S uch
was the embarrassment of his affairs, that Madame de
S tael thought it a duty to place herself and her three chil-
dren under the protection of her father.
was the embarrassment of his affairs, that Madame de
S tael thought it a duty to place herself and her three chil-
dren under the protection of her father.
Madame de Stael - Corinna, or Italy
" S he used to say, " I would go to the scaffold,
in order to try the friendship of those who accompanied
me. "
Y et with all her ex treme susceptibility of tenderness
and admiration, she was not blind to the slightest defects.
W ith her, character always passed under a close and
rigorous ex amination; and if she sometimes wounded the
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? ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L . X M
vanity of her friends by being too clear-sighted to their
imperfections, they were soothed by her enthusiastic ad-
miration of all their great and good q ualities. I ndeed she
might well be forgiven by others, since her acute powers
of analysis were directed against her own character with
the most unsparing severity.
The winter after Madame de S taeTs marriage, her
father was ex iled forty leagues from Paris, and she was
' with him during the greater part of his absence. I n the
A ugust following, 1788, he was recalled with added
honours, and his daughter, of course became one of the
most important personages in F rance. B ut while she
formed the centre of attraction in the fashionable and in-
tellectual society of Paris, she did not relinq uish her taste
for literature. I n 1789, she published her famous L etters
on the Character and W ritings of J . J . R ousseau. The
j udicious will not approve of all the opinions ex pressed in
this book ; and perhaps she herself would have viewed
things differently when riper years and maturer j udgment
had somewhat subdued the artificial glare, which youth
and romance are so apt to throw over wrong actions and
false theories. " I t is, however, a glowing and eloq uent
tribute to the genius of that ex traordinary man; and the
acuteness shown in her remark s on the E milius, and the
Treatise on the S ocial Contract, is truly wonderful in a
young woman so much engrossed by the glittering dis-
tractions of fashionable life. "
A t first only a few copies were printed for her intimate
friends; but a full edition was soon published without her
consent. The B aron de Grimm, who saw one of the
private copies, speak
of the most remark
B efore the year ex
s of it with great admiration, as one
able productions of the time.
pired, we find her involved in anx iety
and trouble, occasioned by the second ex ile of her father.
H is dismission from office ex cited great clamour among
the populace, who regarded him as the friend of liberty
and the people. This feeling was openly ex pressed by
closing the theatres, as for some great national calamity.
The conseq uence was an almost immediate recall; and
Madame de S tael warmly ex ulted in the triumph of a
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? X I V ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L .
parent, whom she seems to have regarded with a feeling
little short of idolatry.
" F rom the moment of his return, in J uly, 1789, to
the period of his final fall from power, in S eptember, 1790,
M. N eck er was all-powerful in F rance; and Madame de
S tael, of course, was a person of proportional conseq
the literary, philosophical, and political society about the
court, and in those more troubled circles from which the
revolution was j ust beginning to go forth in its most
alarming forms. H er situation enabled her to see the
sources, however secret, of all the movements that were
uence in
then agitating the very foundations of civil order in F rance;
and she had talent to understand them with great clearness
and truth. S he witnessed the violent removal of the k ing
to Paris on the 6
meeting of the N
and B arnave;
to hear L ouis X
dethroned him;
th of O ctober; she was present at the first
ational Convention, and heard Mirabeau
she followed the procession to N otre Dame,
V I . swear to a constitution, which virtually
and from that period, her mind seems to
have received a political tendency, that it never afterward
lost.
" I n 1790 she passed a short time with her father at
Coppet, but soon returned to Paris.
" S he associated, on terms of intimacy, with Talleyrand,
for whom she wrote the most important part of his ' R eport
on Public I nstruction,' in 1790. S he lik ewise numbered
among her friends L a F ayette, N arbonne, S ieyes, and other
popular leaders. "
W hen, amid the universal consternation, there could be
no one found to shelter the proscribed victims of the
despotic mob, Madame de S tael had the courage to offer
some of them an asylum, hoping the residence of a foreign
ambassador would not be searched. S he shut them up in
the remotest chamber, and herself spent the night in watch-
ing the streets.
M. de N arbonne was concealed in her house, when the
officers of police came to mak e the much-dreaded " domi-
ciliary visit. " S he k new that he could not escape, if a
rigorous search were made, and that if tak en, he would be
beheaded that very day. S he had sufficient presence of
>
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? ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L . X V
mind to k eep q uite calm. Partly by her eloq uence, and
partly by a familiar pleasantry, which flattered them, she
persuaded the men to go away without infringing upon
the rights of a foreign ambassador.
Dr. B ollman, the same generous H anoverian who after-
ward attempted to rescue L a F ayette from the prison of
O lmutz, offered to undertak e the dangerous business of
conveying N arbonne to E ngland; and he effected it in
safety by means of a passport belonging to one of his
friends.
A s S weden refused to ack nowledge the F rench republic,
the situation of the B aron de S tael became very uncom-
fortable at Paris; and he was recalled in 1792, a short
time before the death of Gustavus I I I . I n S eptember,
1792, Madame de S tael set out for S witzerland, in a
coach and six , with servants in full livery; she was induced
to do this, from the idea that the people would let her
depart more freely, if they saw her in the style of an am-
bassadress. This was ill-j udged: a shabby post-chaise
would have conveyed her more safely. A ferocious crowd
stopped the horses, calling out loudly that she was carrying
away the gold of the nation. A gendarme conducted her
through half Paris to the H otel de V ille, on the staircase
of which several persons had been massacred. N o woman
had at that time perished; but the nex t day the Princess
L amballe was murdered by the populace. Madame de S tael
was three hours in mak ing her way through the crowds
that on all sides assailed her with cries of death. They
had nothing against her personally, and probably did not
k now who she was; but a carriage and liveries, in their
eyes, warranted sentence of ex ecution. S he was then preg-
nant; and a gendarme, who was placed in the coach, was
moved with compassion at her situation and ex cessive terror:
he promised to defend her at the peril of his life. S he
says, " I alighted from my carriage, in the midst of an
armed multitude, and proceeded under an arch of pik es.
I n ascending the staircase, which was lik ewise bristled
with spears, a man pointed toward me the one which he
held in his hand; but my gendarme pushed it away
with his sabre. The President of the Commune was
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? X V I ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L .
R obespierre; and I breathed again, because I had es-
caped from the populace; yet what a protector was R o-
bespierre! H is secretary had left his beard untouched for a
fortnight, that he might escape all suspicion of aristocracy.
I showed my passports, and stated the right I had to depart
as ambassadress of S weden. L ucidly for me, Manuel ar-
rived: he was a man of good feelings, though he was
hurried away by his passions. I n an interview, a few days
before, I had wrought upon his k ind disposition so that he
consented to save two victims of proscription. H e imme-
diately offered to become responsible for me; and con-
ducting me out of that terrible place, he lock ed me up with
my maid-servant in his closet. H ere we waited six hours,
half dead with hunger and fright. The window of the
apartment look ed on the Place de Greve; and we saw the
assassins returning from the prisons, with their arms bare
and bloody, and uttering horrible cries.
" My coach with its baggage had remained in the mid-
dle of the sq uare. I saw a tall man in the dress of a
national guard, who for two hours defended it from the
plunder of the populace; I wondered how he could think of
such trifling things amid such awful circumstances. I n
the evening, this man entered my room with Manuel. H e
was S anterre, the brewer, afterward so notorious for his
cruelty. H e had several times witnessed my father' s dis-
tribution of corn among the poor of the F auoobourg S t. A n-
toine, and was willing to show his gratitude.
