There is nepl Toû
KAewvýpov
kanpov, which he published at
## p.
## p.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
) as king of Bulgaria Nigra, or that country which
ISAACUS II. , A'NGELUS ('Ioaários ó is still called Bulgaria. In this war the Bulgarians
Agjenos), emperor of Constantinople (A. D. 1185 were assisted by the Blachi or Moro-Vlachi, the
-1195), was the eldest son of Andronicus An- descendants of ancient Roman colonists in the
gelus, and was born in the middle half of the 12th mountainous parts of Thessaly and Macedonia,
century. Belonging to one of the great Byzantine who were likewise driven to despair by the rapa-
families and descended, through his grandmother cious emperor, and who finally left their homes and
Theodora, from the imperial family of the Comneni, emigrated into the countries beyond the Danube
he held several offices of importance in the reign of (Dacia), where, mixed with Slavonian tribes, they
the emperor Manuel Comnenus; but his name re continued to live, and still live, as Wallachians.
mained obscure, and the emperor Andronicus Com-However, some of them remained in their native
nenus, the exterminator of the Greek nobility, mountains in Thessaly and Macedonia : they were
despised to kill such a harmless being, although he the ancestors of the present Kutzo-Wallachians.
put his father Andronicus Angelus to death. The In a second war with the Bulgarians, the Greek
weak-minded Isaac became, nevertheless, the cause arms obtained a decisive victory (1193) ; but Isaac
of the deposition and miserable end of Andronicus was, nevertheless, obliged to recognise the successor
Comnenus. In the summer of 1185 the emperor of Asan, Joannicus or Joannes. Isaac was more
retired for a short time to one of his country seats successful against William II. , the Good, who
in Asia, appointing one Hagiochristophorites his was compelled, in 1187, to give up the conquests
lieutenant in Constantinople during his absence. which he had made two years previously in
This officer gave orders to put Isaac to death, be- Epeirus, Thessaly, and Macedonia. In 1189 the
cause his name began with an I; and there was a emperor Frederic I. of Germany appeared on the
silly belief among the people that Andronicus northern frontier of the Byzantine empire, with an
would be ruined by somebody whose name began army of 150,000 men, on his way to the Holy
with an I. Isaac was fortunately apprized of Land. In spite of the menaces of Isaac, the em-
the bloody design of the emperor's lieutenant, but peror quietly advanced, took up his winter-quarters
had barely time to escape from his palace, and to at Adrianople, and crossed the Bosporus, declining
## p. 624 (#640) ############################################
624
ISAACUS.
: ISAEUS.
P
both to help the Bulgarians aguinst the Greeks, more reason to believe that he wrote “ De Cogita.
and the Greeks against the Bulgarians.
tionibus," the Greek text of which, with a Latin
Indic was 80 terrified by the emperor's march translation, was published by Petrus Possinus, in
through his dominions, and the success of the other his Ascetica. Several other productions of Isaac
crusaders in Syria and Palestine, that he sent an are extant in MS. in the library of the Vatican and
ambassador to Saladin offering him his alliance in other libraries. (Cave, Hist. Lit. vol. i. p. 434-
against the Latins, which, however, Saladin de 435; Fabric. Bilt. Graec. vol. xi. p. 214, &c. )
clined, because Isaac demanded the restitution of 6. Surnamed SYRUS, lived in the middle of the
the holy sepulchre. Besides Bulgaria, Isaac lost sixth century, and was bishop of Ninireh, but abdi-
the island of Cyprus, where Alexis Comnenus had cated and retired to a convent, of which he was
made himself independent, but was deprived of his afterwards chosen abbot. After having lived several
conquest by Richard Coeur de Lion of England years in that convent he went to Italy and died
(1101), who in 1192 ceded it to king Guido of near Spoleto. It is probable that he is the author
Jerusalem ; and Cyprus was never again united of the work De Contemtu Mundi, which is mentioned
to the Byzantine empire. Isaac, continuing to in the preceding article. He also wrote 87 Ser-
make himself despised and hated by the Greeks, a mones A scetici, which some attribute to the preceding
rebellion broke out at Constantinople while he was Isaac, and which are extant in MS. in Greek, in
hunting in the mountains of Thrace; nnd Alexis, the the imperial library at Vienna Some Homilies of
younger brother of Isaac, was raised to the throne. this Isaac are exinnt in MS. in the Bodleian and
On this news, Isaac fled without daring to im- other libraries. It is probable that Isaac wrote
plore the assistance of any one. Arrived at Stagyra originally in Syriac. (Cave, Hist. Litt vol. i. p.
