No More Learning

Gemusaeus. The text in were edited by himself. But while it is thank-
this edition (which, like the preceding, contains fully acknowledged that Kühn did good service to
neither Latin translation, notes, nor indices) is the ancient medical writers by republishing their
improved by the collation of Greek MSS. and the works in a commodious form, yet at the same time
examination of the Latin versions : the only ad- it must be confessed that the real critical merits
ditional work of Galen's published in this edition of his Collection as a whole are very small. In
is a Latin translation of the treatise De Ossibus. 1818 he published Galen's little work De Optimo
It is a handsome book, and frequently to be met Docendi Genere, Lips. 8vo. , Greek and Latin, as a
with.
specimen of his projected design, and in 1821 the
A very useful and neat edition, in thirteen vols. first volume of his works appeared. The edition
fol. , was printed at Paris, and bears the date of consists of twenty 8vo. volumes (divided into
1679. It contains the whole of the works of twenty-two parts), of which the last contains an
Hippocrates and Galen, mixed up together, and Index, made by F. W. Assmann, and was pub-
divided into thirteen classes, according to the lished in 1833. The first volume contains Acker-
subject-matter. This vast work was undertaken mann's Notitia Literaria Galeni, extracted from the
by René Chartier (Renatus Charterius), a French fifth volume of the new edition of Fabricius's Bite
physician, who published in 1633 (when he had al- liotheca Graeca, and somewhat improved and en-
ready passed his sirtieth year) a programme, en- larged by Kühn. For the correction of the Greek
titled, Inder Operum Galeni quae Latinis duntaxat text little or nothing has been done except in the
Typis in Lucem edita sunt, &c. , begging the loan case of a few particular treatises, and all Chartier's
of such Greek MSS. as he had not an opportunity notes and various readings are omitted. Kühn has
of examining in the public libraries of Paris. The likewise left out many of the spurious works con-
first volume appeared in 1639; but Chartier, tained in Chartier's edition, as also the Fragments,
after impoverishing himself, died in 1654, before and those books which are extant only in Latin ;
the work was completed : the last four volumes but, on the other hand, he has published for the
were published after his death, at the expense of first time the Greek text of the treatise De Muscu-
his son-in-law, and the whole work was at length lorum Dissectione, the Synopsis Librorum de Pul-
finished in 1679, forty years after it had been sibns, and the commentary on Hippocrates De Hue
commenced. This edition is in every respect su- moribus. Upon the whole, the writings of Galen
perior to those that had preceded it, and in some are still in a very corrupt and unsatisfactory state,
points to that which has followed it. It contains a and it is universally acknowledged that a new and
Latin translation, and a few notes, and various critical edition is much wanted.
readings : the text is divided into chapters, and is The project of a new edition of Galen's works
much improved by the collation of MSS. ; it con- has been entertained by several persons, parti-
tains several treatises in Greek and Latin not in- cularly by Caspar Hofmann and Theodore Goul-
cluded in the preceding editions (especially De stone in the seventeenth century. The latter pre-
Jlumoribus, De Ossibus, De Septimestri Partu, De pared several of Galen's smaller works for the
Fusciis, De Clysteribus), several others, much en- press, which were published in one volunie 410.
larged by the insertion of omitted passages (espe- Lond. 1640, after his death, by Thom. Gataker.
cially De Usu Partium, Definitiones Medicae, De Hofmann made very extensive preparations for his
Comate secundum Hippocraten, De Praenotione), and task, and published a copious and valuable com-
a large collection of fragments of Galen's lost works, mentary on the treatise De Usu Partiun. His
extracted from various Greek and Latin writers. | MS. notes, amounting to twenty-seven volumes in
r2


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212
GALENUS.
GALENUS.
1
folio, are said to have come into the possession of the latter of these MSS. seems to have been
Dr. Askew ; they do not, however, appear in the copied from the former by Jac. Golius, and contains
catalogue of his sale, nor has the writer been able only the six last books; the other contains the
to discover whether they are still in existence; whole work. (See London Medical Gazette for
for while the continental physicians universally 1844, 1845, p. 329. ) There were more than one
believe them to be still somewhere in England, no edition of this treatise ; the first was written during
one in this country to whom he has applied knows Galen's first visit to Rome, soon after the beginning
any thing about them.
of the reign of M. Aurelius, about A. D. 164; the
Galen's extant works have been classified in last some time before the same emperor's death,
various ways. In the old edition of his Bibliotheca A. D. 180. (Galen, De Adminstr. Anal. i. 1, vol. ii.
