No More Learning

Little informa-
contribution to the ever-growing body of tion is given of the immense labor which
Bronté literature.
preceded her famous works. The woman
who, as Laplace said, was
the only
Personal Recollections of Mary Som- woman who could understand his work,
erville, with SELECTIONS FROM HER who was honored by nearly every scien-
CORRESPONDENCE, by her daughter Martha tific society in the world, whose mind
Somerville.
was akin to every famous mind of the
Never has the simplicity of true great- age, so withdraws her individuality to
ness been more clearly shown than in give place to others, that the reader is
the life of Mary Somerville, the life often inclined to forget that the modest
of a woman entirely devoted to family writer has other claims to notice than
duties and scientific pursuits; whose en- her intimate acquaintance with the great.
ergy and perseverance overcame almost And as in many social gatherings she
insuperable obstacles at a time when was overlooked from her modesty of
women were excluded from the higher demeanor; so in these Recollections,
branches of education by prejudice and pages of eulogy are devoted to the
tradition; whose bravery led her to achievements of those whose intellect
enter upon unknown paths, and to make was to hers as moonlight is to sun-
known to others what she acquired by light,” while her own successes are ig-
so courageous an undertaking. After a nored, except in the inserted letters of
slight introduction concerning her family those who awarded her her due meed
and birth, which took place December of praise, and in the frequent notes of
26th, 1780, the Recollections, begin in her faithful compiler.
early childhood and continue to the day
of her death. She lived to the ripe old Poetry, the Nature and Elements of,
age of ninety-two, preserving her clear- by Edmund Clarence Stedman. The
ness of intellect to the end; holding fast lectures contained in this volume, pub-
her faith in God, which no censure of lished in 1892, were delivered by the
bigot, smile of skeptic, or theory of sci- author during the previous year at Johns
ence could shake; adding to the world's Hopkins University, inaugurating the
store of knowledge to her final day,- her annual lectureship founded by Mrs.
last work being revision and com- Tu bull of Ba ore. M Stedman
pletion of a treatise on the Theory of treats of the quality and attributes
))


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SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
357
of poetry itself, of its source and effi- many other eminent philologists maintain,
cacy, and of the enduring laws to which Mr. Lang denies; declaring that the analy-
its true examples ever are conformed. ” sis of names, on which the whole edifice
Chapter i. treats of theories of poetry of philological comparative mythology)
from Aristotle to the present day; Chap- rests, is a foundation of sifting sand. Sto-
ter ii. seeks to determine what poetry ries are usually anonymous at first, he
is; and Chapters iii. and iv. discuss, believes, names being added later, and
respectively, creation and self-expression adventures naturally grouping themselves
under the title of Melancholia. These around any famous personage, divine, he-
two chapters together (afford all the roic, or human. Thus what is called a
scope permitted in this scheme for a Greek myth or a Hindu legend may be
swift glance at the world's masterpieces. ” found current among a people who never
Having effected a synthetic relation be- heard of Greece or India. The story of
tween the subjective and the objective Jason, for example, is told in Samoa, Fin-
in poetry, the way becomes clear for an land, North America, Madagascar. Each
examination of the pure attributes of of the myths presented here is made to
this art, which form the themes of the serve a controversial purpose in so far as
next four chapters. Mr. Stedman avoids it supports the essayist's theory that ex-
much discussion of schools and fashions. planations of comparative mythology do
(There have been schools in all ages not explain. He believes that folk-lore
and centres,” he says, ' «but these figure contains the survivals of primitive ideas
most laboriously at intervals when the common to many peoples, as similar physi-
creative faculty seems inactive. » This cal and social conditions tend to breed
book constitutes a fitting complement to the same ideas. The hypothesis of a myth
Mr. Stedman's two masterly criticisms common to several races rests on the as-
on the (Victorian Poets) and the Poets sumption of a common intellectual condi-
of America. The abundance of finely tion among them. We may push back a
chosen illustrative extracts, and the pains god from Greece to Phænicia, from Phe-
taken by the author to expound every nicia to Accadia, but at the end of the end,
point in an elementary way, make the we reach a legend full of myths like those
volume not only delightful reading for which Bushmen tell by the camp fire, Es-
any person of literary tastes, but bring kimo in their dark huts, and Australians
into compact shape a fund of instruction in the shade of the “gunweh,) — myths
of permanent value. Mr. Stedman cheers cruel, puerile, obscure, like the fancies of
the reader by his hopeful view of the the savage myth-makers from which they
poetry of the future. "I believe," he sprang. The book shows on every page
declares, «that the best age of imagi- the wide reading, the brilliant faculty of
native production is not past; that po- generalization, and the delightful popu-
etry is to retain, as of old, its literary larity and the unfailing entertainingness
import, and from time to time prove of this literary «Universal Provider,)
itself a force in national life; that the who modestly says that these essays are
Concord optimist and poet was sane in (only Aint-like flakes from a neolithic
declaring that the arts, as we know workshop. ”
them, are but initial, that (sooner or
later that which is now life shall add
Art
rt of Poetry, The ("L'Art Poétique)),
a richer strain to the song. ) »
a didactic poem, by Boileau. The
work is divided into four cantos. In the
Custom and Myth, by Andrew Lang.
first, the author intermingles his precepts
(1886. ) This book of fifteen sketches, with an account of French versification
ranging in subject from the Method of since Villon, now taking up and now
Folk-lore and Star Myths to the Art of dropping the subject, with apparent care-
Savages, illustrates the author's concep- lessness but with real art. The second
tion of the inadequacy of the generally canto treats of the different classes of
accepted methods of comparative my- poetry, beginning with the least import-
thology. He does not believe that (myths ant: eclogue, elegy, ode, epigram, son-
are the result of a disease of language, as net, etc. The third deals with tragedy,
the pearl is the result of a disease of the comedy, and the epic. In the fourth,
oyster. ) The notion that proper names in Boileau returns to more general ques-
the old myths hol the key to their expla- tions H gives, not rules for writing
nation, as Max Müller, Kuhn, Breal, and verse, but precepts addressed to the poet:


