Moraux, Galien de Pergame:
Souvenirs
d'un medicin (Paris, 1985), p.
Hadot - The Inner Citadel The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius
Annuaire XCII (1983-1984) (hereafter Annuaire EPHE), pp.
331-336.
34. H. Gorgemanns ("Der Bekehrungsbrief Marc Aurels," pp. 102-108) shows that this description contains an allusion to the wrath of Achilles in the rst book of Homer's iad. The irony was intended by the young Marcus, in order to attenuate the pain he was in icting upon his teacher Fronto, by allow ing him to glimpse his growing love r philosophy.
35. Cf the rmula "Silent leges inter arma" ("laws are silent during wars"), in A. Otto, Die Sprichworter (Hildesheim, 1962), p. 192, and cf Plutarch, Agesilaus, 30, 4.
36. Les Stoidens, textes traduits par E. Brehier, edites sous la direction de M. Schuh/ (Paris, collection de la Pleiade, 1964), p. 68 (§163); cited in what llows as Stoidens. On this philosopher, cf I. Ioppolo, Aristone di Chio e lo stoicismo antico (Naples, 1981).
37. Cf SVF, vol. I, §§383-403.
3 8 . Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, 94, 2; Cicero, On Ends, III, 50; IV, 43 ; 79.
39. On this point, correct what I said about Aristo in P. Hadot, Exercices
spirituels, p. l 30, and in Annuaire EPHE XCII.
40. Historia Augusta, Antoninus Pius, X, 4.
4r. [There is an untranslatable play on words here, between the French
"tendu" and "detendu. " -Trans. ]
42. Historia Augusta, Antoninus Pius, X, 5.
43 . Historia Augusta, MA, III, 2.
44. Suidae Lexikon, ed. A. Adler, vol. I (Stuttgart, 19712), §235, p. 34r.
45. Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists, II, 557. This Lucius is obviously not
Lucius Verus, Marcus' adoptive brother, as is supposed by Grimal (p. 89), but a philosopher about whom Philostratus tells other anecdotes as well, within the same context. Note Marcus' tolerance of Lucius' uninhibited speech; cf Ruther rd, Meditations, p. 89.
46. Fronto, Ad Antonin. Imper. , De eloquentia, I, 4, p. 135, 3 Van den Hout = vol. II, p. 50 Haines.
47. Ibid. , 2, l, p. 144, 2; 5, 4, p. 151, 22 Van den Hout = vol. II, pp. 66; 83 Haines .
48. See G. W. Bowersock, Greek Sophists in the Roman Empire (Ox rd, 1969), pp. 53-54; Philostratus, Lives the Sophists, II, 5, 57r.
49. Historia Augusta, MA, III, 2; III, 3.
50. Galen, De p ecognitione = Galen, On Prognosis, ed. , Engl. trans. , and commentary by V. Nutton (= Corpus Medicorum Graecorum, V, 8 , l ) , Berlin, 1979, p. 82, 6. In his review of R. MacMullen's Enemies the Roman Order ou al ofRoman Studies, 59 [1969]: 265), 0. Murray puts rth the hypothesis that Marcus' iend and teacher is the same Claudius Severus mentioned by Galen-that is, Marcus' own son-in-law.
3 20 Notes to Pages 1 7-22
5 1 . On these sessions, see P. Moraux, Galien de Pergame: Souvenirs d'un medecin (Paris, 1985), pp. 83, IOI.
52. Fronto, AdAmicos, I, 14, p. 180, 2 Van den Hout = vol. II, p. IO Haines.
53. Fronto, Ad Anton. Imper. , De eloquentia, 2, 11, p. 140, 6 Van den Hout = vol. II, p. 62 Haines.
54. Fronto, Deferiis Alsiensibus, 6, p. 230, 14 Van den Hout = vol. II, p. IO Haines.
55. C Rist, "Are You a Stoic? "
56. Fronto, Ad Marc. Caesar. , V, 24, p. 73, 7 Van den Hout = vol. I, p. 196 Haines.
57. Fronto,AdAntonin. Imper. ,I,3,2,p. 91,21VandenHout=vol. 2,p. 120 Haines.
58. Historia Augusta, , XXIII, 5.
5 9 . O n Galen's testimony, see the remarks of V. Nutton in his commentary on Galen, On Prognosis, pp. 163 , as well as Hahn, Der Philosoph und die Gesell sch , p. 29 n. 42; pp. 148 (on philosophical li in Rome during Galen's time). On the careers of these personages, see G. Al ldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter den Antoninen (Bonn, 1977); Bowersock, Greek Sophists in the Roman Em
pire, p. 82.
