It wao
afterward
called
Aureliani, from the name of the people, and is now
Orleans.
Aureliani, from the name of the people, and is now
Orleans.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
(Horn.
, 11, 5,
265, sea. --Id. to. , 20, 234, scq. --Horn. , Hymn, 4,
202. ) One of the Cyclic poets (up. Schot. adEurip,
Orest. , 1390) said, that Jupiter gave Laomedon a gold-
en vine for Ganymede. The son of Troa succeeded
Hebe as cup-bearer of the skies. (Vid. Hebe. ) They
who wish to give en historical aspect to this legend,
make Ganymedes to have been carried off by Tantalus.
The truth is, however, that the fable of Ganymede? ,
according to Knight, seems to have arisen from some
symbolical composition, representing the act of fructi-
the plains of Hindustan by the west, and pursues the fying nature, attended by Power end Wisdom: and
early part of its course through rugged valleys and de-
files. After wandering about eight hundred milea
through these mountainous regions, it issues forth a
this composition would appear to have been at first
misunderstood, and afterward misrepresented in poeli
cal fiction. For the lines in the Iliad alluding to ii
deity to the superstitious yet gladdened Hindu. This ' are, as Knight maintains, spurious; and, according tc
river was unknown to Herodotus, as he does not men-1 Pindar, the most orthodox, perhaps, of all the poets,
lion it, though it became famous in a century after-
ward. Ita source was for a long period involved in
obscurity. A survey, however, has been recently made
Ganymede was not the son of Troa, but a mighty
genius or deity, who regulated or caused the over-
flowings of the Nile hy the motion of his feel (ScSol
? ? by the British-Indian government, and it haa been i in Aral. Phanom. , v. 282. ) His being, therefore,
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? G AZ
G El.
from PlaUea, on Mount Cithaeron, towards tbo Athe-
nian frontier. (Gell, /fin. , p. 112. )
Gakoarcs (plur. a, orum), one of the summits of
Ida, the roots of which formed the promontory of Lec-
tins. It is generally supposed to have been the high-
eat peak of the range, but this honour must be assigned
to the ancient Colylus. (Hobhouse's Travels, Lett. 42. )
On Gargarus was a town named Gargara. (Strabo,
621 ) Dr. Hunt gives an interesting account of his
ascent of Gargarus. He found the summit covered
with snow, and mentions the following particular rela-
tive to its ancient name. "I have ventured to record
a circumstance which proves on how fanciful a founda-
tion etymological reasonings arc founded. Our guide,
when he pointed expressively to the snow on the top
of the mountain, repeated the words Gar,gar,' Snow,
snow,' in which an enthusiastic topographer of the Iliad
would easily have traced the ancient name of Garga-
rus. " (Walpde's Memoirs, vol. 1, p. 122. -- Com-
pare, in relation to Gargarus, Clarke's Travels, Greece,
Egypt, <Stc, vol. 3, p. 166. )
Garoettus, a dermis or borough of the tribe iEge'is
in Attica, where Eurystheus is said to have been bu-
ried. (Steph. Byz. , s. v. --Slrabo, 377. ) It was the
birthplace of Epicurus. (Diog. Laert. , 10, 1 ) The
modern Krabato is supposed to occupy its site. (. S7<<-
arfs Ant. of Ath. , 3, p. 16. --Span. , vol. 2, p. 104 --
GeU's IHn. , p. 75. )
Garcuna, now the Garonne, a river of Gaul, which
rises in the valley of Arran, to the south of Bertrand,
among the Pyrenees, and falls into the Oceanus Can-
tabricus, or Bay of Biscay. The general course of
this river, which extends to about 250 miles, is north-
west. After its junction with the Duranius or Dor-
iogne, below Burdegala or Bourdeauz, it assumes the
name of Gironde. According to Julius Cesar's divis-
ion of Gallia, the Garumna was the boundary of Aqui-
ania, and separated that district from Gallia Celtica.
Itus river is navigable to Tolosa or Toulouse, and
communicates with the Mediterranean by means of the
ar. al of Louis XIV. , about 180 miles long, made
through Languedoe. (Mela, 3,2. --Manncrt, Geogr. ,
vol. 2, p. 117. )
Gaiioamela, a village of Assyria, in the district of
Atoria, and about 500 atadia from Arbela. (Aman,
6,1 ) The battle between Alexander and Darius took
place near this spot; but, as Arbela was a considera-
ble town, the Greeks chose to distinguish the conflict
by the name of the latter. Gaugamela is said to have
signified, in Persian, "the house of the camel," and to
hare been so called because Darius, the son of Hys-
taspes. having escaped upon his camel across the des-
erts of Scythia, when retreating from the latter coun-
try, placed the animal here, and appointed the revenue
of certain villages for its maintenance. (Plut. , Vil.
