260), and to whom
high may be his judicial or military rank, shall be Porphyry addressed Homeric Questions.
high may be his judicial or military rank, shall be Porphyry addressed Homeric Questions.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
Isaurus (721), Anastasius conspired In 593 he was restored to his bishopric at Antioch,
against this emperor at the instigation of Nicetas and died in 599.
Xylonites. They hoped to be supported by Ter- 2. ANASTASIUS II. , succeeded Anastasius I. in
belis or Terbelius, king of Bulgaria ; but their the bishopric of Antioch, A. D. 599. He translated
enterprise proved abortive, and the two conspirators into Greek the work of Gregory the Great, " de
were put to death by order of Leo. (Theophanes, Cura Pastorali," and was killed by the Jews in a
pp. 321, &c. , 335, ed. Paris ; Zonaras, xiv. 26, &c. ; tumult, 609 a. D.
Cedrenus, p. 449, ed. Paris. )
(W. P. ) 3. ANASTASIUS, a presbyter and monk of Mt.
ANASTA'SIUS, abbot of St. EUTHYMIUM in Sinai, called by later Greek writers “the New Moses"
Palestine, about 741 A. D. , wrote a Greek work (Mwoñs véos), lived towards the end of 7th cen-
against the Jews, a Latin version of which by tury, as is clear from the contents of his “ Hodegus. "
Turrianus is printed in Canisii Antiquar. Lect. iii. There is some doubt whether the two patriarchs
pp. 123–186. The translation is very imperfect. of Antioch were ever monks of Sinai, and whether
A MS. of the original work is still extant. (Catal. the application of the epithet “Sinaita" to them has
Vindobon. pt. 1, cod. 307, num. 2, p. 420. ) [P. S. ] not arisen from their being confounded with the
ANASTA'SIUS, a Graeco-Roman JURIST, who third Anastasius. The “Hodegus” (ódmyos), or
interpreted the Digest. He is cited in the Basilica "Guide,” above mentioned, a work against the
(ed. Heimbach. ii. p. 10; ed. Fabrot. iv. p. 701, Acephali, and other heretics who recognized only
vii. p. 258), in which, on one occasion, his opinion one nature in the person of Christ, is ascribed by
is placed in opposition to that of Stephanus. Be Nicephorus and other writers to Anastasius l. ,
yond this circumstance, we can discover in his patriarch of Antioch ; but events are mentioned in
fragments no very strong reason for supposing him it which occurred long after his death. Others
to have been contemporary with Justinian; Reitz, have thought that he was the author of the work
however, considered it certain that he was 60, and originally, but that it has been greatly interpolated.
accordingly marked his name with an asterisk in It was, however, most probably the production of
the list of jurists bubjoined to his edition of Theo- the third Anastasius. It was published by Gretser
philus. (Ercurs. xx. p. 1234. ) The name is so in Greek and Latin, Ingolstadt, 1606, 410. It is a
common, that it would be rash to identify the loose, illogical rhapsody, without any graces of
jurist with contemporary Anastasi; but it may be style, and very inaccurate as to facts.
stated, that among more than forty persons of the An account of the other writings ascribed to
name, Fabricius mentions one who was consul A. D. these three Anastasii, and discussions respecting
517. Procopius (de Bell. Pers. ii. 4, 5) relates, their authorship, will be found in Fabricius (Bitt.
that Anastasius, who had quelled an attempt to Graec. X. p. 571), and Cave. (Hist. Lit. ) (P. S. )
usurp imperial power in his native city Dars, and ANATO'LIUS, of Berytus, afterwards P. P.
had acquired a high reputation for intelligence, was (praefectus praetorio) of Illyricum, received a legal
sent on an embassy to Chosroes, A. D. 540. This education in the distinguished law-school of his
Anastasius was at first detained against his will by native place, and soon acquired great reputation in
Chosroes, but was sent back to Justinian, after his profession of jurisconsult. Not content, bow-
Chosroes had destroyed the city of Sura. (J. T. G. ] ever, with forensic eminence, from Berytus he pro-
ANASTA'SIUS, metropolitan bishop of Nice ceeded to Rome, and gained admission to the pa-
(about 520-536 a. d. ), wrote or dictated, in lace of the emperor. Here he rapidly obtained
Greek, a work on the Psalms, which is still ex. favour, was respected eren by his enemies, and
tant. (Bibl. Coislin. p. 389. )
(P. S. ) was successively promoted to various honours. lle
ANASTA'SIUS I. , bishop of Rome, from 398 became consularis of Galatia, and we find him
to his death in 402, took the side of Jerome in his named vicarius of Asia under Constantius, A. D. 339.
