where they had
obtained
from the king all they Hell.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
Anab.
iv.
thyia (Plat.
Phacd.
p.
229, c.
; Timaeus, Lex.
Plat.
15. )
$. v. ).
(L. S. )
2. A son of Phrataphernes, the satrap of Parthia PHARMA'CIDES (Papuaxides), i. e. sorceresses
and Hyrcania. (Ibid. vi. 27. )
or witches, is the name by which the Thebans de-
3. King of Iberia, contemporary with the em- signated the divinities who delayed the birth of
peror Tiberius. He assisted his brother Mithridates Heracles. (Paus. ix. 11. & 2. ) (L. S. )
to establish himself on the throne of Armenia, PHARNABA'ZUS (Þapválaços). i. Father
A. D. 35 (ARSACIDAE, Vol. I. p. 362); and when of Pharnaces (Thuc. ii. 67).
the Parthian prince Orodes attempted to dispossess 2. Son of Pharnaces, succeeded his father as
him of his newly-acquired kingdom, Pharasmanes satrap of the Persian provinces near the Helles-
assembled a large ariny, with which he totally de- pont, and it would seem from a passage in Thucy-
feated the Parthians in a pitched battle (Tac. Ann. dides (viii. 58) that his brothers were associated
vi. 32—35). At a later period (A. D. 53) he in- with him in the government (comp. Arnold and
stigated his son Rhadamistus, whose ambitious and Göller ad Thuc. l. c. ; Krueger, ad Thuc. viii. 6).
aspiring character began to give him umbrage, to Early in B. C. 412, being anxious to support the
make war upon his uncle Mithridates, and sup- Greek cities of his satrapy in their intended revolt
ported him in his enterprize ; but when Rhada- from Athens, in order that he might satisfy the
mistus was in his turn expelled by the Parthians, demand of his master, Dareius II. , for the tribute
after a short reign (A. D. 55), and took refuge again arising from them, he sent to Sparta two Greek
in his father's dominions, the old king, in order to exiles who had taken refuge at his court (Calligei-
curry favour with the Romans, who had expressed tus of Megara and Timagoras of Cyzicus), propos-
their displeasure at the proceedings of Rhadamistus, ing an alliance, and urging that a Lacedaemonian
put his son to death. (Id. ib. xii. 42—48, xiii. 6, fleet should be despatched to the Hellespont. The
37. )
(E. H. B. ] government, however, acting chiefly under the in-
PHARAX, of Ephesus, a sculptor, whom Vi- fluence of Alcibiades, decided in favour of a counter
truvius mentions as one of those artists, who application to the same effect from Tissaphernes,
failed to obtain renown, not for want of industry or the satrap of Lydia ; but, in the congress which
skill, but of good fortune (iii. Praef. & 2). [P. S. ) | the Spartans shortly after held at Corinth, it was
PHARAX (Þápaš). 1. A Spartan, father of resolved to send aid to the Hellespont after Chios
the Styphon, who was one of the prisoners taken and Lesbos should be won from Athens, and, in
by Demosthenes and Cleon at Sphacteria, in B. C. the same year, a squadron of twenty-seven ships,
425. (Thục. iv. 38. )
which had been prepared for this service, was de-
2. One of the council of ten, appointed by the spatched with orders to proceed under Clearchus to
Spartans in B. C. 418, to control Agis. At the co-operate with Pharnabazus, if it should seem fit
battle of Mantineia in that year, he restrained the to the Spartan commissioners who were sent out at
Lacedaemonians from presaing too much on the the same time to inquire into the conduct of Astyo-
defeated enemy, and so running the risk of driving chus (Thuc. viii. 6, 8, 39). Nothing, however,
them to despair (Thuc. v. 63, &c. ; Diod. xii. 79; appears to have been attempted by the Lacedae
Wess. ad loc. ). Diodorus speaks of him as having monians in this quarter till the spring of 411, when
been high in dignity among his countrymen, and DERCYLLIDAS marched thither, and, being joined
Pausanias (vi. 3) tells us that he was one of those by Pharnabazus, gained possession of Abydus, and,
to whom the Ephesians erected a statue in the for a time, of Lampsacus. In the following sum-
temple of Artemis, after the close of the Pelopon- mer, as Pharnabazus promised to maintain any
nesian war. He seems to have been the same force which might come to his aid, and the supplies
person who was admiral in B. c. 397, and co-ope- from Tissaphernes were more grudgingly and scan-
rated with Dercyllidas in his invasion of Caria, tily furnished, the Spartans sent forty ships under
where the private property of Tissaphernes lay Clearchus to the Hellespont, of which ien only
[DERCYLLIDAS). In B. C. 396 he laid siege, with arrived there ; but, the samne motives still conti-
120 ships, to Caunus, where Conon was then nuing to operate with them, and the duplicity of
stationed ; but he was compelled to withdraw by Tissaphernes becoming more and more apparent, the
the approach of a large force under Pharnabazus whole armament under Mindarus soon after left
and Artaphernes, according to Diodorus, in whom Miletus and sailed northward to unite itself with
however the latter name appears to be a mistake Pharnabazus (Thue. viii. 61, 62, 80, 99—109). In
for Tissaphernes (Xen. Hell. iii. 2. $S 12. &c. ; the battle between the Athenian and Lacedaemonian
Diod. xiv. 79 ; Paus. vi. 7; Thirlwall's Greece, fleets, which was fought near Abydus in the same
vol. iv. p. 411). We learn from Theopompus (ap. 1 year (B. C, 411), and in which the Aihenians were via
## p. 240 (#256) ############################################
240
PHARNABAZUS.
