trapáprmua
row k'-x8' réuov.
Cambridge Medieval History - v2 - Rise of the Saracens and Foundation of the Western Empire
614.
Palestine Exploration Fund.
Quarterly Statement, Jan. 1898, pp. 36-54. )
Couret, Conte A. La Prise de Jerusalem par les Perses en 614. Orleans. 1896.
La Palestine sous les Empereurs Grecs, 326-636. Grenoble. 1869.
Demetriy, A. K voprosu o dogovorakh russkikh s Grekami. VV, n (1895),
pp. 531-50. (Contains a diplomatic study on Menander (Bonn, 359-64):
wrongly dated in 628, pp. 535 sqq. )
cb. ix. 48—2
## p. 756 (#788) ############################################
756 The Successors of Justinian
Drapeyron, L. L'Empereur Heraclius et l'Empire byzantin au vne siecle. Paris.
1869 (out of print). And cf. Grande Encyclopedic, vol. xix, 1894, s. v. Heraclius.
Duckworth, H. T. F. John the Almsgiver. Oxford. 1901.
Duval, R. Histoire d'Edesse. Paris. 1892. (And in JA. )
EuayyfAi'Sijr, T. E. 'HpdxXctor 6 AiiTOKparmp tov Bvfapriov (675-641 p. X. ) icai q
Kara rov {' p. X. aiaua Karatrratric rov Bv(ai>TtaKov icpdrovs. Odessa. 19Q3
(written 1898). [The Emperor as national hero of the Greeks. ]
lielzer, 11. Die Genesis der byzantinischen Themenverfassung. Abhandlung v of
vol. xviii of Abhandlungen der philologisch-historischen Claase der kon.
Sachsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften. Leipsic. 1899. pp. 1-133.
Das Verhaltnis von Staat und Kirche in Byzanz. Ausgewahlte Kleine
Schriften. Leipsic. 1907. pp. 57-141 or HZ. Vol. lxxxvi (N. F. l) (1901),
pp. 193 sqq.
Der Streit iiber den Titel des okumenischen Patriarchen. Jahrbuch fur
protestantische Theologie, xm (1887), pp. 549-84.
Die politische und kirchliche Stellung von Byzanz. Verhandlungen der 33ten
Versammlung deutscher Philologen und Schulmanner in Gera. Leipsic. 1879.
pp. 32-55.
Ein griechischer Volksschriftsteller de« 7. Jahrhunderts. Ausgewahlte
Kleine Schriften. Leipsic. 1907. pp. 1-56 or HZ. N. F. Vol. xxv (1889),
pp. lsqq.
Chalcedon oder Karchedon. Khein. Mus. N. F. xlvhi (1893), pp. 161-74.
Gerland, E. Die persischen Feldziige des Kaisers Herakleios. BZ, in (1894),
pp. 330-73.
GOrres, F. Papst Gregor der Grosse und Kaiser Phokas. ZWT, xliv. N. F.
ix (1901), pp. 592-602.
Das Christentum im Sassanidenreich. Ibid, xxxi (1888), pp. 449-68.
Die Sassaniden von Shapur II bis Chosroes II (310-628) und das Christentum
nach den von Georg Hoffmann veroffentlichen syrischen Martyreracten des
brit. Museums. Ibid, xxxix (1896), pp. 443-59.
Die byzantinische Abstammung der spanischen Westgoten Kdnige Erwich
und Witiza sowie die Beziehungen des Kaisers Maurikios zur germanischen
Welt. BZ, xix, 1910, pp. 430-9.
Groh, Kurt. Geschichte des ostromischen Kaisers Justin II nebst den Quellen.
Leipsic. 1889.
Giiterbock, K. Romisch-Armenien und die rom. Satrapieen im vierten bis sechsten
Jahrhundert. Eine rechtsgeschichtliche Studic. In Festgabe der juristischen
Fakultat zu Konigsberg fur ihren Senior Johann Theodor Schirmer zum
1 August, 1900, pp. 1-58.
Byzanz und Persien in ihren diplomatisch-volkerrechtlichen Beziehungen
im Zeitalter Justinians, etc. Berlin. 1906.
Haury, J. Johannes Malalas identisch mit dem Patriarchen Johannes Scholastikos?
BZ, ix (1900), pp. 337-56.
Hicks, G B. St Gregory and the Emperor Phocas. The Downside Review, iv
(xxm) (1904), pp. 59-72.