Graeca, Fabricius enumerated them in alphabetical p. 215, &c. ) 5. Nepl 'OOTWY Tols Eloa youévois,
order, which perhaps for convenience of reference De Ossibus' ad Tirones (vol. ii. ). The work con-
is as useful a mode as any. Ackermann in the new tains a tolerably accurate account of the bones,
edition of Fabricius has mentioned them, as far as though in some parts it appears clearly that he was
possible, in chronological order ; which is much less describing the skeleton" of the ape. 6. Περί
practically useful than the alphabetical arrange- Φλεβαν και 'Αρτηριών Ανατομής, De Tenarκm
ment (inasmuch as the difficulty of finding the Arteriarum Dissectione (vol. ii. ). 7. Nepi Neúpwr
account of any particular treatise is very much in- 'Avatouřis, De Nerrorum Dissectione (vol. i. ).
creased), but which, if it could be ascertained com- 8. Nepl Mvwv 'Avatouñs, De Musculorum Dis-
pletely and certainly, would be a far more natural sectione (vol. xviii. pt. 2. ). 9. Tepe Mútpas ’Ara-
and interesting one. In most of the editions of Touns, De Uteri Dissectione (vol. i. ). 10. Ei kata
his works, the treatises are arranged in classes ac- Φύσιν έν 'Αρτηρίαις Αίμα περιέχεται, Αη τη Ar-
cording to the subject-matter, which, upon the teriis secundum Naturam Sanguis contincatur (vol.
whole, seems to be the mode most suitable for the pre- ir. ). 11. Tepl Mvæv Kirhoews, De Musculorum
sent work. The number and contents of the diffe- Motu (vol. iv. ). 12. Nepi L-épuatos, De Semine
rent classes vary (as might be expected) according (vol. iv. ). 13. Tepi Xpelas Twv év 'Avparou
to the judgment of different editors, and the classi- Lauatı Mopíwv, De Usu Partium Corporis Ha-
fication which the writer has adopted does not ex- mani, in seventeen books (vols. ill. and iv. ). This
actly agree with any of the preceding ones. The is Galen's principal physiological work, and was
treatises in each class will, as far as possible, be probably begun about A. D. 165 (Gal. De Libr
arranged chronologically, thus combining, in some | Propr. c. 2. vol. xix. p. 15, 16), and finished after
degree, the advantage of Ackermann's arrange the year 170. (Ibid. p. 20. ) It is no less admirablo
ment; while the number of works contained in for the deep religious feeling with which it is
each class will not generally be so great as to occa- written, than for the scientific knowledge and
sion much inconvenience from their not being acuteness displayed in it; and is altogether a noble
enumerated alphabetically. A8 Kühn's edition work. Theophilus Protospatharius published a sort
of Galen (which is likely to be the one most of abridgment of the work under the title lepi
in use
for many years to come) extends to της του Ανθρώπου Κατασκευής, De Corporis Hu-
twenty-one volumes, it has been thought useful mani Fabrica. (THEOPHILI'S PROTOSPATHARIUS. ]
to mention in which of these each treatise is to be 14. llepi 'Orophoews 'Oprávou, De Odoratus
found.
Instrumento (vol. ii. ). 15. Περί Χρείας 'Αναπνσης,
De Usu Respirationis (vol. iv. ). 16. Tepi Xpelas
III. Works on ANATOMY AND PHTSIOLOGY. Lovy@v, De l'su Pulsuum (vol. v. ). His other
works on the pulse, which treat rather of its use in
1. Tepl Kpágewv, De Temperamentis, in three diagnosis, are mentioned in Class VI. 17. 071
books (vol. i. ed. Kuhn). For the editions of | τα της Ψυχής "Ήθη ταις του Σώματος Κράσεσιν
each separate treatise, and the commentaries that Femal, Quod Animi Mores Corporis Tempera-
have been published, see Choulant's Handbuch der menta sequantur (vol. iv. ). 18. Depi Kvovuévwv
Bücherkunde für die Aeitere Medicin, Haller's Alaaloews, De Foetuum Formatione (vol. iv. ).
