ided- ft waa
afterward
known by the name of Te-
?
?
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
He was killed in the
war ofTumus a >jai list . Eneas. (Virg. , Mn. , 10,778. )
A. \TH<<opopiiAOi, a people of Scythia that fed on hu-
man flesh. Herodotus (4, 106) calls them the An-
drophagi. and states that they lived in a more savage
manner than any other nation, having no public distri-
bution of justice nor established laws. He informs
ua also that they applied themselves to the breeding
of cattle, clothed themselves like the Scythians, and
spoke a peculiar language. Rennell thinks that they
must have occupied Polish Russia, and both banks of
the river Pry-pets, the western head of the Borysthc-
nes. (Rennell, Geogr. of Herod. , p. 86, 4to erf. )
Axthvlla, a city of Egypt, about west from the
Ganopic branch of the Nile, and northwest from Nau-
cralis. It is supposed by Larcher to have been the
same with Gynsscopolis. (Compare Manncrt, Geogr. ,
vol. lO, p. 596. ) According to Herodotus, it furnish-
ed sandals to the wife of the Persian satrap, who was
viceroy, for the time being, over Egypt. This was in
imitation of the royal custom at home, in the case of
the queens of Persia. {Herod. , 2, 98. --Consult Bahr,
ad /ac. ") Atheneus says it supplied girdles {1, p. 33.
--Compare Bahr, ad Cles. , p. 209. )
Avtia lex, was made for the suppression of luxury
at Rome. Its particulars are not known, but it could
not be enforced. The enactor was Antius Kesto, who
afterward never supped abroad for fear of being him-
self a witness of the profusion and extravagance which
his law meant to destroy, but without effect. (Ma-
cro*. . 3. 17. )
A? rrtis, a name given to the goddess Fortune, from
her splendid temple at Antium, where she was par-
ticularlv worshipped. {Vid. Antium. )
AxTictS*. a daughter of Autolycus and Amphithea.
She was the mother of Ulysses, but not, it is said, by
Laertes. This individual was only the reputed fa-
ther of the chieftain of Ithaca, and the actual paternity
belonged to Sisyphus. It is said that Anticlea killed
H-r-eft" -when she heard a false report of her son's
Sath (Homer. Od , 11, W. --Hygin. , Fab. , 201, 243.
--PWmr-- lO, 290 , ,
AsticlTdes, a Greek historian, a native of Athens,
whose works are lost. (Consult Athtnaus, ed. Schut.
i /jui. _4i*e/. , ? >>- >>- voi 9? )
Astic*aous, a detached chain of the ridge of Mount
? ? Crasrus in Lycia, running in a northeast direction along
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? ANTIGONUS.
ANT
effected an entrance and killed himself by her corpse,
and his mother Eurydice likewise put an end to her
existence. This sad story forms the basis of one of
the tragedies of Sophocles. (Vid. Sophocles. )
Antiuonba, I. a city of Epirus, southwest of Apol-
lonia. (Ptin. , 4, I. )--II. One of Macedonia, in the
district of Mygdonia, founded by Antigonus, son of
Gonatas. (Id. , 4, 10. ) -- III. One in Syria, on the
borders of the Orontes, built by Antigonus, and in-
tended as the residence of the governors of Egypt
and Syria, but destroyed by him when Selcucia was
built, and the inhabitants removed to the latter city. --
IV. Another in Asia Minor. {Vid. Alexandrea IX. )
Antiuonus, I. a general of Alexander's, and one of
those who played the most important part after the
death of that monarch. In the division of the provin-
ces after the king's death, he received Pamphylia, Ly-
cia, and Phrygia. Two years after the decease of Al-
exander, he united with Antipater and Ptolemy against
Pcrdiccas, who aimed at the supremacy. Perdiccas
having died this same year (B. C. 322), and Antipater
being placed at the head of the government, Antigonus
was named commander of all the forces of the empire,
and marched against Eumenes. After various con-
flicts, during a war of three years, he succeeded in
getting Eumenes into his power by treachery, and
starved him to death. Become now all powerful by
the death of this formidable rival, he ruled as king, but
without assuming the title, over all Asia Minor and
Syria; but his conduct eventually excited against him
a formidable league, in which Scleucus, Ptolemy, Ly-
simachus, and Cassander arrayed themselves against
Antigonus, and the celebrated Demetrius, his son.
After varied success, the confederates made a treaty
with him, and surrendered to him the possession of
the whole of Asia, upon condition that the Grecian
cities should remain free. This treaty was soon
broken, and Ptolemy made a descent into Lesser Asia
and on some of the Greek isles, which was at first suc-
cessful, but he was defeated in a scafight by Deme-
trius, the son of Antigonus, who took the island of Cy-
prus, made 16,000 prisoners, and sunk 200 of his ships.