60. Persius, Satires, III, 54.
61. Galen, In Hippocrat. Epidem. , VI, ed. Wenkelbach/P (Berlin, 19562),
p. 206 = vol. XVII B, p. 15 K hn. The conclusions drawn om this text by Dailly and van E enterre, in "Le cas Marc-Aurele," Revue des Ctudes anciennes, 56 (1954): 365, are risky to say the least. Remarks on Imperial shions in hairstyles may be und in ]. Marquardt, Das Privatleben der Romer (1886; reprinted Darmstadt, 1980), vol. II, p. 602.
62. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 35, 2.
2. A First Glimpse the Meditations
1. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 24, 1; c A. S. L. Farquharson, The Meditations ofthe EmperorMarcus Aurelius (Ox rd, 1968), vol. I, p. xiv.
2. Themistius, Oratio 6 (Philadelphoi), 81c.
3. Aurelius Victor, Book the Caesars, 16, 9; Historia Augusta, Avidius Cas sius, III, 6-7.
4. Nicephoras Callistos Xanthopoulos, Ecclesiastical Histo , III, 3 1 , in Mi gne's Patrologia Graeca, vol. 145, col. 960.
5. Suidae Lexikon, ed. A. Adler (Stuttgart, 1967'), vol. III, §214, p. 328, 24.
6. Arethae Scripta Minora, ed. L. G. Westerink (Leipzig [Teubner], 1968), vol. I, p. 305.
7. Ibid. , vol. II, p. I05, 5 (= Meditations, I, 7, 7); Scholia in Lucianum, ed. H. Rabe (Leipzig [Teubner], 1906), pp. 189, 207 (= Meditations, VIII, 25; 37).
8. C P. Meyer, "Des Joseph Bryennios Schri en, Leben und Bildung,"
Notes to Pages 22-32 321
Byzantinische Zeitschr i , 5 (l 896): IO, who points out several literal citations om Marcus in the writings ofthis eenth-century author.
9. Ioannis Reuchlin, De arte cabalistica libri tres (Hagenau, l517), p. verso (quoting Meditations, IV, 36, designated by the rmula "in libro ad se ipsum tertio," as well as VII, 23); p. xlviii verso (quoting IV, 28, 2, where the verb haploun is understood not in the sense of"to simpli onesel " but "to get rid o " "to ee oneself": explicare se). On the manuscript ofMarcus used by Reuch lin, c L. Bergson, "Fragment einer Marc-Aurel-Handschrift," Rheinisches Mu seum, 129 (1986): l 57-169.
IO. Marci Antonini Imperatoris de rebus suis, sive de eis quae ad se pertinere censebat libri XII, commentario perpetuo explicati atque illustrati studio Thomae Gatak eri, Cambridge, 1652.
l l. C P. Hadot, "Pre ce" to the Dictionnaire desphilosophes antiques, publish ed under the direction ofRichard Goulet, vol. I (Paris, 1989), p. IO.
12. P.
Moraux, Galien de Pergame: Souvenirs d'un medicin (Paris, 1985), p. 153; L . Brisson, M. -0. Goulet-Caze, e t al. , Po hyre, e de Plotin, vol. I (Paris,
1982), p. 283.
