) The state-
ment of Numenius (ap.
ment of Numenius (ap.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
vthus, I.
a chain of mountains in ^Etolia,
runningin a southeasterly direction from the Achelous
? ? to the Evenus. Its present name is Mount Zigos.
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? ARATUS.
opagus (Acts, 17, 28), a circumstance which entitled
the poet to great favour among the fathers of the
church, although it is evident that the Apostle makes
no allusion to his poetic merit. M. Delambrc re-
marks, in speaking of Aratui, that he has "transmitted
to us almost all that Greece at that time knew of the
heavens, or, at least, all that could be put into verse.
The perusal of Autolycus or Euclid gives more infor-
mation on the subject to him who wishes to become
an astronomer. Their notions are more precise and
more geometrical. The principal merit of Aratus is
the description he has left us of the constellations;
and yet, even with this description to aid us, one
would be much puzzled to construct a celestial chart
or globe. " (Delambrc, Histoirc dc I'Astronomte An
cicnnc, vol. l,p. 74. )--The two poems of Aratus were
thrice translated into Latin verse, first by Cicero, sec-
ondly by Gcrmanicus, of the line of the Ctesars, and
thirdly by Avicnus. Cicero's translation is lost, with
the exception of some fragments. The translation, or,
rather, imitation of the Phenomena by Germanicus,
and his commencement of the Diosemea, as well as
the version of Avicnus, remain to us. Virgil, also, in
his Georgics, is under many obligations to our poet.
Although Aratus has been accused of possessing but
a slight acquaintance with the subject on which he
treats, still a number of mathematicians united them-
selves with the grammarians in commenting on his
work. Many of these commentaries are lost: we still
have, however, four remaining; one by Hipparchus of
Nicffia, another by Achilles Tatius; the other two arc
anonymous, for those are in error who attribute one of
them to Eratosthenes. Aratus wrote many other
works, which have not come down to us. They treat-
ed of physical, astronomical, grammatical, critical,
and poetic themes, and a list of them is given by one
of his editors, Buhlc (vol. 2, p. 455, scqi/. )--The best
editions of this poet are, that of Buhle, Lips. , 1793-
1801, 2 vols. 8vo, and that of Matthias, Franco/. ,
1817-1818. We have also a German version by J.
H. Voss, Hcidclb. , 1824, published with the Greek
text and illustrations. --II. A celebrated Grecian pa-
triot, born at Sicyon, B. C. 273. When he was but
seven years of age, his father Clinias, who held the
government of Sicyon, was assassinated by Abantidas,
who succeeded in making himself absolute. Aratus
took refuge in Argos, where he was concealed by the
friends of the family, and where he devoted himself
with great success to physical exercises, gaining
the prize in the five exercises of the pentathlum.
After some revolutions and changes of rulers at Sicy-
on, the government came into the hands of Nicocles,
when Aratus, then hardly twenty years of age, formed
the project of freeing his country, and, having assem-
bled some exiles, surprised the city of Sicyon. The
tyrant having fled, Aratus gave liberty to his fellow-
citizens, and induced them to join the Achtean league,
still as yet feeble, and only in the twenty-fourth year
of its existence. The return of the exiles, however,
occasioned much trouble at Sicyon; those who had
purchased their property refused to restore it, and Ara-
tusdvas compelled to have recourse to Ptolemy Phil-
adelphus, to whom he had rendered some services,
and who gave him 150 talents, with which he indem-
nified the new possessors, and restored their property
to his fellow-exiles. Being chosen, for the second
time, Prator of the Acha? ans, 244 B. C. , he seized by
surprise on the citadel of Corinth, which Antigonus
? ? had guarded with great care as one of the key s of the
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? ARC
river cf Upper Asia, mentioned by Herodotus (1,202),
and supposed by the most recent inquirers into this
subject to be the same with the modern Volga.
(Bttekr, ad Herod. , I. e. --Compare the remarks of the
same editor, in the note to the Index Rerum, vol. 4,
P- 454, seqq. ) The name Araxes appears to have
been originally an appellative term for A river, in the
earlier language of the East, and hence we find it ap-
plied to several streams in ancient Oriental geography.
(Compire Heeren, Idecn, vol. 1, p. 55. -- Hitter, Erd-
kande, vol. 2, p. 658 )
ArbIces, a Median officer, who conspired with
Belesis, the most distinguished member of the Chal-
dsn sacerdotal college, against Sardanapalus, king of
Assyria. After several reverses, he finally succeeded
in his object, defeated Sardanapalus near Nineveh,
took this city, and reigned in it for the space of twen-
ty-eight years. "With him commenced a dynasty of
eight kings, of whom A? padas or Astyages was the
last. The empire which Arbaces founded was a fed-
erative one, composed of several sovereignties which
had arisen from the ruins of the Assyrian monarchy.
