iteat, an evil threatening the exist-
ence of (he state, no children being born to supply the
waste of war and natural decay.
ence of (he state, no children being born to supply the
waste of war and natural decay.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
ibid.
, 12.
5-- Id, Philipp.
, 14,
3. ) It was probably recolonized under Augustus, as
some inscriptions give it the title of Colonia Julia Au-
gusta Parma. Strabo (216) speaks of it as a city of
note. From Martial we learn that its wool was highly
prized (14, 53; 5, 13). In the ages that immedi-
ately succeeded the fall of the Roman empire, we find
this rity distinguished also by the appellation of Chry-
sopolis (Gold-city), but are unacquainted with the
causes that led-to the adoption of the name. (Geogr.
Ravenna*, 4, 33. --Donizo, Vit. Machtildis, 1, 10. )
The modern name is Parma. (Mannert, Gecgr. , vol.
9, pt. 1, p. 218. )
Parmenides (napprvidne), the second in the series
? f the Elcatic philosophers, was a native of Elea. He
* as descended from a noble family, and is said to have
? ? been induced to study philosophy by Aminias. (Diog.
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? PAR
PAR
bom Lis capital on some expedition, together with itM
of his having won the prize at the Olympic games.
Philip, while preparing to invade the Persian empire,
aent a considerable force into Aaia as an advanced
guard, and he chose Parmenio and Attains as the lead-
en of the expedition. These commanders began by
expelling the Persian garrisons from several Greek
towns of Aaia Minor. Parmenio took Grynsjum in
iEolis, the inhabitants of which, having aided with the
Persians, and fought against the Macedonians, were
sold as slaves. When Alexander set out on his Asi-
atic expedition, Parmenio had one of the chief com-
mands in the army. At the head of the Thessalian cav-
alry he contributed much to the victory of the Grani-
cus; and at Issue he had the command of the cavalry
on the left wing, which was placed near the scacoast,
and had to sustain for a time the principal attack of
the Persians. At Arbela he advised Alexander not to
S've battle until he bad well reconnoitred the ground,
eing in command of the left wing, he was attacked
in flank by the Penians, and was lor a time in some
danger, until Alexander, who had been successful in
another part of the field, came to his assistance. Par-
menio afterward pursued the fugitives, and took pos-
session of the Persian camp, with the elephants, cam-
els, and all the baggage. When Alexander marched
beyond the Caspian gates in pursuit of Darius and
Bessus, he left Parmenio, who was now advanced in
years, in Media, at the head of a considerable force.
Some time after, while Alexander was encamped at
Artacoana, a conspiracy is said to have been discovered
against his life, in which Philotas, the son of Parme-
nio, was accused of being implicated. He was, in con-
sequence, put to the torture, and, after enduring dread-
ful agonies, confessed, though in vague terms, that he
had conspired against the life of Alexander, and that
his father Parmenio was cognizant of it. This being
considered sufficient evidence, Philotas was stoned to
death, and Alexander despatched a messenger to Me-
dia, with secret orders to Oleander and other officers
who were serving under Parmenio, to put their com-
mander to death. The unsuspecting veteran, while
conversing with his officers, was run through the body
by Oleander. This is the substance of the account of
Ourtius (lib. 6 ct 7). Arrian'a account is somewhat
different (lib. 3). Whatever may be thought of the
trial and execution of Philotas, and it appears to have
been at least a summary and unsatisfactory proceed-
ing, the murder of Parmenio, and the manner of it, form
one of the darkest blots in Alexander's character.
Parmenio was evidently sacrificed in cold blood to
what have been styled, in after ages, "reasons of
state. " He was seventy years of age; he had lost
two sons in the campaigns of Alexander, and Philotas
was the last one remaining to him. Parmenio appears
to have been a steady, brave, and prudent command-
er. (Eneycl. Ut. Knowl. , vol. 17, p. 283, seq. )
Parnassus (Kapvaaadc), I. the name of a mount-
ain-chain in Phocia, which extends in a northeasterly
direction from the country of the Locn Ozole to
Mount (Eta, and in a southwesterly direction through
the middle of Phocis, till it joins Mount Helicon on
the borders of Bosotia. Si ratio (316) says that Par-
nassus divided Phocis into two parts; but the name
was more usually restricted to the lofty mountain upon
which Delphi was situated. According to Stephanus
of Byzantium, it was anciently called Larnassus, be-
? ? cause the ark or larnax of Deucalion landed here af-
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? PAROS
PAROS.
134. ) The Parians, according to the historian juat
cited, did not take part with the Persians in the battle
of Salamit, but kept aloof near Cythnus, awaiting the
issue of the action. (Herod. , 6, 67. ) Themistocles,
however, subsequently imposed upon them a heavy
tine. (Herod. , 8, 11 a. ) Paros was famed for its mar-
ble. The quarries were on Mount Marpessa. (Virg. ,
En. , 6, 470. --Pmd. , Nem. , 4, 131. --Vtiy. , Georg. ,
ft, 34. --Hot. , Od. , I, \9,6. --Steph. Byx. , s. v. Mup-
tn;aaa. ) Some remarks on the Parian marble will
be offered below. -- Paros was the birthplace of the
poet Archilochus. (Strabo, I. e. --Fabr. , Bibl. Gr. ,
vol. 2, p. 107. ) -- It was in Paros that the famous
marble waa disinterred, known by the name of the Pa-
rian Chronicle, from its having been kept in this isl-
and. It is a chronological account of the principal
events in Grecian, and particularly in Athenian, his-
tory, during a period of 1318 years, from the reign of
Cecrops, B. C. 1450, to the archonship of Diognetus,
B. C. 264. But the chronicle of the last 90 years was
lost, so that the part now remaining ends at the ar-
chonship of Diotimus, B. C. 354. The authenticity
of this chronicle has been called in question by Mr.
Robertson, who, in 1788, published a "Dissertation
on the Parian Chronicle. " His objections, however,
cave been ably and fully discussed, and tho authen-
ticity of this ancient document has been fully vindi-
cated by Porson, in his review of Robertson's essay.
^Monthly Review, January, 1789, p. 690. --Parson's
Tracts, ed. Kidd, p. 57, seqq. --Consult also the En-
cyclopaedia. Melropolitana, Art. "Arundelian Mar-
bles. ") The chronicle is given, with an English ver-
sion, in Hale's Analysis of Chronology (vol. 1, p. 107,
seqq. )--The following very interesting account of the
quarries and marbles of Paros is given by Dr. Clarke.
