$ 2), namely,
himself was worshipped in Egypt as a god.
himself was worshipped in Egypt as a god.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
) This confusion Athenians and Cretang.
with the Cabeiri also accounts for Samothrace being Though he is represented as living in the early
in some accounts described as their residence (Diod. heroic period, the age of Minos and of Theseus, he
v. 64; comp. Arnob. adr. Gent. iii. 41); and Dio is not mentioned by Homer, except in one doubt-
dorus states, on the authority of Cretan historians, ful passage. (See below. )
that the Dactyls had been occupied in incantations The ancient writers generally represent Dae-
and other magic pursuits; that thereby they ex- dalus as an Athenian, of the royal race of the
cited great wonder in Samothrace, and that Or- Erechtheidae (Paus. vii. 4. & 5; Plut. Thes. 18. )
pheus was their disciple in these things. Their Others called him a Cretan, on account of the long
connexion or identification with the Curetes eren time he lived in Crete. (Auson. Idyll. 12; Eustath.
led to their being regarded as the same as the ad Hom. Il. xvii. 592; Paus. viii. 53. $ 3. )
Roman Penates. (Arnob. iii. 40. ) According to According to Diodorus, who gives the fullest ac-
a tradition in Clemens Alexandrinus (Strom. i. p. count of him (iv. 76—79), he was the son of
362) the Dactyls did not discover the iron in the Metion, the son of Eupalamus, the son of Erech-
Phrygian Ida, but in the island of Cyprus; and theus. (Comp. Plato, Ion. p. 553; Paus. vii. 4.
others again transfer them to mount Ida in Crete, $ 5. ) Others make him the son of Eupalamus, or
although the ancient traditions of the latter island of Palamaon. (Paus. ix. 3. & 2; Hygin. Fab. 39,
scarcely contain any traces of early working in corrected by 274; Suid. s. r. Ilépõikos iepóv ;
metal there. (Apollon. Rhod. i. 1129; Plin. H. N. Serv. ad Virg. Aen. vi. 14. ) His mother is
vii. 57. ) Their number appears to have originally called Alcippe (Apollod. ii. 15. $ 9), or Iphinoë,
been three : Celmis (the smelter), Damnameneus (Pherecyd. ap. Schol. Soph. Oed. Col. 403), or
(the hammer), and Acmon (the anvil). (Schol. ad Phrasimede. (Schol. ad Plat. Rep. p. 529. ) le de
Apollon. l. c. ). To these others were subsequently voted himself to sculpture, and made great im-
added, such as Scythes, the Phrygian, who in- provements in the art. He instructed his sister's
vented the smelting of iron (Clem. Alex. Strom. i. son, Calos, Talus, or Perdix, who soon came to
p. 362), Heracles (Strab. l. c. ), and Delas. (Euseb. surpass him in skill and ingenuity, and Daedalus
Praep. Erang. x. p. 475. ), Apollonius Rhodius killed him through envy. [PERDIX. ] Being
mentions the hero Titias and Cyllenus as the prin- condemned to death by the Areiopagus for this
cipal Dactyls, and a local tradition of Elis men- murder, he went to Crete, where the fame of his
tioned, besides Heracles, Paconius, Epimedes, skill obtained for him the friendship of Minos.
Jasius, and Idas or Acesidas as Dactyls; but these He made the well-known wooden cow for Pasi-
seem to have been beings altogether different from phaë; and when Pasiphaë gave birth to the
the Idaean Dactyls, for to judge from their names, Minotaur, Daedalus constructed the labyrinth, at
they must have been healing divinities. (Paus. V. Cnossus, in which the monster was kept. (Apollod.
7. $ 4, 14. & 5, 8. § 1, vi. 21. $ 5; Strab. viii. p. 1. c. ; Ovid. Met. viii. : the labyrinth is a fiction,
355. ) Their number is also stated to have been based upon the Egyptian labyrinth, from which
five, ten (five male and five female ones), fifty-two, Diodorus says that that of Daedalus was copied
or even one hundred. The tradition which assigns (i. 97): there is no proof that such a building ever
to them the Cretan Ida as their habitation, de existed in Crete. (Höckh, Creta, i. p. 56. ) For
scribes them as the earliest inhabitants of Crete, his part in this affair, Daedalus was imprisoned hy
and as baving gone thither with Mygdon (or Minos; but Pasiphaë released him, and, as Minos
## p. 927 (#947) ############################################
DACDALUS.
927
DAEDALI'S.
had seized all the ships on the coast of Crete, Dae. arising from a subterranean fire was received in
dalus procured wings for himself and his son such a manner, as to form a pleasant vapour bath.