The kingly power, though hereditary, was not abso-
lute, the monarch not having the power to change any
of the laws enacted by the confederate princes. Chro-
nologists are not agreed as to the period of the revolt
of Arbaces. Most place it under or about the archon-
ship of Ariphron, the 9th perpetual archon of Athens;
but they differ again about the precise period of this
archonship, some assigning it to 917 B. C. , others to
833 B. C. (Diod. Sic, 2, 24. -- Veil. Palerc. , 1, 6. --
Justin, 1, 1. --fetao. , Doetr. Temp. , I. 9. )
Akbel-1, a city of Assyria, in the province of Adi-
abene, east of Ninus, near the Zabatus, or Zab. On
the opposite side of this river, near Isbil, was fought
the decisive battle of Arbcla, between Alexander and
Darius, October 2, B. C. 331. The field of battle was
the plain of Gaugamela. The latter, however, being
. an obscure place, this conflict was named after Arbcla.
{Sirabo. 399. Diod. Sic, 17, 53--Arrian, 3, 6. )
Aebusccla, an actress on the Roman stage, who,
being hissed, on one occasion, by the lower orders of
toe people, observed, with great spirit, that she-cared
nothing for the rabble, as long as she pleased the more
enlightened part of her audience among the equestrian
ranks. iHorat. , Scrm. , 1,10, 77. )
Arcadia, a country in the centre of the Peloponne-
sus, and, next to Laconia, the largest of its six prov-
inces. It was a mountainous region, and contained
the sources of most of the considerable rivers which
flow into the seas surrounding the Peloponnesus.
From its elevated situation, and the broken face of
the country, intersected by small streams, it had a cold
and foggy climate during some seasons; in the plain
of Argos. only one day's journey from the centre of
Arcadia, the sun shines and the violets bloom, while
? now is on the hills of Arcadia, and in the plain of
Mantinea and Tegea. The most fertile part was to-
wards the south, where the country sloped off, and
contained many fruitful vales and numerous streams.
This account of the land may serve in some degree to
explain the character which the Arcadians had among
the ancient Greeks: some of those who now occupy
this district seem to be as rude as many of the former
possessors. Their country is better adapted to pas-
turage than cultivation, and the Arcadians, who were
scarcely a genuine Greek race, continued their pastoral
habits and retained their rude manners amid their na-
? ? tive mountains. To their pastoral mode of life may
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? ARC
cuted the virtuous Chrysostom, patriarch of Constan-
tinople. Arcadius was in succession the tool of all
these designing individuals. He saw, with equal in-
difference, Alaric ravaging his territories, his subjects
groaning under oppression, the succours brought him
by Stilicho, general of Honorius, rendered of no avail
by the perfidy of his own ministers, the best citizens
falling by his proscriptions, and, finally, Arianism des-
olating the religion which Chrysostom in vain attempt-
ed to defend. Such was the reign of this prince,
which lasted for fourteen years. He died A. D. 408,
at the age of thirty-one. Nature had given him an
exterior corresponding to his character; a small, ill-
made, disagreeable person, an air of imbecility, a lazy
enunciation, everything, in fact, announcing the weak-
est and most cowardly of emperors. He had by his
wife Eudoxia a son named Theodosius, who succeed-
ed him as the second of that name. (Socrat. , Hist.
Eeelcs. , 5. --Catfiod. , Chron. , &c. )
1 ARCAS, a son of Jupiter and Callisto. (Vid. Cal-
listo. ) The fabulous legend relative to him and his
mother is given by the ancient writers with great dif-
ference in the circumstances. According to the most
common account, Jupiter changed Callisto into a bear,
to screen her from the jealousy of Juno, and Areas
her son was separated from her and reared among
men. When grown up, he chanced to meet his moth-
er in the woods, in her transformed state, and \vas on
the point of slaughtering her, but Jupiter interfered,
and translated both the parent and son to the skies.
Areas, previously to this, had succeeded Nyctimus in
the government of Arcadia, the land receiving this
name first from him. He was the friend of Triptole-
mus, who taught him agriculture, which he introduced
among his subjects. He also showed them how to
manufacture wool, an art which he had learned from
Aristoeus. (Apollod. , 3/8. --Ot>. , Met. , 2, 401, scqq. )
ARCE, a city of Phoenicia, north of Tripolis, and
south of Antaradus. It was the birthplace of Alexan-
der Severus, the Roman emperor. (Lamprid. , Vit.
Alex. , c. 5. --Plin. , 5, 18. ) The name is sometimes
given as Arc<<e. (Socrat. , Hist. Eecles. , 7, 36. )
ARCESILAUS, I. son of Battus, king of Cyrene, was
driven from his kingdom in a sedition, and died B. C.
675. The second of that name died B. C. 550.
(Polyan. , 8, 41. --Herodot. , 4, 159. )--II. A philoso-
pher, bom at Pitane, in . Hulls, and the founder of
what was termed the Middle Academy. The period
of his birth is usually given as 316 B. C. , while ac-
cording to Apollodorus, as cited by Diogenes Laertius
(4, 45), he flourished about B. C. 299. If these num-
bers are accurate, he must have had an early reputa-
tion, as he would at the latter date have been only
seventeen years of age. There is therefore some er-
ror here in the remark of Apollodorus. (Clinton's
fasti Hcllcnici, vol. 1, p. 179, and 367, not. ) Arccs-
ilaus at first applied himself to rhetoric, but subse-
quently passed to the study of philosophy, in which
he had for teachers, first Thcophrastus, then Crantor
the Academician, and probably also Polemo. (Diog.