in Macedonia, he was arrested and brought before 519-520 ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. xi. p. 215, &c. )
Alexis, who ordered his eyes to be put out, and 7. TZETZES. (Tzetzes. )
(W. P. )
confined him in a prison (1195). (ALEXIS III. ) ISAEUS ('lgaios). 1. One of the ten Attic
Alexis, the son of Isaac, fortunately escaped, fled orators, whose orations were contained in the Alex-
to Italy, and succeeded in rousing the Latin andrian canon. The time of his birth and death
princes to a war against Alexis III. , which resulted is unknown, but all accounts agree in the statement
in the capture of Constantinople in 1203, and the that he flourished (Ruage) during the period be-
restoration of the blind Isaac, who reigned, together tween the Peloponnesian war and the accession of
with his son (ALEXIS IV), till the following year, Philip of Macedonia, so that he lived between
1204, when Alexis IV. was dethroned and killed B. C. 420 and 348. (Dionys. Isaeus, 1; Plut. l'it.
by Alexis Ducas Murzuphlus (ALEXIS V. ), who X. Orat. p. 839; Anonym. yévos 'loalov. ) He
usurped the throne, and kept it during two months, was a son of Diagoras, and was born at Chalcis or,
when he, in his turn, was deposed by the Latins. as some say, at Athens, probably only because he
Murzuphlus spared the life of Isaac, who, however, came to Athens at an early age, and spent the
did not long survive the melancholy fate of bis greater part of his life there. He was instructed
youthful and spirited son. (Nicetas, Isaacius An- in oratory by Lysias and Isocrates (Phot. Bibl.
gelus ;- Isaacius et Aleris filius ; the Latin authori. Cod. 263 ; Dionys. Plut. II. cc. ) He was afterwards
ties quoted under Alexis 111. , IV. , V. ] [W. P. ] engaged in writing judicial orations for others, and
ISAACUS, literary. 1. Of Antioch. (See established a rhetorical school at Athens, in which
No. 5. )
Demosthenes is said to have been his pupil. Suidas
2. ARGYRUS. [ARGYRUS. ]
states that Isaeus instructed him gratis, whereas
3. Of ARMENIA, catholicus or patriarch of Ar- Plutarch relates that he received 10,000 drachmas
menia Magna, lived in the middle of the twelfth | (comp. Plut. de Glor. Ath. p. 350, c. ; Phot. l. c. );
century, and wrote Orationes Invectivae II. adversus and it is further said thai Isaeus composed for
Armenos, published in Greek and Latin, and with Demosthenes the speeches against his guardians,
notes in Combefisius, Auctuar. Nov. Bibl. vol. ii. or at least assisted him in the composition. All
p. 317, &c. , and by Galland. Bill. Patr. vol. xiv. particulars about his life are unknown, and were so
p. 41), &c. (Cave, Hist. Litt, vol. ii. p. 227 ; even in the time of Dionysius, since Hermippus,
Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. xi. p. 123, &c. )
who had written an account of the disciples of Iso-
4. Of NINIVEH. (See No. 6. ]
crates, did not mention Isaeus at all.
5. Surnamed SYRus, because he was a native of In antiquity there were sixty-four orations which
Syria, was first monk and afterwards priest at bore the name of Isaeus, but fifty only were recog-
Antioch, and died about A. D. 456. He wrote nised as genuine by the ancient critics. (Plut.
in Syriac, and perhaps also in Greek, different Vit. X. Orat. l. c. ) Of these only eleven have
works and treatises on theological matters, several come down to us ; but we possess fragments and
of them to oppose the writers of the Nestorians and the titles of 56 speeches ascribed to him. The
Eutychians. His principal work is De Contenitu eleven extant are all on subjects connected with
Mundi, de Operatione Corporali et sui Abjectione disputed inheritances; and Isaeus appears to have
Liber, published in the second edition of the Or been particularly well acquainted with the laws
thodoxographi, Basel, 1569; in the Bibl. Patr. relating to inheritance. (Tiepl AA tipov. ) Ten of
Colon. vol. vi. ; in the B. P. Puris, vol. v. ; in the these orations had been known ever since the re-
B. P. Novissima Luydun. vol. xi. ; and in Gal- | viral of letters, and were printed in the collections
land. Bibl. Patr. vol. xii. In all these collections of Greek orators; but the eleventh, Nepl toll Me
it is printed in Greek, with a Latin translation, but verléovs Kańpou, was first published in 1785, from
the Greek text also seems to be a translation from a Florentine MS. , by Th. Thyrwitt, London,
the Syriac. It is very doubtful whether this work | 1785, 8vo. ; and afterwards in the Götting. Biblioth.
was written by Isaac, the subject of this notice, or für alte Lit. und Kunst for 1788, part iii. , and by
by another Isaac, the subject of the following article. J. C. Orelli, Zürich, 1814, 8vo. In 1815 A. Mai
Neither Trithemius nor Gennadius (De Script. discovered the greater half of the oration of Isaeus,
Eccles. ) attribute the work to our Isaac.