Icarus (or made them of wood), and fastened them lle also enlarged the summit of mount Eryx hy a
on with wax. Dacdalus himself flew safe over wall, so as to make a firm foundation for the teni-
the Aegean, but, as Icarus flew too near the sun, ple of Aphrodite. For this same temple lie made
the wax by which his wings were fastened on was a honeycomb of gold which could scarcely be dis-
melted, and he dropped down and was drowned tinguished from a real honeycomb. Diodorus adds,
in that part of the Aegean which was called after that he was said to have executed many more
him the Icarian sca. According to a more prostic works of art in Sicily, which had perished through
version of the story, Pasiphaë furnished Daedalus the lapse of time. (Diod. I. c. )
with a ship, in which he fied to an island of the Several other works of art were attributed to
Aegean, where Icarus was drowned in a hasty Daedalus, in Greece, Italy, Libya, and the islands
attempt to land. According to both accounts, of the Mediterrancan. Temples of Apollo at Cipua
Daedalus fled to Sicily, where he was protected by and Cuniae were ascribed to him. (Sil. Ital. xii.
Cocalus, the king of the Sicani, and where he | 102; Virg. Aen, vi. 14. ) In the islands called
executed many great works of art. When Minos Electridae, in the Adriatic, there were said to be
heard where Daedalus had taken refuge, he sailed iwo statues, the one of tin and the other of brass,
with a great feet to Sicily, where he was treach- which Daedalus made to commemorate his arrival
erously murdered by Cocalus or his daughters. at those islands during his flight from Minos.
(Hrgin. Fub. 40, 44. )
They were the images of himself and of his son
Daedalus afterwards left Sicily, to join Iolnüs, Icarus. (Pseud. - Aristot. de Mirab. Auscult. 81;
son of Iphicles, in his newly founded colony in Steph. Byz. s. v. 'Hext pídai vñoni. ) At Vonogissa
Sardinia, and there also he executed many great in Caria there was a statue of Artemis ascribed
works, which were still called Aardadera in the to him. (Steph. Byz. s. v. ) In Egypt he was said
time of Diodorus (iv. 30), who no doubt refers to to be the architect of a most beautiful propylaeum
the Nuraghs, which were also attributed to lolaüs. to the temple of Hephaestus at Memphis, for which
(Pseud. - Aristot. de Mirab. Auscult. 100. ) Another he was rewarded by the erection of a statue of
account was, that he fled from Sicily, in conse himself and made by himself, in that temple.
quence of the pursuit of Minos, and went with (Diod. i. 97. ) Scylax mentions an altar on the
Aristaeus to Sardinia. (Paus. x. 17. $ 3. ) Of coast of Libya, which was sculptured with lions
the stories which connect him with Egypt, the and dolphins by Daedalus. (Periplus, p. 53, ed.
most important are the statements of Diodorus Hudson. ) The temple of Artemis Britomartis, in
(i. 91), that he executed works there, that he Crete, was ascribed to Daedalus. (Solinus, 11. )
copied his labyrinth from that in Egypt, that the There is a passage in which Pausanias mentions
style (gu@uós) of his statues was the same as that all the wooden statues which he believed to be the
of the ancient Egyptian statues, and that Daedalus genuine works of Daedalus (ix. 40.
$ 2), namely,
himself was worshipped in Egypt as a god. two in Boeotia, a Hercules at Thebes, respecting
The later Greek writers explained these myths which there was a curious legend (Paus. ix. 11.
after their usual absurd plan. Thus, accordo SS 2, 3; Apollod. ii. 6. & 3), and a Tropionins at
ing to Lucian, Daedalus was a great master of Lebadeia : in Crete, an Artemis Britomartis at
astrology, and taught the science to his son, who, Olus, and an Athena at Cnossus (the xupós of
soaring above plain truths into transcendental mys- Ariadne is spoken of below): at Delos, a small
teries, lost his reason, and was drowned in the terminal wooden statue of Aphrodite, which was
abyss of difficulties. The fable of Pasiphaë is also said to have been made by Daedalus for Ariadne,
explained by making her a pupil of Daedalus in who carried it to Delos when she fied with The-
astrology, and the bull is the constellation Taurus. seus. Pausanias adds, that these were all the
Palaephatus explains the wings of Daedalus as works of Daedalus which remained at his time,
meaning the invention of sails. (Comp. Paus. ix. for that the statue set up by the Argives in the
11. $ 3. ) If these fables are to be explained at Heraeum and that which Antiphemus had removed
all, the only rational interpretation is, that they from the Sicanian city, Omphace, to Gelos, had
were poetical inventions, setting forth the great perished through time. (Comp. viii. 46. § 2. )
improvement which took place, in the mechanical Elsewhere Pausanias mentions, as works ascribed
as well as in the fine arts, at the age of which to Daedalus, a folding seat (diopos ondað ías) in
Daedalus is a personification, and also the sup- the temple of Athena Polias at Athens (i. 27. ø 1),
posed geographical course by which the fine arts a wooden statue of Hercules at Corinth (ii. 4. c 5),
were first introduced into Greece.