controversy with Rufinus respecting Origen. He (Cod. Th. 11. tit. 30. s. 19. ) A constitution of the
excommunicated Rufinus and condemned the works same year is addressed to him, according to the
of Origen, confessing, however, that he had never vulgar reading, with the title vicarius Africae ; but
heard Origen's name before the translation of one the opinion of Godefroi, that here also the true
of his works by Rufinus. (Constant, Epist. Pontif. reading is Asiae, bas met with the approbation of
Rom. p. 715. ) Jerome praises him in the highest the learned. (Cod. Th. 12. tit. 1. s. 28. ) He ap-
terms. (Epist. 16. )
[P. S. ] pears with the title P. P. in the years 346 and
ANASTA'SIUS II. , bishop of Rome from 496 319, but without mention of his district. (Cod. Th.
to his death in 498, made an unsuccessful attempt 12. tit. 1. s. 38, ib. s. 39. ) He is, however, dis-
to compose the quarrel between the Greek and tinctly mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus as
Latin Churches, which had been excited by Aca- P. P. of Illyricum, A. D. 359 (Am. Marc. xix.
cius. There are extant two letters which he wrote 11. 82), and his death in that office is recorded by
to the emperor Anastasius on this occasion, and the same author, A. D. 361. (xxi. 6. $ 5. ) Whether
one which he wrote to Clovis, king of the Franks, he were at first praefect of some other district, or
in Baluzius, Nov. Collect. Concil. p. 1457. [P. S. ) | whether he held the same office continuously from
## p. 161 (#181) ############################################
ANATOLIUS.
161
ANATOLIUS.
>
1
A. D. 346 to a. D. 361, cannot now be determined. I that he was identical with the Anatolius who is
His administration is mentioned by Marcellinus as often cited in the Geoponica by one or other of the
an era of unusual improvement, and is also recorded three names, Anatolius, Vindanius, (or Vindania-
by Aurelius Victor (Trajan) as a bright but soli- nus,) Berytius. These names have sometimes
tary instance of reform, which checked the down- been crroneously supposed to designate three diffe-
ward progress occasioned by the avarice and op rent individuals. (Niclas, Prolegom. ad Geopom. p.
pression of provincial governors. He is often xlviii. n. ) The work on Agriculture written by
spoken of in the letters of Libanius; and several this Anatolius, Photius (Cod. 163) thought the best
letters of Libanius are extant addressed directly to work on the subject, though containing some mar-
Anatolius, and, for the most part, asking favours or vellous and incredible things. Our Anatolius may
recommending friends. We would refer especially also be identical with the author of a treatise cor-
to the letters 18, 466, 587, as illustrating the cha- cerning Sympathics and Antipathies (Tepi Evuradeiwv
racter of Anatolius. When he received from Con- Kad 'AVTitaBerwr), the remains of which may be
stantius bis appointment to the praefecture of Illy found in Fabricius (Bibl. Gr. iv. p. 29); but we are
ricum, he said to the emperor, “Henceforth, prince, rather disposed to attribute this work to Anatolius
no dignity shall shelter the guilty from punishment; the philosopher, who was the master of lamblichus
henceforth, no one who violates the laws, however (Brucker, Hist. Phil. vol. ii. p.
260), and to whom
high may be his judicial or military rank, shall be Porphyry addressed Homeric Questions. Other
allowed to depart with impunity. " It appears that contemporaries of the same name are mentioned
he acted up to his virtuous resolution.
by Libanius, and errors have frequently been com-
He was not only an excellent governor, but ex- mitted from the great number of Anatolii who held
tremely clever, of very various abilities, eloquent, office under the Roman emperors. Thus our Ana-
indefatigable, and ambitious. Part of a panegyric tolius has been confounded with the magister offici-
upon Anatolius composed by the sophist Himerius, orum who fell in the battle against the Persians at
has been preserved by Photius, but little if any- Maranga, A. D. 363, in which Julian was slain.
thing illustrative of the real character of Anatolius (Am. Marc. xx. 9. & 8, xxv. 6. & 5. ) (J. T. G. )
is to be collected from the remains of this panegy- ANATO'LIUS, professor of law at BERYTUS.
ric. (Wernsdorff, ad Himerium, xxxii. and 297. ) In the second preface to the Digest (Const. Tanta,
If we would learn something of the private history S 9), he is mentioned by Justinian, with the
of the man, we must look into the letters of Liba-titles vir illustris, magister, among those who were
nins and the life of Proaeresius by Eunapius. In employed in compiling that great work, and is
the 18th letter of Libanius, which is partly written complimented as a person descended from an an-
in a tone of pique and persiflage, it is difficult to say cient legal stock, since both his father Leontius
how far the censure and the praise are ironical. and his grandfather Eudoxius “ optimam sui me-
Libanius seems to insinuate, that his powerful ac-moriam in legibus reliquerunt. ” He wrote notes
quaintance was stunted and ill-favoured in person ; on the Digest, and a very concise commentary on
did not scruple to enrich himself by accepting pre Justinian's Code. Both of these works are cited
sents voluntarily offered ; was partial to the Syrians, in the Basilica Matthaeus Blastares (in Pruef.