" Manuel bitterly deplored the assassinations that were
going on, and which he had not power to prevent. A n
abyss was opened behind the steps of every man who had
acq uired any authority, and if he receded he must fall into
it. H e conducted me home at night in his carriage; being
afraid of losing his popularity by doing it in the day. The
lamps were not lighted in the streets, and we met men
with torches, the glare of which was more frightful than
the dark ness. Manuel was often stopped and ask ed who
he was, but when he answered L e Procureur de la Com-
mune, this revolutionary dignity was respectfully re-
cognised. "
A new passport was given Madame de S tael, and she
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? ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L . X V I I
was allowed to depart with one maid-servant, and a gen-
darme to attend her to the frontier. A fter some difficul-
ties of a less alarming nature, she arrived at Coppet in
safety.
During the following year, her feelings were too pain-
fully engrossed in watching the approaching political crisis,
to admit of her mak ing any new literary ex ertion.
S he and her father having always strongly advocated a
constitutional form of government, felt identified with the
cause of rational freedom, and watched the ruin of the
hopes they had formed with sad earnestness and bitter
regret.
They have been freq uently accused by their political
enemies of having ex cited and encouraged the horrible
disorders of the R evolution; indeed, the rancour of party-
spirit went so far as to accuse Madame de S tael,-- the
glorious, the amiable Madame de S tael! -- of having been
among the brutal mob at V ersailles, disguised as a Pois-
sarde. N othing could, in fact, be more untrue than charges
of this description. Z ealous friends of the eq ual rights of
man, M. N eck er and his sagacious daughter saw plainly
that a change was needed in the F rench government, and
no doubt they touched the springs, which set the great
machine in motion; but they could not foresee its fright-
ful accumulation of power, or the ruinous work
it would be directed. The limited monarchy of E
was always a favourite model with Madame de S
to which
ngland
tael. I n
her conversation, and in her writings, she has declared that
the F rench people needed such a form of government, and.
sooner or later, they would have it.
H ad the character of L ouis X V I . being adapted to the
crisis in which he lived, her wishes might have been real-
ised; but she evinced her usual penetration when she said
of that monarch, " H e would have made the mildest of
despots, or the most constitutional of k ings; but he was
totally unfit for the period when public opinion was mak -
ing a transition from one to the other. " To save the
royal family from untimely death was the obj ect of Madame
de S tael' s unceasing prayers and efforts. H aving been de-
feated in a plan to effect their escape from F rance, we find
? a
,-
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? X V 1UME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L .
her during this agitating period silently awaiting the pro-
gress of events, which she dared not attempt to control;
but when Marie A ntoinette was condemned to be beheaded,
she could no longer restrain her agonised spirit. I n A u-
gust, 1793, heedless of the danger she incurred, she boldly
published R eflections on the Process against the Q ueen.
" A short but most eloq uent appeal to the F rench nation,
beseeching them to pause and reflect before they should
thus disgrace themselves with the world, and with pos-
terity. " H istory informs us how entirely this and all
other disinterested efforts failed to check the fury of the
populace. The R evolution rushed madly on in its infernal
course of blood and crime.
W ith the death of Gustavus I I I . there came a change
of politics in S weden. The B aron de S tael was again sent
to Paris, the only ambassador from a monarchy to the new
republic. Most of his old friends were proscribed, or im-
prisoned, and many of them had perished on the scaffold;
even the family of his wife did not dare to reside in
F rance. To secure popularity in his precarious situation,
he gave 3000 francs to the poor of L a Croix R ouge, a
section particularly distinguished for its republicanism.
H e could not, however, feel secure amid the frightful
scenes that were passing around him; and he soon has-
tened back to S weden, where he remained until after the
death of R obespierre. " F or a short time, during those
dreadful months, which have been so appropriately termed
the R eign of Terror, Madame de S tael was in E ngland;
and, what is remark able, she was in E ngland, poor; for
the situation of the two countries at that crisis prevented
her receiving the funds necessary for her support. S he
lived in great retirement at R ichmond, with two of her
countrymen, no less distinguished than N arbonne and Tal-
leyrand, both, lik e herself, anx iously watching the progress
of affairs in F rance, and hoping for some change that would
render it safe for them to return. I t is a curious item in
the fick le cruelty of the R evolution, that these three persons,
who during such a considerable portion of their lives ex -
ercised an influence, not only on their country, but on the
world, were now deprived of their accustomed means of _
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? ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L . X I X
subsistence; and it is worthy of notice, as a trait in their
national character, that they were not depressed or dis-
couraged by it.
" A ll they had, when thrown into the common stock ,
was merely sufficient to purchase a k ind of carriage, which
would hold but two. A s they rode about to see the country,
N arbonne and Talleyrand alternately mounted as footmen be-
hind, break ing out the glass of the chaise, in order to carry
on a conversation with those inside. Madame de S tael
has often said, that in these conversations she has witnessed
and enj oyed more of the play of the highest order of talent
than at any other period of her life. Talleyrand went
from E ngland to the United S tates. N arbonne, if I mis-
tak e not, went to the Continent; and Madame de S tael
ventured back to F rance in 1795. " H er husband was
again ambassador at Paris, where he remained, calmly re-
ceiving the alternate insolence and flattery of the populace,
until 1799, when he was recalled by the young k ing, Gus-
tavus A dolphus. A ll beneath the surface in F rance was,
at that time, heaving and tumultuous; but men had been
so terrified and wearied with the work of blood, that so-
ciety was for a time restored to ex ternal stillness.
A tsuchaperiod,amindlik eMadamedeS tael' shad
a powerful influence. H er saloon was a resort for all the
restless politicians of the day, and she was once denounced
to the Convention as a person dangerous to the state; but
her character, as wife of a foreign ambassador, protected
her; and she even ventured to publish a pamphlet on the
prospect of peace, addressed to Mr. Pitt and the F rench
people, which contained remark s opposed to the views of
the reigning demagogue. This pamphlet was much praised
by Mr. F ox in the E nglish parliament.
The principal charge brought against her by the Di-
rectory was the courage and zeal with which she served
the suffering emigrants: she would have been imprisoned
on this account had it not been for the friendly ex ertions
of B arras.
O ne diy, an emigrant, whose brother was arrested and
condemned to be shot, came in great agitation to beg her
to save his life. S he recollected that she had some ac-
a2
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? X X ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L .
q uaintance with General L emoine, who had a right to sus-
pend the j udgments of the military commission. Thank ing
H eaven for the idea, she instantly went to his house.
A t first he abruptly refused her petition. S he says,
" My heart throbbed at the sight of that brother, who
might think that I was not employing the words best fitted
to obtain what I ask ed. I was afraid of saying too much
or too little; of losing the fatal hour, after which all would
be over; or of neglecting an argument which might prove
successful. I look ed by turns at the clock and the General
to see whether his soul or time would approach the term
most q uick ly. Twice he took the pen to sign a reprieve,
and twice the fear of committing himself restrained him.