13. Arethae Scripta Minora, vol. I, p. 305.
14. Anthologia Palatina, book XV, §23, in The Greek Anthology, XII, 135: "If
you want to vanquish sadness, open this blessed book and go over it care lly; with its help, you will easily persuade yourself of this oh so uit l truth: whether past, present or ture, pleasures and pains are naught but smoke. "
15. Suidae Lexikon, ed. A. Adler (Stuttgart, 19672), §214, vol. III, p. 328, 24.
16. See Meric Casaubon's edition ofMarcus Aurelius: Marci Antonini Impera toris De seipso et ad seipsum libri XII (London, 1643), Prolegomena, pp. 12-14 (unnumbered pages), citing the second edition ofthe Editioprinceps (1568).
17. See Casaubon, pp. 2-3 ofhis notes, which are at the end ofthe work.
18. Gataker, p. 24.
19. Caspar Barthius, Adversariorum Commentariorum Libri LX (Frank rt, 1 624) ,
Book I, ch. 2, pp. 22-24.
20. J. -P. de Joly, Pensees de l'empereur Marc Aurele (Paris, 17732), pp. xxxiv-
xliii.
2r. Farquharson, pp. lxiv-lxvii.
22. Renan, pp. 157-158.
23. G. Misch, Geschichte derAutobiographie, I, 2 (Bern, 19512), p. 449.
24. P. A. Brunt, "Marcus Aurelius in His Meditations, " Jou al of Roman
Studies, 64 (1974): r.
25. Fronto, Ad Marc. Caesar. , II, 8, 3, p. 29, 2 Van den Hout = vol. I, p. 138
Haines.
26. Brunt in Jou al ef Roman Studies, 64, p. 3 n. 12; R. B. Rutherford,
Meditations, p. 29 n. 90.
27. C Photius, Libra , vol. II, codex no. 175, pp. 170-171 Henry. 28. Aulus Gellius, Pre ce, §2.
322 Notes to Pages 32-52
29. Plutarch, On the Tranquillity ofthe Soul, I, 464F.
30. Augustine, Soliloquies, ed. and trans. P. de Labriolle, in Oeuvres de saint Augustin, 1st series, V, Dialogues philosophiques, II, Dieu et /'Ame (Paris, 1935), p. 25.
3 I. Po hyry, Li efPlotinus, 8, 4.
32. See E. Arns, La Technique du /ivre d'apres saintJerome (Paris, 1953), pp. 47- 4 8 ( q u o t i n g t h e Pa t r o l o g i a l a t i n a , v o l . 2 5 , 1 1 1 8 A ) .
33. Brunt in]ou al ofRoman Studies, 64: I, quoting Cassius Dio, LXXII, 36, 2.
34. T. Dorandi, "Den Autoren ber die Schulter geschaut: Arbeitsweise und Autographie bei den antiken Schri stellern," Zeitschr fur Papyrologie und Epi g phik, 87 (1991): II-33, especially pp. 29-33.
35. On the meaning ofthis term, see Arns, Technique du livre, pp. 18-22.
36. J. -P. deJoly, Pensees de Marc Aurele, pp. xiv-xliii.
37. Brunt, "Marcus Aurelius," pp. 1-15; G. Cortasso, Filosofo, i libri, la
memoria. Poeti e. loso nei Pensieri di Marco Aurelio (Turin, 1989), pp. 60; Ia n. I I (bibliography) .
3 . The Meditations as Spiritual Exercises
I. Epictetus, Discourses, I, 3, 1; I, 18, 20; II, 16 (title); III, IO, I. 2 . Victor Hugo, Quatre-vingt-treize, III, 2 , 7.
3. Stoi. ciens, pp. 48 (§§I00--I01)[= Diogenes Laertius, Lives, VII, IOI-102], 271 [= Cicero, On Ends, III, 8, 27 ]; S , vol. III, §§29-48; Epictetus, Dis courses, IV, I, I33.
4 . I am llowing here the division of the text proposed by Theiler, but I retain, with Dalfen, the reading mimos.
5. Stoi. ciens, p. 97 [= Plutarch, On Stoic Se -Contradictions, 9, I035A ] =SVF, vol. III, §68.
6. Cicero, On the Laws, I, 7, 33; I, 12, 33, carries out the same linkage between the idea of common law and that of the community among reasonable beings .