Alex, c. 31. )
Gavlds, I. a small island adjacent to Mclite or
Malta, now called Gozo. (Plin. , 3, 8. )--II. Another
below the south shore of Crete, now called Gozo of
Candia, for distinction' sake from Gozo of Malta.
Giuacs, a ndg: of mountains bordering on Lake
4vernus, a-1 now cillcd Monte Barbaro. It was fa-
mous for its wines. [Lucan 2, 665, seqq--Sil. Ital. ,
*, 534-- Stat. Sur . 3, 5, 99. )
G>>zi, one of the five Philistine satrapies or princi-
palities, situate towards the southern extremity of Ca-
naan, about 16 miles south of Ascalon (Itin. Am. , p.
? ? 150). and a small distance from the Mediterranean.
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? GEL
GEM
detunes. Agathoclrs, suspecting the inhabitants of
favouring the Carthaginians, suddenly made himself
master of Gela, put to death 4000 of the wealthiest
citizens, confiscated their property, and placed a gar-
rison in the city. The final blow was at last received
from its own colony Agrigentum. Phintias, tyrant of
this latter place, wishing to perpetuate his name, built
the small but commodious city of Phintias, called after
himsetf, and transferred (o it all the inhabitants of Gela.
From jiis period, therefore, 404 years after its found-
ation, the city of Gela ceased to exist. On a part of
the ancient site stands the modern Terra Nova. The
plains around Gela (Campi Geloi) were famed for
their fertility and beauty. (Diod. Sic, 11, 25. --Id. ,
13, 98. --Id. , 19, 108--Id. , 20, 31. --Id. , 22, 2. --
>S( abo, 418. --Manner! , Geogr. , vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 345. )
(ikllids, Aui. us (or, as some manuscripts give the
name, Agellius), a Latin grammarian, born at Rome
in the early part of the second century, and who died
at the beginning of the reign of Marcus Aurclius. We
have but few particulars of his life. We know that he
studied rhetoric under Cornelius Fronto at Rome, and
philosophy under Phavorinus at Athens, and that, on
his return to Rome, while still at an early age, he was
made one of the centumviri or judges in civil causes.
{Noel. Alt. , 14, 2. ) Gellius has left behind him one
work entitled Noetes Attica, "Attic Nights. " It was
written, as he informs us in the preface, during the
winter evenings in Attica, to amuse his children in
their hours of relaxation. It appears, from his own
account, that he had been accustomed to keep a com-
monplace book, in which he entered whatever he heard
in conversation, or met with in his private reading, that
appeared worthy of remembrance. In composing his
"Koctes Attica" he seems merely to havo copied the
contents of his commonplace book, with a little altera-
tion in the language, but without any attempt at class-
ification X arrangement. The work contains anec-
dotes and arguments, scraps of history and pieces
of poetry, and dissertations on various points in phi-
kcophy, geometry, and grammar. Amid much that
U trifling and puerile, we obtain information on many
oubjects relating to antiquity, of which we must other-
wise have been ignorant. It is divided into twenty
books, which are alill extant, excepting the eighth and
the beginning of the seventh. He mentions, in the
conclusion of his preface, his intention of continuing
the work, which he probably, however, never carried
into effect. --The style of Aulus Gellius is in general
negligent and incorrect. In his eagerness to imitate
the old writers, he is often carried too far, and intro-
duces too many forms of expression from the earlier
comic poets, whom he seems most anxious to take for
his models in this respect. That he invented, how-
ever, any new terms himself seems hardly credible.
The best editions of Aulus Gellius are, that of Grono-
vius, Lugd. Bat. , 1706, 4to, and that of Lion, Got-
ting. . 1824, 2 vols. 8vo. 'Scholl, Hist. Lit. Rom. ,
vol. 3, p. 310. -- Jiahr, Gcsch. Rom. Lit. , vol. 1, p.
719. )
Gelon, a native of Gela in Sicily, who rose from
the station of a private citizen to be supreme ruler of
Gela and Syracuse. He was descended from an an-
cient family, which originally came from Trios, an isl-
and off the coast of Caria, and settled at Gela, when
it was first colonized by the Rhodians. During the
time that Hippocrates reigned at Gele (B. C. 498-491),
? ? Gelon was appointed commander of the cavalry, and
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? GEN
GEO
ram, to bt exposed to the gaze of the multitude. ( Vol.