There is nepl Toû KAewvýpov kanpov, which he published at
## p. 625 (#641) ############################################
ISAGORAS.
625
ISCHOLAUS.
Milan, 1815, fol. , and reprinted in his Classic. Auctor. of note: of its remote origin he professes himself
e Cod. Vatican, vol. iv. p. 280, &c. (Roine, 1831. ) | ignorant, but adds that his kinsmen sacrificed to
Isaeus also wrote on rhetorical subjects, such as a Carian Zeus. When Cleomenes I. of Sparta came
work entitled Idiai téxval, which, however, is lost. to Athens, in B. C. 510, to drive out Hippias, he
(Plut. Vit. X. Orat. p. 839 ; Dionys. Epist
. ad formed a connection of friendship and hospitality
Ammon. i. 2. ) Although his orations were placed with Isagoras, who was stispected of conniving at
fifth in the Alexandrian canon, still we do not hear an intrigue between his wife and the Spartan king.
of any of the grammarians having written com- Not long after this we find Isagoras, the leader of
mentaries upon them, except Didymus of Alexnn- the oligarchical party at Athens, in opposition to
dria (Harpocrat. s. oo. yaunala, ravdaiola. ) But Cleisthenes, and, when he found the latter too
we still possess the criticism upon Isaeus written strong for him, he applied to Cleomenes for aid.
by Dionysius of Halicamassus; and by a com- The attempt made by the Spartans in consequence
parison of the orations still extant with the opinions to establish oligarchy at Athens was defeated ;
of Dionysius, we come to the following conclusion and when Cleomenes, eager for revenge, again in-
The oratory of Isaeus resembles in many points vaded Attica, with the view of placing the chief
that of his teacher, Lysias : the style of both is power in the hands of Isagoras, his enterprise
pure, clear, and concise ; but while Lysias is at the again came to nothing, through the defection of
same time simple and graceful, Isaeus evidently the Corinthians and Demaratus. (Herod. v. 66,
strives to attain a higher degree of polish and re- 70—72, 74, 75; Plut. de Herod. Malign. 23;
finement, without, however, in the least injuring Paus. iii. 4, vi. 8. ) (CLEISTHENES ; CLEOMENES ;
the powerful and impressive character of his oratory. DEMARATI'S. )
(E. E. ]
The same spirit is visible in the manner in which ISANDER (Ioav8pos), a son of Bellerophon,
he handles his subjects, especially in their skilful killed by Ares in the fight with the Solymi. (Hom.
division, and in the artful manner in which he Il. vi. 197 ; Strab. xii. p. 573, xiii. p. 630. ) (L. S. ]
interweaves his arguments with various parts of the ISAU'RICUS, a surname of P. Servilius Vatia,
exposition, whereby his orations become like a father and son. [Vatia. )
painting in which light and shade are distributed I'SCANUS, JOSE'PHUS, the author of a Latin
with a distinct view to produce certain effects. It poem on the Trojan war, in six books, in hexameter
was mainly owing to this mode of management metre. This poem has sometimes been ascribed to
that he was envied and censured by his contempo Cornelius Nepos, for which reason it is mentioned
raries, as if he had tried to deceive and misguide here, but its author was a native of England, and
his bearers. He was one of the first who turned lived in the twelfth century of our era. It is
their attention to a scientific cultivation of political printed at the end of the edition of Dictys Creten-
oratory; but excellence in this department of the sis, published at Amsterdam, in 1702.
art was not attained till the time of Demosthenes. ISCHA'GORAS (ʻloxayopas), commanded the
The orations of Isaeus are contained in the col- reinforcements sent by Sparta in the ninth year of
lections of the Greek_orators, published by Aldus, the Peloponnesian war, B. C. 423, to join Brasidas
Stephens, Miniati, Reiske, Ducas, Bekker, and in Chalcidice. Perdiccas, as the price of his new
Baiter and Sauppe. A separate edition, with treaty with Athens, prevented, by means of his
Reiske's and Taylor's notes, appeared at Leipzig, influence in Thessaly, the passage of the troops.