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358
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
are
>
and points out the limits within which Little is known of Philip Stubbes.
he must move, if he wishes to become Thomas Nash makes a savage attack on
perfect in his art. Although his work is the (Anatomie) and its author, in a tract
recognized as one of the masterpieces of published in 1589. Stubbes himself throws
the age of Louis XIV. , Boileau has preju- some light upon his life, in his memorial
dices that have long been out of date. He account of his young wife, whose «right
ridicules the choice of modern or national | virtuous life and Christian death » are
subjects by a poet, and would have him circumstantially set forth. The editor be-
confine himself exclusively to the history lieves him to have been a gentleman-
or mythology of Greece and Rome. (either by birth, profession, or both”; to
nalysis of Beauty, The, an essay on
have written, from 1581 to 1610, pam-
certain artistic principles, by William phlets and books strongly on the Puritan
Hogarth, was published in 1753. In 1745 side; before 1583 to have spent (seven
he had painted the famous picture of
winters and more, traveling from place
himself and his pug-dog Trump, now in
to place, even all the land over indiffer-
the National Gallery. In a corner of this ently. ” It is supposed that in 1586 he
picture appeared a palette bearing a ser-
married a girl of fourteen. Her death
pentine line under which was inscribed:
occurred four years and a half afterwards,
«The Line of Beauty and Grace. ) This following not many weeks the birth of
inscription provoked so much inquiry and
a “goodly man childe. ) Stubbes's own
comment that Hogarth wrote «The Anal- death is supposed to have taken place
ysis of Beauty) in explanation of it. În not long after 1610.
the introduction he says: "I now offer
(The Anatomie of Abuses) was pub-
These are in the
to the public a short essay accompanied lished in two parts.
with two explanatory prints, in which I form of a dialogue between Spudens and
shall endeavor to show what the princi- wickedness of the people of Ailgna (Eng. .
Phil nus (Stubbes), concerning the
ples are in nature, by which we
directed to call the forms of some bodiesland). Part First deals with the abuses
beautiful, others ugly; some graceful and of Pride, of Men's and Women's Ap-
others the reverse. The first chapters
parel; of the vices of whoredom, gluttony,
of the book deal with Variety, Uniform- drunkenness, covetousness, usury, swear-
ity, Simplicity, Intricacy, Quantity, etc.
ing, Sabbath-breaking, stage-plays; of
Lines and the composition of lines are
the evils of the Lords of Misrule, of
then discussed, followed by chapters on
May-games, church-ales, wakes, feasts, of
Light and Shade, on Proportion, and on pestiferous dancing," of music, cards,
Action. The (Analysis of Beauty) sub-dice-tables, tennis, bowls, bear-baiting; of
jected Hogarth to extravagant praise cock-fighting, hawking, and hun ng, 01
from his friends and to ridicule from his
the Sabbath; of markets, fairs, and foot-
detractors. Unfortunately he had him-
ball playing, also on the Sabbath; and
self judged his work on the title-page, in finally of the reading of wicked books:
the words “written with a view of fixing the whole being followed by a chapter
the fluctuating ideas of taste. ” This am-
on the remedy for these evils.
bition it was not possible for Hogarth to
Part Second deals with corruptions in
realize. The essay contains, however,
the Temporalty and the Spiritualty. Un-
much that is pertinent and suggestive.
der temporal corruptions the author con-
siders abuses. in law, in education, in
Stubbes, was entered upon the Sta- in the relief of the poor, in husbandr
,
tioners' Register in 1582–83; republished and farming. He also considers abuses
by the New Shakspere Society in 1877- among doctors, chandlers, barbers, apoth-
79 under the editorship of Frederick I. ecaries, astronomers, astrologers, and prog-
Furnivall.
nosticators.
This most curious work — without the
Under matters spiritual the author sets
aid of which, in the opinion of the editor.
forth the Church's sins of omission rather
(no one can pretend to know Shaks-
than of commission; but he treats of
pere's England » — is an exposure of the
wrong preferment, of simony, and of the
abuses and corruptions existing in all evils of substitution.
classes of Elizabethan society. Written The entire work is most valuable, as
from the Puritan standpoint, it is yet not throwing vivid light upon the manners
over-prejudiced nor bigoted.
and customs of the time, especially in
>