? 'This day we set out upon mules for the ancient
quarries of the famous Parian marble, which are sit-
uate about a league to the east of the town, upon the
summit of a mountain, nearly corresponding in altitude
with the situation of the Grotto of Antiparos. The
mountain in which the quarries are situate is now
called Caprcsso: there are two of these quarries.
When we arrived at the first, we found in the mouth
of the quarry heaps of fragments detached from the
interior: they were tinged, by long exposure to the
air, with a reddish, ochreous hue; but, upon being
broken, exhibited the glittering sparry fracture which
often characterizes the remains of Grecian sculpture:
and in this we instantly recognised the beautiful mar-
ble, which is generally named, by way of distinction,
the Parian, although the same kind of marble is also
found in Thasos. The marble of Naxos only differs
from the Thasian and Parian in exhibiting a more ad-
vanced state of crystallization. The peculiar excel-
lence of the Parian is extolled by Strabo; and it pos-
sesses some valuable qualities unknown even to the
ancients, who spoke so highly in its praise. These
qualities are, that of hardening by exposure to atmo-
spheric air (which, however, is common to all homo-
geneous limestone), and the consequent property of
resisting decomposition through a series of ages; and
this, rather than the supposed preference given to the
Parian marble by the ancients, may be considered as
the cause of its prevalence among the remains of Gre-
cian sculpture. That the Parian marble was highly
and deservedly extolled by the Romans, is well
known: but in a very early period, when the arts had
? ? attained their full splendour in the age of Pericles, the
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? PAH
PAR
Grecun sculptors, and celebrated for its whiteness
ky Pindar (Arcn>. , 4, 262) and by Theocritus (6, 38).
We collected several specimens: in breaking them
ire observed the same whiteness and brilliant fracture
which characterizes the marble of Naxos, but with a
particular distinction before mentioned, the Parian
marble being harder, having a closer grain, and a less
fo. ia'. ed texture. Three different stages of crystal-
lization may be observed, by comparing the three dif-
ferent kinds of marble dug at Carrara in Italy, in Pa-
res, and in Naxos: the Carrara marble being milk-
white, and less crystalline than the Parian; and the
Parian whiter, and less crystallized than the Naxian. "
(Clarke's Travels, vol. 6, p. 133, seqq , Lond. ed. )--
Parian marble has been frequently confounded not
only with Carrara marble, but also with alabaster,
though differing altogether in nature from the latter
substance, and in character from the former. The
true Parian marble has generally somewhat of a faint
bluish tinge among the white, ar. d often has blue
veins in different parts of it. (Elrru's Diet, of the
Fine Arts, s. v. )
ParrhasIi, a people of Arcadia, apparently on the
Laconian frontier; but the extent and position of their
territory is not precisely determined. Thucydides
? ays their district was under the subjection of Manti-
nea, and near Sciritis of Laconia (5, 33). But Pan-
sanias seems rather to assign the Parrhasii a more
western situation; for he names as their towns Lyco-
sura, Thocnias, Trapezus, Acacesium, Macarea, and
Dasea, all of which were to the west and northwest of
Megalopolis. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 350. )
Parrhasius, a celebrated painter, son and pupil of
Evenjr, and a native of Ephesus, but who became
eventually a citizen of Athens, having been presented
with the freedom of that place, (l'lut. , Vit. Thes. ,
1. --Junius, Catal. , p. 142. ) The period when he
flourished admits of some discussion. From a passage
in Pliny (35, 9, 36) it would appear to have been
about the 96th Olympiad; and Quintilian (12, 10)
fltces Parrhasius and Zeuxis about the time of the
'eloponnesian war, producing, in support of this opin-
ion, the well-known conversation of the former artist
with Socrates. (Xen. , Mem. , 3, 10. ) Now Socrates
died in the first year of the 95th Olympiad, and this
date fully accords with the year to which Parrhasius
is assigned by Pliny. (Sillig, Diet. Art. , s. >>. ) --
Parrhasius raised the art of painting to perfection in
? II that is exalted and essential. He compared his three
great predecessors with one another, rejected what
was exceptionable, and adopted what was admirable
m each. The classic invention of Polygnotus, the
magic tone of Apollodorus, and the exquisite design
of Zeuxis, were all united in the works of Parrhasius;
what they had produced in practice, he reduced to
theory He so circumscribed and defined, says Quin-
tilian (12, 10), all the powers and objects of art, that
he was termed the legislator: and all contemporary
and subsequent artists adopted his standard of divine
and heroic proportions. Parrhasius gave, in fact, to
the divine and heroic character in painting what Poly-
cletus had given to the human in sculpture, by his Do-
ryphorus, namely, a canon of proportion. Phidias had
discovered in the nod of the Homeric Jupiter the char-
acteristic of majesty, inclination of the head: this hint-
ed to him a higher elevation of the neck behind, a bolder
Erotrusion of the front, and the increased perpendicu-
? ? II of the profile. To this conception Parrhasius fixed
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? PAR
PAR
taction of the co.
iteat, an evil threatening the exist-
ence of (he state, no children being born to supply the
waste of war and natural decay. The Remedy aaid to
have been adopted was a strange one, eighty charac-
teristic of Lacedaemon, and such as no other people
would have used. The young men who had come to
maturity since the beginning of the war were free
fro;. -, the oath which tid been taken, and they were
cent home tc cohabit promiscuously with the marriage-
ible virgins. But even at Sparta this expedient in
some degree ran counter to the popular feelings.
When the war was ended, and the children of this ir-
regular 11 tercourse, called Partheniaa (JUit virgmum),
had attaii ed to manhood, they found themselves,
though breu in all the discipline of Lycurgus, becom-
ing every day more and more slighted. Their spirit
was high, and a conspiracy was accordingly formed by
them against the state, in conjunction with the Helots;
but the public authorities, aware of the existence of
disaffection among them, obtained information of all
their plans, by means of certain individuals whom they
had caused to join the Parthenis, and to pretend to
? w friendly to the. r views. The festival of the Hya-
cinthia was selected by the conspirators as the day for
action; and it was arranged, that when Phalanthus, their
leader, should place his felt-cap upon his head, this
was to be the signal for commencing. The appointed
irae arrived, and the festival had begun, when a pub-
ic crier coming forth, made proclamation, in the name
? f the magistrates, that "Phalanthus should not put
his felt-cap on his head" (jit/ &v irepiBcivai Kvvijv *d-
XavPov). The Partlieniie immediately perceived that
their plot was discovered, and were soon after sent off
in a colony, under the guidance of Phalanthus, and
founded the city of Tarentum in Italy. (Strab , 279. )
It is more than probable that so much of this story as
relates to the oath taken by the Spartans, and the
sending home of their young men, is a mere fiction.