PIARNABAZUS.
torious, Pharnabazus distinguished himself grently invested by Artaxerxes in Asia Minor, as a reward
by his zeal in behalf of his allies, urging his horse for his services in the war with Cyrus, naturally
into the sea, and fighting as long as possible (Xen. excited the jealousy of Pharnabazus ; and the
Hell. i. 1. $ 6; Diod. xiii. 46 ; Plut. Alc. 27). In hostile feeling mutually entertained by the satraps
B. C. 410 he aided Mindarus in the capture of was taken advantage of by Dercyllidas, when he
Cyzicus ; and in the battle which took place there passed over into Asia, in B. c. 399, to protect the
soon after (MINDARUS], he not only gave valuable Asiatic Greeks against the Persian power. [DER-
assistance to the Lacedaemonians with his forces, CYLLIDAs. ) In B. C. 396, the province of Phama-
which were drawn up on the shore, but, when for- bazus was invaded by Agesilaus, but the Lacedae-
tune declared against his friends, he checked the monian cavalry was defeated by that of the satrap.
pursuit of the victorious Athenians, and sheltered In 395, Tithraustes, who had been sent by
the fugitives in his camp. He also supplied ench Artaxerxes to put Tissaphernes to death, and to
of them with arms and clothing and with pay for succeed him in his government, made a merit with
two months, setting them to guard the coasts of his Agesilaus of his predecessor's execution, and urged
province, and bidding them take courge, as there him to leave his province unmolested, and to
was plenty of timber in the king's country to build attack that of Pharnabazus instead, a request to
them another fleet. For this purpose he furnished which Agesilaus acceded, on condition that Ti-
them himself with money and materials, and ena- thraustes should bear the expense of the march.
bled them to set about the construction of new Pharnabazus met the enemy, and gained a slight
ships at Antandrus. He then prepared to march advantage orer one of their marauding parties ; but
to the help of Chalcedon, which seemed to be in a few days after this his camp was surprised and
danger from the Athenian fleet under Alcibiades ; captured by Herippidas, and he was himself obliged
but it is probable that the return of the latter to to wander, a hunted fugitive, about his own terri-
the Hellespont induced Pharnabazus to relinquish tory, until at length a conference was arranged
his intention and to remain where his presence ap between him and Agesilaus by a friend of both
peared more necessary. It was about this time also parties, A pollophanes of Cyzicus. Xenophon
that Hermocrates was indebted to his generosity gives us a graphic account of the interview, in
for an unsolicited supply of money for the purpose which the satrap upbraided the Lacedaemonians
of procuring ships and mercenaries to effect his re- with the ill return they were making him for his
turn to Syracuse (HERMOCRATES). In B. C. 409, services in the Peloponnesian war, and which
Pharnabazus was defeated by Alcibiades and Thra- ended with a promise from Agesilaus to withdraw
syllus near Abydus, and his province was ravaged from his territory, and to refrain from any future
by the Athenians (Xen. Hell
. i. 1. SS 14, &c. , 31, invasion of it, as long as there should be any one
2. 88 16, 17; Diod. xiii. 49–51, 63 ; Plut. Alc. else for him to fight with. (Xen. Hell. ii. 4. SS 12,
28. ) In B. C. 408, the success of Alcibiades and &c. , 25, &c. , iv. I. $$ 1, 15–41; Plut. Ages.
his colleagues at Chalcedon against Pbarnabazus 9-12; Diod. xiv. 35, 79, 80 ; Just, vi. 1. )
and the Spartan harmost, Hippocrates, who was Meanwhile, as early apparently as B. C. 397, Phar.