bis own countrymen, in the distribution of patron- Syntag. ) states, that the professor (&vtikévowp)
age; and was apt, in his prosperity, to look down Thalelaeus edited the Code at length ; Theodo-
upon old friends.
rus Hermopolites briefly; Anatolius still more
Among his accomplishments it may be mentioned briefly; Isidorus more succinctly than Thalelaeus,
that he was fond of poetry, and so much admired but more diffusely than the other two. " It is pos.
the poetic effusions of Milesius of Smyrna, that he sibly from some misunderstanding or some misquo-
called him Milesius the Muse. Anatolius himself tation of this passage, that Terrasson (Histoire de la
received from those who wished to detract from Jurisp. Rom. p. 358) speaks of an Anatolius different
bis reputation the nickname 'Apurplwy, a word from the contemporary of Justinian, and says that
which has puzzled the whole tribe of commentators this younger Anatolius was employed by the emperor
and lexicographers, including Faber, Ducange, and Phocas, conjointly with Theodorus Hermopolites
Toup. It is probably connected in some way with and Isidorus, to translate Justinian's Code into
the stage, as Eunapius refers for its explanation to Greek. This statement, for which we have been
the kakodalucov Táv Suuenov xopds. He was a able to find no authority, seems to be intrinsically
beathen, and clung to his religion at a time when improbable. The Constitutio, Omnem (one of tho
heathenism was unfashionable, and when the tide prefaces of the Digest), bears date A. D. 533, and
of opinion had begun to set strongly towards Chris- is addressed, among others, to Theodorus, Isidorns,
tianity. It is recorded, that, upon his arrival in and Anatolius. Now, it is very unlikely that
Athens, be rather ostentatiously performed sacri- three jurists of similar name should be employed
fices, and visited the temples of the gods.
conjointly by the emperor Phocas, who reigned
An error of importance concerning Anatolius A. D. 602–610. There was probably some con-
occurs in a work of immense learning and deserv- fusion in the mind of Terrasson between the em-
edly high authority. Jac. Godefroi states, in the peror Phocas and a jurist of the same name, who
Prosopographia attached to his edition of the Theo was contemporary with Justinian, and commented
dosian Code, that 16 letters of St. Basil the Great upon the Code.
(viz. letters 391-406) are addressed to Anatolius. Anatolius held several offices of importance. He
This error, which we bave no doubt originated was advocatus fisci, and was one of the majores ju-
from the accidental descent of a sentence that be dices nominated by Justinian in Nov. 82. c. 1.
longed to the preceding article on Amphilochius, Finally, he filled the office of consul, and was ap-
has been overlooked in the revision of Ritter. pointed curator divinae domus et rei priratac. In
The Anatolius who was P. P. of Illyricum is the exercise of his official functions he became un-
believed by some to have been skilled in agricul popular, by appropriating to himself, under colour
ture and medicine as well as in law. It is possible of confiscations to the emperor, the effects of de-
M
## p. 162 (#182) ############################################
162
ANAXAGORAS.
ANAXAGORAS.
ceased persona, to the exclusion of their rightful | as he intended to devote his life to higher ends, he
heirs. He perished in A. D. 557, in an earthquake gave it up to his relatives as something which
at Byzantium, whither he had removed his resi- ought not to engage his attention. He is said to
dence from Berytus. (Agath. Hist. v. 3. ) (J. T. G. ) have gone to Athens at the age of twenty, during
ANATOʻLIUS ("Avatódios), Patriarch of the contest of the Greeks with Persia, and to have
CONSTANTINOPLE (A. D. 449), presided at a lived and taught in that city for a period of thirty
synod at Constantinople (A. D. 450) which con- years. He became here the intimate friend and
demned Eutyches and his followers, and was teacher of the most eminent men of the time, such
present at the general council of Chalcedon (A. D. as Euripides and Pericles; but while he thus gain-
451), out of the twenty-eighth decree of which ed the friendship and admimtion of the inost
a contest sprung up between Anatolius and enlightened Athenians, the majority, uneasy at
Leo, bishop of Rome, respecting the relative rank being disturbed in their hereditary superstitions,
of their two sees. A letter from Anatolius to Leo, soon found reasons for complaint. The principal
written upon this subject in A. D. 457, is still ex- cause of hostility towards him must, however, be
tant. (Cave, Hist. Lit. A. D. 449. ).
