No More Learning

13 It begins with these words " Fuit in Britannia insula, provincia Northanumbrana
Manuscripta," p. 262. 18 "
It begins with :
bilis in Hibernia, Kilianus. " Ex MSS. In- sulis, apud Claudium Doresmieulx.
19 One is on vellum, and of the thirteenth
57. olim Colbert.
21
This is of the eighteenth century, and
22
Kiliani Ep. et Sociorum Passio.
Fuit vir vitae venera-
124 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAJATS. [July 8.
The Acts of this Martyrdom of St. Kilian and of his companions are thought to have been written by P2gilvvald,3° a monk of St. Burchard's, at
1
This biography, however, has been interpolated, nor do we know if an original copy of it can now be found. John of Erford 3a also wrote the Life of our saint, in Latin verse. 33
St. Kilian and his companions, Martyrs, are commemorated in the
" 34 andin Atthe8thof Hystorie plurimorum Sanctorum," Capgrave. W
July, Lippeloo notices them,36 as also Baillet,37 and in the Benedictine collec-
tion 38 are to be found. The learned writer Nicolaus Serarius they Jesuit
has admirably illustrated the Acts of these Martyrs,^ m some historic and dogmatic notes, he has added to the Lives of the Saints, as published by Surius. The Acts of St. Kilian and of his companions are also preserved in
given a previous commentary,48 with notes appended to those Acts. The first in order of these is that found substantially in the Admont Manuscript^ and the second is that, which is met with in the Harleian Manuscript. s° This has been attributed to the monk Egilvvardus. 51 The Bollandists obtained
28 Intituled, Vitse Sanctorum Kiliani Epis- 39 His notes were issued in 1598.
copi Wirzhurgensis, Kolomani Presbyteri et 40 See "Antique Lectiones," tomus iv. , Totnani Mariyrum. See Charles Purton pars ii. , p. 628.
Wurtzburg. 3
40 but the Life as issued here is
Martyrs have been published by John Bale,42 as also by Laurence Surius,43 in eleven paragraph? ; but, according to his method, abbreviating original docu- ments and polishing their style ;44 by Molanus also, by Mabillon,45 and by Baronius. Messingham*6 has published the Life of St. Kilian, with notes. The Bollandists have issued the Acts of those holy Martyrs, at the 8th day of July. 47 Their editor has been Father John Baptist Soller, S. J. , who has
Canisius,
interpolated.
holy
Cooper's Supplement to Appendix A. , p. 63.
29 Intituled, Vita S. Kyliani.
3° He wrote the Life of St. Burchard.
31 In that Life of our saint, attributed te
41
According to the learned critic Pagius. He remarks, also, that in St. Kilian's authentic Life the day for his death is not found.
him, and published by the Bollandists, at
the close, the writer promises to write a Life cimaquarta, num. xxiii. , xxiiii. , pp. 196,
ofSt. Burchard.
32 He was a monk in the Monastery of St.
Stephen, and he lived in the fourteenth cen-
197.
43 See "De Probatis Sanctorum Vitis,"
vol. iv. , viii. Julii, pp. 135 to 138.
44 Without a consciousness of the fact,
tury.
33 Serrarius saw a copy of it, but he only he has thus very considerably lessened the
furnishes the following short specimen :—
"Sanctorum merita norunt compungere mentes.
Cura solicita studiove pio recolen- tes. "
value of his work. "
47 See ** Acta Sanctorum," tomus ii. , Julii 34 Published at Louvain, a. d. 1485. See viii. De S. Kiliano Episc. et Martyre,
fol. xciii. , xciiii.
3s See " Nova Legenda Anglise," fol. ccxiii.
36 See "Vitze Sanctorum," vol. iii. , pp. 101 to 106.
3? See " Les Vies des Saints," tome ii. ,
Colomano seu Colonato et Totnano ejus Sociis. Herbipoli in Franconia.
48 In six sections, and fifty-nine para-
graphs.
49 This is contained in nine paragraphs.
Throughout the succeeding part of this bio- graphy, we shall allude to this as the First
pp. 129 to 132.