On the other hand, however, it would seem that the
emergencies of the state had actually induced the
Spartans to relax the rigour of their principles, by
Gnnitting marriages between Spartan women and
iconians of inferior condition. Thcopompua (ap.
Athen. , G, p. 271) says, that certain of the Helots
were selected for this purpose, who were afterward
admitted to the franchise under a peculiar name (iirev-
vaxToi). Still, however, even supposing that the
number of the Spartans was thus increased by a con-
siderable body of new citizens, drawn from the servile
or the subject class of Laconians, or from the issue of
marriages formed between such persons and Spartan
women, it would nevertheless remain to be explain-
ed, how this act of wise liberality could be connected
with that discontent, which is uniformly mentioned,
certainly not without some historical ground, as the
occasion of the migration to Tarentum. And this
seems inexplicable, unless we suppose that a distinc-
tion was made between the new and the old citizens,
which provoked a part of the former to attempt a rev-
olution, and compelled the government to adopt one of
the usual means of getting rid of disaffected and tur-
bulent subjects. (Thirltcall's Greece, vol. I, p. 353. )
Pabth k :*Iu M Mare, a name sometimes given to
that part of the Mediterranean which lies on the right
tf Egypt. It was also called Isiacum Mare. (Amm.
MarceU. , 14, 8-- Id. , 32, 15. ) Gregory Nazianzen
? tyles the aoa around Cyprus XlapBeviKOv niXayoc.
? ? (Or. , 19. ) . .
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? PARTHENON.
PARTHENON.
ttucr IraHding* of the kind, and was constructed en-
tirely of Pentelic marble. It waa built during the
splendid era of Pericles, and the expense of its erec-
tion was estimated at six thousand talents. The ar-
chitects were Ictinus and Callistratus. and the work
was adorned with sculptures from the hand of Phidias
and his scholars. The following animated descrip-
. ion, by a modern scholar, may afford some idea of
Che appeuance presented by this splendid edifice in
the days of its glory. --"Let us here suppose our-
selves as joining that splendid procession of minstrels,
priests, and victims, of horsemen and of chariots,
wh. ch ascended the Acropolis at the quinquennial so-
lemnity of the great Panathensea. Aloft, above the
heads of the train, the sacred Peplus, raised and
stretched like a sail upon a mast, waves in the air: it
is variegated with an embroidered tissue of battles, of
giants, and of gods: it will be carried to the temple
of the Minerva Polias in the citadel, whose statue it
is intended to adorn. In the bright season of sum-
mer, on the twenty-eighth day of the Athenian month
Hecatombacon, let us mount with this procession to
the western slope of the Acropolis. Towards the ter-
mination of its course we are brought in face of a
colossal fabric of white marble, which crowns the
hrow of the steep, and stretches itself from north to
south across the whole western part of the citadel,
which is about 170 feet in breadth. The centre of
this fabric consists of a portico 60 feet broad, and
formed of six fluted columns of the Doric order, raised
upon four steps, and intersected by a road passing
through the midst of the columns, which are 30 feet in
height, and support a noble pediment. From this por-
tico two wings project about 30 feet to the west, each
having three columns on the side nearest the portico
in the centre. The architectural mouldings of the
fabric glitter in the sun with brilliant tints of red and
bine: in the centre the coffers of its soffits are span-
gled with stars, and the ants of the wings are fringed
vith an azure embroidery of ivy-leaf. We pass along
'. h? avenue lying between the two central columns of
the portico, and through a corridor leading from it, and
lormed by three Ionic columns on each hand, and are
brought ic front of five doors of bronze; the central
one, which is the loftiest and broadest, being imme-
diately before us. This structure which we are de-
scribing is the Propylaa, or vestibule of the Athenian
citadel. It is built of Pentelic marble. In the year
B. C. 437 it was commenced, and was completed by
'ho architect Mnesicles in five years from that time.
Its termination, therefore, coincides very nearly with
the commencement of the Peloponnesian war. We
will now imagine that the great bronze doors of
which we have spoken are thrown back upon their
hinges, to admit the riders and charioteers, and all
that long and magnificent array of the Panathenaic
procession, which stretches back from this spot to the
area of the Agora, at the western foot of the citadel.
We behold through this vista the Interior of the Athe-
nian Acropoli*. We pass under the gateway before
ns, and enter its precincts, surrounded on all sides by
massive walls: we tread the soil on which the great-
est mon of the ancient world have walked, and behold
buildings ever admired and imitated, but never equal-
ed in beauty. We behold before and around us al-
most a city of statues, raised upon marble pedestals,
the works of noble sculptors, of Phidias and Polycle-
? ? tu>>, >f Alcamenes, and Praxiteles, and Myron; and
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? PAR
PARTHIA.
Cm> treasury of Athens; the oaslern is the temple
properly so cillod: it contains the colossal statue of
Minerva, the work of Phidias, composed of ivory and
gold, and is peculiarly termed, from that circumstance,
the Parthenon, or Residence of the Virgin-Goddess,
a name by which, however, the whole building is more
frequently described. " (Wordsworth's Greece, p. 135,
teqq. )--The statue of Minerva, to which allusion has
just been made, was 39 feet high. It was ornamented
with gold to the amount of 40 talents according to
Thucydides, but according to Philochorus 44 talents,
or about $466,000. Of this, however, it was stripped
by Lacharcs, somewhat more than a century and a
quarter after the death of Pericles. --This magnificent
temple had resisted all the outrages of time, had been
hi turn converted into a Christian church and a Turk-
ish mosque; but still subsisted entire when Spon
and Wheeler visited Attica in 1676. It was in the
year 1687 that the Venetians besieged the citadel of
Athena, under the command of General Konigsberg.