(P. S. ) looked for in the following circumstance. As he
ANATO'LIUS ('Avatóalos), Bishop of Lao was a friend of Pericles, the party which was dis-
DICEA (A. D. 270), was an Alexandrian by satisfied with his administration seized upon the
birth. Eusebius ranks him first among the men of disposition of the people towards the philosopher
his age, in literature, philosophy, and science, and as a farourable opportunity for striking a blow at
states, that the Alexandrians urged him to open a the great statesman. Anaxagoras, therefore, was
school of Aristotelian philosophy. (H. E. vii. 32. ) accused of impiety. His trial and its results are
He was of great service to the Alexandrians when matters of the greatest uncertainty on account of
they were besieged by the Romans, A. D. 262. the different statements of the ancients themselves.
From Alexandria he went into Syria. At Caesarea (Diog. Laert. ü. 12, &c. ; Plut. Perid. 32, Nicias,
he was ordained by Theotechnus, who destined 23. ) It seems probable, however, that Anaxagoras
him to be his successor in the bishopric, the duties was accused twice, once on the ground of impiety,
of which he discharged for a short time as the vicar and a second time on that of partiality to Persia
of Theorechnus. Afterwards, while proceeding to In the first case it was only owing to the influence
attend a council at Antioch, he was detained by and eloquence of Pericles that he was not put to
the people of Laodicea, and became their bishop. death ; but he was sentenced to pay a fine of five
Of his subsequent life notbing is known; but by talents and to quit Athens. The philosopher now
some he is said to have suffered martyrdom. He went to Lampsacus, and it seems to have been
wrote a work on the chronology of Easter, a large during his absence that the second charge of
fragment of which is preserved by Eusebius. (1. c. ) undiouds was brought against him, in consequence
The work exists in a Latin translation, which of which he was condemned to death. He is said
some ascribe to Rufinus, under the title of "Volu- to have received the intelligence of his sentence
men de Pascbate,” or “ Canones Paschales," and with a smile, and to have died at Lampsacus at
which was published by Aegidius Bucherius in his the age of seventy-two. The inhabitants of this
Doctrina Temporum, Antverp. , 1634. He also place honoured Anaxagoras not only during his
wrote a treatise on Arithmetic, in ten books (Hie lifetime, but after his death also. (Diog. Laert. ii.
ron. de Vir. Ilust. c. 73), of which some fragments c. 3; Dict. of Ant. s. r. 'Avažayopeia. ).
are preserved in the Θεολογούμενα της 'Αριθμετικής. Diogenes Laertius, Cicero, and other writers,
Some fragments of his mathematical works are call Anaxagoras a disciple of Anaximenes ; but
printed in Fabric. Bib. Graec. iii. p. 462. [P. S. ) this statement is not only connected with some
ANAX ("Avat). 1. A giant, son of Uranus chronological difficulties, but is not quite in accord-
and Gaea, and father of Asterius. The legends of ance with the accounts of other writers. Thus
Miletus, which for two generations bore the name much, however, is certain, that Anaxagoras struck
of Anactoria, described Anax as king of Anactoria; into a new path, and was dissatisfied with the
but in the reign of bis son the town and territory systems of his predecessors, the lonic philosophers.
were conquered by the Cretan Miletus, who changed It is he who laid the foundation of the Attic
the name Anactoria into Miletus. (Paus. i. 35. & 5, philosophy, and who stated the problem which his
vii. 2. $ 3. )
successors laboured to solve. The Ionic philoso-
2. A surname or epithet of the gods in general, pbers had endeavoured to explain nature and its
characterizing them as the rulers of the world; various phenomena by regarding matter in its
but the plural forms, "Avakes, or "Avaktes, or different forms and modifications as the cause of all
"Avaxes raides, were used to designate the Dios things. Apaxagoras, on the other hand, conceived
curi. (Paus. ii. 22. & 7, x. 38. $ 3; Cic. de Nat. the necessity of seeking a higher cause, indepen-
Deor. iii. 31; Aelian. V. H. v. 4; Plut. Thes. 33. ) dent of matter, and this cause he considered to be
In the second of the passages of Pausanias here vous, that is, mind, thought, or intelligence. This
referred to, in which he speaks of a temple of the voús, however, is not the creator of the world, but
'Avakes traides at Amphissa, he states, that it was merely that which originally arranged the world
a doubtful point whether they were the Dioscuri, and gave motion to it; for, according to the axiom
the Curetes, or the Cabeiri ; and from this circum- that out of nothing nothing can come, he supposed
stance a connexion between Amphissa and Samo- the existence of matter from all eternity, though,
thrace has been inferred. (Comp. Eustath. ad Hom. before the vous was exercised upon it, it was in a
pp. 182, 1598. ) Some critics identify the Anaces chaotic confusion. In this original chaos there
with the Enakim of the Hebrews. (L, S. ) was an infinite number of homogeneous parts
ANAXA'GORAS ('Avataopas), a Greek phi- (ouotouepn) as well as heterogeneous ones. The
losopher, was born at Clazomenae in lonia about vous united the former and separated from them
the year & C.
against this emperor at the instigation of Nicetas and died in 599.