After this famous naval battle, which happened 26
years after Alexander's death, Antigonus and his son
assumed the title of kings, and their example wa. s fol-
lowed by all the rest of Alexander's generals. From
this period, B. C. 306, his own reign in Asia, that of
Ptolemy in Egypt, and those of the other captains of
Alexander in their respective territories, properly com-
mence. Antigonus now formed the design of driving
Ptolemy from Egypt, but failed. 'His power soon be-
came so formidable that a new confederacy was formed
against him by Cassander, Lysimachus, Seleucus, and
Ptolemy. The contending parties met in the plain of
Ipsns in Phrygia, B. C. 301. Antigonus was defeated,
and died of his wounds; and his son Demetrius fled
from the field. Antigonus was 84 years old when
he died. {Vid. Demetrius. -- Pausan. , 1, 6, &e. --
Justin, 13, 14, et 15. --C. Hep. , Vit. Eumen. --Plut. ,
Vil. Dcmctr. --Eumen. et Arat. y--II. Gonatas, so call-
ed from Gonni in Thessaly, the place of his birth, was
the son of Demetrius, and grandson of Antigonus
He made himself master of Macedonia B. C. 277, and
assumed the title of king. In the course of his reign,
he defeated, with great slaughter, the Gauls, who had
made an irruption into his kingdom. Having refused
succours to Pyrrhus of Epirus, he was driven from
? ? his throne by that warlike monarch. He afterward
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? ANT
criiM (according to Quintilian, 10, 1) cited his The-1
**>> as a work worthy of being compared with the;
poems of Homer, and of terminating the list of epic
poems of the first class They extolled the grandeur
of his ideas and the energy of his style, but they con-
fessed, at the same time, that he was deficient in ele-
gance and grace. Antimachus was also the author
of an elegy entitled I^yde, which the ancients regarded
aicaef-d'auvrc. It is now entirely lost. The An-
thology has preserved for us one of his epigrams.
The fragments of Antimachus have been collected and
published by Schellenberg, under the title "Anlimachi
Colupfionu fragment*! , nunc primum conquisita," &c. ,
Haii, 1786, 8vo. (ScAo'tf, Hut. Lit. Gr. , vol. 1, p.
245, and 2, p. 126. )---II. A Trojan whom Paris bribed
to oppose the restoring of Helen to Menelaus and
Ulysses, who had come as ambassadors to recover her.
He recommended to put them to death. His sons,
Hippol<x-hus and Pisander, were killed by Agamem-
non. (7. '. , 11, 122, scqq. )
AXTIXOEIA, annual sacrifices and quinquennial games
in honour of Antinous, instituted by the Emperor Ha-
drian at Mantinca, where Antinous was worshipped as
a divinity. They were celebrated also at Argog.
(Potter, Gr. Antiq. , vol. 1, p. 424. )
AVTINOOPOLIS or AMTUTOB, a town of Egypt, built
in honour of Antinous, opposite Hermopolis Magiia,
on the eastern bank of the Nile. It was previously an
obscure place called Besa, but became a magnificent
eky. (Vid. Antinous. ) It is now called Enscne,
and a revered sepulchre has also caused it to receive
the name of Shek-Abade. (Ammian. Marcellin. , 19,
12-- Dio Co**. , 69, 11. --Spartian. , Vit. Hadr. , 14.
--Description de I'Egypte, vol. 4, p. 197, ieqq. )
AXTIXOCS, I. a youth of Bithynia, of whom the
Emperor Hadrian was so extremely fond, that at his
death he erected temples to him, established a priest-
hood for the new divinity, built a city in honour of him
(rid. Antinoopolis). and caused a constellation in the
heavens to be called by his name. According to one
account, Antinous was drowned in the Nile, while
another and more correct statement gives the occasion
of bis death as follows: Hadrian, consulting an oracle
at Besa, was informed that he was threatened with
great danger, unless a person that was dear to him
was immolated for his preservation. Upon hearing
this. Antinous threw himself from a rock into the Nile,
as an otTering for the safety of the emperor, who built
Antinoopolis on the spot. Nor was this all. The
artists of the empire were ordered to immortalize by
their skill the grief of the monarch and the memory i
of his favourite. Painters and statuaries vied with
each other, and some of the master-pieces of the lat-
ter have descended to our own times. The absurd
and disgusting conduct of Hadrian needs no comment.
--II- A native of Ithaca, son of Eupeithes, and one
of Penelope's suiters. He wag brutal and cruel in his
manners, and was the first of the suiters that was slain
by Ulysses on his return. (Oil. . 22, 8, &c. )
AXTIOCHIA, I. a city of Syria, once the third city
of the world for beauty, greatness, and population.
It was built by Seleucus Nicator, in memory of his
father Antiochus, on the river Orontes, about 20 miles
from its mouth, and was equidistant from Constanti-
nople and Alexandria, being about 700 miles from
each. Here the disciples of our Saviour were first
coiled Christians, and the chief patriarch of Asia re-
?
ided- ft waa afterward known by the name of Te-
? ? trapolis, being divided, as it were, into four cities,
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? ANTIOCHUS.
ANTIOCHUS.
provinces bcvond the Euphrates by a revolt of the
Parthians and Bactrians. Ptolemy dying two years
after this, Antiochus repudiated Berenice and restored
Laodice. The latter, resolving to secure the succes-
sion to her son, poisoned Antiochus and suborned Ar-
temon, whose features were similar to his, to represent
him as king. Artemon, subservient to her will, pre-
tended to bo indisposed, and, as king, recommended
to them Selcucus, surnamed Callinicus, con of Laodice,
as his successor. After this ridiculous imposture, it
was made public that the king had died a natural death,
and Laodice placed her son on the throne, and de-
spatched Berenice and her son, B. C. 246. (Justin, 27,
1. --Appian. )--III. Surnamed Hicrax ('Itpa! ;), "bird
of prey," son of Antiochus Theos and Laodice, was
the brother of Seleucus Callinicus. From his early
years this prince was devoured by ambition. In order
to attain to power, no crime or evil act deterred him;
his thirst for rule, as well as his wicked and turbulent
spirit, obtained for him the appellation, so characteristic
of his movements, which we have mentioned above.