7. Lucretius, On the Nature of Things, III, I024-I052; F. Villon, Ballade des dames du temps Jadis, in Villon, Poesies completes (Paris, Livre de poche, Lettres gothiques, 1991), p. I I7. Cf G. B. Conte, "Il trion della Morte e la galleria dei grandi trapassati in Lucrezio III, I024-I053," Studi italiani di lologia classica, NS, 37 (1965): II4-132, especially p. 131 n. 2.
8. Stoi iens, p. 58 (§134) [= Diogenes Laertius, Lives, VII, 134]; SVF, vol. II, §§299-305.
9. On the use ofGreek in Rome, cf Quintillian, Instit. , I, I, 12; I. Hadot, Arts liberaux etphilosophie dans lapensee antique (Paris, 1984), p. 248.
IO. As is the view of]. M. Rist, "Are You a Stoic? " in Meyer and Sanders, eds. ,Jewish and Christian Se -De nition.
I I . Aulus Gellius, Attic N hts, VII, I , 7; VII, 2, I .
Notes to Pages 54-58 323
4 . The Philosopher-Slave and the Emperor-Philosopher
r . On quotations in Marcus Aurelius, see the excellent study by G. Cortassa, Filos o, i libri, la memoria. Poeti e. los nei Pensieri di Marco Aurelio (Turin, 1989).
2. See, r example, A. A. Long, "Heraclitus and Stoicism," Philosophia, 5-6 (1975-1976): 133-153.
3. Cf M. Conche, He clite, Fragmen (Paris, 1986), pp. 68-69 ( . II Con che = . 73 Diels/Kranz). See G. Cortassa, Filos o, pp. 41-54. [Cf Charles H. Kahn, The Art and Thought ofHeraclitus (Cambridge, 1979), . v. , pp. 30-3r. -Trans. ]
4. Cf Conche, p. 333 ( . 96 Conche = 71 Diels/Kranz) [= . cvi, pp. 76-77 Kahn -Trans. ].
5. Ibid. , p. 71 ( . 12 Conche = 75 Diels/Kranz) [= . xci, pp. 70-71 Kahn]. 6. Ibid. , p. 65 ( . IO Conche = 72 Diels/Kranz) [= . v, pp.
34. H. Gorgemanns ("Der Bekehrungsbrief Marc Aurels," pp. 102-108) shows that this description contains an allusion to the wrath of Achilles in the rst book of Homer's iad. The irony was intended by the young Marcus, in order to attenuate the pain he was in icting upon his teacher Fronto, by allow ing him to glimpse his growing love r philosophy.
35. Cf the rmula "Silent leges inter arma" ("laws are silent during wars"), in A. Otto, Die Sprichworter (Hildesheim, 1962), p. 192, and cf Plutarch, Agesilaus, 30, 4.
36. Les Stoidens, textes traduits par E. Brehier, edites sous la direction de M. Schuh/ (Paris, collection de la Pleiade, 1964), p. 68 (§163); cited in what llows as Stoidens. On this philosopher, cf I. Ioppolo, Aristone di Chio e lo stoicismo antico (Naples, 1981).
37. Cf SVF, vol. I, §§383-403.
3 8 . Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, 94, 2; Cicero, On Ends, III, 50; IV, 43 ; 79.
39. On this point, correct what I said about Aristo in P. Hadot, Exercices
spirituels, p. l 30, and in Annuaire EPHE XCII.
40. Historia Augusta, Antoninus Pius, X, 4.
4r. [There is an untranslatable play on words here, between the French
"tendu" and "detendu. " -Trans. ]
42. Historia Augusta, Antoninus Pius, X, 5.
43 . Historia Augusta, MA, III, 2.
44. Suidae Lexikon, ed. A. Adler, vol. I (Stuttgart, 19712), §235, p. 34r.
45. Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists, II, 557. This Lucius is obviously not
Lucius Verus, Marcus' adoptive brother, as is supposed by Grimal (p. 89), but a philosopher about whom Philostratus tells other anecdotes as well, within the same context. Note Marcus' tolerance of Lucius' uninhibited speech; cf Ruther rd, Meditations, p. 89.