A bomb fell most unluckily on the devoted Parthenon,
Bet fire to the powder which the Turks had made there-
in, and thus the roof was entirely destroyed, and the
whole building almost reduced to ruins. The Vene-
tian general, being afterward desirous of carrying off
the statue of Minerva, which had adorned the pedi-
ment, had it removed; thereby assisting in the deface-
ment of the place, without any good result to himself,
for the group fell to the ground and was shattered to
pieces. Since this period, every man of taste must
have deplored the demolition of this noble structure,
and the enlightened travellers who have visited the
? pot have successively published engravings of its re-
mains. One of the first of these was Le Roy, in bis
Ruins of Greece; after him came Stuart, who, pos-
sessing great pecuniary means, surpassed his prede-
cessor in producing a beautiful and interesting work on
the Athenian antiquities. Chandler, and other travel-
lers in Greece, have also described what came under
their eye of the remains of the Parthenon, of which
many models have likewise been executed. But, not
content with these arlistical labours and publications,
more recent travellers have borne away with them the
actual spoils of the Parthenon. The foremost of these
was Lord Elgin, who, about the year 1800, removed a
variety of the matchless friezes, statues, dec, which
were purchased of him by parliament on the part of
the nation, and now form the most valuable ana inter-
esting portion of the British Museum. This act of
Lord Elgin's called forth at the time severe animad-
version, though it is now well known that there was
imminent danger . of those relics of art being totally
destroyed by the wanton barbarism of the Turks and
others. (Etme's Dictionary of the Fine Arts, s. v.
Parthenon. )
ParthknopjKis, son of Milanion (according to
some, of Mars) and Atalanta. He was one of the
seven chieftains who engaged in the Theban war.
{Vid. Eleocles and Polynices. ) He was slain by Am-
pbidicus, or, as others state, by Pcriclymenus. (Apol-
kx(. , 3, 6, 8. --Consult Heyne, ad loc. )
Pabthrnope, one of the Sirens. (Vid. Neapolis. )
Parthia, called by Strabo and Arrian Parthysa
yllapOvnia), was originally a small extent of country to
the southeast of the Caspian Sea, of a mountainous and
sandy character, with here and there, however, a fruit-
ful plain, and regarded as forming, under the Persian
? ? sway, one satrapy with the province of Hyrcania, which
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? PAR
PAB
>>')d it was (be great object of Romai policy to support,
as much as possible, pretenders to the throne, and there-
by prevent alt offensive operations on the part of the Par-
tisans. The great subject of contention between the
Romans and Parthians was the kingdom of Armenia,
which had monarcha of its own, and was nominally in-
dependent; but its rulers were always appointed either
by the Parthians or the Koinans, and the attempts of
each nation to place its own dependants on the throne,
led to incessant wars between them. In the reign of
Trajan, Armenia and Mesopotamia were converted
into Roman provinces, and a new king of the Parthi-
ans was appointed by the emperor. Under Hadrian,
nowever, the conquered territory was given up, and the
Euphrates again became the boundary of Parthia.
The two nations now remained at peace with each
other until the reign of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius
V'erus. Cassius, the general of Vcrus, met with great
auccess in the war, and at length took and almost de-
stroyed the powerful city of Seleucia on the Tigris,
A. D. 1C5. Under the reign of Vologeses IV. , the
Parthian dominions were invaded by Septimius Sever-
us, who took Ctesiphon and several other important
places, A. D. 198, and annexed to the Roman empire
the important province of Osrhoene. Caracalla fol-
lowed up the successes of his father; and though Ma-
crinus, who came after him, made a disgraceful peace
with the Parthians, their power had become greatly
weakened by the conquests of Verus, Severus, and
(Jaracalla. --Artaxerxes, who had served with great
reputation in the army of Artabanus, the last king of
Parthia, took advantage of the weakened state of the
monarchy to found a new dynasty. He represented
himself as a descendant of the ancient kinga of Persia,
and called upon the Persians to recover their independ-
ence. The call was readily responded to: a large
Persian army was collected; the Parthians were de-
feated in three great battles, and Artaxerxes succeed-
ed to all the dominions of the Parthian kings, and be-
came the founder of the new Persian empire, which is
usually known as that of the Sassanida*. ( Vid. Artax-
erxes IV. --Encycl. Us. Knoiel. , vol. 17, p. 292. )
The Parthians, as we have already remarked, were of
Scythian origin; and, according to Justin (41, 1),
their namo signified, in the Scythian language, "ban-
ished" or "exiles. " Isidorus makes the samo state-
ment, and adds, that they were driven out of Scythia
by domestic atrife. (Orig. , 10, 2, 44. -- Compare
Wahl, Vorder- und Mtttel-Asien, p. 545, in notis. )
The mode of fighting adopted by their cavalry was pe-
culiar, and well calculated to annoy. When apparent-
ly in full retreat, they would turn round on their steeds
and discharge their arrows with the most unerring ac-
curacy; and hence, to borrow the language of an an-
cient writer, it was victory to them if a counterfeited
(light threw their pursuers into disorder. (Pint. , Vit.
Crass. , ti. --Horat. , Od. , 1, 19, 11. --M. ,/, . , 2, 13,
17. --Lucan, 1, 230-- Herodian. , 3, 4, 20. )
Parthyenk, the original, and subsequently the roy-
al, province of Parthia. (Vid. remarks near the com-
mencement of the preceding article. )
P. iviDEs or Paryabdks (Plol. ), a branch of Cau-
caius, running off to the southwest, and separating
Canpadocia from Armenia. On the confines of Cap?
padocia the name was changed to Scordiscus: it here
united with the chain of Antitaurus, and both stretched
onward to the west and southwest through Cappado-
? ? eii. The highest elevation in this range was Mons Ar-
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? PAS
PAT
it/, 1828), supposes that it ratbir refer? to Artsxerxes
Ocbus; and Lassen, a most compete! t authority on
. he subject, thinks it impossible to make out the name
of Cyrus in this inscription. Hock is of opinion, that
the building described by Porter, and before him by
Moner, is the tomb of one of the Sassanian kings, the
t/r. as'. y that ruled in Persia from the third to the mid-
dle of the seventh century of our era. (Veleris Media
it Persia Monumcnta, Got/, 1818. ) Herodotus does
not speak of Pasargadse as a place, but as the noblest
of the Persian tribes, so that Cyrus must hare founded
the city of the same name in their territory. (Herod. ,
1, 125--Creuzer, ad loc. )
Pasiphae, a daughter of the Sun and of Perse'is,
ind wife of Minos, king of Crete. The ordinary le-
gend connected with her name has been given in a
different article (aid. Minotaurus), and the opinion has
there been advanced, that the whole story rests on
some astronomical basis, and that Pasiphae is identi-
cal with the moon. Thus we find the epithet llaoi-
faric (" all-illumining" or " all-bright") applied to Di-
ana in the Orphic hymns (35, 3), after having been giv-
en to the Sun in a previous effusion (7,14). The same
term, together with UaotQavf/c, is applied to Selene,
or the full moon, by a later bard. (Maximus, Philos. ,
ttpl Karapxuv, ap. Fabric.