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SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
cure
our
359
the matter of dress. An entire Eliza-
Demonology and Devil-Lore, by Mon-
bethan wardrobe of fashion might be
D. Conway, 1879. In this
reproduced from Stubbes's circumstantial scholarly history of a superstition, the
descriptions. Concerning hose he writes: author has set before himself the task of
« The Gally-hosen are made very large finding the reason of unreason, the be-
and wide, reaching downe to their knees ing and substance of unreality, the law
onely, with three or four guardes a peece of folly, and the logic of lunacy. » His
laid down along either hose. And the business is not alone to record certain
Venetian hosen, they reach beneath the dark vagaries of human intelligence, but
knee to the gartering place to the Leg, to explain them; to show them as the
where they are tyed finely with silk inevitable expression of a mental neces-
points, or some such like, and laied on sity, and as the index to some spiritual
also with reeves of lace, or gardes as the facts with large inclusions. He sees that
other before. And yet notwithstanding primitive man has always personified his
all this is not sufficient, except they be own thoughts in external personal forms;
made of silk, velvet, saten damask, and and that these personifications survive
other such precious things beside. ” as traditions long after a more educated
intelligence surrenders them as facts.
Anatomy of Melancholy, The, by Rob- He sets himself, therefore, to seek in
ert Burton, is a curious miscellany, these immature and grotesque imagin-
covering so wide a range of subjects as ings the soul of truth and reality that
to render classification impossible. This once inspired them. From anthropology,
torrent of erudition flows in channels sci- history, tradition, comparative mythol.
entifically exact. Melancholy is treated as ogy and philology; from every quarter
a malady, first in general, then in partic of the globe; from periods which trail off
ular. Its nature, seat, varieties, causes, into prehistoric time, and from periods
symptoms, and prognosis, are considered almost within own remembrance;
in an orderly manner, with a great num- from savage and from cultivated races;
ber of differentiations. Its cure is next from extinct peoples and those now ex-
examined, and the various means dis-isting; from learned sources and the tra-
cussed which may be adopted to accom- ditions of the unlearned, he has sought
plish this. Permissible means, forbidden his material, This vast accumulation of
means, moral means, and pharmaceutical facts he has so analyzed and synthesized
• means, are each analyzed. After dispos- as to make it yield its fine ore of truth
ing of the scholastic method, the author concerning spiritual progress. Related
descends from the general to the particu- beliefs he has grouped either in natural
lar, and treats of emotions and ideas mi- or historical association; migrations of
nutely, endeavoring to classify them. In beliefs he has followed, with a keen
early editions of the book, there appear
for their half-obliterated trail;
at the head of each part, synoptical and through diversities his trained eye dis-
analytical tables, with divisions and sub- covers likenesses. He finds that devils
divisions,— each subdivision in sections have always stood for the type of pure
and each section in subsections, after the malignity; while demons are creatures
manner of an important scientific treatise. driven by fate to prey upon mankind for
While the general framework is orderly, the satisfaction of their needs, but not
the author has filled in the details with of necessity malevolent. The demon is
most heterogeneous material. Every con- an inference from the physical experience
ceivable subject is made to illustrate his of mankind; the devil is a product of his
theme : quotations, brief and extended, moral consciousness. The dragon is a
from many authors; stories and oddities creature midway between the two,
from obscure sources; literary descriptions Through two volumes of difficulties Mr.
of passions and follies; recipes and ad- Conway picks his dexterous way, coura-
vices; experiences and biographies. A geous, ingenious, frank, full of knowl-
remarkably learned and laborious work, edge and instruction, and not less full of
representing thirty years of rambling read- entertainment. So that the reader who
ing in the Oxford University Library, follows him will find that he has studied
(The Anatomy of Melancholy' is read to- a profound chapter of human experience,
day only as a literary curiosity, even its and has acquired new standards for
use as a “cram ” being out of date with measuring the spiritual progress of the
its class of learning.
sense
race.


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360
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
Burnet's History of the Reformation
Ecce Homo, by John Robert Seeley of it a work which could not be over-
(1865), was a consideration of the looked. Newman, Dean Stanley, Glad.
life of Christ as a human being. In the stone, and others high in authority,
preface the author writes:-
hastened to reply to it. The vitality of
<< Those who feel dissatisfied with the the work still remains.
current conception of Christ, if they can-
not rest content without a definite opin-
of the Church of England) (3 vols. ,
ion, may find it necessary to do what to
persons not so dissatisfied it seems au-
1679, 1681, 1714); and History of his
Own Time) (2 vols. , 1723, 1734), are Eng-
dacious and perilous to do. They may
lish standard books of high character and
be obliged to reconsider the whole subject
value. The second of these works is of
from the beginning, and placing them-
selves in imagination at the time when
great intrinsic worth, because without it
our knowledge of the times would be
he whom we call Christ bore no such
exceedingly imperfect. For the first the
name, to trace his biography from point
author was voted the thanks of both
to point, and accept those conclusions
houses of Parliament. Burnet was bishop
about him, not which church doctors, or
even apostles, have sealed with their au-
of Salisbury, 1689–1715; and in 1699 he
brought out an Exposition of the Thirty-
thority, but which the facts themselves,
nine Articles) which became a church
critically weighed, appear to warrant.
classic, in spite of high-church objection
This is what the present writer under-
to his broad and liberal views. He was
took to do. )
from early life a consistent representative
The result of this undertaking was
of broad-church principles, both in politics
a portrait of Christ as
a man, which,
whether accurate or not, is singularly
and divinity. His tastes were more secu-
lar than scholastic. Of bishops he alone
luminous and suggestive. The author
brought to his task scholarship, historical
in that age left a record of able and con-
scientious administration, and of lasting
acumen, above all the power to trace the
work of great importance. Although bit-
original diversities and irregularities in
terly attacked from more than one quarter
a surface long since worn smooth. He
on account of the History of His Own
takes into account the Zeitgeist of the
Time,' the best judgment to-day upon
age in which Christ lived; the thousand
this work is that nothing could be more
and one political and social forces by
admirable than his general candor, his
which he was surrounded; and the na-
tional inheritances that were his on his
accuracy as to facts, the fullness of his
information, and the justice of his judg-
human side, with special reference to his
ments both of those whom he vehemently
office of Messiah. Thereby he throws
opposed and of those whom he greatly
light upon a character (so little compre-
admired. The value of the work, says a
hended as a
He makes many
recent authority, as a candid narrative
astute observations, such as this on the
and an invaluable work of reference, has
source of the Jews' antagonism to Christ:
continually risen as investigations into
««They laid information against him be-
original materials have proceeded. The
fore the Roman government as a dan-
best edition of both the Histories is that
gerous character; their real complaint
of the Clarendon Press (1823–33: 1865).
against him was precisely this, that he
was not dangerous. Pilate executed him
Britain, Ecclesiastical History of,
on the ground that his kingdom was of by Bæda or Bede. A work doubly
this world; the Jews procured his execu- monumental (1) in the extent, faithful-
tion precisely because it was not. ness, care in statement, love of truth, and
other words, they could not forgive him pleasant style, of its report from all trust-
for claiming royalty, and at the same worthy sources of the history (not merely
time rejecting the use of physical force. ecclesiastical) of Britain, and especially
They did not object to the king, of England, down to the eighth century ;
they did not object to the philosopher; and (2) in its being the only authority for
but they objected to the king in tne garb important church and other origins and
of the philosopher. ” The Ecce Homo) developments through the whole period.
produced a great sensation in England Bæda was by far the most learned Eng-
and America. Its boldness, its scientific lishman of his time; one of the greatest
character, combined with its spirituality writers known to English literature; in a
and reverence for the life of Christ, made very high sense “the Father of English
man.
In
»