Latrt. , 4, 24, 29. -- Ctc. . Acad. , 1, 9.
) The state-
ment of Numenius (ap. Eus. , Pr. En. , 14, 5), that
Arcesilaus was the disciple of Polemo at the same
time with Zeno, appears to be ill-grounded, and to in-
volve great chronological difficulties. It is very prob-
ably a mere fiction, designed to suggest some outward
motive for the controversial relation of the Porch and
the-Academy. --Besides the instructors above named,
? ? Arcesilaus is also said to have diligently attended the
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? ARC
10 that splendour and luxury which the prevailing
rieirs of morality allowed and sanctioned. His
dooba, therefore, as to the possibility of arriving at a
knowledge of the truth, may probably have had no
higher source than a high idea of science, derived
periapt from his study of Plato's works, and compared
? ilh which all human thought may have appeared at
best bat a probable conjecture. --Arcesilaus continued
to Boorish as late as the 134th Olympiad, B. C. 244.
(Katm'i Ptuti UeUcnici, vol. 1, p. 179. -- Kilter's
flutery of Philosophy, vol. 3, p. 600, scqq. )-- III. A
painter of Paras, acquainted, according to Pliny, with
tic art of enamelling-, some time before Aristides, to
whom the invention is commonly assigned! He ap-
pears to have been contemporary with Polvgnotus.
(<<M. , 35, 11. -- SUlif? . Diet. Art. , s. <<. ) -- IV. A
painter, subsequent to the preceding, and who appears
to hare flourished about the 128th Olympiad, B. C.
263. (Win. . 35, 11. SiUig, Diet. Art. , t. >>. ) -- V.
A Kolptor of the first century before our era. His
country is uncertain. (Plin. , 35, 12. --Id. , 36, 5. )
AICHELADS, I. a king of Sparta, of the line of the
Agids, who reigned conjointly with Charilaus. ] >u ?
mg thif reign Lycurgus promulgated his code of laws.
(/Wan. , 3, 2. )--II. A king of Macedonia, natural son
of Perdiccas, who ascended the throne, after making
away with all the lawful claimants to it, about 413
B. C. He proved a very able monarch. Under his sway
Macedonia flourished, literature and the arts were pat-
ronised, and learned men and artists were invited to
his court. Euripides and A cratho, the two tragic poets,
spent the latter part of their days there, and the paint-
er Zeuxia received seven talents (about 8000 dollars)
for adorning with his pencil the royal palace. The cele-
bra! ed philosopher Socrates was also invited to come and
reside with the monarch, but declined. Archelaus died
after a reign of about 14 years. Diodorus Siculus
makes him to have lost his lite by an accidental wound
received in hunting, but Aristotle states that he fell
by a conspiracy. (Dtod. Sic. , 13, 49. -- Id. , 14, 37. --
AnstQt-. Po'it. ,5, 10. --Compare the remarks ofWes-
<<eikn>>, ad Dial. , 14,37. )--III. Son of Amyntas, king
of Macedonia. He was put to death by his half-broth-
er Philip, the father of Alexander the Great. (Justin,
7. \. ) --IV. A native of Cappadocia, and one of the
ablest generals of Mithradates. He disputed with the
Remans the possession of Greece, but was defeated by
Sylia at Chsronca, and again at Orchomenus. Arche-
bui>>. convinced of the superiority of the Romans, pre-
vailed upon Mithradates to make peace with them, and
arranged the terms of the treaty along with Sy lla, whose
esteem he acquired. Some years after he became an
object of suspicion to Mithradates, who thought that he
had favouredtoomuchthe interests ofthe Roman people.
"Well aware of the cruelty of the monarch, Archelaus
fled to the Romans, who gave him a friendly reception.
Plutarch thinks that he had been actually unfaithful
to M itUradates. and that the present which he received
from Sylla, of ten thousand acres in Euboea, was a
strong confirmation of this. He informs us, however,
at the game time, that Sylla, in his commentaries, de-
fended Archelaus from the censures which had been
east upon him. (Pint. , Vit. Syll. , c. 23. ) -- V. Son
of the preceding, remained attached to the Romans
after the death of his father, and was appointed by
Pompey high-priest at Comana. As the temple at
Comaaa had an extensive territory attached to it, and
a large number of slaves, the high-priest was in fact a
? ? kind of king. This tranquil office, however, did not
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? ARC
ARC
same nourishment, the slime in which they were bom.
At first they were of very brief duration, and subse-
quently only acquired the faculty of propagating their
species. Men were distinct from the other kinds, and
became the ruling race. Mind, however, was inborn
in all animals alike, and all have a body for use, only
some a more perishable, others a more durable one.
The fundamental principle of Archelaus in ethics was
as follows: " Good and evil are not by nature, but by
convention. " (Diog. Laert. ,Z,l6. --Orig. Phil. , 9. --
hitter's History of Philosophy, 1, 319, seqq. )
Archemorus. Vid. Opheltes.