46. Fronto, Ad Antonin. Imper. , De eloquentia, I, 4, p. 135, 3 Van den Hout = vol. II, p. 50 Haines.
47. Ibid. , 2, l, p. 144, 2; 5, 4, p. 151, 22 Van den Hout = vol. II, pp. 66; 83 Haines .
48. See G. W. Bowersock, Greek Sophists in the Roman Empire (Ox rd, 1969), pp. 53-54; Philostratus, Lives the Sophists, II, 5, 57r.
49. Historia Augusta, MA, III, 2; III, 3.
50. Galen, De p ecognitione = Galen, On Prognosis, ed. , Engl. trans. , and commentary by V. Nutton (= Corpus Medicorum Graecorum, V, 8 , l ) , Berlin, 1979, p. 82, 6. In his review of R. MacMullen's Enemies the Roman Order ou al ofRoman Studies, 59 [1969]: 265), 0. Murray puts rth the hypothesis that Marcus' iend and teacher is the same Claudius Severus mentioned by Galen-that is, Marcus' own son-in-law.
3 20 Notes to Pages 1 7-22
5 1 . On these sessions, see P. Moraux, Galien de Pergame: Souvenirs d'un medecin (Paris, 1985), pp. 83, IOI.
52. Fronto, AdAmicos, I, 14, p. 180, 2 Van den Hout = vol. II, p. IO Haines.
53. Fronto, Ad Anton. Imper. , De eloquentia, 2, 11, p. 140, 6 Van den Hout = vol. II, p. 62 Haines.
54. Fronto, Deferiis Alsiensibus, 6, p. 230, 14 Van den Hout = vol. II, p. IO Haines.
55. C Rist, "Are You a Stoic? "
56. Fronto, Ad Marc. Caesar. , V, 24, p. 73, 7 Van den Hout = vol. I, p. 196 Haines.
57. Fronto,AdAntonin. Imper. ,I,3,2,p. 91,21VandenHout=vol. 2,p. 120 Haines.
58. Historia Augusta, , XXIII, 5.
5 9 . O n Galen's testimony, see the remarks of V. Nutton in his commentary on Galen, On Prognosis, pp. 163 , as well as Hahn, Der Philosoph und die Gesell sch , p. 29 n. 42; pp. 148 (on philosophical li in Rome during Galen's time). On the careers of these personages, see G. Al ldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter den Antoninen (Bonn, 1977); Bowersock, Greek Sophists in the Roman Em
pire, p. 82.
60. Persius, Satires, III, 54.
61. Galen, In Hippocrat. Epidem. , VI, ed. Wenkelbach/P (Berlin, 19562),
p. 206 = vol. XVII B, p. 15 K hn. The conclusions drawn om this text by Dailly and van E enterre, in "Le cas Marc-Aurele," Revue des Ctudes anciennes, 56 (1954): 365, are risky to say the least. Remarks on Imperial shions in hairstyles may be und in ]. Marquardt, Das Privatleben der Romer (1886; reprinted Darmstadt, 1980), vol. II, p. 602.
62. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 35, 2.
2. A First Glimpse the Meditations
1. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 24, 1; c A. S. L. Farquharson, The Meditations ofthe EmperorMarcus Aurelius (Ox rd, 1968), vol. I, p. xiv.
2. Themistius, Oratio 6 (Philadelphoi), 81c.
3. Aurelius Victor, Book the Caesars, 16, 9; Historia Augusta, Avidius Cas sius, III, 6-7.
4. Nicephoras Callistos Xanthopoulos, Ecclesiastical Histo , III, 3 1 , in Mi gne's Patrologia Graeca, vol. 145, col. 960.
5. Suidae Lexikon, ed. A. Adler (Stuttgart, 1967'), vol. III, §214, p. 328, 24.
6. Arethae Scripta Minora, ed. L. G. Westerink (Leipzig [Teubner], 1968), vol. I, p. 305.
7. Ibid. , vol. II, p. I05, 5 (= Meditations, I, 7, 7); Scholia in Lucianum, ed. H. Rabe (Leipzig [Teubner], 1906), pp. 189, 207 (= Meditations, VIII, 25; 37).