Max. , 6, 9--Liv. , 33, 59. )
Gcnabcm, a town of the Aureliani, on the Ligeris
? r Loire, which ran through it.
It wao afterward called
Aureliani, from the name of the people, and is now
Orleans. (CiU. , B. C, 7, 3--Lueaie, 1, 440. )
Genaoni, a people'of Vindelicia. (Vid. Brenni. )
GenIva, a city of the AUobroges, at the western
extremity of the Lacus Lemanus or Lake of Geneva,
tn the south bank of the Rhodanus or Rhone. The
modern name is the same as the ancient. (Cass. ,
B. G. , 1, 6. )
Genskric (more correctly Gp<seri<;ii), king of the
Vandals, was the illegitimate brother of Gondcric,
whom he succeeded A. D. 429. In the same year he
left Spain, which had been partly conquered by the Van-
dals, and crossed over into Africa, at the solicitation
of Boniface, governor of that province, who had been
induced, by the arts of his rival Aetius, to rebel against
Valentinian III. , emperor of the West. Boniface soon
repented of the step he had taken, and advanced to
meet the invader. But his repentance came too late.
The Moors joined the standard of Genseric, and the
powerful sect of the Donatists, who had been cruelly
persecuted by the Catholics, assisted him against their
oppressors. Boniface was defeated, and obliged to re-
tire into Hippo Regius, where he remained till he ob-
tained a fresh supply of troops. Having ventured upon
a second battle, and being again defeated, he abandon-
ed the province to the barbarians, and sailed away to
Italy. A peace was concluded between Genseric and
the Emperor of the West, by which all Africa to the
west of Carthage was ceded to the Vandals. This,
however, did not long continue, and the city of Car-
thage was taken by the Vandals, by surprise, A. D. 439.
The Emperors of the West and East made great prep-
tretions for the recovery of the province, but an alli-
ance which Genseric made with Attila, king of the
Huns, effectually secured him against their attempts.
Genseric's next object was the formation of a naval
power: an immense number of ships were built, and
bis fleets ravaged the shores of Sicily and Italy. In-
vited by the Empress Eudoxia, he sailed up the Tiber,
A. D. 455, and permitted his soldiers, for the space of
fourteen days, to pillage Rome. In A. D. 460 he de-
stroyed the fleet which the Emperor Majorian had col-
ected for the invasion of Africa; and, as his power
ncreased, his ravages became more extensive. The
island of Sardinia was conquered, and Spain, Italy,
Sicily, Greece, Egypt, and Asia Minor were plunder-
ed every year by the Vandal pirates. Leo, the emper-
or of the East, at last resolved to make a vigorous
effort for the recovery of Africa. A great army was
assembled, and the command was given to Basilicus.
He landed at Bona, and at first met with considerable
success, but was at length obliged to retire from the
province. After this victory Genseric met with no
farther opposition, but remained undisturbed master of
the sea till bis death, which happened A. D. 477. He
was succeeded by his son Hunneric. Genseric was an
\ri<<n, and is said to have persecuted the Catholics
with great cruelty. (Procop. , de Bell. Vand. --Gib-
? on. Decline and Fall, c. 33-36. )
GentIcs, king of the Illyrians, sold his services to
Penes, king of Macedonia, for ten talents, and threw
into prison the Roman ambassadors. He was addicted
k> intemperance, and nated by his subjects. Theprartor
? ? ioieius conquered Urn in the space of twenty or thirty
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? GBR
GLRMANIA.
ion of the Gcoponica is that of Niclas Lips. , 1781,
1 vols. 8vo. (Encycl. Us. Knowl. , vol 11, p. 156. --
Scholl, Ges-. h. Griech. Litl. , vol. 3, p. 439. )
GeoroIca, the title of Virgil's poem on husbandry.
(Vjd. Virgilius. )
Ger. sstus, a proniontory of Eubcea, terminating
the island to the southwest. It is now Cape Mantclo.
{Homer, Od. , 3, 176. --Eurip. , Orcst. ,v. 992. ) There
was a well-frequented haven near the promontory.
(Ptin. , 4, 12. --Sleph. Bijz , s. v. )
Gerois or Gekgitha, a city of Dardania in Troas,
a settlement of the ancient Tcucri, and, consequent-
ly, a town of very groat antiquity. (Herod. , 5, 122.