1773, 8vo. , and another by G. H. Schäfer, Leip- Ischagoras himself, with some others, made their
zig, 1822, 8vo. The best separate edition is that way to Brasidas, but how long he staid is doubtful;
by G. F. Schömann, with critical notes and a in B. C. 421 we find him sent again from Sparta to
good commentary, Greifswald, 1831, 8vo. There the same district, to urge Clearidas to give up Am.
is an English translation of the orations of Isaeus, phipolis, according to the treaty, into the hands of
by Sir William Jones (London, 1794, 4to. ), with the Athenians. (Thuc. iv. 132, v. 21. )[A. H. C. ]
prefatory discourse, notes critical and historical, ISCHANDER ("loxavopos), an obscure Athe-
and a commentary. (Comp. Westermann, Gesch. nian tragic poet, in whose plays Aeschines is said
d: Griech. Beredtsamkeit, $ 51, and Beilage, v. p. to have acted. (A ESCHINES, p. 37, a ; Vit. Aesch. ;
293, &c. ; J. A. Liebmann, De Isaci Vita et Harpocrat, s. v. 'loxavopos; Kayser, Hist. Crit.
Scriptis, Halle, 1831, 4to. )
Trag. Graec. p. 284. )
[P. S. ]
2. A sophist and rhetorician, was a native of I'SCHENUS ("loxevos), also called Taraxippus,
Assyria. In his youth he gave himself up to from the horses becoming shy on his tomb, is said
sensual pleasures and debauchery ; but after attain to have allowed himself to be sacrificed for the pur-
;
ing the age of manhood, he changed his mode of pose of averting a plague, for which reason sacri-
life, and became a person of very respectable and fices were offered tv him at the Olympian games.
sober habits. He must have lived for some time (Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 43; TARAXIPPUR. ) [L. S. ]
at Rome in the life of Pliny the younger, who ISCHOLA'ÚS or I'SCHOLAS ('loxonaos,
speaks of him (Epist. ii. 3; comp. Juvenal, iii. 74, 'Loxbxas), a Spartan, who, when the Peloponnesus
with the Scholiast) in terms of the highest praise. was invaded by the Thebans and their allies in
He seems to have ertjoyed a very great reputation B. C. 369, was stationed at the village of Ium or
as a declaimer, and to have been particularly strong Oium, in the district of Sciritis, with a body of
in extempore speaking. None of his productions veodajaúders and about 400 Tegean exiles. By
have come down to us. Philostratus (Vit. Soph. occupying the pass of the Sciritis, he might, accord-
i. 20) has dedicated a whole chapter to his bio- ing to Xenophon, have succeeded in repelling the
graphy, but relates only some anecdotes of him, and Arcadians, by whom the invasion was made in that
adds a few remarks on the character of his orations. quarter: but he chose rather to make his stand in
(Comp. Anonym. 'loalou yévos, p. 261, in Wester- the village, where he was surrounded and slain,
mann's Vitarum Script. Graeci Minor. ) [L. S. ] with almost all his men. Diodorus, who lauds his
ISA'GORAS ("loayópas), an Athenian, son of valour somewhat rhetorically, and compares him
Tisander. Herodotus says that his family was one with Leonidas at Thermopylae, tells us that, when
VOL. II.
6S
!
## p. 626 (#642) ############################################
626
ISIDORUS.
ISIDORUS.
he saw that the number of the Arcadians rendered / works of the minor geographers in the collections
resistance hopeless, he disdained to leave his post, but of Höschel (1600), Hudson (1703), and Miller
sent away the young soldiers of his force to Sparta (Supplément au dernières éditions des petits Géo
to serve her in her impending danger, while he graphes, Paris, 1839; comp. Letronne, Fragmens
himself and the older men remained behind, and des Poëmes Géogr. de Seymnus, Paris, 1840. ) That
died fighting bravely. (Xen. Hell. vi. 5. SS 24—his geographical work embraced not only Parthia
26 ; Diod. xv. 64 ; comp. Plut. Pelop. 24, Ages. but probably the whole of the then known world,
31. ) This is probably the same Ischolaus who is may be inferred from several quotations from Isi-
mentioned by Polyaenus (ii. 22). [E. E. ] dorus in Pliny. (H. N. ii. 108, s. 112 ; iv. 4. s. 5;
ISCHOʻMACH US ('loxóuaxos), an Athenian, 22, s. 37; v. 6, et alib. ) He seems to have lived
whose fortune, according to Lysias, was supposed under the early Roman emperors. A passage in
during his life to amount to more than seventy ta- his ota@uoi, in which he refers to the flight of
lents (above 17,0002. ), but on his death he was found Tiridates (p. 4; comp. Tac. Annal. vi. 44), seems
to have left less than twenty, i. e. under 5,0001. to fix his time in or after the reign of Tiberius.