Janin, R. Formation du patriarcat oecumenique de Constantinople. Echos d'Orient,
xm (1910), pp. 135-40, 213-18.
Jorga, N. Der lateinische Westen und der byzantinische Osten in ihren Wechsel-
beziehungen wahrend des Mittelalters. Einige Gesichtspunkte. In Studium
Lipsiense: Ehrengabe Karl Lamprecht dargebracht, etc. Berlin. 1909.
pp. 89-99.
Koch, P. Die byzantinischen Beamtentitel von 400 bis 700. Dissertation. Jena.
1903.
Kraitschek. Der Sturz des Kaisers Mauricius. In Bericht iiber das Vereinsjahr
## p. 757 (#789) ############################################
Bibliography 757
des akad. Vereins deutscher Historiker in Wien. Vienna (1896), pp. 81–137
(cf. BZ, vii, 188). (Now unobtainable: a copy was courteously presented to the
writer by the Society. )
Kretschmann. Die Kämpfe zwischen Heraclius I und Chosroes II. Part 1.
Programm. Domschule zu Gustrow. 1875. Part 2. Ibid. 1876.
Kulakovsky, Yu. K istorii Bospora kimmeryskago v kontsye v1, v. VV, III
(1896), pp. 1–17.
Loparev, Kh. Staroe svidyetelstvo o Polozhenii rizui Bogoroditsui vo Vlakhernakh
v novom istolkovanii prityenitelno k nashestviyu Russkik na Vizantiyu v 860
godu. VV, II (1895), pp. 581–628.
Maspero, J. Potöeparoi et Xrpartórai dans l'Armée byzantine au vie. Siècle. BZ,
xx1 (1912), pp. 97–109.
Mordtmann, A. D. Die Chronologie der Sassaniden. 1871.
Mordtmann, A. Oi"A3apes kai oi IIéporal ºrpo ris Kovo ravruvoviróAeos. 6 €v Kovar.
‘ENA. bºx. oriº Moyos dpx. €marp.
trapáprmua row k'-x8' réuov. Constantinople.
1892, pp. 54–60.
Owsepian, G. Die Entstehungsgeschichte des Monothelitismus. Leipsic. 1897.
(Suggestive for the chronology of the campaigns of Heraclius. )
Patkanian, K. See Prud’homme, É. infra.
Patrono, C. M. Bizantini e Persiani alla Fine del v1 Secolo. Florence. 1907.
Estratto dal Giornale della Società Asiatica italiana. xx. 1907. pp. 159–277.
— Studi Bizantini. Dei Conflitti tra l' imperatore Maurizio Tiberio e il Papa
Gregorio Magno. Rivista di Storia Antica, N. S. xII (1909), pp. 47–63 (1910),
pp. 169–88.
Pernice, A. L. Imperatore Eraclio. Saggio di Storia bizantina. Florence. 1905.
Prud’homme, É. Essai d'une histoire de la dynastie des Sassanides d'après les
renseignements fournis parles historiens Arméniens. Par M. K. Patkanian:
traduit du russe par M. E. Prud’homme. JA, Series v1. Vol. vii. Feb. -March,
1866, pp. 101-238.
Rhétoré, J. La Prise de Jérusalem par les Perses. R. biblique internationale,
vi (1897), pp. 458–63.
Ricci, Seymour de. Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, xxiv, 1902,
pp. 97–107. A list of the praefects of Egypt.
Siderides, X. A. 'Em'avépôooris dºnymoréov yeyovárov ruvov čni atrokpáropos “Hpak Aetov
row A'. 6 v Kovar. ‘EXA. pt. N. oriº Aoyos réuos kn' (1904), pp. 98–118.
Spintler, R. De Phoca Imperatore Romanorum. Dissertatio historica. Jena.
1905.
Usener, H. De Stephano Alexandrino commentatio. Bonn. 1880.
Uspensky, Th. Partii tsirka i dimui v Konstantinopolye, VV, I (1894), pp. 1–16.
Vailhé, S. Les Juifs et la prise de Jérusalem 614. Échos d'Orient, xii (1909),
. 15–17.
—". Prise de Jérusalem parles Perses en 614. ROC, vi (1901), pp. 643–9.
— Exécution de l'Empereur Maurice à Calamich en 602. Echos d'Orient, xiii
(1910), pp. 201—8.
