2d to the
12th inclusive. (Barthc, Advers. , 59, 1U --Btourk-
iu. i. ad Tibull. , p. 384. )
Solpitia Lex, I. Militaris, by P. Sulpitius, the trib-
une, A. U. C. C65. It ordained that the prosecution
of the Milhradatic war should be taken from Sylla and
Tested in Marius. --II. Another, de Senatu, by Servius
Sulpitius, the tribune, A. U. C. 665. It required that
no senator should contract a debt over 20(10 denarii
(4J300). --III. Another, de Civitate, by P. Sulpitius,
the tribune, A. U. C. 665. That the Italian allies,
who had obtained the rights of citizenship, and had
been formed into eight new tribes, should be distribu-
ted throughout the thirty-five old tribes ; and also that
the manumitted slaves, who used formerly to vote only
in the four city tribes, might vote in all the tribes.
Sulpitia Gens, a distinguished patrician family at
Rome, the two principal branches of which were the
Camerini and Galbaj.
Sulpitius, I. Servius Sulpitius Rufus, a distin-
guished patrician, brother-in-law of C. Licinius Stolo.
He was highby esteemed for his talents and virtues,
and filled many important offices in the state. Sul-
pitius was four times military tribune with consular
power; the last of these times in 400 B. C. --II. Ser-
vius Sulpitius Paeticus, was consul B. C. 362, with Li-
cinius Stolo. Scenic exhibitions are said to have
been first given during this year, and it was during
this same year that Sulpitius drove a nail Into the
side of the temple of Jupiter on account of the ceas-
ing of a pestilence. --III. Publius Sulpitius Saverio,
was consul B. C. 279, with P. Decius Mus, and de-
feated Pyrrhus at Asculum. --IV. Servius Sulpitius
Galba. (Vid. Galba II. and III. )--V. Caius Sulpitius
Gallus. ( Vid. Gallusl. )-- VI. Publius Sulpitius, a trib-
une of the commons in 122 B. C. , and a person of
most turbulent character. As a partisan of Marius,
he brought forward a law to deprive Sylla of the
charge of the war against Mithradates, and to vest it in
Marius. He also proposed another law respecting the
Italian allies. {Vid. Sulpitia Lex III. ) While these
matters were pending, be paraded the streets, sur-
rounded by armed bands, and a set of ruffians whom
he called his anti-senate: the Italians also streamed
in extraordinary numbers to the city, to await the pas-
sage of the law in which they were interested. On
their first insertion into the register of citizens, eight
new tribes had been created for them,, whose suffrages
were only then demanded when the old fivc-and-thiny
gave no decision. Sulpitius now proposed by his law
to distribute them throughout all the tribes. Rome
became thereupon a scene of confusion and riot;
both parties, the old citizens and the Italians, fought
with sticks and clubs in the streets and forum; and
the law was near being passed by force, when Sylla,
who remained at Rome, came to the aid of the
senatorial party. Tho senate was assembled in the
temple of Castor, and regularly besieged by the peo-
ple because it had caused to be announced the meas-
jre usual in extreme confusion of an interruption of
ill public business. In the tumult that arose, Sylla's
eon-in-law was slain; his colleague escaped the
hands of the mob with difficulty; and Sylla himself,
? ? to save his life, was compelled to take off the restric-
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?
t
sus
there is a soKtary on 3 on the southeastern side. This
last has obtained for the promontory the name of Cape
Coionni, or the Cape of th& Column. The whiteness
of the marble has been preserved probably by the sea-
vapour, in the same manner as Trajan's triumphal
arch at Ancona. The rock on which the columns
itand is precipitous, but not inaccessible, nor very
high. It bears, according to Hobhouse, a strong re-
semblance to the pieture in Falconer's " Shipwreck;"
but the view given in Anacharsis places the temple
ust in the wrong position. Sunium was considered
ly the Athenians an important post, and as much a
town as the Piraus, but could not have been very
large, according to Hobhouse, who is of opinion that,
when Euripides styles it the rich rock of Sunium in
his Cyclops, he alludes to the wealth of the temple,
not the fertility of the soil. The same writer justly
considers the assertion of Pausanias to be unworthy
of belief, when he states that the spear and the crest
of the statue of Minerva in the Acropolis might be
seen from Sunium, a straight lino of nearly 30 miles.