A t last, he was unable to refuse us; and may H eaven
shower blessings on him for the deed. The reprieve ar-
rived in season, and innocence was saved! "
I n 1796 , Madame de S tael was summoned to Coppet to
attend the death-bed of her mother. S he has given us a
very interesting account of her father' s unwearied tender-
ness toward his dying wife, in the preface to M. N eck er' s
MS S . published by her after his death. S he remained to
soothe her father under his severe affliction for nearly a
year. During this time she wrote her E ssay on the Pas-
sions, divided into two parts: -- 1st, their I nfluence on the
H appiness of I
tions. This work
the F rench R
ndividuals; 2dly, on the H appiness of N a-
was suggested by the fearful scenes of
evolution, and probably could not have been
written ex cept by one who had witnessed the reck less violence
and unnatural ex citement of that awful period.
W e have already mentioned that Madame de S taeTs
affections were supposed to have small share in her mar-
riage. The coolness of her feelings towards the B aron de
S tael was considerably increased by his heedless ex trava-
gance. O n his wedding-day he is said to have assigned
all his ministerial allowance to his friend, Count F ersen;
and the princely dowry he received with his wife was soon
nearly dissipated by his thoughtless ex penditure.
S uch
was the embarrassment of his affairs, that Madame de
S tael thought it a duty to place herself and her three chil-
dren under the protection of her father. Thus the pro-
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? ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L iX X I
j ectors of this match met the usual fate of those who
attempt to thwart nature, and tak e destiny out of the hands
of Providence: it not only made the parties wretched, but
it did not even serve the ambitious purposes for which the
sacrifice is supposed to have been made.
H er separation from her husband was not of long con-
tinuance. I llness, and approaching age req uired a wife' s
attentions; and Madame de S tael, true to the k ind im-
pulses of her generous nature, immediately returned to
him. A s soon as he could bear removal, she attempted,
by slow j ourneys,, to bring him to her father' s residence,
that she and her children might mak e the evening of his
days as cheerful as possible. I t was, however, destined to
be otherwise; he died at Poligni, on his way to Coppet,
May 9th, 1802.
Madame de S tael' s E ssays on the Passions led her
mind to a series of enq uiries, which ended in her celebrated
E ssay on L iterature; immediately after the completion of
which Madame de S tael went to Paris, where she arrived
on the 9th of N ovember, 1799 -- the very day that placed
the destiny of F rance in the hands of B onaparte. H er
imagination seems to have been, at first, dazzled by the
military glory of N apoleon. L avalette was introduced to
her at Talleyrand' s, at the time when every body was talk -
ing of the brilliant campaigns in I taly. H e says, " During
dinner, the praises Madame de S tael lavished on the con-
q ueror of I taly had all the wildness, romance, and ex -
aggeration of poetry. W hen we left the table, the com-
pany withdrew to a small room to look at the portrait of
the hero; and as I stepped back to let her walk in, she
B aid, ' H ow shall I dare to pass before an aide-de-camp of
B onaparte! ' My confusion was so great that she also
felt a little of it, and Talleyrand laughed at us. "
B ut this admiration of B onaparte was destined to be
short-lived. F rom the moment she understood him, she
became one of the most active and determined of his
opposers. I n the beginning of his reign, when policy
compelled him to be gradual in his usurpation of power,
she was not a little troublesome to him. I n the organi-
sation of the new government, she is said to have fairly
a3
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? X X I I ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L .
out-manoeuvred him, and to have placed the celebrated
B enj amin Constant in one of the assemblies, in spite of his
efforts to the contrary.
B onaparte k ept close watch upon her; and his spies
soon informed him that people always left Madame de
S taeTs house with less confidence in him than they had
when they entered it.
B eing anx ious for a pretex t to banish her, he seized
upon the first that offered, which happened to be the pub-
lication of a political pamphlet by her father, in 1802.
O n the pretence that she had contributed to the falsehoods,
which he said it contained, he req uested Talleyrand to in.
form her that she must q uit Paris. This was a delicate
office for an old acq uaintance to perform; but Talleyrand
was even then used to difficult positions. H is political
history has proved that no fall, however precipitate, can
bewilder the selfish acuteness of his faculties, or impair the
marvellous pliancy of his motions: his attachment to
places rather than persons is another and stronger point of
resemblance between him and a certain household animal.
H is characteristic finesse was shown in his manner of
performing the embarrassing office assigned him by the
F irst Consul. H e called upon Madame de S tael, and after
a few compliments, said, " I hear, madam, you are going to
tak eaj ourney. " -- " O h,no! itisamistak e,I haveno
such intention. "
were going to S
-- " Pardon me, I was informed that you
witzerland. " -- " I have no such proj ect, I
assure you. " -- " B ut I have been told, on the best authority,
that you would q
uit Paris in three days. " Madame de
S tael took the hint, and went to Coppet.
I n the mean time, however, before she left Paris, she
completed a novel in six volumes, under the title of Del-
phine, which was published in 1802.
I n 180. % Madame de S tael ventured to reside within ten
leagues of Paris, occasionally going there, to visit the mu-
seum and the theatres. S ome of her enemies informed
B onaparte that she received a great many visiters, and he
immediately banished her to the distance of forty leagues
from the capital; a sentence which was rigorously enforced.
H er father, conscious how much she needed the ex hila-
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? ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L . X X lli
rating influence of society, had always encouraged her visits
to Paris; and now that she was ex iled from the scene of
10 many triumphs and so much enj oyment, he strongly
favoured, her proj ect of visiting Germany. A ccordingly, in
the winter of 1803, she went to F rank fort, W
B erlin. A t F rank fort, her daughter, then A
was tak en dangerously ill. Madame de S tael k
eimar, and
ve years old,
new no one
in that city, and was ignorant of the language; even the
physician' to whose care she intrusted the child scarcely
spok e a word of F rench. S peak ing of her distress on this
occasion, she ex claims, " O h, how my father shared with
me in all my trouble! W hat letters he wrote me! W hat
a number of consultations of physicians, all copied with his
own hand, he sent me from Geneva! "
The child recovered, and she proceeded to W eimar, so
j ustly called the A thens of Germany; and afterward to
B erlin, where she was received with distinguished k indness
by the k ing and q ueen, and the young Prince L ouis. A t
W eimar she writes, " I resumed my courage on seeing,
through all the difficulties of the language, the immense
intellectual riches that ex isted out of F rance. I learned to
read German; I listened attentively to Goethe and W ie-
land, who, fortunately for me, spok e F rench ex tremely
well. I comprehended the mind and genius of S chiller, in
spite of the difficulty he felt in ex pressing himself in a
foreign language. The society of the Duk e and Duchess
of W eimar pleased me ex ceedingly. I passed three months
there, during which the study of German literature gave
me all the occupation my mind req uired. My father
wished me to pass the winter in Germany, and not return
to him until spring. A las! alas! how much I calculated
on carrying back to him the harvest of new ideas which I
was going to collect in this j ourney. H e was freq uently
telling me that my letters and conversation were all that
k ept up his connection with the world. H is active and
penetrating mind ex cited me to think , for the sak e of the
pleasure of talk ing to him. I f I observed, it was to con-
vey my impressions to him; if I listened, it was to repeat
to him. "
A las! this sacred tie, the strongest, perhaps, that ever
a4
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? X X I V ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L .
bound the hearts of parent and child, was soon to be burst
asunder. A t B erlin, Madame de S tael was suddenly
stopped in her travels, by the news of her father' s danger-
ous illness. S he hastened back with an impatience that
would fain have annihilated time and space;
before she arrived. This event happened in A
A t first, she refused to believe the tidings. S
but he died
pril, 1804.
he was her-
self so full of life, that she could not realise death. H er
father had such remark able freshness of imagination, such
cheerfulness, such entire sympathy with youthful feeling,
that she forgot the difference in their ages. S he could not
bear to think of him as old; and once, when she heard a
person call him so, she resented it highly, and said she
never wished to see any body who repeated such words.