Archias, I. a Corinthian, leader of the colony that
founded Syracuse. Vid. Syracuse. --II. A Greek poet,
a nativo of Antioch, who came to Rome in the consul-
ship of Marius and Catulus (B. C. 102). He soon be-
came intimate with the most distinguished men in this
latter city, and accompanied Lucullus to Sicily, and,
on returning with him to that province, received the
rights of Roman citizenship at the municipal town of
Heraclca, in southern Italy. A conflagration, how-
ever, having destroyed the records of this place, a cer-
tain Grating contested judicially his title to the rights
and privileges of a Roman citizen. Cicero, his friend
and former pupil, defended Archias in a brilliant ora-
tion, which has come down to us, and which contains
noc only the praises of Mb old instructor, but a beauti-!
ful eulogium also on the culture of letters. The poet
gained his cause. Archias before this had composed
a poem on the war with the Cimbri, and had commen-
ced another on the consulship of Cicero. There re-
main, however, of his productions, only some epigrams
in the Anthology. It is difficult to reconcile the eu-
logiums which Cicero heaps on Archias, with the ex-
treme mediocrity of the pieces that have reached us.
A servile imitator of I. eonidas the Tarentine, and of
Antipater, he handles the same themes which they had
selected before him, and only produces, after all, un-
faithful copies. Two or three pieces are somewhat
superior to the rest, but still we must take it for grant-
ed that his poem on the Cimbrian war was a very dif-
ferent production from any of his epigrams, or else
that Cicero's vanity got the better of his judgment, and
that, in praising Archias, he felt he was praising him-
self. (Cic, pro Arch)
Archidamus, I. son of Theopompus, king of Spar-
ta, died before his father. --II. Another king of Sparta,
son of Anaxidamus, succeeded by Agasicles. He as-
cended the throne about 620 B. C. --III. Son of Zeux-
idainus, of the line of the Proclidee. He ascended
the Spartan throne B. C. 476, his father having died
without becoming king. Laconia was desolated by an
earthquake about the 12th year of his reign, and after
this the Messenians revolted. Archidamus displayed
great coolness and ability amid these events, and finally
reduced the Messenians to submission, having taken
the fortress of Ithoine after a siege of ten years. He
opposed the Peloponnesian war, but, his counsel not
having been followed, he took the command of the
confederate army, and made many invasions of Attica.
He died B. C. 428--IV. Son of Agesilaus, of the line
of the Proclids. Before coming to the throne, he had
the command of the troops which the Lacedemonians
sent to the aid of their countrymen after the battle of
Leuctra. On his return to the Peloponnesus, he gain-
ed some advantages over the Arcadians, although the
Thcbans had come to their aid. Having ascended the
? ? throne (B. C. 361), he prevailed upon the Lacedemo-
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? ARC
ed to Ihe
taw me ancients as one of the greatest poets that
Ure<<shad produced. Cicero classes him with Homer,
Supbocles, and Pindar (Orat. , I); and in an epigram
a the Anthology (vol. 2. p. 286), the Emperor Ha-
fa remarks that the Muses, fearing for the glory
of Homer, inspired Arehilochus with the idea of com-
posing in iambics. One production of this poet's,
in particular, his Hymn, in honour of Hercules, was
the subject of high eulogium ; this piece he himself
lung at the Olympic games. The anniversary of his
birth was celebrated, as in the case of Homer; and
Ibe rhapsodists recited his verses as they did those of
Ihe Iliad. Blame, however, attaches itself to the bit-
ter and vindicate spirit that characterized his verses,
is well to the indecency which pervaded them; and it
is probably to this latter cause that we must ascribe
the loss of his poems, of which we possess only a few
fragments, preserved as citations in the writings of
Atlrnsus, St. Clement of Alexandrea, StobEUs, the
Kboliasts, &e. If the ancients speak of the Fables
of Archilochus, it is not because he ever published any
collections of apologues, but because he was accus-
tomed to give life and movement to his iambics by
introducing into them occasionally this spieces of com-
position. The fragments of Archilochus were publish-
ed by H. Stephens and Kroben in their respective
collections, and by Brunck in his Analccta. An edi-
tion of them by Laebcl, with a critical commentary,
appeared from the I^eipsic press in 1812, and also in
an enlarged form in 1819, 8vo.
ARCHIMEDES, the most celebrated mathematician
among the ancients, a native of Syracuse in Sicily,
and related to King Hiero. He flourished about 250
B C. Under what masters he studied, or how much
of his extraordinary knowledge he acquired from his
predecessors, is not known. That he travelled into
ETypt appears certain; but it is probable that, in his
scientific acquaintance with that country, he commu-
nicated more than he received, and that he owes the
great name which he has transmitted to posterity to
his own vigorous and inventive intellect. He was
equally skilled in the science of astronomy, geome-
try, mechanics, hydrostatics, and optics, in all of which
h^ excelled, and produced many extraordinary inven-
tions His ingenuity in solving problems had in Ci-
cero's days become proverbial; and his singular in-
genuity in the invention and construction of warlike
engines is much dwelt upon by Livy. His knowledge
of the doctrine of specific gravities is proved by the
well-known story of his discovery of the mixture of
? ilver with gold in King Micro's crown, which fraud he
detected by comparing the quantity of water displace;!
by equal weights of gold and silver. The thought oc-
curred to him while in the bath, on observing that he
displaced abulk of water equal to his own body; when,
at once, perceiving a train of consequences, he ran
naJceJ out of the bath into the street, exclaiming,
EPp. yjto, "I have found it'. " This part of the story,
however, is regarded by some as a mere exaggeration.
runningin a southeasterly direction from the Achelous
? ? to the Evenus. Its present name is Mount Zigos.