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SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
361
>
History); an extensive compiler for Eng- « The first of the Anglo-Saxon monks to
lish use from the writings of the Fathers be ranked as a poet appears to have been
of the Church; an author of treatises the cowherd Cædmon, a vassal of the
representing the existing knowledge of abbess Hilda and a monk of Whitby.
science; and a famous English translator Cædmon's songs were sung about 670.
of Scripture. In high qualities of genius He is reported to have put into verse the
and rare graces of character, he was in whole of Genesis and Exodus, and later,
the line of Shakespeare. From one of the life of Christ and the Acts of the
his young scholars, Cuthbert, we have a Apostles; but his work was not limited
singularly beautiful story of the vener- to the paraphrasing of the Scriptures. A
able master's death, which befell about thousand years before the time of Para-
735 A. D. , when he was putting the last dise Lost,' the Northumbrian monk sang
touches to his translation of the Fourth before the abbess Hilda (The Revolt of
Gospel. From his seventh year, 680, Satan. ) Fragments of this poem discov-
to the day of his death, May 26, 735, he ered by Archbishop Usher, and printed
passed his life in the Benedictine abbey, for the first time in 1655, have been pre-
first at Wearmouth and then at Jarrow; served, and have since that date been
but it was a life of immense scholarly frequently published. Cædmon died in
and educational activity. A recent au- 680 and Milton in 1674. ) A principal
thority calls him “the greatest name in interest of Cædmon's conception of Satan
the ancient literature of England”; and is the character for independence, liberty,
Green's History) says of him: «First rude energy, and violent passion, in which
among English scholars, first among he represents not an infernal, but an
English theologians, first among English Anglo-Saxon ideal. It was largely from
historians, it is in the monk of Jarrow following Cædmon that Milton made his
that English literature strikes its roots. Satan not only so lofty a figure, but one
In the six hundred scholars who gath- of so great interest that we hardly re-
ered round him for instruction, he is the member his supposed nature.
father of our national education. It was
in point of view and name only that Historia, Britonim, by: Geoffreypf
was
. The History the
history. It covered all the facts drawn Britons, by Geoffrey of Monmouth, Bishop
from Roman writers, from native chron. of St. Asaph, is a translation from the
icles and biographies, from records and Cymric into Latin, made about the mid-
public documents, and from oral and dle of the twelfth century. Before this,
written accounts by his contemporaries. Geoffrey, who was known as a learned
It was written in Latin; first printed at man, had translated the prophecies of
Strasburg about 1473; King Alfred trans- Merlin; and the story is that he was
lated it into Anglo-Saxon; and it has asked to translate the Historia Britonum,'
had several editions and English vers- by Walter Map (or Calenius), who had
ions in recent times. The whole body come upon the manuscript in Brittany.
of Bæda's writings, some forty in number, There is no known manuscript of the
show his unwearied industry in learn- original in existence, and we cannot now
ing, teaching, and writing, his gentle and decide to what extent Geoffrey may have
cultivated feelings, his kindly sympathies, interpolated material of his own. The
and the singular freshness of mind which question is still a mooted one with schol-
gave life and beauty to so many pages of ars; though no one now, as in former
his story of England's past.
times, professes to believe that the work
is a true record of events.
Cædmon, The Revolt of Satan,' and The Historia Britonum occupies the
other writings, of which only some border ground between poetry and his-
fragments have been preserved. The in- tory, and from the beginning was read
terest of Cædmon's name and story justi- for the delight of the fancy. Students,
fies taking note of him, although little of even at that day, were indignant with
his genuine work now exists. His most its lack of veracity; and good Welshmen
striking production seems to have given scouted it as history. In that day works
Milton more than a suggestion for his of imagination were not recognized as
Satan. Mr. George Haven Putnam, in having a close connection with history.
his Books and their Makers,' speaking Yet this very chronicle is the source of
of the literary monks of England, says: one of the purest streams of English
(