Under pretext of aiding his brother against Ptolemy
Euergetes, he attempted to dethrone him. Seleucus
having marched against him for the purpose of coun-
teracting his ambitious designs, Hicrax defeated him
near Ancyra. He could not, however, derive any ad-
vantage from this victory, since the Gauls, who formed
the principal part of his army, revolted and declared
themselves independent; and it was only by paying
a large sum of money that Hierax could save his life.
Eumenes, king of Pergamus, took advantage of this
circumstance to rid himself of an unquiet and trouble-
some neighbour. He attacked Hierax, defeated him,
and compelled him to take refuge with his brother-in
law Aria rat lies, king of Cappadocia. Ariarathes soon
became tired of him, and formed the design of putting
him to death; but Hierax, informed of his design, fled
into Egypt. He was thrown into prison by Ptolemy,
and perished a few years after in attempting to make
his escape. --IV. The Great, as he was surnamed, was
the third of the name that actually reigned, and the son
of Seleucus Ceraunus, and succeeded his father 223
B. C. He passed the first years of his reign in regu-
lating the atl'airs of his kingdom, and in bringing back
to their duty several of his officers who had made them-
selves independent. Desirous after this of regaining
Syria, which had been wrested from Seleucus Callini-
cus by Ptolemy Euergetes of Egypt, he was met at
Kaphia and defeated by Ptolemy Philopater, 218 B. C. ,
and was compelled to surrender the whole of his con-
quests in Syria which he had thus far made. He was
more successful, however, in Upper Asia, where he re-
covered possession of Media, and made treaties with the
kings of Parthia and Bactria, who agreed to aid him in
regaining other of his former provinces, if their respect-
ive kingdoms were secured to them. He crossed over
also into India, and renewed his alliance with the king
of that country. After the death of Philopater, he re-
sumed his plans of conquest, and Ptolemy Epiphancs
being yet quite young, he seized upon the whole of
Syria. He granted, however, peace to Ptolemy, and
even gave him his daughter Cleopatra in marriage,
with Syria for her dowry. Antiochus then turned his
arms against the cities of Asia Minor and Greece; but
these cities having implored the aid of Rome, the sen-
ate sent to Antiochus to summon him to surrender
his conquests. Excited, however, by Hannibal, to
? ? whom he had given an asylum, he took no notice of
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? ANTIOCHtTS.
He caul monarch was Tryphon, who had him put to
doth it the end of about two vears, and caused him-
idf to be proclaimed in his stead. (Justin,36, 1. )--
HI! . Summed Sidcte* (StoVrjyc), "the hunter," son
of Demetmii Soter, ascended the throne 139 B. C.
ffcdiorefrom Syria the usurper Tryphon, made war
00 lie Jews, besieged Jerusalem, and compelled it to
par a tribute. He then marched against Phraates,
kinj of Parthia, who_ menaced his kingdom, gained
lirtc Tictories over him, and obtained possession of
Babjkm. The folio-wing year he was vanquished in
tarn bj the Parthian king, and lost his life in the con-
ffitt. He wa>> a prince of" many virtues, but he tar-
nished all by his habits of intemperance. --IX. The
eighth of the name, surnatned Grypus (rpvrrof) from
his opaline note, was son of Demetrius Nicanor and
Cleopatra. He was raised to the throne B. C. 123, to
the prejudice of his brothers, by the intrigues of his
mother, who hoped to reign in his name. When he
<<s declared king, the throne of Syria was occupied
bjAleianderZebinas. He marched against this im-
pottor. defeated, and put him to death. He then mar-
tied Tryphena, daughter of Ptolemy Euergetes II. ,
(tech ensured peaceable relations between Syria and
Esyjvt. After having for some time yielded to the au-
thority of his mother, he resolved at last to reign in his
own name, a step which nearly cost him his life. His
Bother prepared a poisoned draught for her son, but,
king inspected by him, was compelled to drink it
herself. A Woody war soon after broke out between
this prince and Antiochus the Cyzicenian, his brother,
in which the latter compelled Grypus to cede to him
C-ilo-yria- They thus reigned conjointly for some
time. ' Grypus was at last assassinated by one of his
? objects, B. C. 96. (Justin, 39, 1. Joseph. ,,Ant.
JsA. )--\. Snroamed Cyzicenus, from his having been
brought np in the city of Cyzicus, was the ninth of
the name. He was son of Antiochus Sidetes, and suc-
ceeded his brother Grypus, after having reigned over
Czlosyria, which he'had previously compelled his
brother to yield to him. He was a dissolute and indo-
lent prince, and possessed of considerable mechanical
tairnt His nephew Seleucus, son of Grypus, de-
timmed him, B. C. 95. --XI. The tenth of the name,
ironically snrnamed Pius, because he married Selena,
the wife of his father and of his uncle. He was the
son of Antiochus IX. , and he expelled Seleucus, the
BOO of Grypus, from Sy ri; t; but he could not prevent
two other sons of Grypus, namely, Philip and Dcrne-
trinm. from seizing on a part of Syria. He perished
toon after by their hands. (Appian. -- Joseph. , Ant.