and another on the confines of Messenia and Arca-
When, therefore, we are told of works of art dia (viii. 35. § 2).
which were referred to Daedalus, the meaning is, The inventions and improvements attributed to
that such works were executed at the period when Daedalus are both artistic and mechanical. He
art began to be developed. The exact character of was the reputed inventor of carpentry and its chief
the Daedalian epoch of art will be best understood tools, the saw, the axe, the plumb. line, the anger
from the statements of the ancient writers respect- or gimlet, and glue. (Hesych. s. r. 'Ikápios; Plin.
ing his works. The following is a list of the works H. Ni vii. 56; Varro, ap. Churis. p. 106, ed.
of sculpture and architecture which were ascribed Putsch. ) He was said to have been taught the
to him: In Crete, the cow of Pasiphaë and the art of carpentry by Minerva. (Hvgin. Fub. 39. )
labyrinth. In Sicily, near Megaris, the Colym- Others attribute the invention of the saw to Perdix
bethra, or reservoir, from which a great river, or Talns, the nephew of Daedalus. (Perdix. ] In
named Alabon, flowed into the sea; near Agrigen- naval architecture, the invention of the mast and
tum, an impregnable city upon a rock, in which yards is ascribed to Daedalus, that of the sails to
was the royal palace and treasury of Cocalus; in Icarus. (Plin. l. c. ) In statuary, the improvements
the territory of Selinus a care, in which the vapour attributed to Daedalus were the opening of the
## p. 928 (#948) ############################################
928
DAEDALUS.
DAEDALUS.
eyes and of the feet, which had been formerly | vii. 22. $ 3. ) The next effort was to express the
closed (ovutoda, okéan ouubenkóta, the figures attributes of each particular divinity, which was
of Daedalus were called diabeEnkóta), and the ex- at first done only by forming an image of the head,
tending of the hands, which had been formerly probably in order to denote purely intellectual at-
placed down close to the sides (kabeluévai kad taas tributes : hence the origin of terminal busts, and
Theupais KeKola nuévai, Diod. 1. c. ; Suid. s. r. the reason foi their remaining in use long after the
Δαιδάλου ποιήματα). In consequence of these art of sculpturing the whole figure had attained 10
improvements, the ancient writers speak of the the highest perfection. But there were some dei-
statues of Daedalus as being distinguished by an ties for the expression of whose attributes the bust
expression of life and even of divine inspiration. was not sufficient, but the whole human figure
(Paus. ii. 4. & 5; Plato, passim, and particularly was required. In the earliest attempts to execute
Men. p. 97, ed. Steph. ; Aristot. Polil. i. 4: the such figures, wood would naturally be selected as
last two passages seem to refer to automata, which the material, on account of the case of working it.
we know to have been called Daedalian images : They were ornamented with real drapery and
Aristotle mentions a wooden figure of Aphrodite, bright colours. It was to such works especially,
which was moved by quicksilver within it, as a that the name Saiðala was applied, as we are in-
work ascribed to Daedalus, de Anim. i. 3. S 9 : formed by Pausanias (ix. 3. $ 2), who adds, that
see further, Junius, Catal. Art. p. 64. ) The diffi- they were so called before Daedalus was born at
cult passage in Plato (Hipp. Maj. iii. 281, d. ) is Athens. The accuracy and the expression of such
rightly explained by Thiersch, as being only com- images was restricted not only by the limited skill
parative, and as meant not in disparagement of of the artist, but also, as we see so strikingly in
Daedalus, but in praise of the artists of Plato's Egyptian sculpture, by the religious laws which
time. The material in which the statues of Dae- bound him to certain forms. The period repre-
dalus were made, was wood. The only exception sented by the name of Daedalus was that in which
worth noticing is in the passage of Pausanias (ix. such forms were first broken through, and the at-
40. S 2), παρά τούτοις δε [Κνωσσίοις] και ο της tempt was made to give a natural and lifelike ex-
'Αριάδνης χορός, ου και “Ομηρος εν Ιλιάδι μνήμην pression to statues, accompanied, as such a deve-
εποιήσατο, επειργασμένος εστίν επί λευκού λίθου. Ιopment of any branch of art always is, by a great
(Comp. vii. 4. $ 5. ). The passage of Homer is in improvement in the mechanics of art. The period
the description of the shield of Achilles (11. xviii. when this development of art took place, and the
590-593):
degree of foreign influence implied in the fables
'Εν δε χορόν ποίκιλλε περικλυτος 'Αμφιγυήεις,
about Daedalus, are very difficult questions, and
Τα ίκελον οίόν ποτ' ενί Κνωσό ευρείη
cannot be discussed within the limits of this arti-
Δαίδαλος ήσκησεν καλλιπλοκάμω 'Αριάδνη.