(Lys. pro Arist. Bon. p. 156. ) It appears, however, He is quoted, however, by Lucian (Mucrol.
ISAACUS II. , A'NGELUS ('Ioaários ó is still called Bulgaria. In this war the Bulgarians
Agjenos), emperor of Constantinople (A. D. 1185 were assisted by the Blachi or Moro-Vlachi, the
-1195), was the eldest son of Andronicus An- descendants of ancient Roman colonists in the
gelus, and was born in the middle half of the 12th mountainous parts of Thessaly and Macedonia,
century. Belonging to one of the great Byzantine who were likewise driven to despair by the rapa-
families and descended, through his grandmother cious emperor, and who finally left their homes and
Theodora, from the imperial family of the Comneni, emigrated into the countries beyond the Danube
he held several offices of importance in the reign of (Dacia), where, mixed with Slavonian tribes, they
the emperor Manuel Comnenus; but his name re continued to live, and still live, as Wallachians.
mained obscure, and the emperor Andronicus Com-However, some of them remained in their native
nenus, the exterminator of the Greek nobility, mountains in Thessaly and Macedonia : they were
despised to kill such a harmless being, although he the ancestors of the present Kutzo-Wallachians.
put his father Andronicus Angelus to death. The In a second war with the Bulgarians, the Greek
weak-minded Isaac became, nevertheless, the cause arms obtained a decisive victory (1193) ; but Isaac
of the deposition and miserable end of Andronicus was, nevertheless, obliged to recognise the successor
Comnenus. In the summer of 1185 the emperor of Asan, Joannicus or Joannes. Isaac was more
retired for a short time to one of his country seats successful against William II. , the Good, who
in Asia, appointing one Hagiochristophorites his was compelled, in 1187, to give up the conquests
lieutenant in Constantinople during his absence. which he had made two years previously in
This officer gave orders to put Isaac to death, be- Epeirus, Thessaly, and Macedonia. In 1189 the
cause his name began with an I; and there was a emperor Frederic I. of Germany appeared on the
silly belief among the people that Andronicus northern frontier of the Byzantine empire, with an
would be ruined by somebody whose name began army of 150,000 men, on his way to the Holy
with an I. Isaac was fortunately apprized of Land. In spite of the menaces of Isaac, the em-
the bloody design of the emperor's lieutenant, but peror quietly advanced, took up his winter-quarters
had barely time to escape from his palace, and to at Adrianople, and crossed the Bosporus, declining
## p. 624 (#640) ############################################
624
ISAACUS.
: ISAEUS.
P
both to help the Bulgarians aguinst the Greeks, more reason to believe that he wrote “ De Cogita.
and the Greeks against the Bulgarians.
tionibus," the Greek text of which, with a Latin
Indic was 80 terrified by the emperor's march translation, was published by Petrus Possinus, in
through his dominions, and the success of the other his Ascetica. Several other productions of Isaac
crusaders in Syria and Palestine, that he sent an are extant in MS. in the library of the Vatican and
ambassador to Saladin offering him his alliance in other libraries. (Cave, Hist. Lit. vol. i. p. 434-
against the Latins, which, however, Saladin de 435; Fabric. Bilt. Graec. vol. xi. p. 214, &c. )
clined, because Isaac demanded the restitution of 6. Surnamed SYRUS, lived in the middle of the
the holy sepulchre. Besides Bulgaria, Isaac lost sixth century, and was bishop of Ninireh, but abdi-
the island of Cyprus, where Alexis Comnenus had cated and retired to a convent, of which he was
made himself independent, but was deprived of his afterwards chosen abbot. After having lived several
conquest by Richard Coeur de Lion of England years in that convent he went to Italy and died
(1101), who in 1192 ceded it to king Guido of near Spoleto. It is probable that he is the author
Jerusalem ; and Cyprus was never again united of the work De Contemtu Mundi, which is mentioned
to the Byzantine empire. Isaac, continuing to in the preceding article. He also wrote 87 Ser-
make himself despised and hated by the Greeks, a mones A scetici, which some attribute to the preceding
rebellion broke out at Constantinople while he was Isaac, and which are extant in MS. in Greek, in
hunting in the mountains of Thrace; nnd Alexis, the the imperial library at Vienna Some Homilies of
younger brother of Isaac, was raised to the throne. this Isaac are exinnt in MS. in the Bodleian and
On this news, Isaac fled without daring to im- other libraries. It is probable that Isaac wrote
plore the assistance of any one. Arrived at Stagyra originally in Syriac. (Cave, Hist. Litt vol. i. p.