Bibliothecue, and Ackermann's Historia Literaria, 19. Ei Zwov tò kata rastpós, An Animal sit,
prefixed to Kübn's edition. The best account of quod est in Utero (vol. xix. ); generally considered
the Arabic, Syriac, Armenian, and Persian trans- to be spurious. 20. De Anatomia Virorum (vol.
lations, will be found in J. G. Wenrich's treatise iv. ed. Chart. ) ; spurious. 21. De Compagine Mem-
De Auctorum Graecorum Versionibus et Commen- brorum, sive De Natura Humana (vol. v. ed.
tariis Syriacis, Arabicis, &c. Lips. 1842. 8vo. Chart. ); spurious. 22. De Natura et Ordine
2. Tepl Menaivns Xoañis, De Atra Bile (vol. v. ). cujuslibet Corporis (vol. v. ed. Chart. ) ; spurious.
3. liepa Avvápewe PUOIKW, De Facultatibus 23. De Motibus Manifestis et Obscuris (vol. v.
Naturalibus, in three books (vol. ii. ). 4. llepied. Chart. ), not written by Galen, but compiled
Ανατομικών Εγχειρήσεων, De Anatomicis Ad- from his writings. 24. Περί Χυμών, De Humo-
ministrationibus (vol. ii. ). This is Galen's prin ribus (vol. xix. ); spurious.
cipal anatomical work, and consisted originally Though Galen's celebrity is by no means found-
of fifteen books, the subject of each of which ed entirely on his anatomical and physiological
is mentioned by himself. (De Libr. Propr. c. 3, works, yet it was to these branches of medical
vol. xix. p. 24, 25. ) The six last books, and science that he did most real service, and it is this
about two-thirds of the ninth, which are not extant class of his writings that is most truly valuable.
either in the original Greek or in any Latin trans- A very interesting and accurate “Cursory Analysis
lation (as far as the writer is aware), are preserved of the Works of Galen, so far as they relate to
in an Arabic version, of which there are two Anatomy and Physiology,” by Dr. Kidd, is in-
copies in the Bodleian library at Oxford (Uri, serted in the sixth volume of the “ Transactions of
Cital. MSS. Orient. Bibl. Bodl. p. 135, codd. 567, the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association "
570), and apparently in no other European library. I(Lond. 1838), to which we must refer our readers


## p. 213 (#229) ############################################

GALENUS.
213
GALENUS.
for an account of Galen's views on anatomy and dot! TÓ Tyrelvóv, Ulrum Medicinae sit, vel Gym-
physiology.
nastices Hygicine (vol. v. ). 28. De Attenuante
Galen's familiarity with practical anatomy is at- Victus Rutione (vol. vi. ed. Chart. ). 29. 'Tgleivá,
tested by numerous passages in his writings. In De Sunitate Tuenda (vol. vi. ). One of Galen's best
the examination, for instance, of the blood-vessels works. 30. Περί Τροφών Δυνάμεως, De Aliment-
of the liver, he directs you to insert a probe into orum Facultatibus (vol. vi. ). 31. Tepl Evxvulas
the vena portae, and from thence into any of its kad Kakoxuulas Tpoow, Dé Probis et Praris Ali-
several larger ramifications ; then gently advancing mentorum Succis (vol. vi. ). 32. Nepl nitioávns,
the probe further and further, to dissect down to De Ptisana (vol. vi. ) 33. Tepl toll dià Mixpas
it. And thus, he says, you may trace the minu- Epalpas ruuvasiou, De Parvae Pilae Exercitio
test branches ; removing with the knife the inter- (vol. v. ). 34. De Dissolutione Continua, sive De
mediate substance, called by Erasistratus the par- Alimentorum Facultatibus (vol. vi. ed. Chart. )
enchyma (De Anutom. Administr. vi. Il, vol. ii. In Galen's directions respecting both food and
p. 575). Again, he notices what every one has the means of preserving health, we find many which
often experienced in dissection, the occasional con- are erroneous, and many others which, from the
venience of dividing the cellular membrane, either difference of climate and manners, are totally inap-
by the finger or the handle of the scalpel (ibid. plicable to us ; but, if allowance be made for these
p. 476. ): and in describing the use of the blow- points, most of the rest of his observations will pro-
pipe and various other instruments and contri- bably be admitted to be very judicious and useful.