A nd now, when they told her that the old man was ga-
thered to his fathers, she could not and she would not
believe it.
Madame de S aussure was at Coppet when M. N eck er
died; and as soon as her services to him were ended, she
went to meet her friend, on her melancholy return from
Germany, under the protection of M. de S chlegel, her son' s
German tutor. S he says, the convulsive agony of her grief
was absolutely frightful to witness; it seemed as if life
must have perished in the struggle. H er friends tried
every art to soothe her; and sometimes for a moment she
appeared to give herself up to her usual animation and
eloq uence; but her trembling hands and q uivering lips
soon betrayed the internal conflict, and the transient calm
was succeeded by a violent burst of anguish. Y et even
during these trying moments she displayed her characteristic
k indness of heart: she constantly tried to check her sor-
row, that she might give such a turn to the conversation as
would put M. de S chlegel at his ease, and enable him to
show his great abilities to advantage.
The impression produced upon Madame de S tael by her
father' s death seems to have been as deep and abiding as
it was powerful. Through her whole life she carried him
in her heart. S he believed that his spirit was her guardian
angel; and when her thoughts were most pure and ele-i
vated, she said it was because he was with her. S he in-
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? ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L . X X >>
voiced him in her prayers; and when any happy event
occurred, she used to say, with a sort of j oyful sadness,
" My father has procured this for me. " H is miniature
became an obj ect of superstitious love. O nce, and once
only, she parted with it for a short time. H aving herself
found great consolation, during illness, in look ing at those
beloved features, she sent it to her sick daughter, imagine
ing it would have the same effect upon her; telling her in
her letter, " L ook upon that, and it will comfort you in
your sufferings. "
To the latest period of her life, the sight of an old man
affected her, because it reminded her of her father; and
the lavishness with which she gave her sympathy and her
purse to the distresses of the aged proved the fervour of her
filial recollections.
Though Madame de S tael' s thoughts had always been
busy with the world, she was never destitute of religious
sensibility. Conscious as she was of her intellectual
strength, she did not attempt to wrestle with the mysteries
of God. H er beautiful mind inclined rather to reverence
and superstition than to unbelief. N o doubt, religion was
with her more a matter of feeling than of faith; but she
respected the feeling, and never suffered the pride of reason
to ex pel it from her heart. There is something beauti-
fully pathetic in the ex clamation that burst from her, when
her little daughter was dangerously ill at F rank fort: " O h,
what would become of a mother, trembling for the life of
her child, if it were not for prayer I "
H er father' s death gave a more permanent influence to
such feelings. I f I may use the ex pression, her character
became less volcanic, while it lost nothing of its power.
During the lifetime of M. N eck er, Madame de S tael
remained in childish ignorance of all the common affairs of
life. S he was in the habit of applying to him for advice
about every thing, even her dress. The unavoidable result
was that she was very improvident. H er father used to
compare her to a savage, who would sell his hut in the
morning, without think ing what would become of him at
night.
W hen her guide and support was tak en from her, no
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? X X V I ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA B L .
wonder that she felt as if it would be absolutely impossible
for her to do any thing without him. F or a short time she
gave herself up to the most discouraging fancies. S he
thought her fortune would be wasted, her children would
not be educated, her servants would not obey her, -- in
short, that every thing would go wrong. B ut her anx
to do every thing as he would have done it gave her a
iety
motive for ex ertion, and inspired her with strength. S he
administered upon his estate with remark able ability, and
arranged her affairs with a most scrupulous regard to the
future interests of her children.
H er health as well as her spirits sunk rapidly under the
oppression of grief. H er friends advised new scenes and
change of climate. Paris was still closed against her;
though M. N eck er, with his dying hand, had written to
assure B onaparte that his daughter had no share in his
political pamphlet, and to beseech that her sentence of ex ile
might be repealed after his death.
Thus situated, her thoughts turned toward I taly. S is-
mondi accompanied her in this j ourney. They arrived
j ust when the fresh glory of a southern spring mantled the
earth and the heavens. S he found a renovating influence
in the beautiful sk y and the balmy climate of this lovely
land, which she, with touching superstition, ascribed to
the intercession of her father. " S he passed more than a
year in I taly; visiting Milan, V enice, F lorence, R ome,
N aples, and other more inconsiderable cities, with lively
interest and great minuteness of observation. The im-
pression produced by her talent and character is still fresh
in the memories of those who saw her. "
S he returned to S witzerland in the summer of 1805,
and passed a year among her friends at Coppet and Geneva:
during this period she began Corinne, the splendid record
which she has left the world of her visit to I taly. This
work was published in 1802, and perhaps obtained more
ex tensive and immediate fame than any thing she ever
wrote. I t was received with one burst of applause by all
the literati of E urope. Mr. J effery, in his review of it,
pronounced Madame de S tael " the greatest writer in
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? ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L . X X V li
F rance, after the time of V oltaire and R ousseau, and the
greatest female writer of any age or country. "
H er eldest son, A ugustus, B aron de S tael, was at this
time in Paris, pursuing his studies preparatory to entering
the Polytechnic school; and after the completion of Co-
rinne, Madame de S tael, in order to be as near him as
possible, went to reside at A ux erre, and afterward at
R ouen, from whence she could daily send to Paris. S he
led a very retired life, and was ex tremely prudent about
intermeddling with politics. Those who had any thing to
hope or to fear from the E mperor did not dare to main-
tain any intercourse with her; and of course she was not
thronged with visiters, in those days of despotism and ser-
vility: all she wished was liberty to superintend the pub-
lication of Corinne, and to watch over the education of
her son.
B ut all this moderation and caution did not satisfy
B onaparte. H e wanted to interdict her writing any thing,
even if it were, lik e Corinne, totally unconnected with
politics. S he was again banished from F rance; and, by a
sad coincidence, she received the order on the 9th of A pril,
the anniversary of her father' s death. W hen she returned
to Coppet, all her movements were watched by the spies
of government, so that ex istence became a complete state
of bondage. To use her own words, she was " tormented
in all the interests and relations of life, and on all the sen-
sible points of her character. " S he stj ll had warm and
devoted friends, who could not be withdrawn from her by
motives of interest or fear; but, with all the consolations
of fame and friendship, it was sufficiently inconvenient
and harassing to be thus fettered and annoyed.
A s a means of employing her mind, which, ever since
the death of her father, had been strongly prone to indulge
in images of gloom and terror, Madame de S tael indus-
triously continued the study of German literature and phi-
losophy. H er acq uaintance with M. de S
V illers (the author of an admirable book
ation, which obtained the prize from the F
chlegel and M.
on the R eform-
rench A cademy,)
afforded her remark able facilities for perfecting herself in
the German language. H er first visit had brought her into
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? X X V lllME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L .
delightful companionship with most of the great minds in
N orth Germany; but she deemed it necessary to visit the
S outh, before she completed a work which she had long
had in contemplation. I n company with her beautiful
friend, Madame R ecainier, she passed the winter of 1807
at V ienna, receiving the same flattering distinctions from
the great and the gifted, which had every where attended
her footsteps.
S he began her celebrated book on Germany in the country
itself, and surrounded by every facility for giving a correct
picture of its literature, manners, and national character.