in Macedonia, he was arrested and brought before 519-520 ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. xi. p. 215, &c. )
Alexis, who ordered his eyes to be put out, and 7. TZETZES. (Tzetzes. )
(W. P. )
confined him in a prison (1195). (ALEXIS III. ) ISAEUS ('lgaios). 1. One of the ten Attic
Alexis, the son of Isaac, fortunately escaped, fled orators, whose orations were contained in the Alex-
to Italy, and succeeded in rousing the Latin andrian canon. The time of his birth and death
princes to a war against Alexis III. , which resulted is unknown, but all accounts agree in the statement
in the capture of Constantinople in 1203, and the that he flourished (Ruage) during the period be-
restoration of the blind Isaac, who reigned, together tween the Peloponnesian war and the accession of
with his son (ALEXIS IV), till the following year, Philip of Macedonia, so that he lived between
1204, when Alexis IV. was dethroned and killed B. C. 420 and 348. (Dionys. Isaeus, 1; Plut. l'it.
by Alexis Ducas Murzuphlus (ALEXIS V. ), who X. Orat. p. 839; Anonym. yévos 'loalov. ) He
usurped the throne, and kept it during two months, was a son of Diagoras, and was born at Chalcis or,
when he, in his turn, was deposed by the Latins. as some say, at Athens, probably only because he
Murzuphlus spared the life of Isaac, who, however, came to Athens at an early age, and spent the
did not long survive the melancholy fate of bis greater part of his life there. He was instructed
youthful and spirited son. (Nicetas, Isaacius An- in oratory by Lysias and Isocrates (Phot. Bibl.
gelus ;- Isaacius et Aleris filius ; the Latin authori. Cod. 263 ; Dionys. Plut. II. cc. ) He was afterwards
ties quoted under Alexis 111. , IV. , V. ] [W. P. ] engaged in writing judicial orations for others, and
ISAACUS, literary. 1. Of Antioch. (See established a rhetorical school at Athens, in which
No. 5. )
Demosthenes is said to have been his pupil. Suidas
2. ARGYRUS. [ARGYRUS. ]
states that Isaeus instructed him gratis, whereas
3. Of ARMENIA, catholicus or patriarch of Ar- Plutarch relates that he received 10,000 drachmas
menia Magna, lived in the middle of the twelfth | (comp. Plut. de Glor. Ath. p. 350, c. ; Phot. l. c. );
century, and wrote Orationes Invectivae II. adversus and it is further said thai Isaeus composed for
Armenos, published in Greek and Latin, and with Demosthenes the speeches against his guardians,
notes in Combefisius, Auctuar. Nov. Bibl. vol. ii. or at least assisted him in the composition. All
p. 317, &c. , and by Galland. Bill. Patr. vol. xiv. particulars about his life are unknown, and were so
p. 41), &c. (Cave, Hist. Litt, vol. ii. p. 227 ; even in the time of Dionysius, since Hermippus,
Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. xi. p. 123, &c. )
who had written an account of the disciples of Iso-
4. Of NINIVEH. (See No. 6. ]
crates, did not mention Isaeus at all.
5. Surnamed SYRus, because he was a native of In antiquity there were sixty-four orations which
Syria, was first monk and afterwards priest at bore the name of Isaeus, but fifty only were recog-
Antioch, and died about A. D. 456. He wrote nised as genuine by the ancient critics. (Plut.
in Syriac, and perhaps also in Greek, different Vit. X. Orat. l. c. ) Of these only eleven have
works and treatises on theological matters, several come down to us ; but we possess fragments and
of them to oppose the writers of the Nestorians and the titles of 56 speeches ascribed to him. The
Eutychians. His principal work is De Contenitu eleven extant are all on subjects connected with
Mundi, de Operatione Corporali et sui Abjectione disputed inheritances; and Isaeus appears to have
Liber, published in the second edition of the Or been particularly well acquainted with the laws
thodoxographi, Basel, 1569; in the Bibl. Patr. relating to inheritance. (Tiepl AA tipov. ) Ten of
Colon. vol. vi. ; in the B. P. Puris, vol. v. ; in the these orations had been known ever since the re-
B. P. Novissima Luydun. vol. xi. ; and in Gal- | viral of letters, and were printed in the collections
land. Bibl. Patr. vol. xii. In all these collections of Greek orators; but the eleventh, Nepl toll Me
it is printed in Greek, with a Latin translation, but verléovs Kańpou, was first published in 1785, from
the Greek text also seems to be a translation from a Florentine MS. , by Th. Thyrwitt, London,
the Syriac. It is very doubtful whether this work | 1785, 8vo. ; and afterwards in the Götting. Biblioth.
was written by Isaac, the subject of this notice, or für alte Lit. und Kunst for 1788, part iii. , and by
by another Isaac, the subject of the following article. J. C. Orelli, Zürich, 1814, 8vo. In 1815 A. Mai
Neither Trithemius nor Gennadius (De Script. discovered the greater half of the oration of Isaeus,
Eccles. ) attribute the work to our Isaac.