J*d. . 13, 21. )--After his death, the kingdom of Syria
was torn to pieces by the factions of the royal family
or usurpers, who, under a good or false title, under the
name of Antiochus or his relations, established them-
? eiTes fat a little time either as sovereigns of Syria, or
Damascus, or other dependant provinces. At last An-
? tocias, Eumamed Atiaiicus, the son of Antiochus the
north, was restored to his paternal throne by the influ-
tncr of Lucullus, the Roman general, on the expulsion
jf Tigranes, king of Armenia, from the Syrian domin-
ions; but four years after, Pompey deposed him, and
absolved that he who hid himself while a usurper
<<ai upon his throne, ought not to be a king. From
tiba* time, B. C. 65, Syria became a Roman province,
aod the race of Antiochus was extinguished. --There
? ere also other individuals of the same name, among
? fama (he most deserving of mention arc the following:
? ? 1 A native of Syracuse, descended from an ancient
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? ANTIPATER.
ANT
Antipater, I. son of Iolaus, a Macedonian, was
first an officer under Philip, and was afterward raised
to the rank of a general under Alexander the Great.
When the latter invaded Asia, Antipater was appoint-
ed governor of Macedonia; and in this station he serv-
ed his prince with the greatest fidelity. He reduced
the Spartans, who had formed a confederacy against
the Macedonians; and, having thus secured the tran-
quillity of Greece, he marched into Asia, with a pow-
erful reinforcement for Alexander. After that mon-
arch's death, the government of Macedonia and of the
other European provinces was allotted to Antipater.
He was soon involved in a severe contest with the
Grecian states; was defeated by the Athenians, who
came against him with an army of 30,000 men and a
fleet of 200 ships, and was closely besieged in Lamia,
a town of Thcssaly. But Leostlicnes, the Athenian
commander, having been mortally wounded under the
walls of the city, and Antipater having received as-
sistance from Craterus, his son-in-law, the fortune of
the war was completely changed. The Athenians
were routed at Cranon, and compelled to submit at
discretion. They were allowed to retain their rights
and privileges, but were obliged to deliver up the ora-
tors Demosthenes and Hypcrides, who had instigated
the war, and to receive a Macedonian. narrison into the
Munychia. Antipater was equally successful in re-
ducing the other states of Greece, who were making
a noble struggle for their freedom ; but he settled their
respective governments with much moderation. In
conjunction with Craterus, he was the first who at-
tempted to control the growing power of Perdiccas;
and after the death of that commander he was invest-
ed with all his authority. He exercised this jurisdic-
tion over the other governors with unusual fidelity,
integrity, and impartiality, and died in the 80th year
of his age, B. C. 319. At his death, he left his son
Cassander in a subordinate station; appointed Poly-
sperchon his own immediate successor; and recom-
mended him to the other generals as the fittest person
to preside in their councils. Antipater received a
learned education, and was the friend and disciple of
Aristotle. He appears to have possessed very emi-
nent abilities, and was peculiarly distinguished for his
vigilance and fidelity in every trust. It was a saying
of Philip, father of Alexander, " I have slept soundly,
for Antipater has been awake. " (Justin, 11, 12, 13,
etc. --Diod. , 17, 18, &c. )--II. The Idunuean, was the
father of Herod the Great, and was the second son of
Antipas, governor of Idumcea. He embraced the party
of Hyrcanus against Aristobulus, and took a very ac-
tive part in the contest between the two brothers re-
specting the office of high-priest in Judsa. Aristob-
ulus at first, however, succeeded; but when Pom-
pcy had deposed him and restored Hyrcanus to the
pontifical dignity, Antipater soon became the chief
director of affairs in Judsa, ingratiated himself with
the Romans, and used every effort to aggrandize his
own family. He gave very effectual aid to Cssar
in the Alexandrean war, and the latter, in return, made
him a Roman citizen and procurator of Judsa. In
this latter capacity he exerted himself to restore the
ancient Jewish form of government, but was cut off
by a conspiracy, the brother of the high-priest having
been bribed to give him a cup of poisoned wine. Jo-
sephus makes him to have been distinguished for piety,
justice, and love of country. (Joseph. , Ant. Jud. , 14,
? ? 3-)--HI. A son of Cassander, ascended the throne of
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? ANTIPHON.
AxTiraii. 1 (oppTouM'), a town and harbour, accord-
mg to Ptolemy, on the Sinus Arabicue, in ^Egyptus
Inferior Others, however, place it in . . Ethiopia, to
Ihe nonh of Saba. C-Bi-seA. und Moll. , Worterb. , &c. ,
t. t. )
ANTIPHILCS, I. a painter born in Egypt, and men-
tioned by Quintilian (12, 1O) as possessing the great-
est readiness in his profession, and compared by many
to the most eminent artists, Apelles, Protogenes, and
lysippua. He is twice alluded to in Pliny, with an
enumeration of his most remarkable productions (35,
10 and 11). One of his pictures represented a boy
Mowing the fire, with the effect of the light on the
boy's countenance and the surrounding objects stri-
kingly delineated. The subject of another and very
famous piece was a satyr, arrayed in a panther's skin.
He flourished during the age<<*of Alexander the Great
and Ptolemy I. of Egypt. This makes him a con-
temporary of Apelles, whom, according to Lucian, he
endeavoured to rival. {Stilig, Diet. Art. , >>. s. )---II.
An architect, whose age and country are uncertain.
ID connexion with Pothteus and Megacles, he con-
stracted, at Olympia, for the Carthaginians, a reposi-
lory for their presents. (jPaiwan. , 6, 19. --SMtg, Diet.