8. C P. Meyer, "Des Joseph Bryennios Schri en, Leben und Bildung,"
Notes to Pages 22-32 321
Byzantinische Zeitschr i , 5 (l 896): IO, who points out several literal citations om Marcus in the writings ofthis eenth-century author.
9. Ioannis Reuchlin, De arte cabalistica libri tres (Hagenau, l517), p. verso (quoting Meditations, IV, 36, designated by the rmula "in libro ad se ipsum tertio," as well as VII, 23); p. xlviii verso (quoting IV, 28, 2, where the verb haploun is understood not in the sense of"to simpli onesel " but "to get rid o " "to ee oneself": explicare se). On the manuscript ofMarcus used by Reuch lin, c L. Bergson, "Fragment einer Marc-Aurel-Handschrift," Rheinisches Mu seum, 129 (1986): l 57-169.
IO. Marci Antonini Imperatoris de rebus suis, sive de eis quae ad se pertinere censebat libri XII, commentario perpetuo explicati atque illustrati studio Thomae Gatak eri, Cambridge, 1652.
l l. C P. Hadot, "Pre ce" to the Dictionnaire desphilosophes antiques, publish ed under the direction ofRichard Goulet, vol. I (Paris, 1989), p. IO.
12. P.
Moraux, Galien de Pergame: Souvenirs d'un medicin (Paris, 1985), p. 153; L . Brisson, M. -0. Goulet-Caze, e t al. , Po hyre, e de Plotin, vol. I (Paris,
1982), p. 283.
13. Arethae Scripta Minora, vol. I, p. 305.
14. Anthologia Palatina, book XV, §23, in The Greek Anthology, XII, 135: "If
you want to vanquish sadness, open this blessed book and go over it care lly; with its help, you will easily persuade yourself of this oh so uit l truth: whether past, present or ture, pleasures and pains are naught but smoke. "
15. Suidae Lexikon, ed. A. Adler (Stuttgart, 19672), §214, vol. III, p. 328, 24.
16. See Meric Casaubon's edition ofMarcus Aurelius: Marci Antonini Impera toris De seipso et ad seipsum libri XII (London, 1643), Prolegomena, pp. 12-14 (unnumbered pages), citing the second edition ofthe Editioprinceps (1568).
17. See Casaubon, pp. 2-3 ofhis notes, which are at the end ofthe work.
18. Gataker, p. 24.
19. Caspar Barthius, Adversariorum Commentariorum Libri LX (Frank rt, 1 624) ,
Book I, ch. 2, pp. 22-24.
20. J. -P. de Joly, Pensees de l'empereur Marc Aurele (Paris, 17732), pp. xxxiv-
xliii.
2r. Farquharson, pp. lxiv-lxvii.
22. Renan, pp. 157-158.
23. G. Misch, Geschichte derAutobiographie, I, 2 (Bern, 19512), p. 449.
24. P. A. Brunt, "Marcus Aurelius in His Meditations, " Jou al of Roman
Studies, 64 (1974): r.
25. Fronto, Ad Marc. Caesar. , II, 8, 3, p. 29, 2 Van den Hout = vol. I, p. 138
Haines.
26. Brunt in Jou al ef Roman Studies, 64, p. 3 n. 12; R. B. Rutherford,
Meditations, p. 29 n. 90.
27. C Photius, Libra , vol. II, codex no. 175, pp. 170-171 Henry. 28. Aulus Gellius, Pre ce, §2.
322 Notes to Pages 32-52
29. Plutarch, On the Tranquillity ofthe Soul, I, 464F.
30. Augustine, Soliloquies, ed. and trans. P. de Labriolle, in Oeuvres de saint Augustin, 1st series, V, Dialogues philosophiques, II, Dieu et /'Ame (Paris, 1935), p. 25.
3 I. Po hyry, Li efPlotinus, 8, 4.
32. See E. Arns, La Technique du /ivre d'apres saintJerome (Paris, 1953), pp. 47- 4 8 ( q u o t i n g t h e Pa t r o l o g i a l a t i n a , v o l . 2 5 , 1 1 1 8 A ) .