3. ) It was probably recolonized under Augustus, as
some inscriptions give it the title of Colonia Julia Au-
gusta Parma. Strabo (216) speaks of it as a city of
note. From Martial we learn that its wool was highly
prized (14, 53; 5, 13). In the ages that immedi-
ately succeeded the fall of the Roman empire, we find
this rity distinguished also by the appellation of Chry-
sopolis (Gold-city), but are unacquainted with the
causes that led-to the adoption of the name. (Geogr.
Ravenna*, 4, 33. --Donizo, Vit. Machtildis, 1, 10. )
The modern name is Parma. (Mannert, Gecgr. , vol.
9, pt. 1, p. 218. )
Parmenides (napprvidne), the second in the series
? f the Elcatic philosophers, was a native of Elea. He
* as descended from a noble family, and is said to have
? ? been induced to study philosophy by Aminias. (Diog.
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? PAR
PAR
bom Lis capital on some expedition, together with itM
of his having won the prize at the Olympic games.
Philip, while preparing to invade the Persian empire,
aent a considerable force into Aaia as an advanced
guard, and he chose Parmenio and Attains as the lead-
en of the expedition. These commanders began by
expelling the Persian garrisons from several Greek
towns of Aaia Minor. Parmenio took Grynsjum in
iEolis, the inhabitants of which, having aided with the
Persians, and fought against the Macedonians, were
sold as slaves. When Alexander set out on his Asi-
atic expedition, Parmenio had one of the chief com-
mands in the army. At the head of the Thessalian cav-
alry he contributed much to the victory of the Grani-
cus; and at Issue he had the command of the cavalry
on the left wing, which was placed near the scacoast,
and had to sustain for a time the principal attack of
the Persians. At Arbela he advised Alexander not to
S've battle until he bad well reconnoitred the ground,
eing in command of the left wing, he was attacked
in flank by the Penians, and was lor a time in some
danger, until Alexander, who had been successful in
another part of the field, came to his assistance. Par-
menio afterward pursued the fugitives, and took pos-
session of the Persian camp, with the elephants, cam-
els, and all the baggage. When Alexander marched
beyond the Caspian gates in pursuit of Darius and
Bessus, he left Parmenio, who was now advanced in
years, in Media, at the head of a considerable force.
Some time after, while Alexander was encamped at
Artacoana, a conspiracy is said to have been discovered
against his life, in which Philotas, the son of Parme-
nio, was accused of being implicated. He was, in con-
sequence, put to the torture, and, after enduring dread-
ful agonies, confessed, though in vague terms, that he
had conspired against the life of Alexander, and that
his father Parmenio was cognizant of it. This being
considered sufficient evidence, Philotas was stoned to
death, and Alexander despatched a messenger to Me-
dia, with secret orders to Oleander and other officers
who were serving under Parmenio, to put their com-
mander to death. The unsuspecting veteran, while
conversing with his officers, was run through the body
by Oleander. This is the substance of the account of
Ourtius (lib. 6 ct 7). Arrian'a account is somewhat
different (lib. 3). Whatever may be thought of the
trial and execution of Philotas, and it appears to have
been at least a summary and unsatisfactory proceed-
ing, the murder of Parmenio, and the manner of it, form
one of the darkest blots in Alexander's character.
Parmenio was evidently sacrificed in cold blood to
what have been styled, in after ages, "reasons of
state. " He was seventy years of age; he had lost
two sons in the campaigns of Alexander, and Philotas
was the last one remaining to him. Parmenio appears
to have been a steady, brave, and prudent command-
er. (Eneycl. Ut. Knowl. , vol. 17, p. 283, seq. )
Parnassus (Kapvaaadc), I. the name of a mount-
ain-chain in Phocia, which extends in a northeasterly
direction from the country of the Locn Ozole to
Mount (Eta, and in a southwesterly direction through
the middle of Phocis, till it joins Mount Helicon on
the borders of Bosotia. Si ratio (316) says that Par-
nassus divided Phocis into two parts; but the name
was more usually restricted to the lofty mountain upon
which Delphi was situated. According to Stephanus
of Byzantium, it was anciently called Larnassus, be-
? ? cause the ark or larnax of Deucalion landed here af-
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? PAROS
PAROS.
134. ) The Parians, according to the historian juat
cited, did not take part with the Persians in the battle
of Salamit, but kept aloof near Cythnus, awaiting the
issue of the action. (Herod. , 6, 67. ) Themistocles,
however, subsequently imposed upon them a heavy
tine. (Herod. , 8, 11 a. ) Paros was famed for its mar-
ble. The quarries were on Mount Marpessa. (Virg. ,
En. , 6, 470. --Pmd. , Nem. , 4, 131. --Vtiy. , Georg. ,
ft, 34. --Hot. , Od. , I, \9,6. --Steph. Byx. , s. v. Mup-
tn;aaa. ) Some remarks on the Parian marble will
be offered below. -- Paros was the birthplace of the
poet Archilochus. (Strabo, I. e. --Fabr. , Bibl. Gr. ,
vol. 2, p. 107. ) -- It was in Paros that the famous
marble waa disinterred, known by the name of the Pa-
rian Chronicle, from its having been kept in this isl-
and. It is a chronological account of the principal
events in Grecian, and particularly in Athenian, his-
tory, during a period of 1318 years, from the reign of
Cecrops, B. C. 1450, to the archonship of Diognetus,
B. C. 264. But the chronicle of the last 90 years was
lost, so that the part now remaining ends at the ar-
chonship of Diotimus, B. C. 354. The authenticity
of this chronicle has been called in question by Mr.
Robertson, who, in 1788, published a "Dissertation
on the Parian Chronicle. " His objections, however,
cave been ably and fully discussed, and tho authen-
ticity of this ancient document has been fully vindi-
cated by Porson, in his review of Robertson's essay.
^Monthly Review, January, 1789, p. 690. --Parson's
Tracts, ed. Kidd, p. 57, seqq. --Consult also the En-
cyclopaedia. Melropolitana, Art. "Arundelian Mar-
bles. ") The chronicle is given, with an English ver-
sion, in Hale's Analysis of Chronology (vol. 1, p. 107,
seqq. )--The following very interesting account of the
quarries and marbles of Paros is given by Dr. Clarke.