cle. The ancient traditions certainly point to
Egypt as the source of Grecian art. (See especially
Now the mention of a group of dancers as a work Diod. i. 97. ) But, without hazarding an opinion
of Daedalus,—the material, white stone,-the cir- on this point, we may refer to the Egyptian and
cumstance of the poet's representing Hephaestus Etruscan and earliest Greek antiquities, as giving
as copying the work of a mortal artist,-and the some vague idea of what is meant by the Daeda-
absence of any other mention of Daedalus in Ho lian style of sculpture. The remains called Cyclo-
mer,--all this is, at the least, very suspicious. It pcan give a similar notion of the Daedalian archi-
cannot be explained by taking xopòv to mean a tecture. The Daedalian style of art continued to
sort of dance which Daedalus invented (ňoknoev), prevail and improve down to the beginning of the
for we never hear of Daedalus in connexion with fifth century B. C. , and the artists of that long pe-
dancing (Böttiger, Andeutungen, 46), and a sufficient riod were called Daedalids, and claimed an actual
number of examples can be produced from Homer | descent from Daedalus, according to the well-known
of do reiv meaning to make or manufacture. Un- custom by which art was hereditary in certain fa-
less the passage be an interpolation, the best ex- milies. This genealogy was carried down as late
planation is, that xopov means simply a place for as the time of Socrates, who claimed to be a Dae-
dancing; and, further, it is not improbable that dalid. The most important of the Daedalids, be-
Aaloaros may be nothing more than an epithet of sides his son Icarus, and his nephew Talus or
Hephaestus, who is the great artist in Homer, and Perdix, were Scyllis and Dipoenus, whom some
that the whole mythological fable in which Daeda- made the sons of Daedalus (Paus. ii. 15. § 1),
lus was personified had its origin in the misunder- Endoeus of Athens (Paus. i. 26. $ 5), Learchus of
standing of this very passage. At all events, the Rhegium (Paus. iii. 17. $ 6), and Onatas of Aegina.
group seen by Pausanias at Cnossus, if it really (Paus. v. 25. $ 7. ) All these, however, lived long
was a group of sculpture, must have been the work after the period in which Daedalus is placed.
of an artist later than the Daedalian period, or at Besides Icarus, Daedalus was said to have had a
the very end of it.
son, Japyx, who founded Japygae. (Strab. vi. p.
From these statements of the ancient writers it 279; Eustath. ad Dionys. Perieg. 379. )
is not difficult to form some idea of the period in A oņuos of the Athenian Quan Kerpówis bore
the history of art which the name of Daedalus re- the name of Aaidaridai. (Meurs. de Att. Pop. 8. 2. )
presents. The name itself, like the others which Feasts called Aarôámeta were kept in different
are associated with it, such as Eupalamus, implies parts of Greece.
skill.
2. Of Sicyon, a statuary in bronze, the son and
The earliest works of art, which were attributed disciple of Patrocles, who is mentioned by Pliny
to the gods, were called saloala. Passing from among the artists of the 95th Olympiad. Daeda-
mythology to history, we find sculpture taking its lus erected a trophy for the Eleians in the Altis
rise in idolatry; but the earliest idols were nothing after a victory over ihe Lacedaemonians in the war
more than blocks of wood or stone, which were which lasted B. C. 401-399. Besides this trophy,
worshipped under the name of some gods. (Paus. Daedalus made several statues of athletes, and
## p. 929 (#949) ############################################
DAIPIANTUS.
929
DAMAGETUS.
some other works. (Paus. vi. 2. & 4; 3. SS 2, 3; was slain at the battle of Mantineia, B. c. 362.
6. § 1, x. 9. & 3; Plin. xxxiv. 8. s. 19. & 15. ) It is said that Epaminondas, after he had received
3. A stitnary, born in Bithynia, whose statue his mortal wound, asked successively for Daïphan-
of Zeus Stratius at Nicomedia was greatly admired. tus and lolaïdas, and, when he heard of their death,
(Arrian, ap. Eustath. ad Dionys. Perieg. 796. ) advised his countrymen to make peace. (Plut.