33. Brunt in]ou al ofRoman Studies, 64: I, quoting Cassius Dio, LXXII, 36, 2.
34. T. Dorandi, "Den Autoren ber die Schulter geschaut: Arbeitsweise und Autographie bei den antiken Schri stellern," Zeitschr fur Papyrologie und Epi g phik, 87 (1991): II-33, especially pp. 29-33.
35. On the meaning ofthis term, see Arns, Technique du livre, pp. 18-22.
36. J. -P. deJoly, Pensees de Marc Aurele, pp. xiv-xliii.
37. Brunt, "Marcus Aurelius," pp. 1-15; G. Cortasso, Filosofo, i libri, la
memoria. Poeti e. loso nei Pensieri di Marco Aurelio (Turin, 1989), pp. 60; Ia n. I I (bibliography) .
3 . The Meditations as Spiritual Exercises
I. Epictetus, Discourses, I, 3, 1; I, 18, 20; II, 16 (title); III, IO, I. 2 . Victor Hugo, Quatre-vingt-treize, III, 2 , 7.
3. Stoi. ciens, pp. 48 (§§I00--I01)[= Diogenes Laertius, Lives, VII, IOI-102], 271 [= Cicero, On Ends, III, 8, 27 ]; S , vol. III, §§29-48; Epictetus, Dis courses, IV, I, I33.
4 . I am llowing here the division of the text proposed by Theiler, but I retain, with Dalfen, the reading mimos.
5. Stoi. ciens, p. 97 [= Plutarch, On Stoic Se -Contradictions, 9, I035A ] =SVF, vol. III, §68.
6. Cicero, On the Laws, I, 7, 33; I, 12, 33, carries out the same linkage between the idea of common law and that of the community among reasonable beings .
7. Lucretius, On the Nature of Things, III, I024-I052; F. Villon, Ballade des dames du temps Jadis, in Villon, Poesies completes (Paris, Livre de poche, Lettres gothiques, 1991), p. I I7. Cf G. B. Conte, "Il trion della Morte e la galleria dei grandi trapassati in Lucrezio III, I024-I053," Studi italiani di lologia classica, NS, 37 (1965): II4-132, especially p. 131 n. 2.
8. Stoi iens, p. 58 (§134) [= Diogenes Laertius, Lives, VII, 134]; SVF, vol. II, §§299-305.
9. On the use ofGreek in Rome, cf Quintillian, Instit. , I, I, 12; I. Hadot, Arts liberaux etphilosophie dans lapensee antique (Paris, 1984), p. 248.
IO. As is the view of]. M. Rist, "Are You a Stoic? " in Meyer and Sanders, eds. ,Jewish and Christian Se -De nition.
I I . Aulus Gellius, Attic N hts, VII, I , 7; VII, 2, I .
Notes to Pages 54-58 323
4 . The Philosopher-Slave and the Emperor-Philosopher
r . On quotations in Marcus Aurelius, see the excellent study by G. Cortassa, Filos o, i libri, la memoria. Poeti e. los nei Pensieri di Marco Aurelio (Turin, 1989).
2. See, r example, A. A. Long, "Heraclitus and Stoicism," Philosophia, 5-6 (1975-1976): 133-153.
3. Cf M. Conche, He clite, Fragmen (Paris, 1986), pp. 68-69 ( . II Con che = . 73 Diels/Kranz). See G. Cortassa, Filos o, pp. 41-54. [Cf Charles H. Kahn, The Art and Thought ofHeraclitus (Cambridge, 1979), . v. , pp. 30-3r. -Trans. ]
4. Cf Conche, p. 333 ( . 96 Conche = 71 Diels/Kranz) [= . cvi, pp. 76-77 Kahn -Trans. ].
5. Ibid. , p. 71 ( . 12 Conche = 75 Diels/Kranz) [= . xci, pp. 70-71 Kahn]. 6. Ibid. , p. 65 ( . IO Conche = 72 Diels/Kranz) [= . v, pp.