slain in the battle, induced the satrap to accept nabazus had connected himself with Conon, and
terms of accommodation from the Athenians, and we find them engaged together down to 393 in a
he further engaged to give a safe conduct to the series of successful operations under the sanction
ambassadors whom they purposed sending to Da- and with the assistance of the Persian king. [Co-
reius (Xen. Hell. i. 3. SS 4-14 ; Diod. xiii. 66 ; NON. ) Pharnabazus, in the last-mentioned year,
Plut. Alc. 30, 31. ) Early in the following spring returned to Asia, and we have no further account
he was journeying with the embassy in question on of him for some time. His satrapy was invaded
their way to the Persian court, when they were by Anaxibius in 389, but it does not appear
met by some Spartan envoys returning from Susa, whether he was himself residing there. (Xen.
where they had obtained from the king all they Hell. iv. 8. Ø 33. ) Two years after we find Ario-
wished, and closely followed by Cyrus, who had barzanes holding the government of Pharnabazus,
been invested by his father with the government who had gone up to court to marry the king's
of the whole sea-coast of Asia Minor, and had been daughter. (Xen. Hell. v. 1. $ 28, Ages. ii. 3 ;
commissioned to aid the Lacedaemonians in the Plut. Art. 27. ) So far we are on sure ground;
At the desire of the prince, Pharnabazus de- but it is very difficult to decide to what period we
tained the Athenian ambassadors in custody, and should refer the unsuccessful expedition of the
three years elapsed before he could obtain leave to Persians to Egypt under Pharnabazus, Abrocomas,
dismiss them (Xen. Hell. i. 4. $$ 1-7). Accord and Tithraustes. Rehdantz, however, gives some
ing to Diodorus (xiv. 22) it was he who gave very probable reasons for placing it in B. C. 392–
information to Artaxerxes of the designs of Cyrus ; 390. (Rehdantz, Vit. Iph. , Chair. , Timoth. pp.
but the name of Pharnabazus may be a mistake of 32, 239—242 ; comp. Isocr. Paneg. p. 69, d. ;
the author for Tissaphernes in this passage as it Aristoph. Plut. 178 ; Just, vi. 6. ) In B. C. 377,
certainly is in other parts of his work, e. g: Pharnabazus, by his remonstrances with the Athe-
xiii. 36, 37, 38. When the Ten Thousand nians, obtained the recall of Chabrias from the
Greeks, in their retreat, had reached Calpe in service of Acoris, king of Egypt, and also a pro-
Bithynia, Pharnabazus sent a body of cavalry to mise to send Iphicraies to co-operate with the
act against them, and these troops made an inef- Persian generals in the reduction of the rebellious
fectual attempt to check the progress of their march. province. The expedition, however, under Iphi-
(Xen. Anab. vi. 4. $S 24, &c. , 5. $$_26–32. ) crates and Pharnabazus ultimately failed in B. C.
On their arrival at Chrysopolis, on the eastern 374, chiefly through the dilatory proceedings and
shore of the Bosporus, the satrap induced Anax. the excessive caution of the latter, who excused
ibius by large promises, which he never redeemed, himself to his colleague by the remark that while
to withdraw them from his territory. [ANAXIBIUS. ] his words were in his own power, his actions were
The great acthority with which Tissaphernes was in that of the king. [CHABRIAS ; IPHICRATES ;
war.
## p. 241 (#257) ############################################
PHARNACES.
241
PHARNACES.
NectaNABIS. ) Whether the disastrous result I was on the throne before E. c. 183, in which year
B.
of the expedition in question threw Pharnabazus he succeeded in reducing the important city of
into disgrace at court, we do not know. Hence- Sinope, which had been long an object of ambition
forth he disappears from history.
to the kings of Pontus. The Rhodians sent an
The character of Pharnabazus is eminently dis- embassy to Rome to complain of this aggression, but
tinguished by generosity and openness. Through without effect. (Strab. xii
. p. 545; Polyb. xxiv. 10;
out a long career, the servant as he was of a Liv. xl. 2. ) About the same time Pharnaces
corrupt and exacting court, and beset by un became involved in disputes with his neighbour,
scrupulous opponents, we still find him unstained Eumenes, king of Pergamus, which led to repeated
by bad faith, if we except his breach of promise to embassies from both monarchs to Rome, as well as
Anaxibius, the very doubtful case of the murder of to partial hostilities. But in the spring of 181,
ALCIBIADEs, and his conduct above-mentioned to without waiting for the return of his ambassadors,
the Athenian ambassadors, in which he appears Pharnaces suddenly attacked both Eumenes and
to have been hardly a free agent.
Ariarathes, and invaded Galatia with a large force.