? 'This day we set out upon mules for the ancient
quarries of the famous Parian marble, which are sit-
uate about a league to the east of the town, upon the
summit of a mountain, nearly corresponding in altitude
with the situation of the Grotto of Antiparos. The
mountain in which the quarries are situate is now
called Caprcsso: there are two of these quarries.
When we arrived at the first, we found in the mouth
of the quarry heaps of fragments detached from the
interior: they were tinged, by long exposure to the
air, with a reddish, ochreous hue; but, upon being
broken, exhibited the glittering sparry fracture which
often characterizes the remains of Grecian sculpture:
and in this we instantly recognised the beautiful mar-
ble, which is generally named, by way of distinction,
the Parian, although the same kind of marble is also
found in Thasos. The marble of Naxos only differs
from the Thasian and Parian in exhibiting a more ad-
vanced state of crystallization. The peculiar excel-
lence of the Parian is extolled by Strabo; and it pos-
sesses some valuable qualities unknown even to the
ancients, who spoke so highly in its praise. These
qualities are, that of hardening by exposure to atmo-
spheric air (which, however, is common to all homo-
geneous limestone), and the consequent property of
resisting decomposition through a series of ages; and
this, rather than the supposed preference given to the
Parian marble by the ancients, may be considered as
the cause of its prevalence among the remains of Gre-
cian sculpture. That the Parian marble was highly
and deservedly extolled by the Romans, is well
known: but in a very early period, when the arts had
? ? attained their full splendour in the age of Pericles, the
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? PAH
PAR
Grecun sculptors, and celebrated for its whiteness
ky Pindar (Arcn>. , 4, 262) and by Theocritus (6, 38).
We collected several specimens: in breaking them
ire observed the same whiteness and brilliant fracture
which characterizes the marble of Naxos, but with a
particular distinction before mentioned, the Parian
marble being harder, having a closer grain, and a less
fo. ia'. ed texture. Three different stages of crystal-
lization may be observed, by comparing the three dif-
ferent kinds of marble dug at Carrara in Italy, in Pa-
res, and in Naxos: the Carrara marble being milk-
white, and less crystalline than the Parian; and the
Parian whiter, and less crystallized than the Naxian. "
(Clarke's Travels, vol. 6, p. 133, seqq , Lond. ed. )--
Parian marble has been frequently confounded not
only with Carrara marble, but also with alabaster,
though differing altogether in nature from the latter
substance, and in character from the former. The
true Parian marble has generally somewhat of a faint
bluish tinge among the white, ar. d often has blue
veins in different parts of it. (Elrru's Diet, of the
Fine Arts, s. v. )
ParrhasIi, a people of Arcadia, apparently on the
Laconian frontier; but the extent and position of their
territory is not precisely determined. Thucydides
? ays their district was under the subjection of Manti-
nea, and near Sciritis of Laconia (5, 33). But Pan-
sanias seems rather to assign the Parrhasii a more
western situation; for he names as their towns Lyco-
sura, Thocnias, Trapezus, Acacesium, Macarea, and
Dasea, all of which were to the west and northwest of
Megalopolis. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 350. )
Parrhasius, a celebrated painter, son and pupil of
Evenjr, and a native of Ephesus, but who became
eventually a citizen of Athens, having been presented
with the freedom of that place, (l'lut. , Vit. Thes. ,
1. --Junius, Catal. , p. 142. ) The period when he
flourished admits of some discussion. From a passage
in Pliny (35, 9, 36) it would appear to have been
about the 96th Olympiad; and Quintilian (12, 10)
fltces Parrhasius and Zeuxis about the time of the
'eloponnesian war, producing, in support of this opin-
ion, the well-known conversation of the former artist
with Socrates. (Xen. , Mem. , 3, 10. ) Now Socrates
died in the first year of the 95th Olympiad, and this
date fully accords with the year to which Parrhasius
is assigned by Pliny. (Sillig, Diet. Art. , s. >>. ) --
Parrhasius raised the art of painting to perfection in
? II that is exalted and essential. He compared his three
great predecessors with one another, rejected what
was exceptionable, and adopted what was admirable
m each. The classic invention of Polygnotus, the
magic tone of Apollodorus, and the exquisite design
of Zeuxis, were all united in the works of Parrhasius;
what they had produced in practice, he reduced to
theory He so circumscribed and defined, says Quin-
tilian (12, 10), all the powers and objects of art, that
he was termed the legislator: and all contemporary
and subsequent artists adopted his standard of divine
and heroic proportions. Parrhasius gave, in fact, to
the divine and heroic character in painting what Poly-
cletus had given to the human in sculpture, by his Do-
ryphorus, namely, a canon of proportion. Phidias had
discovered in the nod of the Homeric Jupiter the char-
acteristic of majesty, inclination of the head: this hint-
ed to him a higher elevation of the neck behind, a bolder
Erotrusion of the front, and the increased perpendicu-
? ? II of the profile. To this conception Parrhasius fixed
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? PAR
PAR
taction of the co.
iteat, an evil threatening the exist-
ence of (he state, no children being born to supply the
waste of war and natural decay. The Remedy aaid to
have been adopted was a strange one, eighty charac-
teristic of Lacedaemon, and such as no other people
would have used. The young men who had come to
maturity since the beginning of the war were free
fro;. -, the oath which tid been taken, and they were
cent home tc cohabit promiscuously with the marriage-
ible virgins. But even at Sparta this expedient in
some degree ran counter to the popular feelings.
When the war was ended, and the children of this ir-
regular 11 tercourse, called Partheniaa (JUit virgmum),
had attaii ed to manhood, they found themselves,
though breu in all the discipline of Lycurgus, becom-
ing every day more and more slighted. Their spirit
was high, and a conspiracy was accordingly formed by
them against the state, in conjunction with the Helots;
but the public authorities, aware of the existence of
disaffection among them, obtained information of all
their plans, by means of certain individuals whom they
had caused to join the Parthenis, and to pretend to
? w friendly to the. r views. The festival of the Hya-
cinthia was selected by the conspirators as the day for
action; and it was arranged, that when Phalanthus, their
leader, should place his felt-cap upon his head, this
was to be the signal for commencing. The appointed
irae arrived, and the festival had begun, when a pub-
ic crier coming forth, made proclamation, in the name
? f the magistrates, that "Phalanthus should not put
his felt-cap on his head" (jit/ &v irepiBcivai Kvvijv *d-
XavPov). The Partlieniie immediately perceived that
their plot was discovered, and were soon after sent off
in a colony, under the guidance of Phalanthus, and
founded the city of Tarentum in Italy. (Strab , 279. )
It is more than probable that so much of this story as
relates to the oath taken by the Spartans, and the
sending home of their young men, is a mere fiction.