Xylonites. They hoped to be supported by Ter- 2. ANASTASIUS II. , succeeded Anastasius I. in
belis or Terbelius, king of Bulgaria ; but their the bishopric of Antioch, A. D. 599. He translated
enterprise proved abortive, and the two conspirators into Greek the work of Gregory the Great, " de
were put to death by order of Leo. (Theophanes, Cura Pastorali," and was killed by the Jews in a
pp. 321, &c. , 335, ed. Paris ; Zonaras, xiv. 26, &c. ; tumult, 609 a. D.
Cedrenus, p. 449, ed. Paris. )
(W. P. ) 3. ANASTASIUS, a presbyter and monk of Mt.
ANASTA'SIUS, abbot of St. EUTHYMIUM in Sinai, called by later Greek writers “the New Moses"
Palestine, about 741 A. D. , wrote a Greek work (Mwoñs véos), lived towards the end of 7th cen-
against the Jews, a Latin version of which by tury, as is clear from the contents of his “ Hodegus. "
Turrianus is printed in Canisii Antiquar. Lect. iii. There is some doubt whether the two patriarchs
pp. 123–186. The translation is very imperfect. of Antioch were ever monks of Sinai, and whether
A MS. of the original work is still extant. (Catal. the application of the epithet “Sinaita" to them has
Vindobon. pt. 1, cod. 307, num. 2, p. 420. ) [P. S. ] not arisen from their being confounded with the
ANASTA'SIUS, a Graeco-Roman JURIST, who third Anastasius. The “Hodegus” (ódmyos), or
interpreted the Digest. He is cited in the Basilica "Guide,” above mentioned, a work against the
(ed. Heimbach. ii. p. 10; ed. Fabrot. iv. p. 701, Acephali, and other heretics who recognized only
vii. p. 258), in which, on one occasion, his opinion one nature in the person of Christ, is ascribed by
is placed in opposition to that of Stephanus. Be Nicephorus and other writers to Anastasius l. ,
yond this circumstance, we can discover in his patriarch of Antioch ; but events are mentioned in
fragments no very strong reason for supposing him it which occurred long after his death. Others
to have been contemporary with Justinian; Reitz, have thought that he was the author of the work
however, considered it certain that he was 60, and originally, but that it has been greatly interpolated.
accordingly marked his name with an asterisk in It was, however, most probably the production of
the list of jurists bubjoined to his edition of Theo- the third Anastasius. It was published by Gretser
philus. (Ercurs. xx. p. 1234. ) The name is so in Greek and Latin, Ingolstadt, 1606, 410. It is a
common, that it would be rash to identify the loose, illogical rhapsody, without any graces of
jurist with contemporary Anastasi; but it may be style, and very inaccurate as to facts.
stated, that among more than forty persons of the An account of the other writings ascribed to
name, Fabricius mentions one who was consul A. D. these three Anastasii, and discussions respecting
517. Procopius (de Bell. Pers. ii. 4, 5) relates, their authorship, will be found in Fabricius (Bitt.
that Anastasius, who had quelled an attempt to Graec. X. p. 571), and Cave. (Hist. Lit. ) (P. S. )
usurp imperial power in his native city Dars, and ANATO'LIUS, of Berytus, afterwards P. P.
had acquired a high reputation for intelligence, was (praefectus praetorio) of Illyricum, received a legal
sent on an embassy to Chosroes, A. D. 540. This education in the distinguished law-school of his
Anastasius was at first detained against his will by native place, and soon acquired great reputation in
Chosroes, but was sent back to Justinian, after his profession of jurisconsult. Not content, bow-
Chosroes had destroyed the city of Sura. (J. T. G. ] ever, with forensic eminence, from Berytus he pro-
ANASTA'SIUS, metropolitan bishop of Nice ceeded to Rome, and gained admission to the pa-
(about 520-536 a. d. ), wrote or dictated, in lace of the emperor. Here he rapidly obtained
Greek, a work on the Psalms, which is still ex. favour, was respected eren by his enemies, and
tant. (Bibl. Coislin. p. 389. )
(P. S. ) was successively promoted to various honours. lle
ANASTA'SIUS I. , bishop of Rome, from 398 became consularis of Galatia, and we find him
to his death in 402, took the side of Jerome in his named vicarius of Asia under Constantius, A. D. 339.