38 See Mabillon and D'Achery's "Acta Life of St. Kilian.
s° There is a Prologue of the Author, and saec ii. , A. D. 600 to 700. The Acts proper afterwards follow two chapters, comprising are in 12 paragraphs; there are previous twenty-three paragraphs. To this we shall
observations in 3 paragraphs, pp. 991 to allude in succeeding pages, as the Second
993-
Sanctorum Ordinis S. Benedicti," tomus ii. ,
4 1 The Acts of those
42 See " Illustrium Scriptorum
Majoris Brytanniai," Posterior Pars, Centuaria De-
45 See Annales Ordinis S. Benedicti,"
tomus i. , lib. xvii. , num. lxviii. , pp. 586,
See Florilegium Insula; Sanctorum," pp. 318 to 330.
587.
46 "
LifeofSt. Kilian.
July 8. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. "5
3 which they have used in collation with those of Acts," published by Canisius and Mabillon. The Acts of St. Kilian and of his com- panions are to be found in the works of Dr. Meredith Hanmer,5* Dean
6
Cressey," of Bishop Challenor,s of Rev. Alban Butler,57 and of Rev.
by
they are separated from him in veneration. One record left us regarding St. Kilian's Life, presents the statement, that he was a Scotus from Ireland. 61 Some of the Scotch writers have preferred a claim for his birth having occurred in Scotland, from the account of his being set down as a Scotus. That he was a native of Ireland is almost universally admitted ; but, we have
Killinus, Killenus, Chillianus, Cilianus, Ccelianus, Chilianus, Quillianus, Kyllena and Killena. By the Germans he is called Kulhn. 6 3 In like manner, the names of his companions in suffering have been confused by various writers : thus, we find Colman and Totnan written Colmann and Totmann ;
other
Manuscripts^
8 Hubert M'Laughlin. *
"
60 The second Life is still more explicit :
That St. Kilian—as also inferentially
his
Colman nnd St. Totnan—had belonged to the Scottish land by birth
59
race co is stated in the ancient Acts. The latter holy Martyrs, as subor- dinate to St. Kilian, are often not mentioned in accounts of his mission, or
62
or Kilianus as Latinized, has been varied by different writers of his Acts to
no account of the part of it to which he belonged.
The name of St. Kilian,
58 See
to the of Mabillon. 61 A talented native in a
51
As it comes to us, it appears to abound in errors, if we are not to deem these attribu-
table to interpolation.
53 One of these was obtained " a nostro
proegrandiValcellensiseu Moretianocodice. " Another is described as "puriora Acta ex schedis IUustrissimi Episcopi Lindani. "
53 The most ancient of our Martyr's Acts are supposed to have been written after the time of St. Raban Maur—who lived in the early part of the ninth century—and for sufficient reasons adduced by Father Sober.
54 See " Chronicle of Ireland," pp. 155,
156.
55 See "The Church History of Brittany,"
book xxiii. , chap, xxv. , pp. 613 to 615.
s6 See " Brittannia Sancta," part ii. , pp.
24 to 27.
57 See " Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs,
and other principal Saints, vol. vii. , July viii.
"
Biographical Sketches of Ancient Irish Saints," sect, xii. , pp. 182 to 192.
59 The Bollandists' first Life have it: "Fuit vir vitse venerabilis, nomine Killinus quem Scottica tellus de magno ededit genere," &c.
According
opinion
poet,
entitled, "St. Kilian," or " A Lay of the
early Missionary Days," gives the following particulars—probably founded on local tra- dition—concerning his place of birth in Breffney. However, we are inclined to be- lieve, that this has reference rather to a St. Caillin, who was venerated on the 13th of November. How the infancy of St. Kilian had been passed is thus described :
" Nursed beneath an Irish mountain, by an Irish mother's hand,
Beatus Kilianus, Scotorum genere nobili- bus ortus parentibus, divinae tamen gratias factus et nobilitate clarissimus. "
61 The Second Life afterwards continues its account of St. Kilian, as being of Scottish
"
origin :
sula est maris Oceani, fcecunda
bis, sed sanctissimis clarior viris ; ex qui bus Columbano gaudet Italia, Gallo ditatur Ale- mannia ; Kibano Teutonica nobilitatur Francia. "
—"
Scotia, quae et Hibernia dicitur in-
quidem gle-
companions
in
Martyrdom, St.