3. A Persian general, son of Artabazus (No. 4. ), Eumenes opposed him at the head of an army:
was joined with Autophradates in the command but hostilities were soon suspended by the arrival
of the fleet after the death of Memnon, in B. c. of the Roman deputies, appointed by the senate
333. [AUTOPHRADATES. ] They succeeded in to inquire into the matters in dispute. Nego-
reducing Mytilene, Tenedos, and Chios, and, having tiations were accordingly opened at Pergamus, but
despatched some ships to Cos and Halicarnassus, led to no result, the demands of Pharnaces being
they sailed with 100 of their fastest vessels to rejected by the Romans as unreasonable ; and the
Siphnus. Here they were visited by Agis, king war was in consequence renewed. It continued,
of Sparta, who came to ask for money and troops apparently with various interruptions, until the
to support the anti-Macedonian party in the summer of B. C. 179, when Pharnaces, finding
Peloponnesus. But just at this crisis intelligence himself unable to cope with the combined forces of
arrived of Alexander's victory at Issus, and Phar- Eumenes and Ariarathes, was compelled to purchase
nabazus, fearing that the effect of it might be the peace by the cession of all his conquests in Galatia
revolt of Chios, sailed thither with 12 ships and and Paphlagonia, with the exception of Sinope.
1500 mercenaries. He did not, however, prevent (Polyb. xxv. 2,4,6, xxvi. 6 ; Liv. xl. 20; Diod. xxix.
the islanders from putting down the Persian Exc. Vales. pp. 576, 577. ) How long he continued
government, and he was himself taken prisoner ; to reign after this we know not; but it appears,
but he escaped, and took refuge in Cos. (Arr. from an incidental notice, that he was still on the
Anal, ii. 1, 2, 13, iii. 2 ; Curt. iii. 3, iv. 1, 5. ) throne in B. c. 170. (Polyb. xxvii. 15; Clinton,
In B. c. 324, Artonis, the sister of Pharnabazus, F. H. vol. iii. p. 426. ) The impartial testimony
was given in marriage to Eumenes by Alexander of Polybius confirms the complaints of Eumenes
the Great; and in B. C. 321 we find Pharnabazus and the Romans in regard to the arrogant and
commanding a squadron of cavalry for Eumenes, in violent character of Pharnaces. [E. H. B. )
the battle in which he defeated Craterus and Neop- PHA'RNACES II. (aprárns), king of Pontus,
tolemus. (Arr. Anab. vii. 4 ; Plut. Eum. 7 ; Diod. or more properly of the Bosporus, was the son of
xviii. 30—32. )
[E. E. ) Mithridates the Great. According to Appian he
PHA'RNACES (Þapvárns). 1. The progenitor was treated by his father with great distinction,
of the kings of Cappadocia, who is himself styled and even designated as his successor, but we find
by Diodorus king of that country. He is said to no mention of him until the close of the life of
have married A tossa, a sister of Cambyses, the Mithridates, after the latter had taken refuge
father of Cyrus ; by whom he had a son named front the arms of Pompey in the provinces north
Gallus, who was the great-grandfather of Anaphas, of the Euxine. But the schemes and preparations
one of the seven Persians who slew the Magi. of the aged monarch for renewing the war with
(Diod. xxxi. Exc. Phot. p. 517. ) [ANAPHAN]. the Romans, and even carrying his arms into the
But the whole genealogy is probably fictitious. heart of their empire, excited the alarm of Phar-
2. Father of Artabazus, who commanded the naces, and he took advantage of the spirit of dis-
Parthians and Chorasmians in the expedition of content which existed among the assembled troops
Xerxes against Greece. [ARTABAZUS, No. 2. ] to conspire against the life of his father. His
3. Son of Pbarnabazus, appears to have been designs were discovered ; but he was supported
satrap of the provinces of Asia near the Helles- by the favour of the army, who broke out into
pont, as early as B. C. 430. (Thuc. ii. 67. ) He is open mutiny, declared Pharnaces their king,
subsequently mentioned as assigning Adramyt- and marched against the unhappy Mithridates,
tium for a place of settlement to the Delians, who, after several fruitless appeals to his son, was
who had been expelled by the Athenians from compelled to put an end to his own life, B. C. 63.
their native island, B. C. 422. (Id. v. 1; Diod. (Appian. Mithr. 110, 111; Dion Cass. xxxvii. 12.
xii. 73. )
For further details and authorities see Mithri-
4. A Persian of high rank, and brother-in-law DATES. ). In order to secure himself in the posses-
of Dareius Codomannus, who was killed at the sion of the throne which he had thus gained by par-
battle of the Granicus, B. C. 334. (Arr. Anab. i. ricide, Pharnaces hastened to send an embassy to
16. & 5; Diod. xvii.