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362
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
concerns
poetry,- that which flows from the story forthwith he fled. First he went to
of King Arthur.
Greece, where he delivered the Trojan
As finally arranged, the history is di- captives; and next he gained the Ar.
vided into twelve books. In the first, morican Isles, which he conquered, give
Brut, escaping from Troy, is made the ing them the name of Britain. Afterward
founder of New Troy, or London. In he made war upon the king of Poitou,
the next two books, various persons are founding the city of Tours, which he
invented to account for the names of named in honor of his son. From Poitou
English rivers and mountains and places. he returned to the Armorican Isles, over-
The fourth, fifth, and sixth books give coming the giants in possession of that
the history of the Romans and Saxons region, and once more naming it Britain.
in Britain; the seventh gives Merlin's He immediately founded the city of
prophecy; the eighth tells about Arthur's London, and reigned long and gloriously
father, Uther Pendragon; King Arthur there.
is the hero of the ninth and tenth; and The narrative now
itself
the last two give a list of the British with the descendants of Brutus. The
kings, and an account of Arthur's vic- adventures of Lear, of Belin, of Bren-
tory over Mordred.
nus who voyaged to Italy, of Cassivel-
In the twelfth century, Alfred of Bev- launus who so bravely resisted Cæsar,
erly made an abridgment of this history, of all the bellicose chiefs who opposed
but it was not until the eighteenth cen- the dominion of the Roman emperors,
tury that it was translated into English. are minutely related. But not until King
Geoffrey Gaimar made an early transla- Arthur is introduced do we meet the
tion into Anglo-Norman verse; and Wace real hero of the Roman de Brut. ) Arthur
or Eustace made a version in French performs prodigies of valor, is the ideal
verse which became very popular.
knight of his order of the Round Table,
Although there is probably much truth and finally departs for some unknown
mingled with the fiction in this chronicle, region, where it is implied he becomes
it is valued now chiefly for the influence immortal, and never desists from the
which it has had on literature.
performance of deeds of valor. In this
portion of the narrative figure the en-
Brut, Roman de. A poem in eight- chanter Merlin, bard to King Arthur;
syllable verse, composed by Robert the Holy Grail, or chalice in which
Wace, but indirectly modeled upon a were caught the last drops of the Savior's
legendary chronicle of Brittany entitled blood as he was taken from the cross;
(Brut y Brenhined? (Brutus of Brittany), Lancelot of the Lake, so styled from
which it seems was discovered in Ar-
the place in which he was trained to
morica by Walter, archdeacon of Oxford, arms; Tristan and his unhallowed love;
and translated into Latin by Geoffrey of Perceval and his quest of the Holy Grail.
Monmouth. This translation is declared These and other features of the Roman
to have been the source from which de Brut) made it unprecedentedly popu-
Wace drew his materials. He presented lar. It was publicly read at the court
his poem to Eleonore of Guyenne in 1155, of the Norman kings, that the young
and it was translated into Anglo-Saxon knights might be filled with emulation;
by Layamon.
while fair ladies recited it at the bed-
The Roman de Brut) relates that after side of wounded cavaliers, in order that
the capture of Troy by the Greeks, their pain might be assuaged.
Æneas came to Italy with his son As-
canius, and espoused Lavinia, daughter
Brut, The, a metrical chronicle of early
of King Latinus; she duly presented a British history, both fabulous and
son to him. This son, as well as Asca- authentic, and the chief monument of
nius, succeeded to the kingly power; Transitional Old English, first appeared
and the throne devolved at last upon not long after the year 1200. Its author
Silvius, son of Ascanius. Silvius fell in Layamon, the son of Leovenath, was a
love with a damsel who died upon giv- | priest, residing at Ernley on the banks
ing birth to Brutus, from whom the of the Severn in Worcestershire. His work
(Roman de Brut) takes its name. Brutus is the first MS. record of a poem written
was a mighty hunter. One day he had after the Conquest in the tongue of the
the misfortune to slay his father with a people. The Norman-French influences
misdirected arrow aimed at a stag, and had scarcely penetrated to the region


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SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
363
where he lived. On the other hand, the 1 Colin
olin Clout (or Colyn Cloute), by
inhabitants were in close proximity to John Skelton. This satire of the
the Welsh. The additions that Layamon early British poet (fl. 1460 ? -1529) was a
made to the Brut) show how deeply vigorous pre-Reformation protest against
the Arthurian legends had sunk into the the clergy's lack of learning and piety,
minds of the people.
disregard for the flock,-
The (Brut) is a translation, with many
" How they take no hede
additions, of the French (Brut d’Angle-
Theyre sely shepe to fede, » --
terre) of Wace, which in its turn is a
translation of Geoffrey of Monmouth's and gross self-indulgence. It was writ-
(Historia Britonum. ' Layamon's version ten in from four to six syllable rhymes
begins thus:
and even double rhymes, whose liquid
« There was a priest in the land Who though brief measures served their eccen-
was named Layamon. He was son of tric author's purpose: a form since desig-
Leovenath,— May the Lord be gracious
nated as Skeltonical or Skeltonian verse.
to him! - He dwelt at Ernley, at a noble The poet employed various other verse
church Upon Severn's bank. Good it forms: often the easily flowing seven-line
seemed to him, Near Radstone, Where stanzas of his true parent in the poet's
he read book. It came to him in mind, art, Chaucer, dead less than a hundred
And in his chief thought, That he would years, with only the inferior Lydgate no-
of England Tell the noble deeds. What table between. Like Chaucer, he helped
the men were named, and whence they
to establish and make flexible the ver-
came, Who English land First had, After nacular English tongue. But though in
the flood That came from the Lord That holy orders, and sometime rector of the
destroyed all here That is found alive country parish of Diss, he was believed to
Except Noah and Sem Japhet and Cane wear his clerical habit rather loosely, like
And their four wives That were with the Holy Clerk of Copmanhurst, Friar
them in the Ark. Layamon began the
Tuck, whose “Pax Vobiscums » had been
Journey Wide over this land, And pro- silent now for two generations. Under
cured the noble books Which he took for Henry VII. Skelton had been tutor to his
pattern. He took the English book that second son, Henry, who succeeded to the
Saint Bede made, Another he took, in throne; and though his satires, published
Latin, That Saint Albin made, And the in both reigns, often hit the sins and fol.
fair Austin Who brought baptism in hither; lies of the court, he was not seriously
the third book he took, Laid there in the molested by these monarchs. But in
midst, That a French clerk made, Who (Colin Clout) he sped more than one
was named Wace, Who well could write, clothyard shaft of wit at Wolsey; and at
and he gave it to the noble Eleanor that last in (Speke, Parrot,' and (Why Come
was Henry's Queen, the high King's. Ye Not to Court, so assailed the prelate's
Layamon laid down these books and arrogant abuse of power that he found
turned the leaves. He beheld them lov- it prudent to take sanctuary with Bishop
ingly. ”
Islip in Westminster Abbey: and there
The (Brut) contains, however, few
he died and was buried «in the chancel
traces of Bede's chronicle. It follows of the neighboring church of St. Marga-
Wace closely, but amplifies his work and ret's,” says Dyce. His most famous
adds to it. Some of the additions are poem gets its title from the rustic per-
concerned with the legendary Arthur. sonage supposed to be speaking through
Layamon's most poetical work is found
it: -
in them. The beautiful legends of the
"And if ye stand in doubte
great king seem to have appealed pow-
Who brought this ryme aboute,
erfully to his imagination and to his sym-
My name is Colyn Cloute. ”
pathies as a poet. He makes Arthur say The surname is clearly suited to the os-
in his dying speech:-
tensibly dull-witted clown of the satire;
“I will fare to Avalun, to the fairest and the Colin is modified from Colas,
of all maidens, to Argante the Queen, short for Nicolas or Nicholas, a typical
an elf most fair, and She shall make my proper name.
This dramatic cognomen
wounds all sound; make me all whole was copied by several poets of the fol.
with healing draughts. And afterwards lowing reign, Elizabeth's, - her favorite
I will come again to my kingdom, and Edmund Spenser using it to designate
dwell with the Britons with Mickle Joy. " himself in pastoral poems, and rendering