Jlence he probably lived from the time of Alexan- Apophth. Eran. 24 ; Ael.
with the Cabeiri also accounts for Samothrace being Though he is represented as living in the early
in some accounts described as their residence (Diod. heroic period, the age of Minos and of Theseus, he
v. 64; comp. Arnob. adr. Gent. iii. 41); and Dio is not mentioned by Homer, except in one doubt-
dorus states, on the authority of Cretan historians, ful passage. (See below. )
that the Dactyls had been occupied in incantations The ancient writers generally represent Dae-
and other magic pursuits; that thereby they ex- dalus as an Athenian, of the royal race of the
cited great wonder in Samothrace, and that Or- Erechtheidae (Paus. vii. 4. & 5; Plut. Thes. 18. )
pheus was their disciple in these things. Their Others called him a Cretan, on account of the long
connexion or identification with the Curetes eren time he lived in Crete. (Auson. Idyll. 12; Eustath.
led to their being regarded as the same as the ad Hom. Il. xvii. 592; Paus. viii. 53. $ 3. )
Roman Penates. (Arnob. iii. 40. ) According to According to Diodorus, who gives the fullest ac-
a tradition in Clemens Alexandrinus (Strom. i. p. count of him (iv. 76—79), he was the son of
362) the Dactyls did not discover the iron in the Metion, the son of Eupalamus, the son of Erech-
Phrygian Ida, but in the island of Cyprus; and theus. (Comp. Plato, Ion. p. 553; Paus. vii. 4.
others again transfer them to mount Ida in Crete, $ 5. ) Others make him the son of Eupalamus, or
although the ancient traditions of the latter island of Palamaon. (Paus. ix. 3. & 2; Hygin. Fab. 39,
scarcely contain any traces of early working in corrected by 274; Suid. s. r. Ilépõikos iepóv ;
metal there. (Apollon. Rhod. i. 1129; Plin. H. N. Serv. ad Virg. Aen. vi. 14. ) His mother is
vii. 57. ) Their number appears to have originally called Alcippe (Apollod. ii. 15. $ 9), or Iphinoë,
been three : Celmis (the smelter), Damnameneus (Pherecyd. ap. Schol. Soph. Oed. Col. 403), or
(the hammer), and Acmon (the anvil). (Schol. ad Phrasimede. (Schol. ad Plat. Rep. p. 529. ) le de
Apollon. l. c. ). To these others were subsequently voted himself to sculpture, and made great im-
added, such as Scythes, the Phrygian, who in- provements in the art. He instructed his sister's
vented the smelting of iron (Clem. Alex. Strom. i. son, Calos, Talus, or Perdix, who soon came to
p. 362), Heracles (Strab. l. c. ), and Delas. (Euseb. surpass him in skill and ingenuity, and Daedalus
Praep. Erang. x. p. 475. ), Apollonius Rhodius killed him through envy. [PERDIX. ] Being
mentions the hero Titias and Cyllenus as the prin- condemned to death by the Areiopagus for this
cipal Dactyls, and a local tradition of Elis men- murder, he went to Crete, where the fame of his
tioned, besides Heracles, Paconius, Epimedes, skill obtained for him the friendship of Minos.
Jasius, and Idas or Acesidas as Dactyls; but these He made the well-known wooden cow for Pasi-
seem to have been beings altogether different from phaë; and when Pasiphaë gave birth to the
the Idaean Dactyls, for to judge from their names, Minotaur, Daedalus constructed the labyrinth, at
they must have been healing divinities. (Paus. V. Cnossus, in which the monster was kept. (Apollod.
7. $ 4, 14. & 5, 8. § 1, vi. 21. $ 5; Strab. viii. p. 1. c. ; Ovid. Met. viii. : the labyrinth is a fiction,
355. ) Their number is also stated to have been based upon the Egyptian labyrinth, from which
five, ten (five male and five female ones), fifty-two, Diodorus says that that of Daedalus was copied
or even one hundred. The tradition which assigns (i. 97): there is no proof that such a building ever
to them the Cretan Ida as their habitation, de existed in Crete. (Höckh, Creta, i. p. 56. ) For
scribes them as the earliest inhabitants of Crete, his part in this affair, Daedalus was imprisoned hy
and as baving gone thither with Mygdon (or Minos; but Pasiphaë released him, and, as Minos
## p. 927 (#947) ############################################
DACDALUS.
927
DAEDALI'S.
had seized all the ships on the coast of Crete, Dae. arising from a subterranean fire was received in
dalus procured wings for himself and his son such a manner, as to form a pleasant vapour bath.