15. )
$. v. ).
(L. S. )
2. A son of Phrataphernes, the satrap of Parthia PHARMA'CIDES (Papuaxides), i. e. sorceresses
and Hyrcania. (Ibid. vi. 27. )
or witches, is the name by which the Thebans de-
3. King of Iberia, contemporary with the em- signated the divinities who delayed the birth of
peror Tiberius. He assisted his brother Mithridates Heracles. (Paus. ix. 11. & 2. ) (L. S. )
to establish himself on the throne of Armenia, PHARNABA'ZUS (Þapválaços). i. Father
A. D. 35 (ARSACIDAE, Vol. I. p. 362); and when of Pharnaces (Thuc. ii. 67).
the Parthian prince Orodes attempted to dispossess 2. Son of Pharnaces, succeeded his father as
him of his newly-acquired kingdom, Pharasmanes satrap of the Persian provinces near the Helles-
assembled a large ariny, with which he totally de- pont, and it would seem from a passage in Thucy-
feated the Parthians in a pitched battle (Tac. Ann. dides (viii. 58) that his brothers were associated
vi. 32—35). At a later period (A. D. 53) he in- with him in the government (comp. Arnold and
stigated his son Rhadamistus, whose ambitious and Göller ad Thuc. l. c. ; Krueger, ad Thuc. viii. 6).
aspiring character began to give him umbrage, to Early in B. C. 412, being anxious to support the
make war upon his uncle Mithridates, and sup- Greek cities of his satrapy in their intended revolt
ported him in his enterprize ; but when Rhada- from Athens, in order that he might satisfy the
mistus was in his turn expelled by the Parthians, demand of his master, Dareius II. , for the tribute
after a short reign (A. D. 55), and took refuge again arising from them, he sent to Sparta two Greek
in his father's dominions, the old king, in order to exiles who had taken refuge at his court (Calligei-
curry favour with the Romans, who had expressed tus of Megara and Timagoras of Cyzicus), propos-
their displeasure at the proceedings of Rhadamistus, ing an alliance, and urging that a Lacedaemonian
put his son to death. (Id. ib. xii. 42—48, xiii. 6, fleet should be despatched to the Hellespont. The
37. )
(E. H. B. ] government, however, acting chiefly under the in-
PHARAX, of Ephesus, a sculptor, whom Vi- fluence of Alcibiades, decided in favour of a counter
truvius mentions as one of those artists, who application to the same effect from Tissaphernes,
failed to obtain renown, not for want of industry or the satrap of Lydia ; but, in the congress which
skill, but of good fortune (iii. Praef. & 2). [P. S. ) | the Spartans shortly after held at Corinth, it was
PHARAX (Þápaš). 1. A Spartan, father of resolved to send aid to the Hellespont after Chios
the Styphon, who was one of the prisoners taken and Lesbos should be won from Athens, and, in
by Demosthenes and Cleon at Sphacteria, in B. C. the same year, a squadron of twenty-seven ships,
425. (Thục. iv. 38. )
which had been prepared for this service, was de-
2. One of the council of ten, appointed by the spatched with orders to proceed under Clearchus to
Spartans in B. C. 418, to control Agis. At the co-operate with Pharnabazus, if it should seem fit
battle of Mantineia in that year, he restrained the to the Spartan commissioners who were sent out at
Lacedaemonians from presaing too much on the the same time to inquire into the conduct of Astyo-
defeated enemy, and so running the risk of driving chus (Thuc. viii. 6, 8, 39). Nothing, however,
them to despair (Thuc. v. 63, &c. ; Diod. xii. 79; appears to have been attempted by the Lacedae
Wess. ad loc. ). Diodorus speaks of him as having monians in this quarter till the spring of 411, when
been high in dignity among his countrymen, and DERCYLLIDAS marched thither, and, being joined
Pausanias (vi. 3) tells us that he was one of those by Pharnabazus, gained possession of Abydus, and,
to whom the Ephesians erected a statue in the for a time, of Lampsacus. In the following sum-
temple of Artemis, after the close of the Pelopon- mer, as Pharnabazus promised to maintain any
nesian war. He seems to have been the same force which might come to his aid, and the supplies
person who was admiral in B. c. 397, and co-ope- from Tissaphernes were more grudgingly and scan-
rated with Dercyllidas in his invasion of Caria, tily furnished, the Spartans sent forty ships under
where the private property of Tissaphernes lay Clearchus to the Hellespont, of which ien only
[DERCYLLIDAS). In B. C. 396 he laid siege, with arrived there ; but, the samne motives still conti-
120 ships, to Caunus, where Conon was then nuing to operate with them, and the duplicity of
stationed ; but he was compelled to withdraw by Tissaphernes becoming more and more apparent, the
the approach of a large force under Pharnabazus whole armament under Mindarus soon after left
and Artaphernes, according to Diodorus, in whom Miletus and sailed northward to unite itself with
however the latter name appears to be a mistake Pharnabazus (Thue. viii. 61, 62, 80, 99—109). In
for Tissaphernes (Xen. Hell. iii. 2. $S 12. &c. ; the battle between the Athenian and Lacedaemonian
Diod. xiv. 79 ; Paus. vi. 7; Thirlwall's Greece, fleets, which was fought near Abydus in the same
vol. iv. p. 411). We learn from Theopompus (ap. 1 year (B. C, 411), and in which the Aihenians were via
## p. 240 (#256) ############################################
240
PHARNABAZUS.