There is nepl Toû KAewvýpov kanpov, which he published at
## p. 625 (#641) ############################################
ISAGORAS.
625
ISCHOLAUS.
Milan, 1815, fol. , and reprinted in his Classic. Auctor. of note: of its remote origin he professes himself
e Cod. Vatican, vol. iv. p. 280, &c. (Roine, 1831. ) | ignorant, but adds that his kinsmen sacrificed to
Isaeus also wrote on rhetorical subjects, such as a Carian Zeus. When Cleomenes I. of Sparta came
work entitled Idiai téxval, which, however, is lost. to Athens, in B. C. 510, to drive out Hippias, he
(Plut. Vit. X. Orat. p. 839 ; Dionys. Epist
. ad formed a connection of friendship and hospitality
Ammon. i. 2. ) Although his orations were placed with Isagoras, who was stispected of conniving at
fifth in the Alexandrian canon, still we do not hear an intrigue between his wife and the Spartan king.
of any of the grammarians having written com- Not long after this we find Isagoras, the leader of
mentaries upon them, except Didymus of Alexnn- the oligarchical party at Athens, in opposition to
dria (Harpocrat. s. oo. yaunala, ravdaiola. ) But Cleisthenes, and, when he found the latter too
we still possess the criticism upon Isaeus written strong for him, he applied to Cleomenes for aid.
by Dionysius of Halicamassus; and by a com- The attempt made by the Spartans in consequence
parison of the orations still extant with the opinions to establish oligarchy at Athens was defeated ;
of Dionysius, we come to the following conclusion and when Cleomenes, eager for revenge, again in-
The oratory of Isaeus resembles in many points vaded Attica, with the view of placing the chief
that of his teacher, Lysias : the style of both is power in the hands of Isagoras, his enterprise
pure, clear, and concise ; but while Lysias is at the again came to nothing, through the defection of
same time simple and graceful, Isaeus evidently the Corinthians and Demaratus. (Herod. v. 66,
strives to attain a higher degree of polish and re- 70—72, 74, 75; Plut. de Herod. Malign. 23;
finement, without, however, in the least injuring Paus. iii. 4, vi. 8. ) (CLEISTHENES ; CLEOMENES ;
the powerful and impressive character of his oratory. DEMARATI'S. )
(E. E. ]
The same spirit is visible in the manner in which ISANDER (Ioav8pos), a son of Bellerophon,
he handles his subjects, especially in their skilful killed by Ares in the fight with the Solymi. (Hom.
division, and in the artful manner in which he Il. vi. 197 ; Strab. xii. p. 573, xiii. p. 630. ) (L. S. ]
interweaves his arguments with various parts of the ISAU'RICUS, a surname of P. Servilius Vatia,
exposition, whereby his orations become like a father and son. [Vatia. )
painting in which light and shade are distributed I'SCANUS, JOSE'PHUS, the author of a Latin
with a distinct view to produce certain effects. It poem on the Trojan war, in six books, in hexameter
was mainly owing to this mode of management metre. This poem has sometimes been ascribed to
that he was envied and censured by his contempo Cornelius Nepos, for which reason it is mentioned
raries, as if he had tried to deceive and misguide here, but its author was a native of England, and
his bearers. He was one of the first who turned lived in the twelfth century of our era. It is
their attention to a scientific cultivation of political printed at the end of the edition of Dictys Creten-
oratory; but excellence in this department of the sis, published at Amsterdam, in 1702.
art was not attained till the time of Demosthenes. ISCHA'GORAS (ʻloxayopas), commanded the
The orations of Isaeus are contained in the col- reinforcements sent by Sparta in the ninth year of
lections of the Greek_orators, published by Aldus, the Peloponnesian war, B. C. 423, to join Brasidas
Stephens, Miniati, Reiske, Ducas, Bekker, and in Chalcidice. Perdiccas, as the price of his new
Baiter and Sauppe. A separate edition, with treaty with Athens, prevented, by means of his
Reiske's and Taylor's notes, appeared at Leipzig, influence in Thessaly, the passage of the troops.