controversy with Rufinus respecting Origen. He (Cod. Th. 11. tit. 30. s. 19. ) A constitution of the
excommunicated Rufinus and condemned the works same year is addressed to him, according to the
of Origen, confessing, however, that he had never vulgar reading, with the title vicarius Africae ; but
heard Origen's name before the translation of one the opinion of Godefroi, that here also the true
of his works by Rufinus. (Constant, Epist. Pontif. reading is Asiae, bas met with the approbation of
Rom. p. 715. ) Jerome praises him in the highest the learned. (Cod. Th. 12. tit. 1. s. 28. ) He ap-
terms. (Epist. 16. )
[P. S. ] pears with the title P. P. in the years 346 and
ANASTA'SIUS II. , bishop of Rome from 496 319, but without mention of his district. (Cod. Th.
to his death in 498, made an unsuccessful attempt 12. tit. 1. s. 38, ib. s. 39. ) He is, however, dis-
to compose the quarrel between the Greek and tinctly mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus as
Latin Churches, which had been excited by Aca- P. P. of Illyricum, A. D. 359 (Am. Marc. xix.
cius. There are extant two letters which he wrote 11. 82), and his death in that office is recorded by
to the emperor Anastasius on this occasion, and the same author, A. D. 361. (xxi. 6. $ 5. ) Whether
one which he wrote to Clovis, king of the Franks, he were at first praefect of some other district, or
in Baluzius, Nov. Collect. Concil. p. 1457. [P. S. ) | whether he held the same office continuously from
## p. 161 (#181) ############################################
ANATOLIUS.
161
ANATOLIUS.
>
1
A. D. 346 to a. D. 361, cannot now be determined. I that he was identical with the Anatolius who is
His administration is mentioned by Marcellinus as often cited in the Geoponica by one or other of the
an era of unusual improvement, and is also recorded three names, Anatolius, Vindanius, (or Vindania-
by Aurelius Victor (Trajan) as a bright but soli- nus,) Berytius. These names have sometimes
tary instance of reform, which checked the down- been crroneously supposed to designate three diffe-
ward progress occasioned by the avarice and op rent individuals. (Niclas, Prolegom. ad Geopom. p.
pression of provincial governors. He is often xlviii. n. ) The work on Agriculture written by
spoken of in the letters of Libanius; and several this Anatolius, Photius (Cod. 163) thought the best
letters of Libanius are extant addressed directly to work on the subject, though containing some mar-
Anatolius, and, for the most part, asking favours or vellous and incredible things. Our Anatolius may
recommending friends. We would refer especially also be identical with the author of a treatise cor-
to the letters 18, 466, 587, as illustrating the cha- cerning Sympathics and Antipathies (Tepi Evuradeiwv
racter of Anatolius. When he received from Con- Kad 'AVTitaBerwr), the remains of which may be
stantius bis appointment to the praefecture of Illy found in Fabricius (Bibl. Gr. iv. p. 29); but we are
ricum, he said to the emperor, “Henceforth, prince, rather disposed to attribute this work to Anatolius
no dignity shall shelter the guilty from punishment; the philosopher, who was the master of lamblichus
henceforth, no one who violates the laws, however (Brucker, Hist. Phil. vol. ii. p.
260), and to whom
high may be his judicial or military rank, shall be Porphyry addressed Homeric Questions. Other
allowed to depart with impunity. " It appears that contemporaries of the same name are mentioned
he acted up to his virtuous resolution.
by Libanius, and errors have frequently been com-
He was not only an excellent governor, but ex- mitted from the great number of Anatolii who held
tremely clever, of very various abilities, eloquent, office under the Roman emperors. Thus our Ana-
indefatigable, and ambitious. Part of a panegyric tolius has been confounded with the magister offici-
upon Anatolius composed by the sophist Himerius, orum who fell in the battle against the Persians at
has been preserved by Photius, but little if any- Maranga, A. D. 363, in which Julian was slain.
thing illustrative of the real character of Anatolius (Am. Marc. xx. 9. & 8, xxv. 6. & 5. ) (J. T. G. )
is to be collected from the remains of this panegy- ANATO'LIUS, professor of law at BERYTUS.
ric. (Wernsdorff, ad Himerium, xxxii. and 297. ) In the second preface to the Digest (Const. Tanta,
If we would learn something of the private history S 9), he is mentioned by Justinian, with the
of the man, we must look into the letters of Liba-titles vir illustris, magister, among those who were
nins and the life of Proaeresius by Eunapius. In employed in compiling that great work, and is
the 18th letter of Libanius, which is partly written complimented as a person descended from an an-
in a tone of pique and persiflage, it is difficult to say cient legal stock, since both his father Leontius
how far the censure and the praise are ironical. and his grandfather Eudoxius “ optimam sui me-
Libanius seems to insinuate, that his powerful ac-moriam in legibus reliquerunt. ” He wrote notes
quaintance was stunted and ill-favoured in person ; on the Digest, and a very concise commentary on
did not scruple to enrich himself by accepting pre Justinian's Code. Both of these works are cited
sents voluntarily offered ; was partial to the Syrians, in the Basilica Matthaeus Blastares (in Pruef.