PIARNABAZUS.
torious, Pharnabazus distinguished himself grently invested by Artaxerxes in Asia Minor, as a reward
by his zeal in behalf of his allies, urging his horse for his services in the war with Cyrus, naturally
into the sea, and fighting as long as possible (Xen. excited the jealousy of Pharnabazus ; and the
Hell. i. 1. $ 6; Diod. xiii. 46 ; Plut. Alc. 27). In hostile feeling mutually entertained by the satraps
B. C. 410 he aided Mindarus in the capture of was taken advantage of by Dercyllidas, when he
Cyzicus ; and in the battle which took place there passed over into Asia, in B. c. 399, to protect the
soon after (MINDARUS], he not only gave valuable Asiatic Greeks against the Persian power. [DER-
assistance to the Lacedaemonians with his forces, CYLLIDAs. ) In B. C. 396, the province of Phama-
which were drawn up on the shore, but, when for- bazus was invaded by Agesilaus, but the Lacedae-
tune declared against his friends, he checked the monian cavalry was defeated by that of the satrap.
pursuit of the victorious Athenians, and sheltered In 395, Tithraustes, who had been sent by
the fugitives in his camp. He also supplied ench Artaxerxes to put Tissaphernes to death, and to
of them with arms and clothing and with pay for succeed him in his government, made a merit with
two months, setting them to guard the coasts of his Agesilaus of his predecessor's execution, and urged
province, and bidding them take courge, as there him to leave his province unmolested, and to
was plenty of timber in the king's country to build attack that of Pharnabazus instead, a request to
them another fleet. For this purpose he furnished which Agesilaus acceded, on condition that Ti-
them himself with money and materials, and ena- thraustes should bear the expense of the march.
bled them to set about the construction of new Pharnabazus met the enemy, and gained a slight
ships at Antandrus. He then prepared to march advantage orer one of their marauding parties ; but
to the help of Chalcedon, which seemed to be in a few days after this his camp was surprised and
danger from the Athenian fleet under Alcibiades ; captured by Herippidas, and he was himself obliged
but it is probable that the return of the latter to to wander, a hunted fugitive, about his own terri-
the Hellespont induced Pharnabazus to relinquish tory, until at length a conference was arranged
his intention and to remain where his presence ap between him and Agesilaus by a friend of both
peared more necessary. It was about this time also parties, A pollophanes of Cyzicus. Xenophon
that Hermocrates was indebted to his generosity gives us a graphic account of the interview, in
for an unsolicited supply of money for the purpose which the satrap upbraided the Lacedaemonians
of procuring ships and mercenaries to effect his re- with the ill return they were making him for his
turn to Syracuse (HERMOCRATES). In B. C. 409, services in the Peloponnesian war, and which
Pharnabazus was defeated by Alcibiades and Thra- ended with a promise from Agesilaus to withdraw
syllus near Abydus, and his province was ravaged from his territory, and to refrain from any future
by the Athenians (Xen. Hell
. i. 1. SS 14, &c. , 31, invasion of it, as long as there should be any one
2. 88 16, 17; Diod. xiii. 49–51, 63 ; Plut. Alc. else for him to fight with. (Xen. Hell. ii. 4. SS 12,
28. ) In B. C. 408, the success of Alcibiades and &c. , 25, &c. , iv. I. $$ 1, 15–41; Plut. Ages.
his colleagues at Chalcedon against Pbarnabazus 9-12; Diod. xiv. 35, 79, 80 ; Just, vi. 1. )
and the Spartan harmost, Hippocrates, who was Meanwhile, as early apparently as B. C. 397, Phar.