1773, 8vo. , and another by G. H. Schäfer, Leip- Ischagoras himself, with some others, made their
zig, 1822, 8vo. The best separate edition is that way to Brasidas, but how long he staid is doubtful;
by G. F. Schömann, with critical notes and a in B. C. 421 we find him sent again from Sparta to
good commentary, Greifswald, 1831, 8vo. There the same district, to urge Clearidas to give up Am.
is an English translation of the orations of Isaeus, phipolis, according to the treaty, into the hands of
by Sir William Jones (London, 1794, 4to. ), with the Athenians. (Thuc. iv. 132, v. 21. )[A. H. C. ]
prefatory discourse, notes critical and historical, ISCHANDER ("loxavopos), an obscure Athe-
and a commentary. (Comp. Westermann, Gesch. nian tragic poet, in whose plays Aeschines is said
d: Griech. Beredtsamkeit, $ 51, and Beilage, v. p. to have acted. (A ESCHINES, p. 37, a ; Vit. Aesch. ;
293, &c. ; J. A. Liebmann, De Isaci Vita et Harpocrat, s. v. 'loxavopos; Kayser, Hist. Crit.
Scriptis, Halle, 1831, 4to. )
Trag. Graec. p. 284. )
[P. S. ]
2. A sophist and rhetorician, was a native of I'SCHENUS ("loxevos), also called Taraxippus,
Assyria. In his youth he gave himself up to from the horses becoming shy on his tomb, is said
sensual pleasures and debauchery ; but after attain to have allowed himself to be sacrificed for the pur-
;
ing the age of manhood, he changed his mode of pose of averting a plague, for which reason sacri-
life, and became a person of very respectable and fices were offered tv him at the Olympian games.
sober habits. He must have lived for some time (Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 43; TARAXIPPUR. ) [L. S. ]
at Rome in the life of Pliny the younger, who ISCHOLA'ÚS or I'SCHOLAS ('loxonaos,
speaks of him (Epist. ii. 3; comp. Juvenal, iii. 74, 'Loxbxas), a Spartan, who, when the Peloponnesus
with the Scholiast) in terms of the highest praise. was invaded by the Thebans and their allies in
He seems to have ertjoyed a very great reputation B. C. 369, was stationed at the village of Ium or
as a declaimer, and to have been particularly strong Oium, in the district of Sciritis, with a body of
in extempore speaking. None of his productions veodajaúders and about 400 Tegean exiles. By
have come down to us. Philostratus (Vit. Soph. occupying the pass of the Sciritis, he might, accord-
i. 20) has dedicated a whole chapter to his bio- ing to Xenophon, have succeeded in repelling the
graphy, but relates only some anecdotes of him, and Arcadians, by whom the invasion was made in that
adds a few remarks on the character of his orations. quarter: but he chose rather to make his stand in
(Comp. Anonym. 'loalou yévos, p. 261, in Wester- the village, where he was surrounded and slain,
mann's Vitarum Script. Graeci Minor. ) [L. S. ] with almost all his men. Diodorus, who lauds his
ISA'GORAS ("loayópas), an Athenian, son of valour somewhat rhetorically, and compares him
Tisander. Herodotus says that his family was one with Leonidas at Thermopylae, tells us that, when
VOL. II.
6S
!
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626
ISIDORUS.
ISIDORUS.
he saw that the number of the Arcadians rendered / works of the minor geographers in the collections
resistance hopeless, he disdained to leave his post, but of Höschel (1600), Hudson (1703), and Miller
sent away the young soldiers of his force to Sparta (Supplément au dernières éditions des petits Géo
to serve her in her impending danger, while he graphes, Paris, 1839; comp. Letronne, Fragmens
himself and the older men remained behind, and des Poëmes Géogr. de Seymnus, Paris, 1840. ) That
died fighting bravely. (Xen. Hell. vi. 5. SS 24—his geographical work embraced not only Parthia
26 ; Diod. xv. 64 ; comp. Plut. Pelop. 24, Ages. but probably the whole of the then known world,
31. ) This is probably the same Ischolaus who is may be inferred from several quotations from Isi-
mentioned by Polyaenus (ii. 22). [E. E. ] dorus in Pliny. (H. N. ii. 108, s. 112 ; iv. 4. s. 5;
ISCHOʻMACH US ('loxóuaxos), an Athenian, 22, s. 37; v. 6, et alib. ) He seems to have lived
whose fortune, according to Lysias, was supposed under the early Roman emperors. A passage in
during his life to amount to more than seventy ta- his ota@uoi, in which he refers to the flight of
lents (above 17,0002. ), but on his death he was found Tiridates (p. 4; comp. Tac. Annal. vi. 44), seems
to have left less than twenty, i. e. under 5,0001. to fix his time in or after the reign of Tiberius.
(Lys. pro Arist. Bon. p. 156. ) It appears, however, He is quoted, however, by Lucian (Mucrol.