Icarus (or made them of wood), and fastened them lle also enlarged the summit of mount Eryx hy a
on with wax. Dacdalus himself flew safe over wall, so as to make a firm foundation for the teni-
the Aegean, but, as Icarus flew too near the sun, ple of Aphrodite. For this same temple lie made
the wax by which his wings were fastened on was a honeycomb of gold which could scarcely be dis-
melted, and he dropped down and was drowned tinguished from a real honeycomb. Diodorus adds,
in that part of the Aegean which was called after that he was said to have executed many more
him the Icarian sca. According to a more prostic works of art in Sicily, which had perished through
version of the story, Pasiphaë furnished Daedalus the lapse of time. (Diod. I. c. )
with a ship, in which he fied to an island of the Several other works of art were attributed to
Aegean, where Icarus was drowned in a hasty Daedalus, in Greece, Italy, Libya, and the islands
attempt to land. According to both accounts, of the Mediterrancan. Temples of Apollo at Cipua
Daedalus fled to Sicily, where he was protected by and Cuniae were ascribed to him. (Sil. Ital. xii.
Cocalus, the king of the Sicani, and where he | 102; Virg. Aen, vi. 14. ) In the islands called
executed many great works of art. When Minos Electridae, in the Adriatic, there were said to be
heard where Daedalus had taken refuge, he sailed iwo statues, the one of tin and the other of brass,
with a great feet to Sicily, where he was treach- which Daedalus made to commemorate his arrival
erously murdered by Cocalus or his daughters. at those islands during his flight from Minos.
(Hrgin. Fub. 40, 44. )
They were the images of himself and of his son
Daedalus afterwards left Sicily, to join Iolnüs, Icarus. (Pseud. - Aristot. de Mirab. Auscult. 81;
son of Iphicles, in his newly founded colony in Steph. Byz. s. v. 'Hext pídai vñoni. ) At Vonogissa
Sardinia, and there also he executed many great in Caria there was a statue of Artemis ascribed
works, which were still called Aardadera in the to him. (Steph. Byz. s. v. ) In Egypt he was said
time of Diodorus (iv. 30), who no doubt refers to to be the architect of a most beautiful propylaeum
the Nuraghs, which were also attributed to lolaüs. to the temple of Hephaestus at Memphis, for which
(Pseud. - Aristot. de Mirab. Auscult. 100. ) Another he was rewarded by the erection of a statue of
account was, that he fled from Sicily, in conse himself and made by himself, in that temple.
quence of the pursuit of Minos, and went with (Diod. i. 97. ) Scylax mentions an altar on the
Aristaeus to Sardinia. (Paus. x. 17. $ 3. ) Of coast of Libya, which was sculptured with lions
the stories which connect him with Egypt, the and dolphins by Daedalus. (Periplus, p. 53, ed.
most important are the statements of Diodorus Hudson. ) The temple of Artemis Britomartis, in
(i. 91), that he executed works there, that he Crete, was ascribed to Daedalus. (Solinus, 11. )
copied his labyrinth from that in Egypt, that the There is a passage in which Pausanias mentions
style (gu@uós) of his statues was the same as that all the wooden statues which he believed to be the
of the ancient Egyptian statues, and that Daedalus genuine works of Daedalus (ix. 40.
$ 2), namely,
himself was worshipped in Egypt as a god. two in Boeotia, a Hercules at Thebes, respecting
The later Greek writers explained these myths which there was a curious legend (Paus. ix. 11.
after their usual absurd plan. Thus, accordo SS 2, 3; Apollod. ii. 6. & 3), and a Tropionins at
ing to Lucian, Daedalus was a great master of Lebadeia : in Crete, an Artemis Britomartis at
astrology, and taught the science to his son, who, Olus, and an Athena at Cnossus (the xupós of
soaring above plain truths into transcendental mys- Ariadne is spoken of below): at Delos, a small
teries, lost his reason, and was drowned in the terminal wooden statue of Aphrodite, which was
abyss of difficulties. The fable of Pasiphaë is also said to have been made by Daedalus for Ariadne,
explained by making her a pupil of Daedalus in who carried it to Delos when she fied with The-
astrology, and the bull is the constellation Taurus. seus. Pausanias adds, that these were all the
Palaephatus explains the wings of Daedalus as works of Daedalus which remained at his time,
meaning the invention of sails. (Comp. Paus. ix. for that the statue set up by the Argives in the
11. $ 3. ) If these fables are to be explained at Heraeum and that which Antiphemus had removed
all, the only rational interpretation is, that they from the Sicanian city, Omphace, to Gelos, had
were poetical inventions, setting forth the great perished through time. (Comp. viii. 46. § 2. )
improvement which took place, in the mechanical Elsewhere Pausanias mentions, as works ascribed
as well as in the fine arts, at the age of which to Daedalus, a folding seat (diopos ondað ías) in
Daedalus is a personification, and also the sup- the temple of Athena Polias at Athens (i. 27. ø 1),
posed geographical course by which the fine arts a wooden statue of Hercules at Corinth (ii. 4. c 5),
were first introduced into Greece.