## p. 364 (#400) ############################################

364
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
en-
a
.
even
to
it once more famous as a poem-title in
(Colin Clout's Come Home Again. )
Caleb Williams, by William Godwin
(1794), a curious, rambling, half sen-
sational and half psychological story, met
with immediate popularity, and furnished
the suggestion of the well-known play
(The Iron Chest. ) Caleb, a sentimental
youth, who tells his own story, is the sec-
retary of a Mr. Falkland, a gentleman of
fortune, cold, proud, and an absolute re-
cluse. Caleb learns that his patron had
once been a favorite in society; his retir-
ing habits dating from his trial some years
earlier for the murder of one Tyrrel, a
man of bad character, who had publicly
insulted him. Falkland having been ac-
quitted, two laborers, men of excellent
reputation, both of whom had reason to
hate the knavish Tyrrel, have been
hanged on circumstantial evidence. Ca-
leb, a sort of religious Paul Pry, is
convinced that Falkland is the murderer,
and taxes him with the crime. Falkland
confesses it, but threatens Caleb with
death should he betray his suspicions.
The frightened secretary runs away in
the night; is seized, and charged with
the theft of Mr. Falkland's jewels, which
are found hidden among his belongings.
He escapes from jail only to fall among
thieves, is re-arrested, and makes a state-
ment to a magistrate of Falkland's guilt,
a statement which is not believed. The
trial comes on; Falkland declines to pros-
ecute, and the victim is set at liberty.
Falkland, whose one idea in life is to
keep his name unspotted, then offers to
forgive Caleb and assist him if he will
recant. When he refuses, his enemy has
him shadowed, and manages to hound
him out of every corner of refuge by
branding him as a thief. Caleb, driven
to bay, makes a formal accusation before
the judge of assizes and many witnesses.
Falkland, in despair, acknowledges his
guilt, and shortly after dies, leaving Caleb
— who, most curiously, has passionately
loved him all this time -- the victim of
an undying remorse.
Heredity: A PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDY OF
PHENOMENA, LAWS, CAUSES,
AND CONSEQUENCES, by Th. Ribot. (Eng-
lish edition, 1875. ) Heredity, as the fa-
mous French biologist defines it, is that
biological law by which all beings en-
dowed with life tend to repeat them-
selves in their descendants; that law
which is for the species what personal
identity is for the individual, and by
whose working Nature ever copies and
imitates herself. Many ages of thought-
ful observation and analysis have
wrought at the physical or physiological
basis and expression of this law. M.
Ribot's Heredity, like his Contempo-
rary English Psychology,' is an
deavor to explain its psychological side.
Passing from the familiar but interest-
ing subject of the heredity of the exter-
nal structure, which may insist on the
reappearance of a bent finger or
shortened ear-lobe in the fifth genera-
tion, he asserts that internal conforma-
tions are equally certain of reproduction
as are the tendencies to morbid condi-
tion of these internal organs. This he-
redity occurs also in the nervous system,
in the fluids of the organism, in per-
sonal characteristics, -as in the ten-
dency to long or short life, to fecundity,
to immunity from contagious diseases,
to motor energy, to loquacity or taciturn-
ity, to anomalies of organization, indi-
vidual habits,
accidental
variations. These physiological facts
being admitted, the argument goes on
to consider the nature and heredity of
Instinct, the heredity of the Senses, of
Memory, of the Imagination, of the In-
tellect, the Sentiments, the Passions, the
Will, of Natural Character, and of Mor-
bid Psychological Conditions.
A great
mass of undisputed facts and experi-
ences being collected, M. Ribot deduces
his Laws. Part Third contains a lumi-
nous exposition of the Causes of heredi-
tary psychic transmission, and Part
Fourth, the most interesting of all, a
statement of the Consequences, physio-
logical, moral, and social. In conclus-
ion, M. Ribot's psychological reasoning
coincides with the physical theory that
nothing once created ceases to be, but
merely undergoes transformation into
other forms. Hence, in the individual,
habit; in the species, heredity. What,
in one statement, is conservation of en-
ergy, is, in another, universal causality.
And as to the endless question of the
conflict between free will and fate, or
mechanism, he suggests that if we were
capable of occupying a higher stand-
point, we should see that what is given
to us from without as science, under
the form of mechanism, is given
from within as æsthetics or morals, un-
der the form of free will.
us