bis own countrymen, in the distribution of patron- Syntag. ) states, that the professor (&vtikévowp)
age; and was apt, in his prosperity, to look down Thalelaeus edited the Code at length ; Theodo-
upon old friends.
rus Hermopolites briefly; Anatolius still more
Among his accomplishments it may be mentioned briefly; Isidorus more succinctly than Thalelaeus,
that he was fond of poetry, and so much admired but more diffusely than the other two. " It is pos.
the poetic effusions of Milesius of Smyrna, that he sibly from some misunderstanding or some misquo-
called him Milesius the Muse. Anatolius himself tation of this passage, that Terrasson (Histoire de la
received from those who wished to detract from Jurisp. Rom. p. 358) speaks of an Anatolius different
bis reputation the nickname 'Apurplwy, a word from the contemporary of Justinian, and says that
which has puzzled the whole tribe of commentators this younger Anatolius was employed by the emperor
and lexicographers, including Faber, Ducange, and Phocas, conjointly with Theodorus Hermopolites
Toup. It is probably connected in some way with and Isidorus, to translate Justinian's Code into
the stage, as Eunapius refers for its explanation to Greek. This statement, for which we have been
the kakodalucov Táv Suuenov xopds. He was a able to find no authority, seems to be intrinsically
beathen, and clung to his religion at a time when improbable. The Constitutio, Omnem (one of tho
heathenism was unfashionable, and when the tide prefaces of the Digest), bears date A. D. 533, and
of opinion had begun to set strongly towards Chris- is addressed, among others, to Theodorus, Isidorns,
tianity. It is recorded, that, upon his arrival in and Anatolius. Now, it is very unlikely that
Athens, be rather ostentatiously performed sacri- three jurists of similar name should be employed
fices, and visited the temples of the gods.
conjointly by the emperor Phocas, who reigned
An error of importance concerning Anatolius A. D. 602–610. There was probably some con-
occurs in a work of immense learning and deserv- fusion in the mind of Terrasson between the em-
edly high authority. Jac. Godefroi states, in the peror Phocas and a jurist of the same name, who
Prosopographia attached to his edition of the Theo was contemporary with Justinian, and commented
dosian Code, that 16 letters of St. Basil the Great upon the Code.
(viz. letters 391-406) are addressed to Anatolius. Anatolius held several offices of importance. He
This error, which we bave no doubt originated was advocatus fisci, and was one of the majores ju-
from the accidental descent of a sentence that be dices nominated by Justinian in Nov. 82. c. 1.
longed to the preceding article on Amphilochius, Finally, he filled the office of consul, and was ap-
has been overlooked in the revision of Ritter. pointed curator divinae domus et rei priratac. In
The Anatolius who was P. P. of Illyricum is the exercise of his official functions he became un-
believed by some to have been skilled in agricul popular, by appropriating to himself, under colour
ture and medicine as well as in law. It is possible of confiscations to the emperor, the effects of de-
M
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162
ANAXAGORAS.
ANAXAGORAS.
ceased persona, to the exclusion of their rightful | as he intended to devote his life to higher ends, he
heirs. He perished in A. D. 557, in an earthquake gave it up to his relatives as something which
at Byzantium, whither he had removed his resi- ought not to engage his attention. He is said to
dence from Berytus. (Agath. Hist. v. 3. ) (J. T. G. ) have gone to Athens at the age of twenty, during
ANATOʻLIUS ("Avatódios), Patriarch of the contest of the Greeks with Persia, and to have
CONSTANTINOPLE (A. D. 449), presided at a lived and taught in that city for a period of thirty
synod at Constantinople (A. D. 450) which con- years. He became here the intimate friend and
demned Eutyches and his followers, and was teacher of the most eminent men of the time, such
present at the general council of Chalcedon (A. D. as Euripides and Pericles; but while he thus gain-
451), out of the twenty-eighth decree of which ed the friendship and admimtion of the inost
a contest sprung up between Anatolius and enlightened Athenians, the majority, uneasy at
Leo, bishop of Rome, respecting the relative rank being disturbed in their hereditary superstitions,
of their two sees. A letter from Anatolius to Leo, soon found reasons for complaint. The principal
written upon this subject in A. D. 457, is still ex- cause of hostility towards him must, however, be
tant. (Cave, Hist. Lit. A. D. 449. ).