Where the wild Borora whispers to the meadows of the land,
Taught the music of the harper and the anthems of the blest,
Kilian grew as grows the ash-tree by the ruins of the west.
Winter stars that light in splendour
Eire's calm and and solemn
Might have borrowed their chaste brightness from the gleaming of his
eye;
The young lily bending lowly when
the dew is in the air,
Was a type of his meek spirit when
his young lips moved in prayer. "
63 See Bishop Challerior's " Britannia
Sancta," part ii. , p. 24.
6* To this list seems to be added in the
Second Life Columbanus and Gallus. Sige- bert, Reginus, and others quoted by Sera- rius, add to or take away some of those names, or vary them into many forms.
"
A Wreath of Shamrocks : Ballads, Songs and Legends," by John K. Casey (Leo), pp. 116 to 131.
composition
sky,
and
126 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [July 8.
Calan and Totmann ; Colonatus and Tothnanus Colanan and Tornanan j;
DolomannandTholraannj ColomannandTolmann. Again,theirnamesare written as Colonat and Tothnat. Other persons have been added to these, as companions of St. Kilian, such as Gallonus, Arnuuales and Donanus. 6* St. Kilian and his companions in martyrdom are also variedly noticed, in some of the Calendars ; but, it is correct to state, that the three soldiers of Christ who travelled together, and who alone were put to death at Wurtz- burg, were Saints Kilian, Colman and Totnan, while such has been the con- tinued and universally received tradition of the clergy and people, who regard them as their special patrons. 65
St. Kilian was of an illustrious family, and, it is even stated, that this vene-
rable martyr was of royal descent. 66 The respectability of his origin is 6
vouched for, by the ancient writers of his Acts. 7 There are no data in his
we can even — decide on the Acts, notwithstanding, whereby approximately
period of h—is birth; but, probably it was a little before and certainly not much after the middle of the seventh century.
Almost from his infancy, St. Kilian had a taste for study, and for the
acquirement of knowledge, especially that tending to inform his mind on sub- jects of highest interest to every true Christian. His talents for the acquisi-
tion of learning manifested themselves, by progress and perseverance in his studies ; while the latter were directed in a more especial manner to those branches of knowledge, which might enable him to gain souls for Christ. Especially, he applied with untiring endeavours, to the study of Holy Scrip- ture. On all occasions, he sought the direction of the Holy Ghost, to enlighten his mind on those matters, that were "hard to be understood, which the unlearned and unstable wrest, as they do also other Scriptures, to their own destruction. 68 With diffidence in his own judgment, and in his powers of understanding, Kilian referred all natural and acquired penetration to that Almighty Being, from whom he received it ; and hence, he was deemed worthy those superior gifts of intellect and of disposition, which placed him in advance of so many students, who applied to sacred erudition. After a most excellent course of instruction, which it appears his parents took care to procure for him, it has been asserted, that at an early age, Kilian devoted
himself to the monastic 6? Such was the he made in profession. progress
obedience, abstemiousness, prayer and vigil, that it was deemed expedient for
him to take sacred orders, and he was advanced accordingly through the
various grades. Having attained the dignity of the priesthood, he was care-
ful to discharge well its duties. His charities and other good works became
conspicuous ; while his brethren, admiring his great virtues, desired he should
succeed to a higher charge. 7° Having embraced the monastic life, he is said to
have some 1 However, it has been doubted if there be governed monastery. 7
2
sufficient evidence, to establish such a conclusion ;7
while Father Soller
65 See the Bollandists' " Acta Sancto-
rum," tomusii. , Julii viii. DeS. KilianoEpis.
et Martyre, Colomano seu Colonato et Tot-
name of this writer,
68
nano 66 "
Sociis. Herbipoli in Franconia. In Hiberniaregio sanguine natu? . "
—
ii. Peter, iii. , 16.
69 According to the Second Life,
7° This is stated in his Second Life. »'
ejus
Molanus. See, also, Lippelo, Surius and I . anig—an, I do not find any particular men-
B. ironius. linn. "
67 But according to the depreciatory vol. iii. , chap, xviii. , sect, x. , p. 115.
account, given by Dr. Meredith Hanmer, a certain writer " saith he was a king's base
7a Trithemius goes so far as to state, that he was both monk and abbot in the monastery of Iona. This statement is wholly ground- less.