— Le Titre de patriarche oecuménique avant S. Grégoire le Grand. Ibid. xi
(1908), pp. 65–9.
S. Grégoire le Grand et le Titre de Patriarche oecuménique. Ibid. pp. 161–71.
Vasilievsky, V. Avarui a ne Russkie. Theodor a ne Georgy : zamyechaniya na
statyu Kh. M. Lopareva. VV, III (1896), pp. 83–95.
Wenger, L. Vorbericht öber die Münchener byzantinischen Papyri. Sitzungsber.
d. kön. Bayerischen Akad. d. Wissenschaften. Phil. -phil. -hist. Kl. , Abh. 8.
Munich. 1911.
CH. IX.
## p. 758 (#790) ############################################
758
CHAPTER X.
MAHOMET AND ISLAM.
I. MUSLIM WORKS.
The Koran. Of the English translations the best are those of Rodwell (1861) and
Palmer (1880). Of the innumerable Arabic Commentaries on the Korau the
most important is that of Tabari (who died A. n. 923), printed at Cairo in
1901-3.
The Biography of the Prophet by Ibn Ishak (+a. d. 768) in the recension of Ibn
Hisham (+a. d. 834), edited by Wiistenfeld. (Gottingen. 1858-60. ) Of this
work there is a very inaccurate and misleading German translation by Weil
(1864).
The Book of the Prophet's Campaigns by Wakidi (t a. d. 823). The first part of
this book (about a third of the whole) was edited by A. von Kremer. Calcutta.
1856. The rest of the Arabic text is still unpublished, but there is an
abridged German translation by Wellhausen, entitled Muhammed in Medina.
Berlin. 1882.
The Biography of the Prophet by Ibn Sa'ad (t a. d. 845). The earlier portion of this
book has been edited by Mittwoch, E. 1905, and by Horovitz, J. 1909,
as part of a series entitled Ibn Sa'ad, Biographien Muhammeds, seiner Gefahrte
und der spateren Trager des Islams. [General editor, E. Sachau. ] Leyden.
1904 ff. Another portion has been edited, with a German translation, by
Wellhausen in his Skizzen und Vorarbeiten, Part IV [see below\
The Annals of Tabari (the author of the above-mentioned Commentary on the
Koran), edited by De Goeje and others. Leyden. 1879-1901. A great part of
Tabari's account of the Prophet is taken verbatim from Ibn Ishak.
Among the numerous collections of Traditions the following are the most important:
(a) The Sahlh of Bukhari (+A. n. 870), edited by Krehl and Juynboll
(Leyden. 1861-1908).
(ft) The Sahlh of Muslim (+ a. d. 875).
(c) The Musnad of Ibn Hanbal (t A. n. 855).
The Usd-al-Ghaba of Ibn al-Athir (tA. D. 1234) and the Isaba of Ibn Pajar
(tA. n. 1449), two Biographical Dictionaries containing accounts of the Pro-
phet's contemporaries arranged in alphabetical order.
II. EUROPEAN WORKS.
Those accounts of Mahomet and Islam which were published in Europe
before the beginning of the 19th century are now to be regarded simply as literary
curiosities. Even if the writers had been strictly impartial—which was seldom
the case—the nature of the materials which lay within their reach would have
placed them at a great disadvantage. An edition of the Koran, with a Latin
translation and a copious "refutation" by Luigi Maracci, appeared at Padua in
## p. 759 (#791) ############################################
Bibliography 759
1698, but the works of the earlier Muslim commentators and historians, without
which the Koran could not be rationally interpreted, remained unknown in Europe
for more than a century later. The principal sources whence Gibbon and other
European writers drew their information on this subject were the following:
(1) A brief historical summary composed by the Christian ecclesiastic Gregory
Barhebraeus, also called Abu-1-Faraj or Abul-pharagius (tA. o. 1286): (2) another
summary by the Muslim annalist Abu-1-Fida (+ a. d. 1331): (3) a historical romance
of uncertain date falsely ascribed to the historian Wakidi.
The older authorities, long neglected and sometimes wholly forgotten by
Muslims, have during the last three generations been gradually brought to light
by European Arabists. Moreover, researches in other departments, particularly
Jewish and Christian Oriental literature, have elucidated certain details which even
the best Muslim authorities leave unexplained or explain wrongly. Of the works
which embody these results the following are the most important.