slain in the battle, induced the satrap to accept nabazus had connected himself with Conon, and
terms of accommodation from the Athenians, and we find them engaged together down to 393 in a
he further engaged to give a safe conduct to the series of successful operations under the sanction
ambassadors whom they purposed sending to Da- and with the assistance of the Persian king. [Co-
reius (Xen. Hell. i. 3. SS 4-14 ; Diod. xiii. 66 ; NON. ) Pharnabazus, in the last-mentioned year,
Plut. Alc. 30, 31. ) Early in the following spring returned to Asia, and we have no further account
he was journeying with the embassy in question on of him for some time. His satrapy was invaded
their way to the Persian court, when they were by Anaxibius in 389, but it does not appear
met by some Spartan envoys returning from Susa, whether he was himself residing there. (Xen.
where they had obtained from the king all they Hell. iv. 8. Ø 33. ) Two years after we find Ario-
wished, and closely followed by Cyrus, who had barzanes holding the government of Pharnabazus,
been invested by his father with the government who had gone up to court to marry the king's
of the whole sea-coast of Asia Minor, and had been daughter. (Xen. Hell. v. 1. $ 28, Ages. ii. 3 ;
commissioned to aid the Lacedaemonians in the Plut. Art. 27. ) So far we are on sure ground;
At the desire of the prince, Pharnabazus de- but it is very difficult to decide to what period we
tained the Athenian ambassadors in custody, and should refer the unsuccessful expedition of the
three years elapsed before he could obtain leave to Persians to Egypt under Pharnabazus, Abrocomas,
dismiss them (Xen. Hell. i. 4. $$ 1-7). Accord and Tithraustes. Rehdantz, however, gives some
ing to Diodorus (xiv. 22) it was he who gave very probable reasons for placing it in B. C. 392–
information to Artaxerxes of the designs of Cyrus ; 390. (Rehdantz, Vit. Iph. , Chair. , Timoth. pp.
but the name of Pharnabazus may be a mistake of 32, 239—242 ; comp. Isocr. Paneg. p. 69, d. ;
the author for Tissaphernes in this passage as it Aristoph. Plut. 178 ; Just, vi. 6. ) In B. C. 377,
certainly is in other parts of his work, e. g: Pharnabazus, by his remonstrances with the Athe-
xiii. 36, 37, 38. When the Ten Thousand nians, obtained the recall of Chabrias from the
Greeks, in their retreat, had reached Calpe in service of Acoris, king of Egypt, and also a pro-
Bithynia, Pharnabazus sent a body of cavalry to mise to send Iphicraies to co-operate with the
act against them, and these troops made an inef- Persian generals in the reduction of the rebellious
fectual attempt to check the progress of their march. province. The expedition, however, under Iphi-
(Xen. Anab. vi. 4. $S 24, &c. , 5. $$_26–32. ) crates and Pharnabazus ultimately failed in B. C.
On their arrival at Chrysopolis, on the eastern 374, chiefly through the dilatory proceedings and
shore of the Bosporus, the satrap induced Anax. the excessive caution of the latter, who excused
ibius by large promises, which he never redeemed, himself to his colleague by the remark that while
to withdraw them from his territory. [ANAXIBIUS. ] his words were in his own power, his actions were
The great acthority with which Tissaphernes was in that of the king. [CHABRIAS ; IPHICRATES ;
war.
## p. 241 (#257) ############################################
PHARNACES.
241
PHARNACES.
NectaNABIS. ) Whether the disastrous result I was on the throne before E. c. 183, in which year
B.
of the expedition in question threw Pharnabazus he succeeded in reducing the important city of
into disgrace at court, we do not know. Hence- Sinope, which had been long an object of ambition
forth he disappears from history.
to the kings of Pontus. The Rhodians sent an
The character of Pharnabazus is eminently dis- embassy to Rome to complain of this aggression, but
tinguished by generosity and openness. Through without effect. (Strab. xii
. p. 545; Polyb. xxiv. 10;
out a long career, the servant as he was of a Liv. xl. 2. ) About the same time Pharnaces
corrupt and exacting court, and beset by un became involved in disputes with his neighbour,
scrupulous opponents, we still find him unstained Eumenes, king of Pergamus, which led to repeated
by bad faith, if we except his breach of promise to embassies from both monarchs to Rome, as well as
Anaxibius, the very doubtful case of the murder of to partial hostilities. But in the spring of 181,
ALCIBIADEs, and his conduct above-mentioned to without waiting for the return of his ambassadors,
the Athenian ambassadors, in which he appears Pharnaces suddenly attacked both Eumenes and
to have been hardly a free agent.
Ariarathes, and invaded Galatia with a large force.