vances employed in anatomical examinations, he Like the rest of the ancient medical writers, and
continually introduces you, as it were, into the in accordance with the habits of his countrymen,
dissecting room itself (ibid. p. 476, 668, 716). As he lays great stress on different species of gym-
an instance of the boldness and extent of his ex- nastic exercises, and especially eulogizes hunting, as
perimental anatomy, it may be mentioned, that, being an excellent exercise to the body, and an
after observing that although a ligature on the agreeable recreation to the mind. (De Parva Pila,
inguinal or axillary artery causes the pulse to cease vol. v. c. 1, p. 900. ) He particularly recommends
in the leg or in the arm, yet the experiment is not the cold bath to persons in the prime of life, and
seriously injurious to the animal on which it is during the summer season. With respect to the
made, he adds that even the carotid arteries may regimen of old persons, he says, that as old age is
be tied with impunity. (De Usu Puls. c. 1. vol. v. cold and dry, it is to be corrected by diluents and
p. 150. ) And the habitual' accuracy of his ob- calefacients, such as hot baths of sweet waters,
servation is evinced when he corrects the error of drinking wine, and taking such food as is moisten-
those experimentalists, who, omitting to separate ing and calefacient. He strenuously defends the
the contiguous nerves in tying the carotids, sup practice of allowing old persons to take wine, and
posed that the consequent loss of voice depended gives a circumstantial account of the Greek and
on the compression of those arteries, and not on Roman wines best adapted to them. He also ap-
that of the accompanying nerves. (De Hippocr. et proves of their taking three meals in the day
Plat. Decr. ii. 6. vol. v. p. 266 ; Dr. Kidd's Cur-(while to other persons he allows only two), and
sory Analysis, &c. )
recommends the bath to be used before dinner,
The question has often been discussed, whether which should consist of sea-fish.
Galen derived his anatomical knowledge from dis- Of all kinds of animal food pork was almost uni-
secting a human body, or that of some other ani- versally esteemed by the ancients as the best ; and
mal. The writer is not aware of any passage in Galen speaks of it in terms of the strongest appro-
his writings in which it is distinctly stated that bation. He says that the athletes, if for one day
he dissected human bodies; while the numerous presented with the same bulk of any other article
passages in which he recommends the dissection of of food, immediately experienced a diminution of
apes, bears, goats, and other animals, would seem strength ; and that, if the change of diet was per-
indirectly to prove that human bodies were seldom sisted in for several days, they fell off in flesh. (De
or never used for that purpose. (See particularly Aliment. Facult. ij. 2. vol. vi. p. 661. )
De Anat, Administr. iii. 5. vol. ii. 384 ; De Musc. Many other curious extracts from Galen's works
Dissect. c. 1. vol. xviii. pt. ii. p. 930. See also on this subject may be found in Mr. Adams's Com-
Rufus Ephes. De Corp. Hum. Part. Appellat. i. p. mentary on the first book of Paulus Aegineta, from
33; Theophilus, De Corp. Hum. Fabr. v. 11. which the preceding remarks have been abridged.
§ 20. ) In one passage, however, he mentions, as
something extraordinary, that those physicians who
V. WORKS ON PATHOLOGY.
attended the emperor M. Aurelius in his wars
against the Germans had an opportunity of dissect- 35. Περί 'Ανωμάλου Δυσκρασίας, De Inaequali
ing the bodies of the barbarians. (De Compos. Intemperie (vol. vii. ). 36. Nepl Avonvolas, De
Medicam. sec. Gen. iii. 2. vol. viii. p. 604. ) Difficili Respiratione (vol. vii. ). 37. Iepi IIandous,
On Galen's opinions respecting the nervous sys- De Plenitudine (vol. vii. ). 38. Dep. Twy mapa
tem there is a very complete and interesting thesis púow 'Oykw, De Tumoribus praeter Naturam
by C. V. Daremberg, Paris, 1841, 4to. , entitled (vol. vii. ). 39. Ilepi Tpóuov, kal Nannoù, xal Anao-
• Exposition des connaissances de Galien, sur Moù, kai 'Plyous, De Tremore, Palpitatione, Con-
l'Anatomic, la Physiologie, ct la Pathologie du rulsione, et Rigore (vol. vii. ). 40. Tiepi Tŵr "OXov
Systeme Nerveux. "
ToỦ Noonuatos Kaipôv, De Totius Morli Tempor-
ilus (vol. vii. ); of doubtful genuineness.
IV. WORKS ON DIETETICS AND HYGIENE.
Much pathological matter may be found in va-
25. Περί 'Αρίστης Κατασκευής του Σώματος | rious other parts of Galen 's writings, and perhaps
nuar, De Optima Corporis nostri Constitutione some of the treatises noticed under the following
(vol. iv. ). 26. ſep. Evegias, De Bono Habitu head might with equal propriety have been classed
(vol. iv. ). 27. Πότερον Ιατρικής, η Γυμναστικής | under the present.