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? ARATUS.
opagus (Acts, 17, 28), a circumstance which entitled
the poet to great favour among the fathers of the
church, although it is evident that the Apostle makes
no allusion to his poetic merit. M. Delambrc re-
marks, in speaking of Aratui, that he has "transmitted
to us almost all that Greece at that time knew of the
heavens, or, at least, all that could be put into verse.
The perusal of Autolycus or Euclid gives more infor-
mation on the subject to him who wishes to become
an astronomer. Their notions are more precise and
more geometrical. The principal merit of Aratus is
the description he has left us of the constellations;
and yet, even with this description to aid us, one
would be much puzzled to construct a celestial chart
or globe. " (Delambrc, Histoirc dc I'Astronomte An
cicnnc, vol. l,p. 74. )--The two poems of Aratus were
thrice translated into Latin verse, first by Cicero, sec-
ondly by Gcrmanicus, of the line of the Ctesars, and
thirdly by Avicnus. Cicero's translation is lost, with
the exception of some fragments. The translation, or,
rather, imitation of the Phenomena by Germanicus,
and his commencement of the Diosemea, as well as
the version of Avicnus, remain to us. Virgil, also, in
his Georgics, is under many obligations to our poet.
Although Aratus has been accused of possessing but
a slight acquaintance with the subject on which he
treats, still a number of mathematicians united them-
selves with the grammarians in commenting on his
work. Many of these commentaries are lost: we still
have, however, four remaining; one by Hipparchus of
Nicffia, another by Achilles Tatius; the other two arc
anonymous, for those are in error who attribute one of
them to Eratosthenes. Aratus wrote many other
works, which have not come down to us. They treat-
ed of physical, astronomical, grammatical, critical,
and poetic themes, and a list of them is given by one
of his editors, Buhlc (vol. 2, p. 455, scqi/. )--The best
editions of this poet are, that of Buhle, Lips. , 1793-
1801, 2 vols. 8vo, and that of Matthias, Franco/. ,
1817-1818. We have also a German version by J.
H. Voss, Hcidclb. , 1824, published with the Greek
text and illustrations. --II. A celebrated Grecian pa-
triot, born at Sicyon, B. C. 273. When he was but
seven years of age, his father Clinias, who held the
government of Sicyon, was assassinated by Abantidas,
who succeeded in making himself absolute. Aratus
took refuge in Argos, where he was concealed by the
friends of the family, and where he devoted himself
with great success to physical exercises, gaining
the prize in the five exercises of the pentathlum.
After some revolutions and changes of rulers at Sicy-
on, the government came into the hands of Nicocles,
when Aratus, then hardly twenty years of age, formed
the project of freeing his country, and, having assem-
bled some exiles, surprised the city of Sicyon. The
tyrant having fled, Aratus gave liberty to his fellow-
citizens, and induced them to join the Achtean league,
still as yet feeble, and only in the twenty-fourth year
of its existence. The return of the exiles, however,
occasioned much trouble at Sicyon; those who had
purchased their property refused to restore it, and Ara-
tusdvas compelled to have recourse to Ptolemy Phil-
adelphus, to whom he had rendered some services,
and who gave him 150 talents, with which he indem-
nified the new possessors, and restored their property
to his fellow-exiles. Being chosen, for the second
time, Prator of the Acha? ans, 244 B. C. , he seized by
surprise on the citadel of Corinth, which Antigonus
? ? had guarded with great care as one of the key s of the
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river cf Upper Asia, mentioned by Herodotus (1,202),
and supposed by the most recent inquirers into this
subject to be the same with the modern Volga.
(Bttekr, ad Herod. , I. e. --Compare the remarks of the
same editor, in the note to the Index Rerum, vol. 4,
P- 454, seqq. ) The name Araxes appears to have
been originally an appellative term for A river, in the
earlier language of the East, and hence we find it ap-
plied to several streams in ancient Oriental geography.
(Compire Heeren, Idecn, vol. 1, p. 55. -- Hitter, Erd-
kande, vol. 2, p. 658 )
ArbIces, a Median officer, who conspired with
Belesis, the most distinguished member of the Chal-
dsn sacerdotal college, against Sardanapalus, king of
Assyria. After several reverses, he finally succeeded
in his object, defeated Sardanapalus near Nineveh,
took this city, and reigned in it for the space of twen-
ty-eight years. "With him commenced a dynasty of
eight kings, of whom A? padas or Astyages was the
last. The empire which Arbaces founded was a fed-
erative one, composed of several sovereignties which
had arisen from the ruins of the Assyrian monarchy.