A s we have j ust stated, she made a second visit, for the
purpose of more thorough investigation; and she devoted
yet two more years to it after her return ; mak ing a period
of about six years from the time of its commencement to
its final completion. I t is true, this arduous labour was
not continued uninterruptedly: she had, in the meanwhile,
made her visit to I taly, and written Corinne; and while
she was employed with her great work on Germany, she
composed and played at Coppet the greater part of the little
pieces which are now collected in the six teenth volume of
her work s, under the title of Dramatic E ssays. A t the
beginning of the summer of 1810, she finished the three
volumes of Germany, and went to reside j ust without forty
leagues from Paris, in order to superintend its publication.
S he says, " I fix ed myself at a farm called F osse, which a
generous friend lent me.
in order to try the friendship of those who accompanied
me. "
Y et with all her ex treme susceptibility of tenderness
and admiration, she was not blind to the slightest defects.
W ith her, character always passed under a close and
rigorous ex amination; and if she sometimes wounded the
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? ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L . X M
vanity of her friends by being too clear-sighted to their
imperfections, they were soothed by her enthusiastic ad-
miration of all their great and good q ualities. I ndeed she
might well be forgiven by others, since her acute powers
of analysis were directed against her own character with
the most unsparing severity.
The winter after Madame de S taeTs marriage, her
father was ex iled forty leagues from Paris, and she was
' with him during the greater part of his absence. I n the
A ugust following, 1788, he was recalled with added
honours, and his daughter, of course became one of the
most important personages in F rance. B ut while she
formed the centre of attraction in the fashionable and in-
tellectual society of Paris, she did not relinq uish her taste
for literature. I n 1789, she published her famous L etters
on the Character and W ritings of J . J . R ousseau. The
j udicious will not approve of all the opinions ex pressed in
this book ; and perhaps she herself would have viewed
things differently when riper years and maturer j udgment
had somewhat subdued the artificial glare, which youth
and romance are so apt to throw over wrong actions and
false theories. " I t is, however, a glowing and eloq uent
tribute to the genius of that ex traordinary man; and the
acuteness shown in her remark s on the E milius, and the
Treatise on the S ocial Contract, is truly wonderful in a
young woman so much engrossed by the glittering dis-
tractions of fashionable life. "
A t first only a few copies were printed for her intimate
friends; but a full edition was soon published without her
consent. The B aron de Grimm, who saw one of the
private copies, speak
of the most remark
B efore the year ex
s of it with great admiration, as one
able productions of the time.
pired, we find her involved in anx iety
and trouble, occasioned by the second ex ile of her father.
H is dismission from office ex cited great clamour among
the populace, who regarded him as the friend of liberty
and the people. This feeling was openly ex pressed by
closing the theatres, as for some great national calamity.
The conseq uence was an almost immediate recall; and
Madame de S tael warmly ex ulted in the triumph of a
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? X I V ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L .
parent, whom she seems to have regarded with a feeling
little short of idolatry.
" F rom the moment of his return, in J uly, 1789, to
the period of his final fall from power, in S eptember, 1790,
M. N eck er was all-powerful in F rance; and Madame de
S tael, of course, was a person of proportional conseq
the literary, philosophical, and political society about the
court, and in those more troubled circles from which the
revolution was j ust beginning to go forth in its most
alarming forms. H er situation enabled her to see the
sources, however secret, of all the movements that were
uence in
then agitating the very foundations of civil order in F rance;
and she had talent to understand them with great clearness
and truth. S he witnessed the violent removal of the k ing
to Paris on the 6
meeting of the N
and B arnave;
to hear L ouis X
dethroned him;
th of O ctober; she was present at the first
ational Convention, and heard Mirabeau
she followed the procession to N otre Dame,
V I . swear to a constitution, which virtually
and from that period, her mind seems to
have received a political tendency, that it never afterward
lost.
" I n 1790 she passed a short time with her father at
Coppet, but soon returned to Paris.
" S he associated, on terms of intimacy, with Talleyrand,
for whom she wrote the most important part of his ' R eport
on Public I nstruction,' in 1790. S he lik ewise numbered
among her friends L a F ayette, N arbonne, S ieyes, and other
popular leaders. "
W hen, amid the universal consternation, there could be
no one found to shelter the proscribed victims of the
despotic mob, Madame de S tael had the courage to offer
some of them an asylum, hoping the residence of a foreign
ambassador would not be searched. S he shut them up in
the remotest chamber, and herself spent the night in watch-
ing the streets.
M. de N arbonne was concealed in her house, when the
officers of police came to mak e the much-dreaded " domi-
ciliary visit. " S he k new that he could not escape, if a
rigorous search were made, and that if tak en, he would be
beheaded that very day. S he had sufficient presence of
>
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? ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L . X V
mind to k eep q uite calm. Partly by her eloq uence, and
partly by a familiar pleasantry, which flattered them, she
persuaded the men to go away without infringing upon
the rights of a foreign ambassador.
Dr. B ollman, the same generous H anoverian who after-
ward attempted to rescue L a F ayette from the prison of
O lmutz, offered to undertak e the dangerous business of
conveying N arbonne to E ngland; and he effected it in
safety by means of a passport belonging to one of his
friends.
A s S weden refused to ack nowledge the F rench republic,
the situation of the B aron de S tael became very uncom-
fortable at Paris; and he was recalled in 1792, a short
time before the death of Gustavus I I I . I n S eptember,
1792, Madame de S tael set out for S witzerland, in a
coach and six , with servants in full livery; she was induced
to do this, from the idea that the people would let her
depart more freely, if they saw her in the style of an am-
bassadress. This was ill-j udged: a shabby post-chaise
would have conveyed her more safely. A ferocious crowd
stopped the horses, calling out loudly that she was carrying
away the gold of the nation. A gendarme conducted her
through half Paris to the H otel de V ille, on the staircase
of which several persons had been massacred. N o woman
had at that time perished; but the nex t day the Princess
L amballe was murdered by the populace. Madame de S tael
was three hours in mak ing her way through the crowds
that on all sides assailed her with cries of death. They
had nothing against her personally, and probably did not
k now who she was; but a carriage and liveries, in their
eyes, warranted sentence of ex ecution. S he was then preg-
nant; and a gendarme, who was placed in the coach, was
moved with compassion at her situation and ex cessive terror:
he promised to defend her at the peril of his life. S he
says, " I alighted from my carriage, in the midst of an
armed multitude, and proceeded under an arch of pik es.
I n ascending the staircase, which was lik ewise bristled
with spears, a man pointed toward me the one which he
held in his hand; but my gendarme pushed it away
with his sabre. The President of the Commune was
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? X V I ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L .
R obespierre; and I breathed again, because I had es-
caped from the populace; yet what a protector was R o-
bespierre! H is secretary had left his beard untouched for a
fortnight, that he might escape all suspicion of aristocracy.
I showed my passports, and stated the right I had to depart
as ambassadress of S weden. L ucidly for me, Manuel ar-
rived: he was a man of good feelings, though he was
hurried away by his passions. I n an interview, a few days
before, I had wrought upon his k ind disposition so that he
consented to save two victims of proscription. H e imme-
diately offered to become responsible for me; and con-
ducting me out of that terrible place, he lock ed me up with
my maid-servant in his closet. H ere we waited six hours,
half dead with hunger and fright. The window of the
apartment look ed on the Place de Greve; and we saw the
assassins returning from the prisons, with their arms bare
and bloody, and uttering horrible cries.