and another on the confines of Messenia and Arca-
When, therefore, we are told of works of art dia (viii. 35. § 2).
which were referred to Daedalus, the meaning is, The inventions and improvements attributed to
that such works were executed at the period when Daedalus are both artistic and mechanical. He
art began to be developed. The exact character of was the reputed inventor of carpentry and its chief
the Daedalian epoch of art will be best understood tools, the saw, the axe, the plumb. line, the anger
from the statements of the ancient writers respect- or gimlet, and glue. (Hesych. s. r. 'Ikápios; Plin.
ing his works. The following is a list of the works H. Ni vii. 56; Varro, ap. Churis. p. 106, ed.
of sculpture and architecture which were ascribed Putsch. ) He was said to have been taught the
to him: In Crete, the cow of Pasiphaë and the art of carpentry by Minerva. (Hvgin. Fub. 39. )
labyrinth. In Sicily, near Megaris, the Colym- Others attribute the invention of the saw to Perdix
bethra, or reservoir, from which a great river, or Talns, the nephew of Daedalus. (Perdix. ] In
named Alabon, flowed into the sea; near Agrigen- naval architecture, the invention of the mast and
tum, an impregnable city upon a rock, in which yards is ascribed to Daedalus, that of the sails to
was the royal palace and treasury of Cocalus; in Icarus. (Plin. l. c. ) In statuary, the improvements
the territory of Selinus a care, in which the vapour attributed to Daedalus were the opening of the
## p. 928 (#948) ############################################
928
DAEDALUS.
DAEDALUS.
eyes and of the feet, which had been formerly | vii. 22. $ 3. ) The next effort was to express the
closed (ovutoda, okéan ouubenkóta, the figures attributes of each particular divinity, which was
of Daedalus were called diabeEnkóta), and the ex- at first done only by forming an image of the head,
tending of the hands, which had been formerly probably in order to denote purely intellectual at-
placed down close to the sides (kabeluévai kad taas tributes : hence the origin of terminal busts, and
Theupais KeKola nuévai, Diod. 1. c. ; Suid. s. r. the reason foi their remaining in use long after the
Δαιδάλου ποιήματα). In consequence of these art of sculpturing the whole figure had attained 10
improvements, the ancient writers speak of the the highest perfection. But there were some dei-
statues of Daedalus as being distinguished by an ties for the expression of whose attributes the bust
expression of life and even of divine inspiration. was not sufficient, but the whole human figure
(Paus. ii. 4. & 5; Plato, passim, and particularly was required. In the earliest attempts to execute
Men. p. 97, ed. Steph. ; Aristot. Polil. i. 4: the such figures, wood would naturally be selected as
last two passages seem to refer to automata, which the material, on account of the case of working it.
we know to have been called Daedalian images : They were ornamented with real drapery and
Aristotle mentions a wooden figure of Aphrodite, bright colours. It was to such works especially,
which was moved by quicksilver within it, as a that the name Saiðala was applied, as we are in-
work ascribed to Daedalus, de Anim. i. 3. S 9 : formed by Pausanias (ix. 3. $ 2), who adds, that
see further, Junius, Catal. Art. p. 64. ) The diffi- they were so called before Daedalus was born at
cult passage in Plato (Hipp. Maj. iii. 281, d. ) is Athens. The accuracy and the expression of such
rightly explained by Thiersch, as being only com- images was restricted not only by the limited skill
parative, and as meant not in disparagement of of the artist, but also, as we see so strikingly in
Daedalus, but in praise of the artists of Plato's Egyptian sculpture, by the religious laws which
time. The material in which the statues of Dae- bound him to certain forms. The period repre-
dalus were made, was wood. The only exception sented by the name of Daedalus was that in which
worth noticing is in the passage of Pausanias (ix. such forms were first broken through, and the at-
40. S 2), παρά τούτοις δε [Κνωσσίοις] και ο της tempt was made to give a natural and lifelike ex-
'Αριάδνης χορός, ου και “Ομηρος εν Ιλιάδι μνήμην pression to statues, accompanied, as such a deve-
εποιήσατο, επειργασμένος εστίν επί λευκού λίθου. Ιopment of any branch of art always is, by a great
(Comp. vii. 4. $ 5. ). The passage of Homer is in improvement in the mechanics of art. The period
the description of the shield of Achilles (11. xviii. when this development of art took place, and the
590-593):
degree of foreign influence implied in the fables
'Εν δε χορόν ποίκιλλε περικλυτος 'Αμφιγυήεις,
about Daedalus, are very difficult questions, and
Τα ίκελον οίόν ποτ' ενί Κνωσό ευρείη
cannot be discussed within the limits of this arti-
Δαίδαλος ήσκησεν καλλιπλοκάμω 'Αριάδνη.