Art, i. u. )
A*T! PHON, I. a tragic poet, who lived at the court
ef DionyBius the elder, and was eventually put to death
by the tyrant. Aristotle cites his Mcltagcr, Androm-
eckt, and Jason. -- II. A native of Attica, bom at
Rhamnus about 4T9 B. C. (Compare Spaan, dc An-
;? ;-? ?
war ofTumus a >jai list . Eneas. (Virg. , Mn. , 10,778. )
A. \TH<<opopiiAOi, a people of Scythia that fed on hu-
man flesh. Herodotus (4, 106) calls them the An-
drophagi. and states that they lived in a more savage
manner than any other nation, having no public distri-
bution of justice nor established laws. He informs
ua also that they applied themselves to the breeding
of cattle, clothed themselves like the Scythians, and
spoke a peculiar language. Rennell thinks that they
must have occupied Polish Russia, and both banks of
the river Pry-pets, the western head of the Borysthc-
nes. (Rennell, Geogr. of Herod. , p. 86, 4to erf. )
Axthvlla, a city of Egypt, about west from the
Ganopic branch of the Nile, and northwest from Nau-
cralis. It is supposed by Larcher to have been the
same with Gynsscopolis. (Compare Manncrt, Geogr. ,
vol. lO, p. 596. ) According to Herodotus, it furnish-
ed sandals to the wife of the Persian satrap, who was
viceroy, for the time being, over Egypt. This was in
imitation of the royal custom at home, in the case of
the queens of Persia. {Herod. , 2, 98. --Consult Bahr,
ad /ac. ") Atheneus says it supplied girdles {1, p. 33.
--Compare Bahr, ad Cles. , p. 209. )
Avtia lex, was made for the suppression of luxury
at Rome. Its particulars are not known, but it could
not be enforced. The enactor was Antius Kesto, who
afterward never supped abroad for fear of being him-
self a witness of the profusion and extravagance which
his law meant to destroy, but without effect. (Ma-
cro*. . 3. 17. )
A? rrtis, a name given to the goddess Fortune, from
her splendid temple at Antium, where she was par-
ticularlv worshipped. {Vid. Antium. )
AxTictS*. a daughter of Autolycus and Amphithea.
She was the mother of Ulysses, but not, it is said, by
Laertes. This individual was only the reputed fa-
ther of the chieftain of Ithaca, and the actual paternity
belonged to Sisyphus. It is said that Anticlea killed
H-r-eft" -when she heard a false report of her son's
Sath (Homer. Od , 11, W. --Hygin. , Fab. , 201, 243.
--PWmr-- lO, 290 , ,
AsticlTdes, a Greek historian, a native of Athens,
whose works are lost. (Consult Athtnaus, ed. Schut.
i /jui. _4i*e/. , ? >>- >>- voi 9? )
Astic*aous, a detached chain of the ridge of Mount
? ? Crasrus in Lycia, running in a northeast direction along
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? ANTIGONUS.
ANT
effected an entrance and killed himself by her corpse,
and his mother Eurydice likewise put an end to her
existence. This sad story forms the basis of one of
the tragedies of Sophocles. (Vid. Sophocles. )
Antiuonba, I. a city of Epirus, southwest of Apol-
lonia. (Ptin. , 4, I. )--II. One of Macedonia, in the
district of Mygdonia, founded by Antigonus, son of
Gonatas. (Id. , 4, 10. ) -- III. One in Syria, on the
borders of the Orontes, built by Antigonus, and in-
tended as the residence of the governors of Egypt
and Syria, but destroyed by him when Selcucia was
built, and the inhabitants removed to the latter city. --
IV. Another in Asia Minor. {Vid. Alexandrea IX. )
Antiuonus, I. a general of Alexander's, and one of
those who played the most important part after the
death of that monarch. In the division of the provin-
ces after the king's death, he received Pamphylia, Ly-
cia, and Phrygia. Two years after the decease of Al-
exander, he united with Antipater and Ptolemy against
Pcrdiccas, who aimed at the supremacy. Perdiccas
having died this same year (B. C. 322), and Antipater
being placed at the head of the government, Antigonus
was named commander of all the forces of the empire,
and marched against Eumenes. After various con-
flicts, during a war of three years, he succeeded in
getting Eumenes into his power by treachery, and
starved him to death. Become now all powerful by
the death of this formidable rival, he ruled as king, but
without assuming the title, over all Asia Minor and
Syria; but his conduct eventually excited against him
a formidable league, in which Scleucus, Ptolemy, Ly-
simachus, and Cassander arrayed themselves against
Antigonus, and the celebrated Demetrius, his son.
After varied success, the confederates made a treaty
with him, and surrendered to him the possession of
the whole of Asia, upon condition that the Grecian
cities should remain free. This treaty was soon
broken, and Ptolemy made a descent into Lesser Asia
and on some of the Greek isles, which was at first suc-
cessful, but he was defeated in a scafight by Deme-
trius, the son of Antigonus, who took the island of Cy-
prus, made 16,000 prisoners, and sunk 200 of his ships.