--Id. , 7, 43. ) Cephalo, an early historian, who is
cited by Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Athenasus, and
others as having written a history of Troy, was a na-
tive of this place. (Dion. Hal. , A. R. , 1, p. 180. --
Athen. , 9, p. 393. --Slrab. , 589. --Steph. Bj/z , s. v.
kpiok], Tpaiicoe. ) Gergis, according to Xenophon,
was a place of strength, having an acropolis and very
lofty walls, and one of the chief towns held by Mania,
the Dardanian princess. (Xcn. , Hist. Gr. , 3, 1, 12. )
It had a temple sacred to Apollo Gergithius, and was
said to have given birth to the sibyl, who is sometimes
called Erythraea, from Erythra\ a small place on Mount
Ida (Dion. Hal. , 1, 55), and at others Gergithia. In
confirmation of this fact, it was observed that the coins
of this city had the effigy of the prophetess impressed
upon them. (Phlegon, ap. Steph. Byz. , s. >>. Tipyic. )
Some of these coins are still extant, and accord with
the testimony of Phlegon. They are thus described
by numismatic writers: "Caput muliebre adversum
aureatum cum stola ad rollum K. 1'EP. Sphinx alata
sedens jE. ,3. " (Scslim, Lett. Numism. , t. I, p. 88. )
It appears from Strabo that Gergitha having been taken
by Attains, king of Pcrgamus, he removed the inhab-
tants to the sources of the Ca'icus, where he founded
a new town of the same name. (Slrah. , 616 ) The
Romans, according to Livy, made over the territory of
the old town to the Ilienses (38, 39). Herodotus, in
describing Xerxes' march along the Hellespont, states
that he had the town of Dardanus on his left, and Ger-
githa on the right; it is evident, therefore, that the
latter must havo been situated inland, and towards
Mount Ida. (Herod. , 7, 43. --Cramer's Asia Minor,
vol. I, p. 84, seqq. )
GehgovIa, a strong town and fortress of Gaul, be-
longing to the Arvcrni. It was situate on a very high
mountain, and of difficult access on all sides. It is
now Gcrgorie. (Cas. , B. G. , 7, 9. )
Germania. The word Germania was employed by
the Romans to designate a country of greater extent
than modern Germany. They included under this name
ell the nations of Europe east of the Rhine and north
of the Danube, bounded on the north by the German
Ocean and the Baltic, including Denmark and the
neighbouring islands, and on the east by the Sarma-
tians and Dacians. It is difficult, however, to ascer-
tain how far Germany stretched to the East. Accord-
ing to Strabo (239), Germanic tribes dwelt nearly as far
as the mouths of the Borysthenes (or Dnieper). The
northern and northeastern parts of Gaul were also
known under the name of Germany in the time of the
Roman emperors, after the province of Belgica had
been subdivided into Germania Prima and Germania
Seatnda.
1. Origin of the Germanic nations.
? ? Tne origin of the Germanic nations is involved in
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? GE&MANIA.
GEilMANIA.
<<es be true, and they arc acknowledged to be so by
? very scholar who has examined them, the commonly-
received derivation of the name Germain falls to the
ground. The advocates for this etymology maintain,
that the appellation in question comes from wcr," war,"
and nana, "a man," and that "Gcrmani" therefore
D'eans "men of war" or "warriors," the Roman al-
phabet, in consequence of its not having any v>, con-
verting this letter into a soft g. They refer also to
Tacitus, who states, that the Tungri first assumed this
name on crossing the Rhine, and that it gradually
spread over the whole nation. (De Mor. Germ. , 2. )
Others again assert, that the term is of Celtic origin,
and was first applied by the Gauls to their German
conquerors, and they deduce it from the Celtic gerr,
"war," and mann, " a man. " 'Lemaire, Intl. Geogr. ,
ad Cits. , t. v. , p. 269. ) The true origin of the name,
however, as has already been remarked, must be sought
in the remote East. --There was also another nation-
al name which the Germans applied to themselves,
and that was 1'eutones. In this we recognise at once
the root of the modern term Deutsche or Teulsche; and
the appellation would seem to have come from the
old German word Diet, "a people," and to have been
used as a name for the whole German race, consid-
ered as forming but one people, though divided into
many independent tribes. (Klemm, Germ. Altcr-
Ihttnuk. , p. 79. )
2. Geographical acquaintance with Ancient Germany.
The Greeks and Romans had very little knowledge
of Germany before the time of Julius Ctusar, who met
with several Germanic tribes in Gaul, and crossed the
Rhine on two occasions, rather with the view of pre-
venting their incursions into Gaul, than of making
any permanent conquests. His acquaintance was,
however, limited to those tribes which dwelt on the
banks of the Rhine.