--Sir W. Gell observes that "nothing can exceed
the beauty of this spot, commanding from a portico of
white marble, erected in the happiest period of Gre-
cian art, and elevated 300 feet above the sea, a pros-
pect of the Gulf of ^Egina on one side, and the AZge-
an on the other. " {Itin. , p. 82. ) Dodwell states that
"the temple is supported on its northern side by a
regularly constructed terrace wall, of which seventeen
layers of stone still remain. The fallen columns are
? cattercd aboutbelow the temple, to which they form
the richest foreground. The walls of the tower, of
which there are a few remains, may be traced nearly
down to the port on the southern side; the greater
part of the opposite side, upon the edge of the preci-
pice, was undefended, except by the natural strength
of the place and the steepness of the rock; the walls
were fortified with square towers. " {Tour, vol. 1, p.
640. --Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 377. )
Sspkruh Mare, a name of the Adriatic Sea, as sit-
uate above Italy. The name of Mare Jnferum was
applied for the opposite reason to the sea below Italy.
Surena, a powerful officer under Orodes, king of
Parthia, and who had aided in raisin? that monarch to
the throne. He distinguished himself at the storming
of Seleucia, and was'afterward appointed commander
of the Parthian forces against Crassus, whom he over-
threw in the memorable victory at Charras, and after-
ward entrapped and put to death. Surena himself
was not long after put to death by Orodes. {Plut. ,
Vit. Crass. )
Surrentum, a city of Campania, on the lower shore
of the Sinus Crater, and near the Promontorium Mi-
nerva;. The place is reported to have been of very
ancient date, and was said to have derived its name
from the Sirens, who, as poets sung, in days of yore
made this coast their favourite haunt, and had a tem-
ple consecrated to them here. {Strab. , 247. ) Sur-
rentum appears to have become a Roman colony in
the reign of Augustus. The, wine of the Surrentine
hills was held in great estimation by the ancients.
{Ovid, Met. , 15, 709. -- Martial, 13, 110. -- Slat. ,
Syh. , 3, 5. ) Pliny, however, relates that Tiberius
used to say of this wine, that physicians had agreed
to give it a name, but that, in reality, it was only a bet-
ter sor'. of vinegar. {Plin. , 14, 16. ) The modern
tamo if Surrenium is Sorrento, and it is celebra-
? ? ted as the birthplace of Tasso, and admired for the
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? S YB
STE
? aeus, and was the first that sang of the Trojan war.
Diogenes Laertius writes the name Sagaris, and makes
him to have been the contemporary and rival ot Ho-
mer. (Diog. Laert. , 2, 46. )
SvB. iK-. s, I. a river of Lucania, running by the city
of the same name, and falling into the Sinus Tarenti-
nus. It is now the Cochile. Its waters were said to
render horses shy. (Slrab. , 263. --JSliam, H. N. , 2,
3B. )--II. A celebrated city of Lucania, on the Sinus
i arcntinus, and near the confines of Bruttium. It
was situate between the rivers Sybaris and Crathis,
and is said to have been founded by the people of
Troe^ene, not long after the siege of Troy. (Aristot. ,
Polil. , 5, 3. --Solin. , S. ) But these were subsequently
joined by a more numerous colony of Achaeans, under
the conduct of Iseliceus (Strab. , 263), about 720 B. C.
{Euseb. , Chron. , 2. ) The rise and progress of this
celebrated republic must have been wonderfully rapid.