## p. 365 (#401) ############################################

SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
365
Econg
conomic Interpretation of History,
by J. E. Thorold Rogers. (1888. ) A
volume of Oxford lectures covering a wide
range of important topics, with the gen-
eral aim of showing how economic ques-
tions have come up in English history,
and have powerfully influenced its devel-
opment. The questions of labor, money,
protection, distribution of wealth, social
effect of religious movements, pauperism,
and taxation, are among those which are
carefully dealt with. In a posthumously
published volume. (The Industrial and
Commercial History of England, (1892,)
another series appeared, completing the
author's view both of the historical facts
and of method of study.
No more fascinating, stimulating, or
instructive volume than this upon a
vital subject hedged about with difficul-
ties, has been given to the world.
Bridgewater Treatises, The, were the
result of a singular contest in com-
pliance with the terms of the will of the
Earl of Bridgewater, who died in 1829.
He left £8000 to be paid to the author
of the best treatise on (The Power, Wis-
dom, and Goodness of God, as manifested
in the Creation. The judges decided to
divide the money among the authors of
the eight following treatises: — "The Ad-
aptation of External Nature to the Mora
and Intellectual Constitution of Man,' by
Dr. Thomas Chalmers, 1833; (Chemistry,
Meteorology, and the Function of Diges-
tion,' by William Prout, 1834; (History,
Habits, and Instincts of Animals,' by
William Kirby, 1835; Geology and Min-
eralogy,) by Dean (William) Buckland,
1836; (The Hand
as Evincing De-
sign,' by Sir Charles Bell, 1833 ; (The
Adaptation of External Nature to the
Physical Condition of Man,' by John
Kidd, M. D. , 1833; (Astronomy and Gen-
eral Physics, by William Whewell, 1833 ;
(Animal and Vegetable Physiology,' by
Peter Mark Roget, 1834. All these es-
says were published as Tracts for the
Times; and have had an enormous circu-
lation, and no small influence in the mod-
ification of modern thought.
Ca
Cambridge Described and Ilustrated :
allista: A SKETCH OF THE THIRD CEN-
TURY, by John Henry Newman. Car-
dinal Newman tells us that this is an at-
tempt to imagine, from a Catholic point
of view, the feelings and mutual relations
of Christians and heathen at the period
described. The first few chapters were
written in 1848, the rest not until 1855.
The events here related occur in Procon.
sular Africa; giving opportunity for de.
scription of the luxurious mode of life, the
customs and ceremonies, then and there
prevailing. Agellius, a Christian, loves
Callista, a beautiful Greek girl, who sings
like a Muse, dances like a Grace, and re-
cites like Minerva, besides being a rare
sculptor. Jucundus, uncle to Agellius,
hopes she may lead him from Christian-
ity; but she wishes to learn more con-
cerning that faith. Agellius, falling ill, is
nursed by Cyprian, bishop of Carthage,
who is in hiding. A plague of locusts
comes. Frenzied by their devastations
and the consequent famine, the mob rises
against the Christians. Agellius is sum-
moned to his uncle for safety. Callista,
going to his hut to warn him, meets
Cyprian, who gives her the Gospel of St.
Luke. While they discourse, the mob ap-
proaches, and they are captured. Cyprian
and Agellius, however, are helped to es-
cape. Callista studies St. Luke and em-
braces Christianity. She refuses to abjure
her religion, is put to death by torture, is
canonized, and still works miracles. Her
body is rescued by Agellius and given
Christian burial. Her death proves the
resurrection of the church at Sicca where
she died: the heathen said that her his-
tory affected them with constraining force.
Agellius becomes a bishop, and is likewise
martyred and sainted.
of Town
and University. By Thomas Dinham
Atkinson. With Introduction by John
Willis Clark. (1897. ) A very complete,
interesting, and richly illustrated account
of the English town and university, which
has been in some respects even
than Oxford a seat of literature, as well
as education, in England. To Ameri-
can readers especially, the work is of
importance because of the extent to which
Cambridge University graduates were
leaders in the planting of New England.
The story of the old town opens many
a picture of early English life and that
of the great group of famous colleges
which constitute the university; and sup-
plies chapters in the history of English
culture peculiarly rich in interest, from
the fact that Cambridge has so largely
stood for broad and progressive views,
while Oxford has until recently repre-
sented narrow conservatism.
more