On the other hand, however, it would seem that the
emergencies of the state had actually induced the
Spartans to relax the rigour of their principles, by
Gnnitting marriages between Spartan women and
iconians of inferior condition. Thcopompua (ap.
Athen. , G, p. 271) says, that certain of the Helots
were selected for this purpose, who were afterward
admitted to the franchise under a peculiar name (iirev-
vaxToi). Still, however, even supposing that the
number of the Spartans was thus increased by a con-
siderable body of new citizens, drawn from the servile
or the subject class of Laconians, or from the issue of
marriages formed between such persons and Spartan
women, it would nevertheless remain to be explain-
ed, how this act of wise liberality could be connected
with that discontent, which is uniformly mentioned,
certainly not without some historical ground, as the
occasion of the migration to Tarentum. And this
seems inexplicable, unless we suppose that a distinc-
tion was made between the new and the old citizens,
which provoked a part of the former to attempt a rev-
olution, and compelled the government to adopt one of
the usual means of getting rid of disaffected and tur-
bulent subjects. (Thirltcall's Greece, vol. I, p. 353. )
Pabth k :*Iu M Mare, a name sometimes given to
that part of the Mediterranean which lies on the right
tf Egypt. It was also called Isiacum Mare. (Amm.
MarceU. , 14, 8-- Id. , 32, 15. ) Gregory Nazianzen
? tyles the aoa around Cyprus XlapBeviKOv niXayoc.
? ? (Or. , 19. ) . .
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? PARTHENON.
PARTHENON.
ttucr IraHding* of the kind, and was constructed en-
tirely of Pentelic marble. It waa built during the
splendid era of Pericles, and the expense of its erec-
tion was estimated at six thousand talents. The ar-
chitects were Ictinus and Callistratus. and the work
was adorned with sculptures from the hand of Phidias
and his scholars. The following animated descrip-
. ion, by a modern scholar, may afford some idea of
Che appeuance presented by this splendid edifice in
the days of its glory. --"Let us here suppose our-
selves as joining that splendid procession of minstrels,
priests, and victims, of horsemen and of chariots,
wh. ch ascended the Acropolis at the quinquennial so-
lemnity of the great Panathensea. Aloft, above the
heads of the train, the sacred Peplus, raised and
stretched like a sail upon a mast, waves in the air: it
is variegated with an embroidered tissue of battles, of
giants, and of gods: it will be carried to the temple
of the Minerva Polias in the citadel, whose statue it
is intended to adorn. In the bright season of sum-
mer, on the twenty-eighth day of the Athenian month
Hecatombacon, let us mount with this procession to
the western slope of the Acropolis. Towards the ter-
mination of its course we are brought in face of a
colossal fabric of white marble, which crowns the
hrow of the steep, and stretches itself from north to
south across the whole western part of the citadel,
which is about 170 feet in breadth. The centre of
this fabric consists of a portico 60 feet broad, and
formed of six fluted columns of the Doric order, raised
upon four steps, and intersected by a road passing
through the midst of the columns, which are 30 feet in
height, and support a noble pediment. From this por-
tico two wings project about 30 feet to the west, each
having three columns on the side nearest the portico
in the centre. The architectural mouldings of the
fabric glitter in the sun with brilliant tints of red and
bine: in the centre the coffers of its soffits are span-
gled with stars, and the ants of the wings are fringed
vith an azure embroidery of ivy-leaf. We pass along
'. h? avenue lying between the two central columns of
the portico, and through a corridor leading from it, and
lormed by three Ionic columns on each hand, and are
brought ic front of five doors of bronze; the central
one, which is the loftiest and broadest, being imme-
diately before us. This structure which we are de-
scribing is the Propylaa, or vestibule of the Athenian
citadel. It is built of Pentelic marble. In the year
B. C. 437 it was commenced, and was completed by
'ho architect Mnesicles in five years from that time.
Its termination, therefore, coincides very nearly with
the commencement of the Peloponnesian war. We
will now imagine that the great bronze doors of
which we have spoken are thrown back upon their
hinges, to admit the riders and charioteers, and all
that long and magnificent array of the Panathenaic
procession, which stretches back from this spot to the
area of the Agora, at the western foot of the citadel.
We behold through this vista the Interior of the Athe-
nian Acropoli*. We pass under the gateway before
ns, and enter its precincts, surrounded on all sides by
massive walls: we tread the soil on which the great-
est mon of the ancient world have walked, and behold
buildings ever admired and imitated, but never equal-
ed in beauty. We behold before and around us al-
most a city of statues, raised upon marble pedestals,
the works of noble sculptors, of Phidias and Polycle-
? ? tu>>, >f Alcamenes, and Praxiteles, and Myron; and
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? PAR
PARTHIA.
Cm> treasury of Athens; the oaslern is the temple
properly so cillod: it contains the colossal statue of
Minerva, the work of Phidias, composed of ivory and
gold, and is peculiarly termed, from that circumstance,
the Parthenon, or Residence of the Virgin-Goddess,
a name by which, however, the whole building is more
frequently described. " (Wordsworth's Greece, p. 135,
teqq. )--The statue of Minerva, to which allusion has
just been made, was 39 feet high. It was ornamented
with gold to the amount of 40 talents according to
Thucydides, but according to Philochorus 44 talents,
or about $466,000. Of this, however, it was stripped
by Lacharcs, somewhat more than a century and a
quarter after the death of Pericles. --This magnificent
temple had resisted all the outrages of time, had been
hi turn converted into a Christian church and a Turk-
ish mosque; but still subsisted entire when Spon
and Wheeler visited Attica in 1676. It was in the
year 1687 that the Venetians besieged the citadel of
Athena, under the command of General Konigsberg.