" My coach with its baggage had remained in the mid-
dle of the sq uare. I saw a tall man in the dress of a
national guard, who for two hours defended it from the
plunder of the populace; I wondered how he could think of
such trifling things amid such awful circumstances. I n
the evening, this man entered my room with Manuel. H e
was S anterre, the brewer, afterward so notorious for his
cruelty. H e had several times witnessed my father' s dis-
tribution of corn among the poor of the F auoobourg S t. A n-
toine, and was willing to show his gratitude.
" Manuel bitterly deplored the assassinations that were
going on, and which he had not power to prevent. A n
abyss was opened behind the steps of every man who had
acq uired any authority, and if he receded he must fall into
it. H e conducted me home at night in his carriage; being
afraid of losing his popularity by doing it in the day. The
lamps were not lighted in the streets, and we met men
with torches, the glare of which was more frightful than
the dark ness. Manuel was often stopped and ask ed who
he was, but when he answered L e Procureur de la Com-
mune, this revolutionary dignity was respectfully re-
cognised. "
A new passport was given Madame de S tael, and she
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? ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L . X V I I
was allowed to depart with one maid-servant, and a gen-
darme to attend her to the frontier. A fter some difficul-
ties of a less alarming nature, she arrived at Coppet in
safety.
During the following year, her feelings were too pain-
fully engrossed in watching the approaching political crisis,
to admit of her mak ing any new literary ex ertion.
S he and her father having always strongly advocated a
constitutional form of government, felt identified with the
cause of rational freedom, and watched the ruin of the
hopes they had formed with sad earnestness and bitter
regret.
They have been freq uently accused by their political
enemies of having ex cited and encouraged the horrible
disorders of the R evolution; indeed, the rancour of party-
spirit went so far as to accuse Madame de S tael,-- the
glorious, the amiable Madame de S tael! -- of having been
among the brutal mob at V ersailles, disguised as a Pois-
sarde. N othing could, in fact, be more untrue than charges
of this description. Z ealous friends of the eq ual rights of
man, M. N eck er and his sagacious daughter saw plainly
that a change was needed in the F rench government, and
no doubt they touched the springs, which set the great
machine in motion; but they could not foresee its fright-
ful accumulation of power, or the ruinous work
it would be directed. The limited monarchy of E
was always a favourite model with Madame de S
to which
ngland
tael. I n
her conversation, and in her writings, she has declared that
the F rench people needed such a form of government, and.
sooner or later, they would have it.
H ad the character of L ouis X V I . being adapted to the
crisis in which he lived, her wishes might have been real-
ised; but she evinced her usual penetration when she said
of that monarch, " H e would have made the mildest of
despots, or the most constitutional of k ings; but he was
totally unfit for the period when public opinion was mak -
ing a transition from one to the other. " To save the
royal family from untimely death was the obj ect of Madame
de S tael' s unceasing prayers and efforts. H aving been de-
feated in a plan to effect their escape from F rance, we find
? a
,-
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? X V 1UME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L .
her during this agitating period silently awaiting the pro-
gress of events, which she dared not attempt to control;
but when Marie A ntoinette was condemned to be beheaded,
she could no longer restrain her agonised spirit. I n A u-
gust, 1793, heedless of the danger she incurred, she boldly
published R eflections on the Process against the Q ueen.
" A short but most eloq uent appeal to the F rench nation,
beseeching them to pause and reflect before they should
thus disgrace themselves with the world, and with pos-
terity. " H istory informs us how entirely this and all
other disinterested efforts failed to check the fury of the
populace. The R evolution rushed madly on in its infernal
course of blood and crime.
W ith the death of Gustavus I I I . there came a change
of politics in S weden. The B aron de S tael was again sent
to Paris, the only ambassador from a monarchy to the new
republic. Most of his old friends were proscribed, or im-
prisoned, and many of them had perished on the scaffold;
even the family of his wife did not dare to reside in
F rance. To secure popularity in his precarious situation,
he gave 3000 francs to the poor of L a Croix R ouge, a
section particularly distinguished for its republicanism.
H e could not, however, feel secure amid the frightful
scenes that were passing around him; and he soon has-
tened back to S weden, where he remained until after the
death of R obespierre. " F or a short time, during those
dreadful months, which have been so appropriately termed
the R eign of Terror, Madame de S tael was in E ngland;
and, what is remark able, she was in E ngland, poor; for
the situation of the two countries at that crisis prevented
her receiving the funds necessary for her support. S he
lived in great retirement at R ichmond, with two of her
countrymen, no less distinguished than N arbonne and Tal-
leyrand, both, lik e herself, anx iously watching the progress
of affairs in F rance, and hoping for some change that would
render it safe for them to return. I t is a curious item in
the fick le cruelty of the R evolution, that these three persons,
who during such a considerable portion of their lives ex -
ercised an influence, not only on their country, but on the
world, were now deprived of their accustomed means of _
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? ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L . X I X
subsistence; and it is worthy of notice, as a trait in their
national character, that they were not depressed or dis-
couraged by it.
" A ll they had, when thrown into the common stock ,
was merely sufficient to purchase a k ind of carriage, which
would hold but two. A s they rode about to see the country,
N arbonne and Talleyrand alternately mounted as footmen be-
hind, break ing out the glass of the chaise, in order to carry
on a conversation with those inside. Madame de S tael
has often said, that in these conversations she has witnessed
and enj oyed more of the play of the highest order of talent
than at any other period of her life. Talleyrand went
from E ngland to the United S tates. N arbonne, if I mis-
tak e not, went to the Continent; and Madame de S tael
ventured back to F rance in 1795. " H er husband was
again ambassador at Paris, where he remained, calmly re-
ceiving the alternate insolence and flattery of the populace,
until 1799, when he was recalled by the young k ing, Gus-
tavus A dolphus. A ll beneath the surface in F rance was,
at that time, heaving and tumultuous; but men had been
so terrified and wearied with the work of blood, that so-
ciety was for a time restored to ex ternal stillness.
A tsuchaperiod,amindlik eMadamedeS tael' shad
a powerful influence. H er saloon was a resort for all the
restless politicians of the day, and she was once denounced
to the Convention as a person dangerous to the state; but
her character, as wife of a foreign ambassador, protected
her; and she even ventured to publish a pamphlet on the
prospect of peace, addressed to Mr. Pitt and the F rench
people, which contained remark s opposed to the views of
the reigning demagogue. This pamphlet was much praised
by Mr. F ox in the E nglish parliament.
The principal charge brought against her by the Di-
rectory was the courage and zeal with which she served
the suffering emigrants: she would have been imprisoned
on this account had it not been for the friendly ex ertions
of B arras.
O ne diy, an emigrant, whose brother was arrested and
condemned to be shot, came in great agitation to beg her
to save his life. S he recollected that she had some ac-
a2
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? X X ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L .
q uaintance with General L emoine, who had a right to sus-
pend the j udgments of the military commission. Thank ing
H eaven for the idea, she instantly went to his house.
A t first he abruptly refused her petition. S he says,
" My heart throbbed at the sight of that brother, who
might think that I was not employing the words best fitted
to obtain what I ask ed. I was afraid of saying too much
or too little; of losing the fatal hour, after which all would
be over; or of neglecting an argument which might prove
successful. I look ed by turns at the clock and the General
to see whether his soul or time would approach the term
most q uick ly. Twice he took the pen to sign a reprieve,
and twice the fear of committing himself restrained him.