After this famous naval battle, which happened 26
years after Alexander's death, Antigonus and his son
assumed the title of kings, and their example wa. s fol-
lowed by all the rest of Alexander's generals. From
this period, B. C. 306, his own reign in Asia, that of
Ptolemy in Egypt, and those of the other captains of
Alexander in their respective territories, properly com-
mence. Antigonus now formed the design of driving
Ptolemy from Egypt, but failed. 'His power soon be-
came so formidable that a new confederacy was formed
against him by Cassander, Lysimachus, Seleucus, and
Ptolemy. The contending parties met in the plain of
Ipsns in Phrygia, B. C. 301. Antigonus was defeated,
and died of his wounds; and his son Demetrius fled
from the field. Antigonus was 84 years old when
he died. {Vid. Demetrius. -- Pausan. , 1, 6, &e. --
Justin, 13, 14, et 15. --C. Hep. , Vit. Eumen. --Plut. ,
Vil. Dcmctr. --Eumen. et Arat. y--II. Gonatas, so call-
ed from Gonni in Thessaly, the place of his birth, was
the son of Demetrius, and grandson of Antigonus
He made himself master of Macedonia B. C. 277, and
assumed the title of king. In the course of his reign,
he defeated, with great slaughter, the Gauls, who had
made an irruption into his kingdom. Having refused
succours to Pyrrhus of Epirus, he was driven from
? ? his throne by that warlike monarch. He afterward
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? ANT
criiM (according to Quintilian, 10, 1) cited his The-1
**>> as a work worthy of being compared with the;
poems of Homer, and of terminating the list of epic
poems of the first class They extolled the grandeur
of his ideas and the energy of his style, but they con-
fessed, at the same time, that he was deficient in ele-
gance and grace. Antimachus was also the author
of an elegy entitled I^yde, which the ancients regarded
aicaef-d'auvrc. It is now entirely lost. The An-
thology has preserved for us one of his epigrams.
The fragments of Antimachus have been collected and
published by Schellenberg, under the title "Anlimachi
Colupfionu fragment*! , nunc primum conquisita," &c. ,
Haii, 1786, 8vo. (ScAo'tf, Hut. Lit. Gr. , vol. 1, p.
245, and 2, p. 126. )---II. A Trojan whom Paris bribed
to oppose the restoring of Helen to Menelaus and
Ulysses, who had come as ambassadors to recover her.
He recommended to put them to death. His sons,
Hippol<x-hus and Pisander, were killed by Agamem-
non. (7. '. , 11, 122, scqq. )
AXTIXOEIA, annual sacrifices and quinquennial games
in honour of Antinous, instituted by the Emperor Ha-
drian at Mantinca, where Antinous was worshipped as
a divinity. They were celebrated also at Argog.
(Potter, Gr. Antiq. , vol. 1, p. 424. )
AVTINOOPOLIS or AMTUTOB, a town of Egypt, built
in honour of Antinous, opposite Hermopolis Magiia,
on the eastern bank of the Nile. It was previously an
obscure place called Besa, but became a magnificent
eky. (Vid. Antinous. ) It is now called Enscne,
and a revered sepulchre has also caused it to receive
the name of Shek-Abade. (Ammian. Marcellin. , 19,
12-- Dio Co**. , 69, 11. --Spartian. , Vit. Hadr. , 14.
--Description de I'Egypte, vol. 4, p. 197, ieqq. )
AXTIXOCS, I. a youth of Bithynia, of whom the
Emperor Hadrian was so extremely fond, that at his
death he erected temples to him, established a priest-
hood for the new divinity, built a city in honour of him
(rid. Antinoopolis). and caused a constellation in the
heavens to be called by his name. According to one
account, Antinous was drowned in the Nile, while
another and more correct statement gives the occasion
of bis death as follows: Hadrian, consulting an oracle
at Besa, was informed that he was threatened with
great danger, unless a person that was dear to him
was immolated for his preservation. Upon hearing
this. Antinous threw himself from a rock into the Nile,
as an otTering for the safety of the emperor, who built
Antinoopolis on the spot. Nor was this all. The
artists of the empire were ordered to immortalize by
their skill the grief of the monarch and the memory i
of his favourite. Painters and statuaries vied with
each other, and some of the master-pieces of the lat-
ter have descended to our own times. The absurd
and disgusting conduct of Hadrian needs no comment.
--II- A native of Ithaca, son of Eupeithes, and one
of Penelope's suiters. He wag brutal and cruel in his
manners, and was the first of the suiters that was slain
by Ulysses on his return. (Oil. . 22, 8, &c. )
AXTIOCHIA, I. a city of Syria, once the third city
of the world for beauty, greatness, and population.
It was built by Seleucus Nicator, in memory of his
father Antiochus, on the river Orontes, about 20 miles
from its mouth, and was equidistant from Constanti-
nople and Alexandria, being about 700 miles from
each. Here the disciples of our Saviour were first
coiled Christians, and the chief patriarch of Asia re-
?
ided- ft waa afterward known by the name of Te-
? ? trapolis, being divided, as it were, into four cities,
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? ANTIOCHUS.
ANTIOCHUS.
provinces bcvond the Euphrates by a revolt of the
Parthians and Bactrians. Ptolemy dying two years
after this, Antiochus repudiated Berenice and restored
Laodice. The latter, resolving to secure the succes-
sion to her son, poisoned Antiochus and suborned Ar-
temon, whose features were similar to his, to represent
him as king. Artemon, subservient to her will, pre-
tended to bo indisposed, and, as king, recommended
to them Selcucus, surnamed Callinicus, con of Laodice,
as his successor. After this ridiculous imposture, it
was made public that the king had died a natural death,
and Laodice placed her son on the throne, and de-
spatched Berenice and her son, B. C. 246. (Justin, 27,
1. --Appian. )--III. Surnamed Hicrax ('Itpa! ;), "bird
of prey," son of Antiochus Theos and Laodice, was
the brother of Seleucus Callinicus. From his early
years this prince was devoured by ambition. In order
to attain to power, no crime or evil act deterred him;
his thirst for rule, as well as his wicked and turbulent
spirit, obtained for him the appellation, so characteristic
of his movements, which we have mentioned above.