The kingly power, though hereditary, was not abso-
lute, the monarch not having the power to change any
of the laws enacted by the confederate princes. Chro-
nologists are not agreed as to the period of the revolt
of Arbaces. Most place it under or about the archon-
ship of Ariphron, the 9th perpetual archon of Athens;
but they differ again about the precise period of this
archonship, some assigning it to 917 B. C. , others to
833 B. C. (Diod. Sic, 2, 24. -- Veil. Palerc. , 1, 6. --
Justin, 1, 1. --fetao. , Doetr. Temp. , I. 9. )
Akbel-1, a city of Assyria, in the province of Adi-
abene, east of Ninus, near the Zabatus, or Zab. On
the opposite side of this river, near Isbil, was fought
the decisive battle of Arbcla, between Alexander and
Darius, October 2, B. C. 331. The field of battle was
the plain of Gaugamela. The latter, however, being
. an obscure place, this conflict was named after Arbcla.
{Sirabo. 399. Diod. Sic, 17, 53--Arrian, 3, 6. )
Aebusccla, an actress on the Roman stage, who,
being hissed, on one occasion, by the lower orders of
toe people, observed, with great spirit, that she-cared
nothing for the rabble, as long as she pleased the more
enlightened part of her audience among the equestrian
ranks. iHorat. , Scrm. , 1,10, 77. )
Arcadia, a country in the centre of the Peloponne-
sus, and, next to Laconia, the largest of its six prov-
inces. It was a mountainous region, and contained
the sources of most of the considerable rivers which
flow into the seas surrounding the Peloponnesus.
From its elevated situation, and the broken face of
the country, intersected by small streams, it had a cold
and foggy climate during some seasons; in the plain
of Argos. only one day's journey from the centre of
Arcadia, the sun shines and the violets bloom, while
? now is on the hills of Arcadia, and in the plain of
Mantinea and Tegea. The most fertile part was to-
wards the south, where the country sloped off, and
contained many fruitful vales and numerous streams.
This account of the land may serve in some degree to
explain the character which the Arcadians had among
the ancient Greeks: some of those who now occupy
this district seem to be as rude as many of the former
possessors. Their country is better adapted to pas-
turage than cultivation, and the Arcadians, who were
scarcely a genuine Greek race, continued their pastoral
habits and retained their rude manners amid their na-
? ? tive mountains. To their pastoral mode of life may
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cuted the virtuous Chrysostom, patriarch of Constan-
tinople. Arcadius was in succession the tool of all
these designing individuals. He saw, with equal in-
difference, Alaric ravaging his territories, his subjects
groaning under oppression, the succours brought him
by Stilicho, general of Honorius, rendered of no avail
by the perfidy of his own ministers, the best citizens
falling by his proscriptions, and, finally, Arianism des-
olating the religion which Chrysostom in vain attempt-
ed to defend. Such was the reign of this prince,
which lasted for fourteen years. He died A. D. 408,
at the age of thirty-one. Nature had given him an
exterior corresponding to his character; a small, ill-
made, disagreeable person, an air of imbecility, a lazy
enunciation, everything, in fact, announcing the weak-
est and most cowardly of emperors. He had by his
wife Eudoxia a son named Theodosius, who succeed-
ed him as the second of that name. (Socrat. , Hist.
Eeelcs. , 5. --Catfiod. , Chron. , &c. )
1 ARCAS, a son of Jupiter and Callisto. (Vid. Cal-
listo. ) The fabulous legend relative to him and his
mother is given by the ancient writers with great dif-
ference in the circumstances. According to the most
common account, Jupiter changed Callisto into a bear,
to screen her from the jealousy of Juno, and Areas
her son was separated from her and reared among
men. When grown up, he chanced to meet his moth-
er in the woods, in her transformed state, and \vas on
the point of slaughtering her, but Jupiter interfered,
and translated both the parent and son to the skies.
Areas, previously to this, had succeeded Nyctimus in
the government of Arcadia, the land receiving this
name first from him. He was the friend of Triptole-
mus, who taught him agriculture, which he introduced
among his subjects. He also showed them how to
manufacture wool, an art which he had learned from
Aristoeus. (Apollod. , 3/8. --Ot>. , Met. , 2, 401, scqq. )
ARCE, a city of Phoenicia, north of Tripolis, and
south of Antaradus. It was the birthplace of Alexan-
der Severus, the Roman emperor. (Lamprid. , Vit.
Alex. , c. 5. --Plin. , 5, 18. ) The name is sometimes
given as Arc<<e. (Socrat. , Hist. Eecles. , 7, 36. )
ARCESILAUS, I. son of Battus, king of Cyrene, was
driven from his kingdom in a sedition, and died B. C.
675. The second of that name died B. C. 550.
(Polyan. , 8, 41. --Herodot. , 4, 159. )--II. A philoso-
pher, bom at Pitane, in . Hulls, and the founder of
what was termed the Middle Academy. The period
of his birth is usually given as 316 B. C. , while ac-
cording to Apollodorus, as cited by Diogenes Laertius
(4, 45), he flourished about B. C. 299. If these num-
bers are accurate, he must have had an early reputa-
tion, as he would at the latter date have been only
seventeen years of age. There is therefore some er-
ror here in the remark of Apollodorus. (Clinton's
fasti Hcllcnici, vol. 1, p. 179, and 367, not. ) Arccs-
ilaus at first applied himself to rhetoric, but subse-
quently passed to the study of philosophy, in which
he had for teachers, first Thcophrastus, then Crantor
the Academician, and probably also Polemo. (Diog.
Latrt. , 4, 24, 29. -- Ctc. . Acad. , 1, 9.