265, sea. --Id. to. , 20, 234, scq. --Horn. , Hymn, 4,
202. ) One of the Cyclic poets (up. Schot. adEurip,
Orest. , 1390) said, that Jupiter gave Laomedon a gold-
en vine for Ganymede. The son of Troa succeeded
Hebe as cup-bearer of the skies. (Vid. Hebe. ) They
who wish to give en historical aspect to this legend,
make Ganymedes to have been carried off by Tantalus.
The truth is, however, that the fable of Ganymede? ,
according to Knight, seems to have arisen from some
symbolical composition, representing the act of fructi-
the plains of Hindustan by the west, and pursues the fying nature, attended by Power end Wisdom: and
early part of its course through rugged valleys and de-
files. After wandering about eight hundred milea
through these mountainous regions, it issues forth a
this composition would appear to have been at first
misunderstood, and afterward misrepresented in poeli
cal fiction. For the lines in the Iliad alluding to ii
deity to the superstitious yet gladdened Hindu. This ' are, as Knight maintains, spurious; and, according tc
river was unknown to Herodotus, as he does not men-1 Pindar, the most orthodox, perhaps, of all the poets,
lion it, though it became famous in a century after-
ward. Ita source was for a long period involved in
obscurity. A survey, however, has been recently made
Ganymede was not the son of Troa, but a mighty
genius or deity, who regulated or caused the over-
flowings of the Nile hy the motion of his feel (ScSol
? ? by the British-Indian government, and it haa been i in Aral. Phanom. , v. 282. ) His being, therefore,
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? G AZ
G El.
from PlaUea, on Mount Cithaeron, towards tbo Athe-
nian frontier. (Gell, /fin. , p. 112. )
Gakoarcs (plur. a, orum), one of the summits of
Ida, the roots of which formed the promontory of Lec-
tins. It is generally supposed to have been the high-
eat peak of the range, but this honour must be assigned
to the ancient Colylus. (Hobhouse's Travels, Lett. 42. )
On Gargarus was a town named Gargara. (Strabo,
621 ) Dr. Hunt gives an interesting account of his
ascent of Gargarus. He found the summit covered
with snow, and mentions the following particular rela-
tive to its ancient name. "I have ventured to record
a circumstance which proves on how fanciful a founda-
tion etymological reasonings arc founded. Our guide,
when he pointed expressively to the snow on the top
of the mountain, repeated the words Gar,gar,' Snow,
snow,' in which an enthusiastic topographer of the Iliad
would easily have traced the ancient name of Garga-
rus. " (Walpde's Memoirs, vol. 1, p. 122. -- Com-
pare, in relation to Gargarus, Clarke's Travels, Greece,
Egypt, <Stc, vol. 3, p. 166. )
Garoettus, a dermis or borough of the tribe iEge'is
in Attica, where Eurystheus is said to have been bu-
ried. (Steph. Byz. , s. v. --Slrabo, 377. ) It was the
birthplace of Epicurus. (Diog. Laert. , 10, 1 ) The
modern Krabato is supposed to occupy its site. (. S7<<-
arfs Ant. of Ath. , 3, p. 16. --Span. , vol. 2, p. 104 --
GeU's IHn. , p. 75. )
Garcuna, now the Garonne, a river of Gaul, which
rises in the valley of Arran, to the south of Bertrand,
among the Pyrenees, and falls into the Oceanus Can-
tabricus, or Bay of Biscay. The general course of
this river, which extends to about 250 miles, is north-
west. After its junction with the Duranius or Dor-
iogne, below Burdegala or Bourdeauz, it assumes the
name of Gironde. According to Julius Cesar's divis-
ion of Gallia, the Garumna was the boundary of Aqui-
ania, and separated that district from Gallia Celtica.
Itus river is navigable to Tolosa or Toulouse, and
communicates with the Mediterranean by means of the
ar. al of Louis XIV. , about 180 miles long, made
through Languedoe. (Mela, 3,2. --Manncrt, Geogr. ,
vol. 2, p. 117. )
Gaiioamela, a village of Assyria, in the district of
Atoria, and about 500 atadia from Arbela. (Aman,
6,1 ) The battle between Alexander and Darius took
place near this spot; but, as Arbela was a considera-
ble town, the Greeks chose to distinguish the conflict
by the name of the latter. Gaugamela is said to have
signified, in Persian, "the house of the camel," and to
hare been so called because Darius, the son of Hys-
taspes. having escaped upon his camel across the des-
erts of Scythia, when retreating from the latter coun-
try, placed the animal here, and appointed the revenue
of certain villages for its maintenance. (Plut. , Vil.