(P. S. ) looked for in the following circumstance. As he
ANATO'LIUS ('Avatóalos), Bishop of Lao was a friend of Pericles, the party which was dis-
DICEA (A. D. 270), was an Alexandrian by satisfied with his administration seized upon the
birth. Eusebius ranks him first among the men of disposition of the people towards the philosopher
his age, in literature, philosophy, and science, and as a farourable opportunity for striking a blow at
states, that the Alexandrians urged him to open a the great statesman. Anaxagoras, therefore, was
school of Aristotelian philosophy. (H. E. vii. 32. ) accused of impiety. His trial and its results are
He was of great service to the Alexandrians when matters of the greatest uncertainty on account of
they were besieged by the Romans, A. D. 262. the different statements of the ancients themselves.
From Alexandria he went into Syria. At Caesarea (Diog. Laert. ü. 12, &c. ; Plut. Perid. 32, Nicias,
he was ordained by Theotechnus, who destined 23. ) It seems probable, however, that Anaxagoras
him to be his successor in the bishopric, the duties was accused twice, once on the ground of impiety,
of which he discharged for a short time as the vicar and a second time on that of partiality to Persia
of Theorechnus. Afterwards, while proceeding to In the first case it was only owing to the influence
attend a council at Antioch, he was detained by and eloquence of Pericles that he was not put to
the people of Laodicea, and became their bishop. death ; but he was sentenced to pay a fine of five
Of his subsequent life notbing is known; but by talents and to quit Athens. The philosopher now
some he is said to have suffered martyrdom. He went to Lampsacus, and it seems to have been
wrote a work on the chronology of Easter, a large during his absence that the second charge of
fragment of which is preserved by Eusebius. (1. c. ) undiouds was brought against him, in consequence
The work exists in a Latin translation, which of which he was condemned to death. He is said
some ascribe to Rufinus, under the title of "Volu- to have received the intelligence of his sentence
men de Pascbate,” or “ Canones Paschales," and with a smile, and to have died at Lampsacus at
which was published by Aegidius Bucherius in his the age of seventy-two. The inhabitants of this
Doctrina Temporum, Antverp. , 1634. He also place honoured Anaxagoras not only during his
wrote a treatise on Arithmetic, in ten books (Hie lifetime, but after his death also. (Diog. Laert. ii.
ron. de Vir. Ilust. c. 73), of which some fragments c. 3; Dict. of Ant. s. r. 'Avažayopeia. ).
are preserved in the Θεολογούμενα της 'Αριθμετικής. Diogenes Laertius, Cicero, and other writers,
Some fragments of his mathematical works are call Anaxagoras a disciple of Anaximenes ; but
printed in Fabric. Bib. Graec. iii. p. 462. [P. S. ) this statement is not only connected with some
ANAX ("Avat). 1. A giant, son of Uranus chronological difficulties, but is not quite in accord-
and Gaea, and father of Asterius. The legends of ance with the accounts of other writers. Thus
Miletus, which for two generations bore the name much, however, is certain, that Anaxagoras struck
of Anactoria, described Anax as king of Anactoria; into a new path, and was dissatisfied with the
but in the reign of bis son the town and territory systems of his predecessors, the lonic philosophers.
were conquered by the Cretan Miletus, who changed It is he who laid the foundation of the Attic
the name Anactoria into Miletus. (Paus. i. 35. & 5, philosophy, and who stated the problem which his
vii. 2. $ 3. )
successors laboured to solve. The Ionic philoso-
2. A surname or epithet of the gods in general, pbers had endeavoured to explain nature and its
characterizing them as the rulers of the world; various phenomena by regarding matter in its
but the plural forms, "Avakes, or "Avaktes, or different forms and modifications as the cause of all
"Avaxes raides, were used to designate the Dios things. Apaxagoras, on the other hand, conceived
curi. (Paus. ii. 22. & 7, x. 38. $ 3; Cic. de Nat. the necessity of seeking a higher cause, indepen-
Deor. iii. 31; Aelian. V. H. v. 4; Plut. Thes. 33. ) dent of matter, and this cause he considered to be
In the second of the passages of Pausanias here vous, that is, mind, thought, or intelligence. This
referred to, in which he speaks of a temple of the voús, however, is not the creator of the world, but
'Avakes traides at Amphissa, he states, that it was merely that which originally arranged the world
a doubtful point whether they were the Dioscuri, and gave motion to it; for, according to the axiom
the Curetes, or the Cabeiri ; and from this circum- that out of nothing nothing can come, he supposed
stance a connexion between Amphissa and Samo- the existence of matter from all eternity, though,
thrace has been inferred. (Comp. Eustath. ad Hom. before the vous was exercised upon it, it was in a
pp. 182, 1598. ) Some critics identify the Anaces chaotic confusion. In this original chaos there
with the Enakim of the Hebrews. (L, S. ) was an infinite number of homogeneous parts
ANAXA'GORAS ('Avataopas), a Greek phi- (ouotouepn) as well as heterogeneous ones. The
losopher, was born at Clazomenae in lonia about vous united the former and separated from them
the year & C.