A t last, he was unable to refuse us; and may H eaven
shower blessings on him for the deed. The reprieve ar-
rived in season, and innocence was saved! "
I n 1796 , Madame de S tael was summoned to Coppet to
attend the death-bed of her mother. S he has given us a
very interesting account of her father' s unwearied tender-
ness toward his dying wife, in the preface to M. N eck er' s
MS S . published by her after his death. S he remained to
soothe her father under his severe affliction for nearly a
year. During this time she wrote her E ssay on the Pas-
sions, divided into two parts: -- 1st, their I nfluence on the
H appiness of I
tions. This work
the F rench R
ndividuals; 2dly, on the H appiness of N a-
was suggested by the fearful scenes of
evolution, and probably could not have been
written ex cept by one who had witnessed the reck less violence
and unnatural ex citement of that awful period.
W e have already mentioned that Madame de S taeTs
affections were supposed to have small share in her mar-
riage. The coolness of her feelings towards the B aron de
S tael was considerably increased by his heedless ex trava-
gance. O n his wedding-day he is said to have assigned
all his ministerial allowance to his friend, Count F ersen;
and the princely dowry he received with his wife was soon
nearly dissipated by his thoughtless ex penditure.
S uch
was the embarrassment of his affairs, that Madame de
S tael thought it a duty to place herself and her three chil-
dren under the protection of her father. Thus the pro-
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? ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L iX X I
j ectors of this match met the usual fate of those who
attempt to thwart nature, and tak e destiny out of the hands
of Providence: it not only made the parties wretched, but
it did not even serve the ambitious purposes for which the
sacrifice is supposed to have been made.
H er separation from her husband was not of long con-
tinuance. I llness, and approaching age req uired a wife' s
attentions; and Madame de S tael, true to the k ind im-
pulses of her generous nature, immediately returned to
him. A s soon as he could bear removal, she attempted,
by slow j ourneys,, to bring him to her father' s residence,
that she and her children might mak e the evening of his
days as cheerful as possible. I t was, however, destined to
be otherwise; he died at Poligni, on his way to Coppet,
May 9th, 1802.
Madame de S tael' s E ssays on the Passions led her
mind to a series of enq uiries, which ended in her celebrated
E ssay on L iterature; immediately after the completion of
which Madame de S tael went to Paris, where she arrived
on the 9th of N ovember, 1799 -- the very day that placed
the destiny of F rance in the hands of B onaparte. H er
imagination seems to have been, at first, dazzled by the
military glory of N apoleon. L avalette was introduced to
her at Talleyrand' s, at the time when every body was talk -
ing of the brilliant campaigns in I taly. H e says, " During
dinner, the praises Madame de S tael lavished on the con-
q ueror of I taly had all the wildness, romance, and ex -
aggeration of poetry. W hen we left the table, the com-
pany withdrew to a small room to look at the portrait of
the hero; and as I stepped back to let her walk in, she
B aid, ' H ow shall I dare to pass before an aide-de-camp of
B onaparte! ' My confusion was so great that she also
felt a little of it, and Talleyrand laughed at us. "
B ut this admiration of B onaparte was destined to be
short-lived. F rom the moment she understood him, she
became one of the most active and determined of his
opposers. I n the beginning of his reign, when policy
compelled him to be gradual in his usurpation of power,
she was not a little troublesome to him. I n the organi-
sation of the new government, she is said to have fairly
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? X X I I ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L .
out-manoeuvred him, and to have placed the celebrated
B enj amin Constant in one of the assemblies, in spite of his
efforts to the contrary.
B onaparte k ept close watch upon her; and his spies
soon informed him that people always left Madame de
S taeTs house with less confidence in him than they had
when they entered it.
B eing anx ious for a pretex t to banish her, he seized
upon the first that offered, which happened to be the pub-
lication of a political pamphlet by her father, in 1802.
O n the pretence that she had contributed to the falsehoods,
which he said it contained, he req uested Talleyrand to in.
form her that she must q uit Paris. This was a delicate
office for an old acq uaintance to perform; but Talleyrand
was even then used to difficult positions. H is political
history has proved that no fall, however precipitate, can
bewilder the selfish acuteness of his faculties, or impair the
marvellous pliancy of his motions: his attachment to
places rather than persons is another and stronger point of
resemblance between him and a certain household animal.
H is characteristic finesse was shown in his manner of
performing the embarrassing office assigned him by the
F irst Consul. H e called upon Madame de S tael, and after
a few compliments, said, " I hear, madam, you are going to
tak eaj ourney. " -- " O h,no! itisamistak e,I haveno
such intention. "
were going to S
-- " Pardon me, I was informed that you
witzerland. " -- " I have no such proj ect, I
assure you. " -- " B ut I have been told, on the best authority,
that you would q
uit Paris in three days. " Madame de
S tael took the hint, and went to Coppet.
I n the mean time, however, before she left Paris, she
completed a novel in six volumes, under the title of Del-
phine, which was published in 1802.
I n 180. % Madame de S tael ventured to reside within ten
leagues of Paris, occasionally going there, to visit the mu-
seum and the theatres. S ome of her enemies informed
B onaparte that she received a great many visiters, and he
immediately banished her to the distance of forty leagues
from the capital; a sentence which was rigorously enforced.
H er father, conscious how much she needed the ex hila-
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? ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L . X X lli
rating influence of society, had always encouraged her visits
to Paris; and now that she was ex iled from the scene of
10 many triumphs and so much enj oyment, he strongly
favoured, her proj ect of visiting Germany. A ccordingly, in
the winter of 1803, she went to F rank fort, W
B erlin. A t F rank fort, her daughter, then A
was tak en dangerously ill. Madame de S tael k
eimar, and
ve years old,
new no one
in that city, and was ignorant of the language; even the
physician' to whose care she intrusted the child scarcely
spok e a word of F rench. S peak ing of her distress on this
occasion, she ex claims, " O h, how my father shared with
me in all my trouble! W hat letters he wrote me! W hat
a number of consultations of physicians, all copied with his
own hand, he sent me from Geneva! "
The child recovered, and she proceeded to W eimar, so
j ustly called the A thens of Germany; and afterward to
B erlin, where she was received with distinguished k indness
by the k ing and q ueen, and the young Prince L ouis. A t
W eimar she writes, " I resumed my courage on seeing,
through all the difficulties of the language, the immense
intellectual riches that ex isted out of F rance. I learned to
read German; I listened attentively to Goethe and W ie-
land, who, fortunately for me, spok e F rench ex tremely
well. I comprehended the mind and genius of S chiller, in
spite of the difficulty he felt in ex pressing himself in a
foreign language. The society of the Duk e and Duchess
of W eimar pleased me ex ceedingly. I passed three months
there, during which the study of German literature gave
me all the occupation my mind req uired. My father
wished me to pass the winter in Germany, and not return
to him until spring. A las! alas! how much I calculated
on carrying back to him the harvest of new ideas which I
was going to collect in this j ourney. H e was freq uently
telling me that my letters and conversation were all that
k ept up his connection with the world. H is active and
penetrating mind ex cited me to think , for the sak e of the
pleasure of talk ing to him. I f I observed, it was to con-
vey my impressions to him; if I listened, it was to repeat
to him. "
A las! this sacred tie, the strongest, perhaps, that ever
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? X X I V ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L .
bound the hearts of parent and child, was soon to be burst
asunder. A t B erlin, Madame de S tael was suddenly
stopped in her travels, by the news of her father' s danger-
ous illness. S he hastened back with an impatience that
would fain have annihilated time and space;
before she arrived. This event happened in A
A t first, she refused to believe the tidings. S
but he died
pril, 1804.
he was her-
self so full of life, that she could not realise death. H er
father had such remark able freshness of imagination, such
cheerfulness, such entire sympathy with youthful feeling,
that she forgot the difference in their ages. S he could not
bear to think of him as old; and once, when she heard a
person call him so, she resented it highly, and said she
never wished to see any body who repeated such words.