) The state-
ment of Numenius (ap. Eus. , Pr. En. , 14, 5), that
Arcesilaus was the disciple of Polemo at the same
time with Zeno, appears to be ill-grounded, and to in-
volve great chronological difficulties. It is very prob-
ably a mere fiction, designed to suggest some outward
motive for the controversial relation of the Porch and
the-Academy. --Besides the instructors above named,
? ? Arcesilaus is also said to have diligently attended the
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10 that splendour and luxury which the prevailing
rieirs of morality allowed and sanctioned. His
dooba, therefore, as to the possibility of arriving at a
knowledge of the truth, may probably have had no
higher source than a high idea of science, derived
periapt from his study of Plato's works, and compared
? ilh which all human thought may have appeared at
best bat a probable conjecture. --Arcesilaus continued
to Boorish as late as the 134th Olympiad, B. C. 244.
(Katm'i Ptuti UeUcnici, vol. 1, p. 179. -- Kilter's
flutery of Philosophy, vol. 3, p. 600, scqq. )-- III. A
painter of Paras, acquainted, according to Pliny, with
tic art of enamelling-, some time before Aristides, to
whom the invention is commonly assigned! He ap-
pears to have been contemporary with Polvgnotus.
(<<M. , 35, 11. -- SUlif? . Diet. Art. , s. <<. ) -- IV. A
painter, subsequent to the preceding, and who appears
to hare flourished about the 128th Olympiad, B. C.
263. (Win. . 35, 11. SiUig, Diet. Art. , t. >>. ) -- V.
A Kolptor of the first century before our era. His
country is uncertain. (Plin. , 35, 12. --Id. , 36, 5. )
AICHELADS, I. a king of Sparta, of the line of the
Agids, who reigned conjointly with Charilaus. ] >u ?
mg thif reign Lycurgus promulgated his code of laws.
(/Wan. , 3, 2. )--II. A king of Macedonia, natural son
of Perdiccas, who ascended the throne, after making
away with all the lawful claimants to it, about 413
B. C. He proved a very able monarch. Under his sway
Macedonia flourished, literature and the arts were pat-
ronised, and learned men and artists were invited to
his court. Euripides and A cratho, the two tragic poets,
spent the latter part of their days there, and the paint-
er Zeuxia received seven talents (about 8000 dollars)
for adorning with his pencil the royal palace. The cele-
bra! ed philosopher Socrates was also invited to come and
reside with the monarch, but declined. Archelaus died
after a reign of about 14 years. Diodorus Siculus
makes him to have lost his lite by an accidental wound
received in hunting, but Aristotle states that he fell
by a conspiracy. (Dtod. Sic. , 13, 49. -- Id. , 14, 37. --
AnstQt-. Po'it. ,5, 10. --Compare the remarks ofWes-
<<eikn>>, ad Dial. , 14,37. )--III. Son of Amyntas, king
of Macedonia. He was put to death by his half-broth-
er Philip, the father of Alexander the Great. (Justin,
7. \. ) --IV. A native of Cappadocia, and one of the
ablest generals of Mithradates. He disputed with the
Remans the possession of Greece, but was defeated by
Sylia at Chsronca, and again at Orchomenus. Arche-
bui>>. convinced of the superiority of the Romans, pre-
vailed upon Mithradates to make peace with them, and
arranged the terms of the treaty along with Sy lla, whose
esteem he acquired. Some years after he became an
object of suspicion to Mithradates, who thought that he
had favouredtoomuchthe interests ofthe Roman people.
"Well aware of the cruelty of the monarch, Archelaus
fled to the Romans, who gave him a friendly reception.
Plutarch thinks that he had been actually unfaithful
to M itUradates. and that the present which he received
from Sylla, of ten thousand acres in Euboea, was a
strong confirmation of this. He informs us, however,
at the game time, that Sylla, in his commentaries, de-
fended Archelaus from the censures which had been
east upon him. (Pint. , Vit. Syll. , c. 23. ) -- V. Son
of the preceding, remained attached to the Romans
after the death of his father, and was appointed by
Pompey high-priest at Comana. As the temple at
Comaaa had an extensive territory attached to it, and
a large number of slaves, the high-priest was in fact a
? ? kind of king. This tranquil office, however, did not
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ARC
same nourishment, the slime in which they were bom.
At first they were of very brief duration, and subse-
quently only acquired the faculty of propagating their
species. Men were distinct from the other kinds, and
became the ruling race. Mind, however, was inborn
in all animals alike, and all have a body for use, only
some a more perishable, others a more durable one.
The fundamental principle of Archelaus in ethics was
as follows: " Good and evil are not by nature, but by
convention. " (Diog. Laert. ,Z,l6. --Orig. Phil. , 9. --
hitter's History of Philosophy, 1, 319, seqq. )
Archemorus. Vid. Opheltes.