Under pretext of aiding his brother against Ptolemy
Euergetes, he attempted to dethrone him. Seleucus
having marched against him for the purpose of coun-
teracting his ambitious designs, Hicrax defeated him
near Ancyra. He could not, however, derive any ad-
vantage from this victory, since the Gauls, who formed
the principal part of his army, revolted and declared
themselves independent; and it was only by paying
a large sum of money that Hierax could save his life.
Eumenes, king of Pergamus, took advantage of this
circumstance to rid himself of an unquiet and trouble-
some neighbour. He attacked Hierax, defeated him,
and compelled him to take refuge with his brother-in
law Aria rat lies, king of Cappadocia. Ariarathes soon
became tired of him, and formed the design of putting
him to death; but Hierax, informed of his design, fled
into Egypt. He was thrown into prison by Ptolemy,
and perished a few years after in attempting to make
his escape. --IV. The Great, as he was surnamed, was
the third of the name that actually reigned, and the son
of Seleucus Ceraunus, and succeeded his father 223
B. C. He passed the first years of his reign in regu-
lating the atl'airs of his kingdom, and in bringing back
to their duty several of his officers who had made them-
selves independent. Desirous after this of regaining
Syria, which had been wrested from Seleucus Callini-
cus by Ptolemy Euergetes of Egypt, he was met at
Kaphia and defeated by Ptolemy Philopater, 218 B. C. ,
and was compelled to surrender the whole of his con-
quests in Syria which he had thus far made. He was
more successful, however, in Upper Asia, where he re-
covered possession of Media, and made treaties with the
kings of Parthia and Bactria, who agreed to aid him in
regaining other of his former provinces, if their respect-
ive kingdoms were secured to them. He crossed over
also into India, and renewed his alliance with the king
of that country. After the death of Philopater, he re-
sumed his plans of conquest, and Ptolemy Epiphancs
being yet quite young, he seized upon the whole of
Syria. He granted, however, peace to Ptolemy, and
even gave him his daughter Cleopatra in marriage,
with Syria for her dowry. Antiochus then turned his
arms against the cities of Asia Minor and Greece; but
these cities having implored the aid of Rome, the sen-
ate sent to Antiochus to summon him to surrender
his conquests. Excited, however, by Hannibal, to
? ? whom he had given an asylum, he took no notice of
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? ANTIOCHtTS.
He caul monarch was Tryphon, who had him put to
doth it the end of about two vears, and caused him-
idf to be proclaimed in his stead. (Justin,36, 1. )--
HI! . Summed Sidcte* (StoVrjyc), "the hunter," son
of Demetmii Soter, ascended the throne 139 B. C.
ffcdiorefrom Syria the usurper Tryphon, made war
00 lie Jews, besieged Jerusalem, and compelled it to
par a tribute. He then marched against Phraates,
kinj of Parthia, who_ menaced his kingdom, gained
lirtc Tictories over him, and obtained possession of
Babjkm. The folio-wing year he was vanquished in
tarn bj the Parthian king, and lost his life in the con-
ffitt. He wa>> a prince of" many virtues, but he tar-
nished all by his habits of intemperance. --IX. The
eighth of the name, surnatned Grypus (rpvrrof) from
his opaline note, was son of Demetrius Nicanor and
Cleopatra. He was raised to the throne B. C. 123, to
the prejudice of his brothers, by the intrigues of his
mother, who hoped to reign in his name. When he
<<s declared king, the throne of Syria was occupied
bjAleianderZebinas. He marched against this im-
pottor. defeated, and put him to death. He then mar-
tied Tryphena, daughter of Ptolemy Euergetes II. ,
(tech ensured peaceable relations between Syria and
Esyjvt. After having for some time yielded to the au-
thority of his mother, he resolved at last to reign in his
own name, a step which nearly cost him his life. His
Bother prepared a poisoned draught for her son, but,
king inspected by him, was compelled to drink it
herself. A Woody war soon after broke out between
this prince and Antiochus the Cyzicenian, his brother,
in which the latter compelled Grypus to cede to him
C-ilo-yria- They thus reigned conjointly for some
time. ' Grypus was at last assassinated by one of his
? objects, B. C. 96. (Justin, 39, 1. Joseph. ,,Ant.
JsA. )--\. Snroamed Cyzicenus, from his having been
brought np in the city of Cyzicus, was the ninth of
the name. He was son of Antiochus Sidetes, and suc-
ceeded his brother Grypus, after having reigned over
Czlosyria, which he'had previously compelled his
brother to yield to him. He was a dissolute and indo-
lent prince, and possessed of considerable mechanical
tairnt His nephew Seleucus, son of Grypus, de-
timmed him, B. C. 95. --XI. The tenth of the name,
ironically snrnamed Pius, because he married Selena,
the wife of his father and of his uncle. He was the
son of Antiochus IX. , and he expelled Seleucus, the
BOO of Grypus, from Sy ri; t; but he could not prevent
two other sons of Grypus, namely, Philip and Dcrne-
trinm. from seizing on a part of Syria. He perished
toon after by their hands. (Appian. -- Joseph. , Ant.