We are told that it held dominion over four different
people and twenty-five towns; and that the city extend-
ed fifty stadia, or upward of six miles, along the Cra-
this. But the number of its inhabitants capable of bear-
ing arms, which are computed at 300,000 by several
ancient writers, and which are said to have been actu-
ally brought into the field, is so prodigious as to raise
considerable doubts as to the accuracy of these state-
ments. The accounts which we have of their luxury
and opulence are not less extraordinary: to such a
degree, indeed, did they indulge their taste for pleas-
ure, that a Sybarite and a voluptuary became synony-
mous terms. Athenaeus, in particular, dwells on their
inordinate sensuality and excessive refinement. His
details are chiefly drawn from Timseus, Phylarchus,
and Aristotle. Among other particulars which he
gives, upon the authority of these Greek writers, are
the following. It was forbidden by law to exercise in
the city any trade or craft, the practice of which was
attended with noise, lest the sleep of its inhabitants
might be disturbed; and, for the same reason, an edict
was enforced against the breeding of cocks. On the
other hand, great encouragement was held out to all
who should discover any new refinement in luxury,
the profits arising from which were secured to the in-
ventor by patent for the space of a year. Fishermen
and dyers of purple were specially exempted from the
payment of taxes and duties. A crown of gold was
awarded to those who distinguished themselves by
the sumptuousness of their entertainments, and their
names were prcclaimed by heralds, at the solemn festi-
vals, as public benefactors. To these banquets their
ivomcn were also invited, and invitations were sent
them a year in advance, that they might have suf-
icient time to provide themselves with- dresses suita-
? Je to the occasion. These were of the most -costly
fiescription, generally purplo or saffron-coloured, and
>>f the finest Milesian wool. Dionysius of Syracuse,
having become possessed of one of these robes, which
was esteemed a singular rarity from its peculiar mag-
nificence, sold it to the Carthaginians for 120 talents,
upward of 20,000;. When they retired to their vil-
la*, the roads were covered with an awning, and the
journey, which might easily have been accomplished
in one day, was the work of three. Their cellars were
generally constructed near the seaside, whither the
wine was conveyed from the country by means ol
pipes. The Sybarites were also said to have invent-
ed vapour baths. --History has recorded the name ol
? ? one individual, famed beyond all his countrymen for
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? SYL
SYLLA.
? xect kind. That of the well of Syet. i is nu. among
:he number of these last, and can give us no assistance
in ascertaining the position of the tropic thirty centu-
ries ago, as some respectable men of science seem to
have believed. --Nature presents a peculiar spectacle
around Sycne. Here are the terraces of reddish gran-
ite cf a particular character, hence called Syenite; a
te;m"applied to those rocks which differ from granite
in containing particles of hornblende. These mighty
lerraces, shaped into peaks, cross the bed of the Nile,
and ovei them the river rolls majestically its impetu-
ous and foaming waves. Here are the quarries from
which the obelisks and colossal statues of the Egyp-
tian temples were dug. An obelisk, partially formed
and still remaining attached to the native rock, bears
testimony to the laborious and patient efforts of human
art. (Malte-Brun, vol. 4, p. 89, seqq. . Am. ed. )
Svkxnesis, a satrap, or, rather, tributary monarch
of Cilicia, when Cyrus the Younger made war upon
his brother Artaxerxes. The name Syennesis appears,
in fact, to have been a common appellation for the na-
tive princes of this country. (Consult B'ahr, ad He-
rod. , I, 64. --Kriiger, ad Xen. , Anab. , 1, 2, 12. --
Slanl. , ad ? sch, Ikrt. , 326. )
Sylla, Lucius Cornelius, was born at Rome
V. U. C. 616,B. C. 138, in the consulship of M. jEmilius
Lepidus and C. Hostilius Mancinus, four years before
'he death of Tiberius Gracchus. Sylla was a patrician
? iy birth; his father, however, did nothing to promote
either the honour or the wealth of his family, and his
son was born with no very flattering prospects either
of rank or fortune. We know not by whom his edu-
cation was superintended ; but he acquired, either
from his instructers, or by his own exertions in after
life, an unusual portion of knowledge; and he had the
character of being very profoundly versed in the liter-
ature of both his own country and Greece. (Sallust,
Bell. Jug. , 95. ) But intellectual superiority affords
no security for the moral principles of its possessor;
and Sylla, from his earliest youth, was notorious for
gross sensuality, and for his keen enjoyment of low
and profligate society. He is said to have merely oc-
cupied lodgings at Home, and to have lived in a way
which seems to have been reckoned disgraceful to a
man of patrician family, and to have incurred great in-
digence. For his first advancement in life he was in-
debted to the fondness of a prostitute, who had ac-
qaired a large sum of money, and left it all to him by
ber will; and he also inherited the property of his
mother-in-law, who regarded him as her own son. Syl-
la was chosen one of the quxstors A. U. C. 646, and
joined the army of Marius, who was then in his first
consulship, and carrying on the war against Jugurtha
in Africa. Here his services were of great impor-
tance, since it was to him flat Jugurtha was at last sur-
rendered by Bocchus, king of Mauritania. This latter
circumstance excited, as is said, the jealousy of Ma-
rius; but Sylla nevertheless served under him as one
of his lieutenants in the war with the Cimbri, where
he again greatly distinguished himself. Finding, how-
ever, the ill will of his general daily increasing, he left
him, and served in the army of Lutatius Catulus, the
colleague of Marius: and in this situation, being
charged with the duty of supplying the soldiers with
provisions, he performed it so well, that the army of
Catulus was in the midst of abundance, while that of
Marius was labouring under severe privations. This
? ? a'ill farther inflamed the animosity with which Marius
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? SYLLA
SYLLA.