"
We are not further enlightened regarding the
sonne. " See
Chronicle of Ireland," p. 155.
"Of which, however," adds Rev. Dr. "
"Ecclesiastical History of Ireland,"
July 8. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 127
thinks it to be just as likely, that neither was St. Kilian an abbot, nor were his companions monks. St. Kilian's pastoral labours, after his call to the sacred ministry, were continued for several years ; while many souls were converted from evil courses, during their exercise. At last, he had a Divine
:
admonition,7^ and he heard these words " He that desires to come after
me, let him deny himself, take up his cross, and follow me. " 74
Already, St. Kilian had announced the Gospel with much fruit in his own country. According to some accounts, he was there advanced to the epis-
copal dignity. 75 This, too, seems most probable, from all we can learn, in reference to his career. As an effective and a persuasive preacher, he acquiredgreatrenown. AmongtheIrishclergy,hewaslookeduponasthe most erudite scholar, their country could possibly produce ; although the fame of Irish seminaries for learning was even then diffused over most European countries. The zeal of Kilian, for the propagation of Divine Faith among the pagans, induced him to think of leaving his family, friends and native country. Proposing his design to his companions,76 and pointing out with earnestness and eloquence the unhappy condition of those, who were yet asleep in sin and ignorance, and in whose ears the voice of Gospel heralds had not yet resounded ; our saint created a like desire in the souls of eleven amongthem,andtheseresolvedtoaccompanyhim. 77 Thechiefoneamong them was a priest, named Colman, who afterwards suffered martyrdom
together with St. Kilian. A Deacon, named Totnam, also the companion of his suffering,78 was one of those companions. The year 686 is that most correctly set down for their departure from Ireland ; and, it has been con- jectured, that St. Kilian was mature in years, at that period. A few months before this, John V. 7 ? had been raised to the Pontificate. On setting out, their course was directed first to Britain. Thence, they sailed for the shores ofFrance. 80 On landing, they proceeded towards Franconia, which lay
beyond
theRhine. At cametothe length, they
siteof This
Wurtzburg,
then
only
which is there crossed by a fine bridge.
place
"
73 This is stated in the First Life.
74 St. Matt, xvi. , 24.
75 We read in the First Life of St. Kilian, ut exinde pontificate didicissit regere cut-
village,
81
is now
This city is surrounded by a lofty
disertimscribit in Martyrologio Beda . . . Et Paulo post. Lectionarius Moguntinus liber enumerat Colonatum, Gallonem, Ar- nuuildem, Presbyteros, Totnatum Diaco- num, septemque alios. " Serarius, in Vita S.
Kiliani, notis.
79 He only ruled one year from A. D. 685 to
686. See Sir Harris Nicolas' "Chronology of History," p. 210.
8o However, Thadaeus, Abbot of the
present 82 in which there was a castle.
a small
the capital of the circle of Lower Franconia, and a handsome city of Bavaria, very pleasantly situated, chiefly on the right bank of the River Main,
men," &c. The Bollandist editor, Father Soller, thinks, for reasons he assigns, that St. Kilian had been consecrated as bishop in his
"
own country. See "Acta Sanctorum, tomus
ii. , Julii viii. De S. Kiliano Episc. et
Martyre, Colomano seu Colonato et Totnano
ejus Sociis. Herbipoli in Franconia, Com-
mentarius Prsevius, sect, ii. , num. 9, IO IJ >>
pp. 601, 602.
ts In the First Life, their names are thus
incorrectly given : "id est Lonato ac Gal- lone at Arnuvalle presbyteris et Totnano diacano," &c.
77 We read "qui quod mente conceperat pro- positum, sociis communicans, invenit omnes non tantum sed divini
impellentes. " Baronius' Annales Ecclesi- astici," tomus xii. , A. D. 686, sect, vii. , p. 500. 78 "De sancti Kiliani duos fuisse
sociis,
Scots, at Ratisbon writes
:
" Ad—Flandriam
consentientes, spiritus
topolis, and also Praxipolis; afterwards Her-
bipolis; also Wirtziburgum, Wirziburgum
and Wirceburgum, in the vernacular German
Wurtzburg.