A bomb fell most unluckily on the devoted Parthenon,
Bet fire to the powder which the Turks had made there-
in, and thus the roof was entirely destroyed, and the
whole building almost reduced to ruins. The Vene-
tian general, being afterward desirous of carrying off
the statue of Minerva, which had adorned the pedi-
ment, had it removed; thereby assisting in the deface-
ment of the place, without any good result to himself,
for the group fell to the ground and was shattered to
pieces. Since this period, every man of taste must
have deplored the demolition of this noble structure,
and the enlightened travellers who have visited the
? pot have successively published engravings of its re-
mains. One of the first of these was Le Roy, in bis
Ruins of Greece; after him came Stuart, who, pos-
sessing great pecuniary means, surpassed his prede-
cessor in producing a beautiful and interesting work on
the Athenian antiquities. Chandler, and other travel-
lers in Greece, have also described what came under
their eye of the remains of the Parthenon, of which
many models have likewise been executed. But, not
content with these arlistical labours and publications,
more recent travellers have borne away with them the
actual spoils of the Parthenon. The foremost of these
was Lord Elgin, who, about the year 1800, removed a
variety of the matchless friezes, statues, dec, which
were purchased of him by parliament on the part of
the nation, and now form the most valuable ana inter-
esting portion of the British Museum. This act of
Lord Elgin's called forth at the time severe animad-
version, though it is now well known that there was
imminent danger . of those relics of art being totally
destroyed by the wanton barbarism of the Turks and
others. (Etme's Dictionary of the Fine Arts, s. v.
Parthenon. )
ParthknopjKis, son of Milanion (according to
some, of Mars) and Atalanta. He was one of the
seven chieftains who engaged in the Theban war.
{Vid. Eleocles and Polynices. ) He was slain by Am-
pbidicus, or, as others state, by Pcriclymenus. (Apol-
kx(. , 3, 6, 8. --Consult Heyne, ad loc. )
Pabthrnope, one of the Sirens. (Vid. Neapolis. )
Parthia, called by Strabo and Arrian Parthysa
yllapOvnia), was originally a small extent of country to
the southeast of the Caspian Sea, of a mountainous and
sandy character, with here and there, however, a fruit-
ful plain, and regarded as forming, under the Persian
? ? sway, one satrapy with the province of Hyrcania, which
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? PAR
PAB
>>')d it was (be great object of Romai policy to support,
as much as possible, pretenders to the throne, and there-
by prevent alt offensive operations on the part of the Par-
tisans. The great subject of contention between the
Romans and Parthians was the kingdom of Armenia,
which had monarcha of its own, and was nominally in-
dependent; but its rulers were always appointed either
by the Parthians or the Koinans, and the attempts of
each nation to place its own dependants on the throne,
led to incessant wars between them. In the reign of
Trajan, Armenia and Mesopotamia were converted
into Roman provinces, and a new king of the Parthi-
ans was appointed by the emperor. Under Hadrian,
nowever, the conquered territory was given up, and the
Euphrates again became the boundary of Parthia.
The two nations now remained at peace with each
other until the reign of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius
V'erus. Cassius, the general of Vcrus, met with great
auccess in the war, and at length took and almost de-
stroyed the powerful city of Seleucia on the Tigris,
A. D. 1C5. Under the reign of Vologeses IV. , the
Parthian dominions were invaded by Septimius Sever-
us, who took Ctesiphon and several other important
places, A. D. 198, and annexed to the Roman empire
the important province of Osrhoene. Caracalla fol-
lowed up the successes of his father; and though Ma-
crinus, who came after him, made a disgraceful peace
with the Parthians, their power had become greatly
weakened by the conquests of Verus, Severus, and
(Jaracalla. --Artaxerxes, who had served with great
reputation in the army of Artabanus, the last king of
Parthia, took advantage of the weakened state of the
monarchy to found a new dynasty. He represented
himself as a descendant of the ancient kinga of Persia,
and called upon the Persians to recover their independ-
ence. The call was readily responded to: a large
Persian army was collected; the Parthians were de-
feated in three great battles, and Artaxerxes succeed-
ed to all the dominions of the Parthian kings, and be-
came the founder of the new Persian empire, which is
usually known as that of the Sassanida*. ( Vid. Artax-
erxes IV. --Encycl. Us. Knoiel. , vol. 17, p. 292. )
The Parthians, as we have already remarked, were of
Scythian origin; and, according to Justin (41, 1),
their namo signified, in the Scythian language, "ban-
ished" or "exiles. " Isidorus makes the samo state-
ment, and adds, that they were driven out of Scythia
by domestic atrife. (Orig. , 10, 2, 44. -- Compare
Wahl, Vorder- und Mtttel-Asien, p. 545, in notis. )
The mode of fighting adopted by their cavalry was pe-
culiar, and well calculated to annoy. When apparent-
ly in full retreat, they would turn round on their steeds
and discharge their arrows with the most unerring ac-
curacy; and hence, to borrow the language of an an-
cient writer, it was victory to them if a counterfeited
(light threw their pursuers into disorder. (Pint. , Vit.
Crass. , ti. --Horat. , Od. , 1, 19, 11. --M. ,/, . , 2, 13,
17. --Lucan, 1, 230-- Herodian. , 3, 4, 20. )
Parthyenk, the original, and subsequently the roy-
al, province of Parthia. (Vid. remarks near the com-
mencement of the preceding article. )
P. iviDEs or Paryabdks (Plol. ), a branch of Cau-
caius, running off to the southwest, and separating
Canpadocia from Armenia. On the confines of Cap?
padocia the name was changed to Scordiscus: it here
united with the chain of Antitaurus, and both stretched
onward to the west and southwest through Cappado-
? ? eii. The highest elevation in this range was Mons Ar-
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? PAS
PAT
it/, 1828), supposes that it ratbir refer? to Artsxerxes
Ocbus; and Lassen, a most compete! t authority on
. he subject, thinks it impossible to make out the name
of Cyrus in this inscription. Hock is of opinion, that
the building described by Porter, and before him by
Moner, is the tomb of one of the Sassanian kings, the
t/r. as'. y that ruled in Persia from the third to the mid-
dle of the seventh century of our era. (Veleris Media
it Persia Monumcnta, Got/, 1818. ) Herodotus does
not speak of Pasargadse as a place, but as the noblest
of the Persian tribes, so that Cyrus must hare founded
the city of the same name in their territory. (Herod. ,
1, 125--Creuzer, ad loc. )
Pasiphae, a daughter of the Sun and of Perse'is,
ind wife of Minos, king of Crete. The ordinary le-
gend connected with her name has been given in a
different article (aid. Minotaurus), and the opinion has
there been advanced, that the whole story rests on
some astronomical basis, and that Pasiphae is identi-
cal with the moon. Thus we find the epithet llaoi-
faric (" all-illumining" or " all-bright") applied to Di-
ana in the Orphic hymns (35, 3), after having been giv-
en to the Sun in a previous effusion (7,14). The same
term, together with UaotQavf/c, is applied to Selene,
or the full moon, by a later bard. (Maximus, Philos. ,
ttpl Karapxuv, ap. Fabric.