Archias, I. a Corinthian, leader of the colony that
founded Syracuse. Vid. Syracuse. --II. A Greek poet,
a nativo of Antioch, who came to Rome in the consul-
ship of Marius and Catulus (B. C. 102). He soon be-
came intimate with the most distinguished men in this
latter city, and accompanied Lucullus to Sicily, and,
on returning with him to that province, received the
rights of Roman citizenship at the municipal town of
Heraclca, in southern Italy. A conflagration, how-
ever, having destroyed the records of this place, a cer-
tain Grating contested judicially his title to the rights
and privileges of a Roman citizen. Cicero, his friend
and former pupil, defended Archias in a brilliant ora-
tion, which has come down to us, and which contains
noc only the praises of Mb old instructor, but a beauti-!
ful eulogium also on the culture of letters. The poet
gained his cause. Archias before this had composed
a poem on the war with the Cimbri, and had commen-
ced another on the consulship of Cicero. There re-
main, however, of his productions, only some epigrams
in the Anthology. It is difficult to reconcile the eu-
logiums which Cicero heaps on Archias, with the ex-
treme mediocrity of the pieces that have reached us.
A servile imitator of I. eonidas the Tarentine, and of
Antipater, he handles the same themes which they had
selected before him, and only produces, after all, un-
faithful copies. Two or three pieces are somewhat
superior to the rest, but still we must take it for grant-
ed that his poem on the Cimbrian war was a very dif-
ferent production from any of his epigrams, or else
that Cicero's vanity got the better of his judgment, and
that, in praising Archias, he felt he was praising him-
self. (Cic, pro Arch)
Archidamus, I. son of Theopompus, king of Spar-
ta, died before his father. --II. Another king of Sparta,
son of Anaxidamus, succeeded by Agasicles. He as-
cended the throne about 620 B. C. --III. Son of Zeux-
idainus, of the line of the Proclidee. He ascended
the Spartan throne B. C. 476, his father having died
without becoming king. Laconia was desolated by an
earthquake about the 12th year of his reign, and after
this the Messenians revolted. Archidamus displayed
great coolness and ability amid these events, and finally
reduced the Messenians to submission, having taken
the fortress of Ithoine after a siege of ten years. He
opposed the Peloponnesian war, but, his counsel not
having been followed, he took the command of the
confederate army, and made many invasions of Attica.
He died B. C. 428--IV. Son of Agesilaus, of the line
of the Proclids. Before coming to the throne, he had
the command of the troops which the Lacedemonians
sent to the aid of their countrymen after the battle of
Leuctra. On his return to the Peloponnesus, he gain-
ed some advantages over the Arcadians, although the
Thcbans had come to their aid. Having ascended the
? ? throne (B. C. 361), he prevailed upon the Lacedemo-
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ed to Ihe
taw me ancients as one of the greatest poets that
Ure<<shad produced. Cicero classes him with Homer,
Supbocles, and Pindar (Orat. , I); and in an epigram
a the Anthology (vol. 2. p. 286), the Emperor Ha-
fa remarks that the Muses, fearing for the glory
of Homer, inspired Arehilochus with the idea of com-
posing in iambics. One production of this poet's,
in particular, his Hymn, in honour of Hercules, was
the subject of high eulogium ; this piece he himself
lung at the Olympic games. The anniversary of his
birth was celebrated, as in the case of Homer; and
Ibe rhapsodists recited his verses as they did those of
Ihe Iliad. Blame, however, attaches itself to the bit-
ter and vindicate spirit that characterized his verses,
is well to the indecency which pervaded them; and it
is probably to this latter cause that we must ascribe
the loss of his poems, of which we possess only a few
fragments, preserved as citations in the writings of
Atlrnsus, St. Clement of Alexandrea, StobEUs, the
Kboliasts, &e. If the ancients speak of the Fables
of Archilochus, it is not because he ever published any
collections of apologues, but because he was accus-
tomed to give life and movement to his iambics by
introducing into them occasionally this spieces of com-
position. The fragments of Archilochus were publish-
ed by H. Stephens and Kroben in their respective
collections, and by Brunck in his Analccta. An edi-
tion of them by Laebcl, with a critical commentary,
appeared from the I^eipsic press in 1812, and also in
an enlarged form in 1819, 8vo.
ARCHIMEDES, the most celebrated mathematician
among the ancients, a native of Syracuse in Sicily,
and related to King Hiero. He flourished about 250
B C. Under what masters he studied, or how much
of his extraordinary knowledge he acquired from his
predecessors, is not known. That he travelled into
ETypt appears certain; but it is probable that, in his
scientific acquaintance with that country, he commu-
nicated more than he received, and that he owes the
great name which he has transmitted to posterity to
his own vigorous and inventive intellect. He was
equally skilled in the science of astronomy, geome-
try, mechanics, hydrostatics, and optics, in all of which
h^ excelled, and produced many extraordinary inven-
tions His ingenuity in solving problems had in Ci-
cero's days become proverbial; and his singular in-
genuity in the invention and construction of warlike
engines is much dwelt upon by Livy. His knowledge
of the doctrine of specific gravities is proved by the
well-known story of his discovery of the mixture of
? ilver with gold in King Micro's crown, which fraud he
detected by comparing the quantity of water displace;!
by equal weights of gold and silver. The thought oc-
curred to him while in the bath, on observing that he
displaced abulk of water equal to his own body; when,
at once, perceiving a train of consequences, he ran
naJceJ out of the bath into the street, exclaiming,
EPp. yjto, "I have found it'. " This part of the story,
however, is regarded by some as a mere exaggeration.