82 In the an in- Topographia Meriani,
caloresuccens—os,ipsumqui hortabaturad opus teresting account of this city may be found, " 83"
8l
Its first name is said to have been Mus-
comitatu
Canisius' Antiquce Lectiones," tomus iv. , Fragmen-
prospero "
pervenerunt. " turn Chronicum, p. 473.
See GazetteeroftheWorld,"vol. xiv. ,
p. 562.
b4 See "The or Popular Encyclopedia;
I2 8 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [July 8.
wall and deep ditches, as also having six gates. On the opposite bank is the 8
citadel or castle of Marienburg, situated on a rock 400 feet in height. * The soil around this city is very fertile, producing much grain, while fine vine- yards abound in its vicinity, along the hills over the valley of the Maine. ** Wurtzburg was then ruled by a potentate, whose name we do not learn ; but
who was succeeded by a person of distinction named Gozbert
Regarding his origin or station, little appears to be known. ? Paganism universally prevailed among the people, in that part of Germany, at the time of their arrival. 88 The Irish evangelists, if not highly successful at first, yet hadgoodhopesforthefuture. Thinkinghisprospectsofsuccesssufficiently flattering, the holy missionary Kilian adopted measures, which seemed to him best calculated to carry out his designs for the conversion of that nation.
CHAPTER II.
THE HOLY MISSIONARIES PREACH WITH GREAT EFFECT AT WURTZBURG—DUKE GOSBERT'S CONVERSION—SAINTS KILIAN, COLMAN AND TOTNAN JOURNEY TO ROME —FAVOURABLY RECEIVED BV POPE CONAN —COMMISSIONED TO PREACH THE GOSPEL IN FRANCONIA—GEILANE, THE WIFE OF GOSBERT, PLANS THEIR DEATH—MARTYR- DOM OF THE SAINTS— REMARKABLE VISITATIONS OF GOD ON ALL THOSE WHO WERE INSTRUMENTAL IN IT—HONOURS AFTERWARDS PAID TO THEIR MEMORY—THEIR RELICS—MEMORIALS OF THE MARTYRS IN GERMANY AND IN IRELAND, AND IN OTHER COUNTRIES—THEIR FESTIVALS—CONCLUSION.
The missionaries directed their course towards Wurtzburg, then ruled over by Duke Gosbertus. Although a Pagan, he had a mind gifted with superior intel- ligence. It is stated^ that he had a great veneration for Diana, who was the goddess he chiefly worshipped. Meantime, the zealous missionaries had applied themselves to the study of a strange language ; and such were the graces granted to them by the Almighty, that in a short time, not only did they learn it very perfectly, but they were able to speak it with fluency. Here they began to proclaim in a public manner, the great mission on which they were sent, and to carry out the objects for which they had cheerfully aban- doned their native country, already subdued to that Faith its first great Apostle St. Patrick had announced. The gratitude of a people, rescued from pagan darkness and idolatry, had excited in the minds of those mo—st devoted servants of God an earnest—desire to bestow upon other nations now sunk in the same dismal shades that gift which should profit more than all other
advantages a nation might enjoy. Such were the feelings, and such the pur- poses, by which their present course had been directed. After these declara-
tions, they began to explain the nature and doctrines of the Christian religion,
contrasting it in the most favourable light with pagan errors, and showing the debasing influence of these latter over men's minds and passions. The
Conversations Lexicon," vol. vii. , p. 128.
*5 Like many of the kings and chiefs of the micklle ages, but for the Acts of the Saints, Gosbert and his wife Geilana should dis-
appear from history.
& So is he called, in the Martyrology of
Notker.
"
8? Mabillon states Gosbertum regionis the Life of St. K—ilian. Notatio 14.
ducem, Iletani semoris filium, Ruodis nepo- CHAPTER
'
This is not stated, in the
tern, quern RabanusinMartyrologiojudicem, Sigcbertus principem Wirtziburgensium vo-
—"Annates Ordinis S. Benedicti,"
cat. "
tomus i. , lib. xvii. , num. lxviii. , p. 587.
88
Serrarius has given a very learned I )is- quisition on the idolatrous worship, which then prevailed in Franconia, in his notes to
II.