;iioscr;tii'd Mariais, his son, and bis chief adhe-
rents, reestablished t>e power of the senate, and ap-
pointed his friend Oclavius and his enemy Cinna to
the consulship, set out against Mithradates. The re-
lief of Greece was the first object of Sylla; and this
he accomplished after taking Athena by storm, and
defeating the armies of Mithradates in two great bat-
tles. Weakened and dispirited by these reverses, the
King of Pontus readily concluded a treaty with the
Roman general, who, on his part, was equally desi-
rous of a peace, that he might return to Rome, where
the Marian faction had regained the ascendancy. Syl-
la had probably expected to produce a comparative
equilibrium at Rome by the appointment to the con-
sulship of one from each of the contending factions.
Here, however, his policy failed, probably from beiug
too refined, or from his not taking into consideration
the new element which had been introduced by the
admission of the Italian states to the citizenship. He
had, in a great measure, exterminated the democratic
party in Rome itself, and restored the power of the
senate; but Cinna perceived the means of raising a
powerful body of new adherents, by proposing to
throw open all the tribes to the Italian stales, which
would have given them a preponderance in every pop-
ular assembly. This the other consul, Octavius, op-
posed; and Cinna was compelled to withdraw to the
country, where he soon mustered a powerful army of
the disaffected allies. Marius, who had fled to Africa,
being informed of the turn which affairs had taken at
Rome, conceived hopes of recovering his power, and
immediately returned to Italy, joined Cinna, and, at
the head of an immense horde of robbers and semi-
barbarians, the very dregs of the populace of all Italy,
who flocked to his standard from all quarters, advan-
ced against the city. At his approach Rome was
thrown into consternation; and there not being any
forces sufficient to oppose, him, the senate offered to
capitulate, on condition that the lives of the opposite
party should be spared. During the progress of these
negotiations, Marius entered the city at the head of
his armed and barbarous adherents, secured the gates
that none might escape, and gave the signal for
slaughter. On rushed his barbarians like wolves,
sparing neither age nor sex, while Marius gazed on
the horrid scene with grim and savage delight. Du-
ring ? ->c days and five nights the hideous massacre
was continued with relentless ferocity, while the streets
were deluged with blood, and the heads of the mur-
dered victims were exhibited in the forum, or laid be-
fore the monster himself for his peculiar gratification.
At length Cinna grew sick of the protracted butchery;
but the barbarians of Marius could not be restrained
till they weie themselves surrounded and cut to pieces
by Cinna's soldiers. Having gratified his revenge by
this bloody butchery, Marius nominated himself consul
for the seventh time, and chose Cinna to be his col-
league. This he did without the formalities of a pub-
lic assembly, as if to consummate his triumph over
the liberties of his country, thus trampled upon by an
act at once of violation and of insult. But a short time
did he enjoy his triumph and revenge. In the seven-
teenth day of his seventh consulate, and in the sev-
entieth year of his age, he expired, leaving behind him
the character of having been one of the most suc-
cessful genera's and most pernicious citizens of Rome.
Sylla, having concluded a treaty with Mithradates, re-
? ? turned at the head of his victorious army, prepared
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? SYN
s yp
institutions; that she was tolterir.