cle. The ancient traditions certainly point to
Egypt as the source of Grecian art. (See especially
Now the mention of a group of dancers as a work Diod. i. 97. ) But, without hazarding an opinion
of Daedalus,—the material, white stone,-the cir- on this point, we may refer to the Egyptian and
cumstance of the poet's representing Hephaestus Etruscan and earliest Greek antiquities, as giving
as copying the work of a mortal artist,-and the some vague idea of what is meant by the Daeda-
absence of any other mention of Daedalus in Ho lian style of sculpture. The remains called Cyclo-
mer,--all this is, at the least, very suspicious. It pcan give a similar notion of the Daedalian archi-
cannot be explained by taking xopòv to mean a tecture. The Daedalian style of art continued to
sort of dance which Daedalus invented (ňoknoev), prevail and improve down to the beginning of the
for we never hear of Daedalus in connexion with fifth century B. C. , and the artists of that long pe-
dancing (Böttiger, Andeutungen, 46), and a sufficient riod were called Daedalids, and claimed an actual
number of examples can be produced from Homer | descent from Daedalus, according to the well-known
of do reiv meaning to make or manufacture. Un- custom by which art was hereditary in certain fa-
less the passage be an interpolation, the best ex- milies. This genealogy was carried down as late
planation is, that xopov means simply a place for as the time of Socrates, who claimed to be a Dae-
dancing; and, further, it is not improbable that dalid. The most important of the Daedalids, be-
Aaloaros may be nothing more than an epithet of sides his son Icarus, and his nephew Talus or
Hephaestus, who is the great artist in Homer, and Perdix, were Scyllis and Dipoenus, whom some
that the whole mythological fable in which Daeda- made the sons of Daedalus (Paus. ii. 15. § 1),
lus was personified had its origin in the misunder- Endoeus of Athens (Paus. i. 26. $ 5), Learchus of
standing of this very passage. At all events, the Rhegium (Paus. iii. 17. $ 6), and Onatas of Aegina.
group seen by Pausanias at Cnossus, if it really (Paus. v. 25. $ 7. ) All these, however, lived long
was a group of sculpture, must have been the work after the period in which Daedalus is placed.
of an artist later than the Daedalian period, or at Besides Icarus, Daedalus was said to have had a
the very end of it.
son, Japyx, who founded Japygae. (Strab. vi. p.
From these statements of the ancient writers it 279; Eustath. ad Dionys. Perieg. 379. )
is not difficult to form some idea of the period in A oņuos of the Athenian Quan Kerpówis bore
the history of art which the name of Daedalus re- the name of Aaidaridai. (Meurs. de Att. Pop. 8. 2. )
presents. The name itself, like the others which Feasts called Aarôámeta were kept in different
are associated with it, such as Eupalamus, implies parts of Greece.
skill.
2. Of Sicyon, a statuary in bronze, the son and
The earliest works of art, which were attributed disciple of Patrocles, who is mentioned by Pliny
to the gods, were called saloala. Passing from among the artists of the 95th Olympiad. Daeda-
mythology to history, we find sculpture taking its lus erected a trophy for the Eleians in the Altis
rise in idolatry; but the earliest idols were nothing after a victory over ihe Lacedaemonians in the war
more than blocks of wood or stone, which were which lasted B. C. 401-399. Besides this trophy,
worshipped under the name of some gods. (Paus. Daedalus made several statues of athletes, and
## p. 929 (#949) ############################################
DAIPIANTUS.
929
DAMAGETUS.
some other works. (Paus. vi. 2. & 4; 3. SS 2, 3; was slain at the battle of Mantineia, B. c. 362.
6. § 1, x. 9. & 3; Plin. xxxiv. 8. s. 19. & 15. ) It is said that Epaminondas, after he had received
3. A stitnary, born in Bithynia, whose statue his mortal wound, asked successively for Daïphan-
of Zeus Stratius at Nicomedia was greatly admired. tus and lolaïdas, and, when he heard of their death,
(Arrian, ap. Eustath. ad Dionys. Perieg. 796. ) advised his countrymen to make peace. (Plut.
Jlence he probably lived from the time of Alexan- Apophth. Eran. 24 ; Ael.