*5
86
8
or Cospert.
JUly 8. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 129
novelty of their doctrines, combined with the learning, eloquence and per- suasiveness of their preachers, attracted immense crowds of persons to hear them. These listened with great respect, and felt very anxious to have a repetition of arguments and explanations offered, by their newly arrived Apostles.
The report of Kilian's eloquence no sooner reached the ears of Prince Gozbert, than he hastened to increase and personally to influence the number of auditors. He procured an immediate interview with the holy Bishop. The latter improved the occasion, by laying before him those arguments establishing the great truths of Christianity. He dwelt on the nature and attributes of God ; on the mystery of the Holy Trinity ; and on the general plan of salvation, in which Christ took upon Himself our human nature, and suffered on the cross at the hands of Jews. This movement on Gosbert's part—in the beginning, perhaps, the result of mere curiosity—proved an occasion for opening the king's eyes to the light of Faith. The first inter- view led to continued and more prolonged conferences, concerning religious subjects.
After receiving all necessary explanations and instructions, this Prince conceived a most exalted idea of the doctrine taught by the saint. He admired, too, that spirit of self-sacrifice which could thus impel men to aban- don friends, home and native country, to encounter in its propagation those perils of various kinds, to which they had necessarily been exposed. Gosbert encouraged the missionaries to labour anew in a field, which then afforded such happy expectations and results. He then made a public profession of the true Faith. He sought and obtained the sacrament of regeneration, at the instance of St. Kilian. He is said to have been baptized, with many
1 others,onthedayprevioustothatofourLord'sResurrection, andwhich
corresponded with Holy Saturday.
The example given by the Prince induced numbers to seek the baptismal
font. Christianity soon began to spread among the people. In less than two years after this event, idolatry had altogether disappeared from Wurtz- burg city, and from its dependent territories, while the Christian religion was thus proudly established, instead of the former Gentile superstitions. After making himself acquainted with the wants of the inhabitants, and the neces- sitiesoftheircondition,St. KilianthenundertookajourneytoRome. He resolved to seek the Pontifical sanction, for opening there his new mission. 2 Colman and Totnam were his companions on the way. They arrived at Rome, a. d. 686, according to the most probable accounts. On their arrival
there, they found the holy See in possession of Pope John V. 's successor, who was named Conon. 3 Kilian was examined by the Pontiff, regarding his
religious profession and doctrine. * However, there appears to be no reason for supposing, that the Pope had any grounds for suspecting his orthodoxy. s Those strangers were graciously received by the Pope. St. Kilian revealed
First Life of St. Kilian, and Serrarius ap- pears to have wasted his researches, in try- ing to ascertain why this day had been chosen. See Art. 15, in his annotations on our saint's Acts.
3
this resolve had been formed in Flanders "ubi
per Angelicam visionem revelatum fuit bea-
tissimo Kiliano, ut per Alemaniam iter
Pontefici," tomo secondo, An. 686.
* Probably, to discover whether or not, he had been infected with any leaven of Pelagian heresy, and which had prevailed to some extent among people inhabiting the
The Abbot Thadaeus seems to imply, that
dirigeret versus Romam ; et sic pervenit
British Isles.
s Such is the
of Father Soller, in this relation found in his
^ Romam. "—
opinion
"
tomus iv. Fragmentum Chronicon Thadaei
about
Canisius,
Antiquae Lectiones,"
treating Acts.
Vol. VII. —No. 3.
2
Abbatis, Scotorum Ratisbonse, p. 473.
3 « yn eletto Pontefice a '21 Ottobre del
—"
686. " De Novaes' Storia de Sommi
130 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [July 8.
his projects and purposes, for approval of the Sovereign Pontiff. Being satisfied on the score of his orthodoxy, this Pope is said to have created him a regionary Bishop, but without assigning him to any fixed See. He con- ferred upon St. Kilian, however, full powers for regulating all religious obser- vances, and in such a manner, as rendered his authority wholly independent of any other episcopal jurisdiction, saving only the rights and privileges of
the Roman Church, and that obedience he owed its Chief.
wise obtained permission to preach with apostolic authority.
The saint like- It has been
stated,
years,
6 that St.