Alex, c. 31. )
Gavlds, I. a small island adjacent to Mclite or
Malta, now called Gozo. (Plin. , 3, 8. )--II. Another
below the south shore of Crete, now called Gozo of
Candia, for distinction' sake from Gozo of Malta.
Giuacs, a ndg: of mountains bordering on Lake
4vernus, a-1 now cillcd Monte Barbaro. It was fa-
mous for its wines. [Lucan 2, 665, seqq--Sil. Ital. ,
*, 534-- Stat. Sur . 3, 5, 99. )
G>>zi, one of the five Philistine satrapies or princi-
palities, situate towards the southern extremity of Ca-
naan, about 16 miles south of Ascalon (Itin. Am. , p.
? ? 150). and a small distance from the Mediterranean.
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? GEL
GEM
detunes. Agathoclrs, suspecting the inhabitants of
favouring the Carthaginians, suddenly made himself
master of Gela, put to death 4000 of the wealthiest
citizens, confiscated their property, and placed a gar-
rison in the city. The final blow was at last received
from its own colony Agrigentum. Phintias, tyrant of
this latter place, wishing to perpetuate his name, built
the small but commodious city of Phintias, called after
himsetf, and transferred (o it all the inhabitants of Gela.
From jiis period, therefore, 404 years after its found-
ation, the city of Gela ceased to exist. On a part of
the ancient site stands the modern Terra Nova. The
plains around Gela (Campi Geloi) were famed for
their fertility and beauty. (Diod. Sic, 11, 25. --Id. ,
13, 98. --Id. , 19, 108--Id. , 20, 31. --Id. , 22, 2. --
>S( abo, 418. --Manner! , Geogr. , vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 345. )
(ikllids, Aui. us (or, as some manuscripts give the
name, Agellius), a Latin grammarian, born at Rome
in the early part of the second century, and who died
at the beginning of the reign of Marcus Aurclius. We
have but few particulars of his life. We know that he
studied rhetoric under Cornelius Fronto at Rome, and
philosophy under Phavorinus at Athens, and that, on
his return to Rome, while still at an early age, he was
made one of the centumviri or judges in civil causes.
{Noel. Alt. , 14, 2. ) Gellius has left behind him one
work entitled Noetes Attica, "Attic Nights. " It was
written, as he informs us in the preface, during the
winter evenings in Attica, to amuse his children in
their hours of relaxation. It appears, from his own
account, that he had been accustomed to keep a com-
monplace book, in which he entered whatever he heard
in conversation, or met with in his private reading, that
appeared worthy of remembrance. In composing his
"Koctes Attica" he seems merely to havo copied the
contents of his commonplace book, with a little altera-
tion in the language, but without any attempt at class-
ification X arrangement. The work contains anec-
dotes and arguments, scraps of history and pieces
of poetry, and dissertations on various points in phi-
kcophy, geometry, and grammar. Amid much that
U trifling and puerile, we obtain information on many
oubjects relating to antiquity, of which we must other-
wise have been ignorant. It is divided into twenty
books, which are alill extant, excepting the eighth and
the beginning of the seventh. He mentions, in the
conclusion of his preface, his intention of continuing
the work, which he probably, however, never carried
into effect. --The style of Aulus Gellius is in general
negligent and incorrect. In his eagerness to imitate
the old writers, he is often carried too far, and intro-
duces too many forms of expression from the earlier
comic poets, whom he seems most anxious to take for
his models in this respect. That he invented, how-
ever, any new terms himself seems hardly credible.
The best editions of Aulus Gellius are, that of Grono-
vius, Lugd. Bat. , 1706, 4to, and that of Lion, Got-
ting. . 1824, 2 vols. 8vo. 'Scholl, Hist. Lit. Rom. ,
vol. 3, p. 310. -- Jiahr, Gcsch. Rom. Lit. , vol. 1, p.
719. )
Gelon, a native of Gela in Sicily, who rose from
the station of a private citizen to be supreme ruler of
Gela and Syracuse. He was descended from an an-
cient family, which originally came from Trios, an isl-
and off the coast of Caria, and settled at Gela, when
it was first colonized by the Rhodians. During the
time that Hippocrates reigned at Gele (B. C. 498-491),
? ? Gelon was appointed commander of the cavalry, and
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? GEN
GEO
ram, to bt exposed to the gaze of the multitude. ( Vol.