3. A Persian general, son of Artabazus (No. 4. ), Eumenes opposed him at the head of an army:
was joined with Autophradates in the command but hostilities were soon suspended by the arrival
of the fleet after the death of Memnon, in B. c. of the Roman deputies, appointed by the senate
333. [AUTOPHRADATES. ] They succeeded in to inquire into the matters in dispute. Nego-
reducing Mytilene, Tenedos, and Chios, and, having tiations were accordingly opened at Pergamus, but
despatched some ships to Cos and Halicarnassus, led to no result, the demands of Pharnaces being
they sailed with 100 of their fastest vessels to rejected by the Romans as unreasonable ; and the
Siphnus. Here they were visited by Agis, king war was in consequence renewed. It continued,
of Sparta, who came to ask for money and troops apparently with various interruptions, until the
to support the anti-Macedonian party in the summer of B. C. 179, when Pharnaces, finding
Peloponnesus. But just at this crisis intelligence himself unable to cope with the combined forces of
arrived of Alexander's victory at Issus, and Phar- Eumenes and Ariarathes, was compelled to purchase
nabazus, fearing that the effect of it might be the peace by the cession of all his conquests in Galatia
revolt of Chios, sailed thither with 12 ships and and Paphlagonia, with the exception of Sinope.
1500 mercenaries. He did not, however, prevent (Polyb. xxv. 2,4,6, xxvi. 6 ; Liv. xl. 20; Diod. xxix.
the islanders from putting down the Persian Exc. Vales. pp. 576, 577. ) How long he continued
government, and he was himself taken prisoner ; to reign after this we know not; but it appears,
but he escaped, and took refuge in Cos. (Arr. from an incidental notice, that he was still on the
Anal, ii. 1, 2, 13, iii. 2 ; Curt. iii. 3, iv. 1, 5. ) throne in B. c. 170. (Polyb. xxvii. 15; Clinton,
In B. c. 324, Artonis, the sister of Pharnabazus, F. H. vol. iii. p. 426. ) The impartial testimony
was given in marriage to Eumenes by Alexander of Polybius confirms the complaints of Eumenes
the Great; and in B. C. 321 we find Pharnabazus and the Romans in regard to the arrogant and
commanding a squadron of cavalry for Eumenes, in violent character of Pharnaces. [E. H. B. )
the battle in which he defeated Craterus and Neop- PHA'RNACES II. (aprárns), king of Pontus,
tolemus. (Arr. Anab. vii. 4 ; Plut. Eum. 7 ; Diod. or more properly of the Bosporus, was the son of
xviii. 30—32. )
[E. E. ) Mithridates the Great. According to Appian he
PHA'RNACES (Þapvárns). 1. The progenitor was treated by his father with great distinction,
of the kings of Cappadocia, who is himself styled and even designated as his successor, but we find
by Diodorus king of that country. He is said to no mention of him until the close of the life of
have married A tossa, a sister of Cambyses, the Mithridates, after the latter had taken refuge
father of Cyrus ; by whom he had a son named front the arms of Pompey in the provinces north
Gallus, who was the great-grandfather of Anaphas, of the Euxine. But the schemes and preparations
one of the seven Persians who slew the Magi. of the aged monarch for renewing the war with
(Diod. xxxi. Exc. Phot. p. 517. ) [ANAPHAN]. the Romans, and even carrying his arms into the
But the whole genealogy is probably fictitious. heart of their empire, excited the alarm of Phar-
2. Father of Artabazus, who commanded the naces, and he took advantage of the spirit of dis-
Parthians and Chorasmians in the expedition of content which existed among the assembled troops
Xerxes against Greece. [ARTABAZUS, No. 2. ] to conspire against the life of his father. His
3. Son of Pbarnabazus, appears to have been designs were discovered ; but he was supported
satrap of the provinces of Asia near the Helles- by the favour of the army, who broke out into
pont, as early as B. C. 430. (Thuc. ii. 67. ) He is open mutiny, declared Pharnaces their king,
subsequently mentioned as assigning Adramyt- and marched against the unhappy Mithridates,
tium for a place of settlement to the Delians, who, after several fruitless appeals to his son, was
who had been expelled by the Athenians from compelled to put an end to his own life, B. C. 63.
their native island, B. C. 422. (Id. v. 1; Diod. (Appian. Mithr. 110, 111; Dion Cass. xxxvii. 12.
xii. 73. )
For further details and authorities see Mithri-
4. A Persian of high rank, and brother-in-law DATES. ). In order to secure himself in the posses-
of Dareius Codomannus, who was killed at the sion of the throne which he had thus gained by par-
battle of the Granicus, B. C. 334. (Arr. Anab. i. ricide, Pharnaces hastened to send an embassy to
16. & 5; Diod. xvii.