## p. 366 (#402) ############################################

366
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
Georgics, The, by Virgil
. This great this sublime picture, the fresh, idyllic
work, admittedly the masterpiece delineation of country life and the hap-
of didactic poetry, and considered by piness of rustic swains, if they only
many superior to the Æneid in style, knew, sua sic bona norint! then, at the
was begun, probably at the request of end of the third book, the splendid
Mæcenas, in 717, and completed in 724 games and the magnificent temple of
A. U. C. It is divided into four books. white marble he proposes to raise to
The first treats of agriculture; the sec- Augustus; the description of the pest
ond of trees; the third of the raising of that devastated the pasture-lands of Nori-
cattle; and the fourth of bees. Virgil cum, unrivaled for elegance and pathos ;
has utilized the writings of all the au- and the touching story of the love of
thorities on agriculture and kindred sub- Orpheus and Eurydice with which the
jects in the Greek and Roman world. poem concludes.
Thus, besides the Economica) of Xen-
ophon, the works of the Carthaginian CⓇ
æsar: A sketch, by James Anthony
Mago, translated by order of the Senate,
Froude. (1880. ) A life of the great
and those of Cato and Varro, he con-
soldier, consul, and dictator of Rome,-
sulted the Phenomena) of Aratos for
a general and statesman of unequaled
the signs of the weather, those of Eras-
abilities, and an orator second only to
Cicero. Mr. Froude calls his book a
tothenes for the celestial zones, the writ-
ings of Democritus for the revolution of
sketch only, because materials for a
the moon; and so admirably are all his
complete history do not exist. Cæsar's
materials used with his own poetic in-
career of distinction began in 74 B. C. ,
spiration, that precept and sentiment,
later than Cicero's, and ended March
imagination and reality, are merged in
15th, 44 B. C. , nearly two years before
one complete and harmonious unity. No
the death of Cicero. The fascinations
matter how exact or technical the nature
of style in Mr. Froude's brilliant picture
of the teaching, it is never dry. An
of Cæsar are not equally accompanied
image introduced with apparent careless-
with sober historical judgment. As in
ness vivifies the coldest formula: he tells
his other works, he exaggerates in draw-
the plowman he must break up the clods
ing the figure of his hero. He is to be
of his field and harrow it again and
listened to, not for a verdict but a plea.
again, and then at once shows him
Cæs
golden-haired Ceres, who looks down on
*æsars, The Lives of the First Twelve,
by Caius Suetonius, 130-135 A. D.
him from the Olympian heights with pro- A book of biographies of the Roman
pitious eyes. Besides mythology, which
emperors from Julius Cæsar to Domitian;
the poet uses with great reserve, he finds
and largely a book of anecdotes, mere
in geography resources that quicken the
personal facts, and, to no small extent,
reader's interest. Tmolus, India, the
scandal, much of which may have been
countries of the Sabæans and Chalybes, fiction. It throws hardly any light on
enable him to point out that every land, the society of the time, the character
by a secret eternal law, has its own par- and tendencies of the period; but gives
ticular products; and to predict to the
the twelve personal stories with a care
husbandman that, if he follow good
in regard to facts and a brevity which
counsels, a harvest as bounteous as that
makes every page interesting. The first
which arouses the pride of Mysia or six are much fuller than the last six.
Gargarus shall reward his toil. The epi- In none of them is there any attempt
sodes and descriptions scattered through
at historical judgment of the characters
the poem
are of surpassing beauty. whose picture is drawn. We get the
Among them may be mentioned: the
superficial view only, and to no small
death of Cæsar, with the prodigies that extent the view current in the gossip of
accompanied it, at the end of the first
the time. A fair English translation is
book; in the second, the praise of Italy, given in the Bohn Classical Library.
its climate and its flocks and herds; the
pride and greatness of Clitumnus, with Brutus; or, Dialogue concerning 11.
her numerous cities, her fine lakes, as lustrious Orators, by Cicero. The
broad and as terrible in their fury as work takes its title from Brutus, who was
seaswith her robust population and one of the persons engaged in the discus-
great men who gave to Rome the em- sion. The author begins by expressing
pire of the world; and, as a pendant to his sorrow for the death of Hortensius,


## p. 367 (#403) ############################################

SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
367
Cice
and the high esteem in which he held feudal Japan which is now passed away,
him as a speaker. Still he feels rather and illustrates the common ideas of the
inclined to congratulate him on dying people concerning pre-existence and re-
when he did, since he has thus escaped birth. ” Mr. Hearn's knowledge of, and
the calamities that ravage the republic. sympathy with, his subject seem inex-
Then he explains the occasion and the haustible.
object of this dialogue, which is a com-
plete history of Latin eloquence. He
Ecclesiastical Polity, The Laws of,
relates the origin of the art of oratory by Richard Hooker. (1593-97. ) A
among the Romans, its progress, and its learned and broadly rational treatise on
aspect at different epochs; enters into the principles of church government, the
an elaborate criticism of the orators that special aim of which was
to prove.
have successively appeared; and gives, against the Puritanism of the time, that
in an informal sort of way, rules for religious doctrines and institutions do not
those who seek to excel in the oratorical find their sole sanction in Scripture, but
art, and lays down the conditions without may be planned and supported by the
which success is impossible. The work is use of other sources of light and truth;
at once historical and didactic, and em. and that in fact the Scriptures do not
braces every variety of style: being at supply any definite form of church order,
one time simple and almost familiar, at the laws of which are obligatory. The
another almost sublime; but always pure, course of church matters under Queen
sweet, and elegant.
Elizabeth had so completely disregarded
the views and demands of the Puritans
icero, Marcus Tullius, The Life of.
By William Forsyth. (2 vols. , 1863. )
as to give occasion for a work represent-
ing other and wider views; and Hooker's
A chapter of personal history, and of
genius exactly fitted him to supply a
the story of classical culture, in the first
philosophical and logical basis to the
half of the last century before Christ, of
Elizabethan church system. Of the eight
great interest and value. It deals not
books now found in the work, only four
only with the orator and statesman, and
were published at first; then a fifth,
the public affairs in which he played so
longer by sixty pages than the whole of
great a part, but with Cicero as a man,
the first four, in 1597; and three after
a father, husband, friend, and gentle-
his death (November 2d, 1600), – the sixth
man, and with the culture of the time, of
which Cicero was so conspicuous a rep-
and eighth in 1648, and the seventh in
resentative. The picture serves particu-
1617.