J*d. . 13, 21. )--After his death, the kingdom of Syria
was torn to pieces by the factions of the royal family
or usurpers, who, under a good or false title, under the
name of Antiochus or his relations, established them-
? eiTes fat a little time either as sovereigns of Syria, or
Damascus, or other dependant provinces. At last An-
? tocias, Eumamed Atiaiicus, the son of Antiochus the
north, was restored to his paternal throne by the influ-
tncr of Lucullus, the Roman general, on the expulsion
jf Tigranes, king of Armenia, from the Syrian domin-
ions; but four years after, Pompey deposed him, and
absolved that he who hid himself while a usurper
<<ai upon his throne, ought not to be a king. From
tiba* time, B. C. 65, Syria became a Roman province,
aod the race of Antiochus was extinguished. --There
? ere also other individuals of the same name, among
? fama (he most deserving of mention arc the following:
? ? 1 A native of Syracuse, descended from an ancient
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? ANTIPATER.
ANT
Antipater, I. son of Iolaus, a Macedonian, was
first an officer under Philip, and was afterward raised
to the rank of a general under Alexander the Great.
When the latter invaded Asia, Antipater was appoint-
ed governor of Macedonia; and in this station he serv-
ed his prince with the greatest fidelity. He reduced
the Spartans, who had formed a confederacy against
the Macedonians; and, having thus secured the tran-
quillity of Greece, he marched into Asia, with a pow-
erful reinforcement for Alexander. After that mon-
arch's death, the government of Macedonia and of the
other European provinces was allotted to Antipater.
He was soon involved in a severe contest with the
Grecian states; was defeated by the Athenians, who
came against him with an army of 30,000 men and a
fleet of 200 ships, and was closely besieged in Lamia,
a town of Thcssaly. But Leostlicnes, the Athenian
commander, having been mortally wounded under the
walls of the city, and Antipater having received as-
sistance from Craterus, his son-in-law, the fortune of
the war was completely changed. The Athenians
were routed at Cranon, and compelled to submit at
discretion. They were allowed to retain their rights
and privileges, but were obliged to deliver up the ora-
tors Demosthenes and Hypcrides, who had instigated
the war, and to receive a Macedonian. narrison into the
Munychia. Antipater was equally successful in re-
ducing the other states of Greece, who were making
a noble struggle for their freedom ; but he settled their
respective governments with much moderation. In
conjunction with Craterus, he was the first who at-
tempted to control the growing power of Perdiccas;
and after the death of that commander he was invest-
ed with all his authority. He exercised this jurisdic-
tion over the other governors with unusual fidelity,
integrity, and impartiality, and died in the 80th year
of his age, B. C. 319. At his death, he left his son
Cassander in a subordinate station; appointed Poly-
sperchon his own immediate successor; and recom-
mended him to the other generals as the fittest person
to preside in their councils. Antipater received a
learned education, and was the friend and disciple of
Aristotle. He appears to have possessed very emi-
nent abilities, and was peculiarly distinguished for his
vigilance and fidelity in every trust. It was a saying
of Philip, father of Alexander, " I have slept soundly,
for Antipater has been awake. " (Justin, 11, 12, 13,
etc. --Diod. , 17, 18, &c. )--II. The Idunuean, was the
father of Herod the Great, and was the second son of
Antipas, governor of Idumcea. He embraced the party
of Hyrcanus against Aristobulus, and took a very ac-
tive part in the contest between the two brothers re-
specting the office of high-priest in Judsa. Aristob-
ulus at first, however, succeeded; but when Pom-
pcy had deposed him and restored Hyrcanus to the
pontifical dignity, Antipater soon became the chief
director of affairs in Judsa, ingratiated himself with
the Romans, and used every effort to aggrandize his
own family. He gave very effectual aid to Cssar
in the Alexandrean war, and the latter, in return, made
him a Roman citizen and procurator of Judsa. In
this latter capacity he exerted himself to restore the
ancient Jewish form of government, but was cut off
by a conspiracy, the brother of the high-priest having
been bribed to give him a cup of poisoned wine. Jo-
sephus makes him to have been distinguished for piety,
justice, and love of country. (Joseph. , Ant. Jud. , 14,
? ? 3-)--HI. A son of Cassander, ascended the throne of
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? ANTIPHON.
AxTiraii. 1 (oppTouM'), a town and harbour, accord-
mg to Ptolemy, on the Sinus Arabicue, in ^Egyptus
Inferior Others, however, place it in . . Ethiopia, to
Ihe nonh of Saba. C-Bi-seA. und Moll. , Worterb. , &c. ,
t. t. )
ANTIPHILCS, I. a painter born in Egypt, and men-
tioned by Quintilian (12, 1O) as possessing the great-
est readiness in his profession, and compared by many
to the most eminent artists, Apelles, Protogenes, and
lysippua. He is twice alluded to in Pliny, with an
enumeration of his most remarkable productions (35,
10 and 11). One of his pictures represented a boy
Mowing the fire, with the effect of the light on the
boy's countenance and the surrounding objects stri-
kingly delineated. The subject of another and very
famous piece was a satyr, arrayed in a panther's skin.
He flourished during the age<<*of Alexander the Great
and Ptolemy I. of Egypt. This makes him a con-
temporary of Apelles, whom, according to Lucian, he
endeavoured to rival. {Stilig, Diet. Art. , >>. s. )---II.
An architect, whose age and country are uncertain.
ID connexion with Pothteus and Megacles, he con-
stracted, at Olympia, for the Carthaginians, a reposi-
lory for their presents. (jPaiwan. , 6, 19. --SMtg, Diet.
Art, i. u. )
A*T! PHON, I. a tragic poet, who lived at the court
ef DionyBius the elder, and was eventually put to death
by the tyrant. Aristotle cites his Mcltagcr, Androm-
eckt, and Jason. -- II. A native of Attica, bom at
Rhamnus about 4T9 B. C. (Compare Spaan, dc An-
;? ;-? ?