Max. , 6, 9--Liv. , 33, 59. )
Gcnabcm, a town of the Aureliani, on the Ligeris
? r Loire, which ran through it.
It wao afterward called
Aureliani, from the name of the people, and is now
Orleans. (CiU. , B. C, 7, 3--Lueaie, 1, 440. )
Genaoni, a people'of Vindelicia. (Vid. Brenni. )
GenIva, a city of the AUobroges, at the western
extremity of the Lacus Lemanus or Lake of Geneva,
tn the south bank of the Rhodanus or Rhone. The
modern name is the same as the ancient. (Cass. ,
B. G. , 1, 6. )
Genskric (more correctly Gp<seri<;ii), king of the
Vandals, was the illegitimate brother of Gondcric,
whom he succeeded A. D. 429. In the same year he
left Spain, which had been partly conquered by the Van-
dals, and crossed over into Africa, at the solicitation
of Boniface, governor of that province, who had been
induced, by the arts of his rival Aetius, to rebel against
Valentinian III. , emperor of the West. Boniface soon
repented of the step he had taken, and advanced to
meet the invader. But his repentance came too late.
The Moors joined the standard of Genseric, and the
powerful sect of the Donatists, who had been cruelly
persecuted by the Catholics, assisted him against their
oppressors. Boniface was defeated, and obliged to re-
tire into Hippo Regius, where he remained till he ob-
tained a fresh supply of troops. Having ventured upon
a second battle, and being again defeated, he abandon-
ed the province to the barbarians, and sailed away to
Italy. A peace was concluded between Genseric and
the Emperor of the West, by which all Africa to the
west of Carthage was ceded to the Vandals. This,
however, did not long continue, and the city of Car-
thage was taken by the Vandals, by surprise, A. D. 439.
The Emperors of the West and East made great prep-
tretions for the recovery of the province, but an alli-
ance which Genseric made with Attila, king of the
Huns, effectually secured him against their attempts.
Genseric's next object was the formation of a naval
power: an immense number of ships were built, and
bis fleets ravaged the shores of Sicily and Italy. In-
vited by the Empress Eudoxia, he sailed up the Tiber,
A. D. 455, and permitted his soldiers, for the space of
fourteen days, to pillage Rome. In A. D. 460 he de-
stroyed the fleet which the Emperor Majorian had col-
ected for the invasion of Africa; and, as his power
ncreased, his ravages became more extensive. The
island of Sardinia was conquered, and Spain, Italy,
Sicily, Greece, Egypt, and Asia Minor were plunder-
ed every year by the Vandal pirates. Leo, the emper-
or of the East, at last resolved to make a vigorous
effort for the recovery of Africa. A great army was
assembled, and the command was given to Basilicus.
He landed at Bona, and at first met with considerable
success, but was at length obliged to retire from the
province. After this victory Genseric met with no
farther opposition, but remained undisturbed master of
the sea till bis death, which happened A. D. 477. He
was succeeded by his son Hunneric. Genseric was an
\ri<<n, and is said to have persecuted the Catholics
with great cruelty. (Procop. , de Bell. Vand. --Gib-
? on. Decline and Fall, c. 33-36. )
GentIcs, king of the Illyrians, sold his services to
Penes, king of Macedonia, for ten talents, and threw
into prison the Roman ambassadors. He was addicted
k> intemperance, and nated by his subjects. Theprartor
? ? ioieius conquered Urn in the space of twenty or thirty
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? GBR
GLRMANIA.
ion of the Gcoponica is that of Niclas Lips. , 1781,
1 vols. 8vo. (Encycl. Us. Knowl. , vol 11, p. 156. --
Scholl, Ges-. h. Griech. Litl. , vol. 3, p. 439. )
GeoroIca, the title of Virgil's poem on husbandry.
(Vjd. Virgilius. )
Ger. sstus, a proniontory of Eubcea, terminating
the island to the southwest. It is now Cape Mantclo.
{Homer, Od. , 3, 176. --Eurip. , Orcst. ,v. 992. ) There
was a well-frequented haven near the promontory.
(Ptin. , 4, 12. --Sleph. Bijz , s. v. )
Gerois or Gekgitha, a city of Dardania in Troas,
a settlement of the ancient Tcucri, and, consequent-
ly, a town of very groat antiquity. (Herod. , 5, 122.