Becker, C. H. Christenthum und Islam. Tubingen. 1907. (Religionsgeschichtliche
Volksbucher fur die deutsche christliche Gegenwart.
Quarterly Statement, Jan. 1898, pp. 36-54. )
Couret, Conte A. La Prise de Jerusalem par les Perses en 614. Orleans. 1896.
La Palestine sous les Empereurs Grecs, 326-636. Grenoble. 1869.
Demetriy, A. K voprosu o dogovorakh russkikh s Grekami. VV, n (1895),
pp. 531-50. (Contains a diplomatic study on Menander (Bonn, 359-64):
wrongly dated in 628, pp. 535 sqq. )
cb. ix. 48—2
## p. 756 (#788) ############################################
756 The Successors of Justinian
Drapeyron, L. L'Empereur Heraclius et l'Empire byzantin au vne siecle. Paris.
1869 (out of print). And cf. Grande Encyclopedic, vol. xix, 1894, s. v. Heraclius.
Duckworth, H. T. F. John the Almsgiver. Oxford. 1901.
Duval, R. Histoire d'Edesse. Paris. 1892. (And in JA. )
EuayyfAi'Sijr, T. E. 'HpdxXctor 6 AiiTOKparmp tov Bvfapriov (675-641 p. X. ) icai q
Kara rov {' p. X. aiaua Karatrratric rov Bv(ai>TtaKov icpdrovs. Odessa. 19Q3
(written 1898). [The Emperor as national hero of the Greeks. ]
lielzer, 11. Die Genesis der byzantinischen Themenverfassung. Abhandlung v of
vol. xviii of Abhandlungen der philologisch-historischen Claase der kon.
Sachsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften. Leipsic. 1899. pp. 1-133.
Das Verhaltnis von Staat und Kirche in Byzanz. Ausgewahlte Kleine
Schriften. Leipsic. 1907. pp. 57-141 or HZ. Vol. lxxxvi (N. F. l) (1901),
pp. 193 sqq.
Der Streit iiber den Titel des okumenischen Patriarchen. Jahrbuch fur
protestantische Theologie, xm (1887), pp. 549-84.
Die politische und kirchliche Stellung von Byzanz. Verhandlungen der 33ten
Versammlung deutscher Philologen und Schulmanner in Gera. Leipsic. 1879.
pp. 32-55.
Ein griechischer Volksschriftsteller de« 7. Jahrhunderts. Ausgewahlte
Kleine Schriften. Leipsic. 1907. pp. 1-56 or HZ. N. F. Vol. xxv (1889),
pp. lsqq.
Chalcedon oder Karchedon. Khein. Mus. N. F. xlvhi (1893), pp. 161-74.
Gerland, E. Die persischen Feldziige des Kaisers Herakleios. BZ, in (1894),
pp. 330-73.
GOrres, F. Papst Gregor der Grosse und Kaiser Phokas. ZWT, xliv. N. F.
ix (1901), pp. 592-602.
Das Christentum im Sassanidenreich. Ibid, xxxi (1888), pp. 449-68.
Die Sassaniden von Shapur II bis Chosroes II (310-628) und das Christentum
nach den von Georg Hoffmann veroffentlichen syrischen Martyreracten des
brit. Museums. Ibid, xxxix (1896), pp. 443-59.
Die byzantinische Abstammung der spanischen Westgoten Kdnige Erwich
und Witiza sowie die Beziehungen des Kaisers Maurikios zur germanischen
Welt. BZ, xix, 1910, pp. 430-9.
Groh, Kurt. Geschichte des ostromischen Kaisers Justin II nebst den Quellen.
Leipsic. 1889.
Giiterbock, K. Romisch-Armenien und die rom. Satrapieen im vierten bis sechsten
Jahrhundert. Eine rechtsgeschichtliche Studic. In Festgabe der juristischen
Fakultat zu Konigsberg fur ihren Senior Johann Theodor Schirmer zum
1 August, 1900, pp. 1-58.
Byzanz und Persien in ihren diplomatisch-volkerrechtlichen Beziehungen
im Zeitalter Justinians, etc. Berlin. 1906.
Haury, J. Johannes Malalas identisch mit dem Patriarchen Johannes Scholastikos?
BZ, ix (1900), pp. 337-56.
Hicks, G B. St Gregory and the Emperor Phocas. The Downside Review, iv
(xxm) (1904), pp. 59-72.
Janin, R. Formation du patriarcat oecumenique de Constantinople. Echos d'Orient,
xm (1910), pp. 135-40, 213-18.
Jorga, N. Der lateinische Westen und der byzantinische Osten in ihren Wechsel-
beziehungen wahrend des Mittelalters. Einige Gesichtspunkte. In Studium
Lipsiense: Ehrengabe Karl Lamprecht dargebracht, etc. Berlin. 1909.
pp. 89-99.
Koch, P. Die byzantinischen Beamtentitel von 400 bis 700. Dissertation. Jena.
1903.
Kraitschek. Der Sturz des Kaisers Mauricius. In Bericht iiber das Vereinsjahr
## p. 757 (#789) ############################################
Bibliography 757
des akad. Vereins deutscher Historiker in Wien. Vienna (1896), pp. 81–137
(cf. BZ, vii, 188). (Now unobtainable: a copy was courteously presented to the
writer by the Society. )
Kretschmann. Die Kämpfe zwischen Heraclius I und Chosroes II. Part 1.
Programm. Domschule zu Gustrow. 1875. Part 2. Ibid. 1876.
Kulakovsky, Yu. K istorii Bospora kimmeryskago v kontsye v1, v. VV, III
(1896), pp. 1–17.
Loparev, Kh. Staroe svidyetelstvo o Polozhenii rizui Bogoroditsui vo Vlakhernakh
v novom istolkovanii prityenitelno k nashestviyu Russkik na Vizantiyu v 860
godu. VV, II (1895), pp. 581–628.
Maspero, J. Potöeparoi et Xrpartórai dans l'Armée byzantine au vie. Siècle. BZ,
xx1 (1912), pp. 97–109.
Mordtmann, A. D. Die Chronologie der Sassaniden. 1871.
Mordtmann, A. Oi"A3apes kai oi IIéporal ºrpo ris Kovo ravruvoviróAeos. 6 €v Kovar.
‘ENA. bºx. oriº Moyos dpx. €marp.
trapáprmua row k'-x8' réuov. Constantinople.
1892, pp. 54–60.
Owsepian, G. Die Entstehungsgeschichte des Monothelitismus. Leipsic. 1897.
(Suggestive for the chronology of the campaigns of Heraclius. )
Patkanian, K. See Prud’homme, É. infra.
Patrono, C. M. Bizantini e Persiani alla Fine del v1 Secolo. Florence. 1907.
Estratto dal Giornale della Società Asiatica italiana. xx. 1907. pp. 159–277.
— Studi Bizantini. Dei Conflitti tra l' imperatore Maurizio Tiberio e il Papa
Gregorio Magno. Rivista di Storia Antica, N. S. xII (1909), pp. 47–63 (1910),
pp. 169–88.
Pernice, A. L. Imperatore Eraclio. Saggio di Storia bizantina. Florence. 1905.
Prud’homme, É. Essai d'une histoire de la dynastie des Sassanides d'après les
renseignements fournis parles historiens Arméniens. Par M. K. Patkanian:
traduit du russe par M. E. Prud’homme. JA, Series v1. Vol. vii. Feb. -March,
1866, pp. 101-238.
Rhétoré, J. La Prise de Jérusalem par les Perses. R. biblique internationale,
vi (1897), pp. 458–63.
Ricci, Seymour de. Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, xxiv, 1902,
pp. 97–107. A list of the praefects of Egypt.
Siderides, X. A. 'Em'avépôooris dºnymoréov yeyovárov ruvov čni atrokpáropos “Hpak Aetov
row A'. 6 v Kovar. ‘EXA. pt. N. oriº Aoyos réuos kn' (1904), pp. 98–118.
Spintler, R. De Phoca Imperatore Romanorum. Dissertatio historica. Jena.
1905.
Usener, H. De Stephano Alexandrino commentatio. Bonn. 1880.
Uspensky, Th. Partii tsirka i dimui v Konstantinopolye, VV, I (1894), pp. 1–16.
Vailhé, S. Les Juifs et la prise de Jérusalem 614. Échos d'Orient, xii (1909),
. 15–17.
—". Prise de Jérusalem parles Perses en 614. ROC, vi (1901), pp. 643–9.
— Exécution de l'Empereur Maurice à Calamich en 602. Echos d'Orient, xiii
(1910), pp. 201—8.
— Le Titre de patriarche oecuménique avant S. Grégoire le Grand. Ibid. xi
(1908), pp. 65–9.