--Id. , 7, 43. ) Cephalo, an early historian, who is
cited by Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Athenasus, and
others as having written a history of Troy, was a na-
tive of this place. (Dion. Hal. , A. R. , 1, p. 180. --
Athen. , 9, p. 393. --Slrab. , 589. --Steph. Bj/z , s. v.
kpiok], Tpaiicoe. ) Gergis, according to Xenophon,
was a place of strength, having an acropolis and very
lofty walls, and one of the chief towns held by Mania,
the Dardanian princess. (Xcn. , Hist. Gr. , 3, 1, 12. )
It had a temple sacred to Apollo Gergithius, and was
said to have given birth to the sibyl, who is sometimes
called Erythraea, from Erythra\ a small place on Mount
Ida (Dion. Hal. , 1, 55), and at others Gergithia. In
confirmation of this fact, it was observed that the coins
of this city had the effigy of the prophetess impressed
upon them. (Phlegon, ap. Steph. Byz. , s. >>. Tipyic. )
Some of these coins are still extant, and accord with
the testimony of Phlegon. They are thus described
by numismatic writers: "Caput muliebre adversum
aureatum cum stola ad rollum K. 1'EP. Sphinx alata
sedens jE. ,3. " (Scslim, Lett. Numism. , t. I, p. 88. )
It appears from Strabo that Gergitha having been taken
by Attains, king of Pcrgamus, he removed the inhab-
tants to the sources of the Ca'icus, where he founded
a new town of the same name. (Slrah. , 616 ) The
Romans, according to Livy, made over the territory of
the old town to the Ilienses (38, 39). Herodotus, in
describing Xerxes' march along the Hellespont, states
that he had the town of Dardanus on his left, and Ger-
githa on the right; it is evident, therefore, that the
latter must havo been situated inland, and towards
Mount Ida. (Herod. , 7, 43. --Cramer's Asia Minor,
vol. I, p. 84, seqq. )
GehgovIa, a strong town and fortress of Gaul, be-
longing to the Arvcrni. It was situate on a very high
mountain, and of difficult access on all sides. It is
now Gcrgorie. (Cas. , B. G. , 7, 9. )
Germania. The word Germania was employed by
the Romans to designate a country of greater extent
than modern Germany. They included under this name
ell the nations of Europe east of the Rhine and north
of the Danube, bounded on the north by the German
Ocean and the Baltic, including Denmark and the
neighbouring islands, and on the east by the Sarma-
tians and Dacians. It is difficult, however, to ascer-
tain how far Germany stretched to the East. Accord-
ing to Strabo (239), Germanic tribes dwelt nearly as far
as the mouths of the Borysthenes (or Dnieper). The
northern and northeastern parts of Gaul were also
known under the name of Germany in the time of the
Roman emperors, after the province of Belgica had
been subdivided into Germania Prima and Germania
Seatnda.
1. Origin of the Germanic nations.
? ? Tne origin of the Germanic nations is involved in
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? GE&MANIA.
GEilMANIA.
<<es be true, and they arc acknowledged to be so by
? very scholar who has examined them, the commonly-
received derivation of the name Germain falls to the
ground. The advocates for this etymology maintain,
that the appellation in question comes from wcr," war,"
and nana, "a man," and that "Gcrmani" therefore
D'eans "men of war" or "warriors," the Roman al-
phabet, in consequence of its not having any v>, con-
verting this letter into a soft g. They refer also to
Tacitus, who states, that the Tungri first assumed this
name on crossing the Rhine, and that it gradually
spread over the whole nation. (De Mor. Germ. , 2. )
Others again assert, that the term is of Celtic origin,
and was first applied by the Gauls to their German
conquerors, and they deduce it from the Celtic gerr,
"war," and mann, " a man. " 'Lemaire, Intl. Geogr. ,
ad Cits. , t. v. , p. 269. ) The true origin of the name,
however, as has already been remarked, must be sought
in the remote East. --There was also another nation-
al name which the Germans applied to themselves,
and that was 1'eutones. In this we recognise at once
the root of the modern term Deutsche or Teulsche; and
the appellation would seem to have come from the
old German word Diet, "a people," and to have been
used as a name for the whole German race, consid-
ered as forming but one people, though divided into
many independent tribes. (Klemm, Germ. Altcr-
Ihttnuk. , p. 79. )
2. Geographical acquaintance with Ancient Germany.
The Greeks and Romans had very little knowledge
of Germany before the time of Julius Ctusar, who met
with several Germanic tribes in Gaul, and crossed the
Rhine on two occasions, rather with the view of pre-
venting their incursions into Gaul, than of making
any permanent conquests. His acquaintance was,
however, limited to those tribes which dwelt on the
banks of the Rhine.