S. Grégoire le Grand et le Titre de Patriarche oecuménique. Ibid. pp. 161–71.
Vasilievsky, V. Avarui a ne Russkie. Theodor a ne Georgy : zamyechaniya na
statyu Kh. M. Lopareva. VV, III (1896), pp. 83–95.
Wenger, L. Vorbericht öber die Münchener byzantinischen Papyri. Sitzungsber.
d. kön. Bayerischen Akad. d. Wissenschaften. Phil. -phil. -hist. Kl. , Abh. 8.
Munich. 1911.
CH. IX.
## p. 758 (#790) ############################################
758
CHAPTER X.
MAHOMET AND ISLAM.
I. MUSLIM WORKS.
The Koran. Of the English translations the best are those of Rodwell (1861) and
Palmer (1880). Of the innumerable Arabic Commentaries on the Korau the
most important is that of Tabari (who died A. n. 923), printed at Cairo in
1901-3.
The Biography of the Prophet by Ibn Ishak (+a. d. 768) in the recension of Ibn
Hisham (+a. d. 834), edited by Wiistenfeld. (Gottingen. 1858-60. ) Of this
work there is a very inaccurate and misleading German translation by Weil
(1864).
The Book of the Prophet's Campaigns by Wakidi (t a. d. 823). The first part of
this book (about a third of the whole) was edited by A. von Kremer. Calcutta.
1856. The rest of the Arabic text is still unpublished, but there is an
abridged German translation by Wellhausen, entitled Muhammed in Medina.
Berlin. 1882.
The Biography of the Prophet by Ibn Sa'ad (t a. d. 845). The earlier portion of this
book has been edited by Mittwoch, E. 1905, and by Horovitz, J. 1909,
as part of a series entitled Ibn Sa'ad, Biographien Muhammeds, seiner Gefahrte
und der spateren Trager des Islams. [General editor, E. Sachau. ] Leyden.
1904 ff. Another portion has been edited, with a German translation, by
Wellhausen in his Skizzen und Vorarbeiten, Part IV [see below\
The Annals of Tabari (the author of the above-mentioned Commentary on the
Koran), edited by De Goeje and others. Leyden. 1879-1901. A great part of
Tabari's account of the Prophet is taken verbatim from Ibn Ishak.
Among the numerous collections of Traditions the following are the most important:
(a) The Sahlh of Bukhari (+A. n. 870), edited by Krehl and Juynboll
(Leyden. 1861-1908).
(ft) The Sahlh of Muslim (+ a. d. 875).
(c) The Musnad of Ibn Hanbal (t A. n. 855).
The Usd-al-Ghaba of Ibn al-Athir (tA. D. 1234) and the Isaba of Ibn Pajar
(tA. n. 1449), two Biographical Dictionaries containing accounts of the Pro-
phet's contemporaries arranged in alphabetical order.
II. EUROPEAN WORKS.
Those accounts of Mahomet and Islam which were published in Europe
before the beginning of the 19th century are now to be regarded simply as literary
curiosities. Even if the writers had been strictly impartial—which was seldom
the case—the nature of the materials which lay within their reach would have
placed them at a great disadvantage. An edition of the Koran, with a Latin
translation and a copious "refutation" by Luigi Maracci, appeared at Padua in
## p. 759 (#791) ############################################
Bibliography 759
1698, but the works of the earlier Muslim commentators and historians, without
which the Koran could not be rationally interpreted, remained unknown in Europe
for more than a century later. The principal sources whence Gibbon and other
European writers drew their information on this subject were the following:
(1) A brief historical summary composed by the Christian ecclesiastic Gregory
Barhebraeus, also called Abu-1-Faraj or Abul-pharagius (tA. o. 1286): (2) another
summary by the Muslim annalist Abu-1-Fida (+ a. d. 1331): (3) a historical romance
of uncertain date falsely ascribed to the historian Wakidi.
The older authorities, long neglected and sometimes wholly forgotten by
Muslims, have during the last three generations been gradually brought to light
by European Arabists. Moreover, researches in other departments, particularly
Jewish and Christian Oriental literature, have elucidated certain details which even
the best Muslim authorities leave unexplained or explain wrongly. Of the works
which embody these results the following are the most important.
Becker, C. H. Christenthum und Islam. Tubingen. 1907. (Religionsgeschichtliche
Volksbucher fur die deutsche christliche Gegenwart.