A nd now, when they told her that the old man was ga-
thered to his fathers, she could not and she would not
believe it.
Madame de S aussure was at Coppet when M. N eck er
died; and as soon as her services to him were ended, she
went to meet her friend, on her melancholy return from
Germany, under the protection of M. de S chlegel, her son' s
German tutor. S he says, the convulsive agony of her grief
was absolutely frightful to witness; it seemed as if life
must have perished in the struggle. H er friends tried
every art to soothe her; and sometimes for a moment she
appeared to give herself up to her usual animation and
eloq uence; but her trembling hands and q uivering lips
soon betrayed the internal conflict, and the transient calm
was succeeded by a violent burst of anguish. Y et even
during these trying moments she displayed her characteristic
k indness of heart: she constantly tried to check her sor-
row, that she might give such a turn to the conversation as
would put M. de S chlegel at his ease, and enable him to
show his great abilities to advantage.
The impression produced upon Madame de S tael by her
father' s death seems to have been as deep and abiding as
it was powerful. Through her whole life she carried him
in her heart. S he believed that his spirit was her guardian
angel; and when her thoughts were most pure and ele-i
vated, she said it was because he was with her. S he in-
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? ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L . X X >>
voiced him in her prayers; and when any happy event
occurred, she used to say, with a sort of j oyful sadness,
" My father has procured this for me. " H is miniature
became an obj ect of superstitious love. O nce, and once
only, she parted with it for a short time. H aving herself
found great consolation, during illness, in look ing at those
beloved features, she sent it to her sick daughter, imagine
ing it would have the same effect upon her; telling her in
her letter, " L ook upon that, and it will comfort you in
your sufferings. "
To the latest period of her life, the sight of an old man
affected her, because it reminded her of her father; and
the lavishness with which she gave her sympathy and her
purse to the distresses of the aged proved the fervour of her
filial recollections.
Though Madame de S tael' s thoughts had always been
busy with the world, she was never destitute of religious
sensibility. Conscious as she was of her intellectual
strength, she did not attempt to wrestle with the mysteries
of God. H er beautiful mind inclined rather to reverence
and superstition than to unbelief. N o doubt, religion was
with her more a matter of feeling than of faith; but she
respected the feeling, and never suffered the pride of reason
to ex pel it from her heart. There is something beauti-
fully pathetic in the ex clamation that burst from her, when
her little daughter was dangerously ill at F rank fort: " O h,
what would become of a mother, trembling for the life of
her child, if it were not for prayer I "
H er father' s death gave a more permanent influence to
such feelings. I f I may use the ex pression, her character
became less volcanic, while it lost nothing of its power.
During the lifetime of M. N eck er, Madame de S tael
remained in childish ignorance of all the common affairs of
life. S he was in the habit of applying to him for advice
about every thing, even her dress. The unavoidable result
was that she was very improvident. H er father used to
compare her to a savage, who would sell his hut in the
morning, without think ing what would become of him at
night.
W hen her guide and support was tak en from her, no
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? X X V I ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA B L .
wonder that she felt as if it would be absolutely impossible
for her to do any thing without him. F or a short time she
gave herself up to the most discouraging fancies. S he
thought her fortune would be wasted, her children would
not be educated, her servants would not obey her, -- in
short, that every thing would go wrong. B ut her anx
to do every thing as he would have done it gave her a
iety
motive for ex ertion, and inspired her with strength. S he
administered upon his estate with remark able ability, and
arranged her affairs with a most scrupulous regard to the
future interests of her children.
H er health as well as her spirits sunk rapidly under the
oppression of grief. H er friends advised new scenes and
change of climate. Paris was still closed against her;
though M. N eck er, with his dying hand, had written to
assure B onaparte that his daughter had no share in his
political pamphlet, and to beseech that her sentence of ex ile
might be repealed after his death.
Thus situated, her thoughts turned toward I taly. S is-
mondi accompanied her in this j ourney. They arrived
j ust when the fresh glory of a southern spring mantled the
earth and the heavens. S he found a renovating influence
in the beautiful sk y and the balmy climate of this lovely
land, which she, with touching superstition, ascribed to
the intercession of her father. " S he passed more than a
year in I taly; visiting Milan, V enice, F lorence, R ome,
N aples, and other more inconsiderable cities, with lively
interest and great minuteness of observation. The im-
pression produced by her talent and character is still fresh
in the memories of those who saw her. "
S he returned to S witzerland in the summer of 1805,
and passed a year among her friends at Coppet and Geneva:
during this period she began Corinne, the splendid record
which she has left the world of her visit to I taly. This
work was published in 1802, and perhaps obtained more
ex tensive and immediate fame than any thing she ever
wrote. I t was received with one burst of applause by all
the literati of E urope. Mr. J effery, in his review of it,
pronounced Madame de S tael " the greatest writer in
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? ME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L . X X V li
F rance, after the time of V oltaire and R ousseau, and the
greatest female writer of any age or country. "
H er eldest son, A ugustus, B aron de S tael, was at this
time in Paris, pursuing his studies preparatory to entering
the Polytechnic school; and after the completion of Co-
rinne, Madame de S tael, in order to be as near him as
possible, went to reside at A ux erre, and afterward at
R ouen, from whence she could daily send to Paris. S he
led a very retired life, and was ex tremely prudent about
intermeddling with politics. Those who had any thing to
hope or to fear from the E mperor did not dare to main-
tain any intercourse with her; and of course she was not
thronged with visiters, in those days of despotism and ser-
vility: all she wished was liberty to superintend the pub-
lication of Corinne, and to watch over the education of
her son.
B ut all this moderation and caution did not satisfy
B onaparte. H e wanted to interdict her writing any thing,
even if it were, lik e Corinne, totally unconnected with
politics. S he was again banished from F rance; and, by a
sad coincidence, she received the order on the 9th of A pril,
the anniversary of her father' s death. W hen she returned
to Coppet, all her movements were watched by the spies
of government, so that ex istence became a complete state
of bondage. To use her own words, she was " tormented
in all the interests and relations of life, and on all the sen-
sible points of her character. " S he stj ll had warm and
devoted friends, who could not be withdrawn from her by
motives of interest or fear; but, with all the consolations
of fame and friendship, it was sufficiently inconvenient
and harassing to be thus fettered and annoyed.
A s a means of employing her mind, which, ever since
the death of her father, had been strongly prone to indulge
in images of gloom and terror, Madame de S tael indus-
triously continued the study of German literature and phi-
losophy. H er acq uaintance with M. de S
V illers (the author of an admirable book
ation, which obtained the prize from the F
chlegel and M.
on the R eform-
rench A cademy,)
afforded her remark able facilities for perfecting herself in
the German language. H er first visit had brought her into
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? X X V lllME MO I R O F MA DA ME DE S TA E L .
delightful companionship with most of the great minds in
N orth Germany; but she deemed it necessary to visit the
S outh, before she completed a work which she had long
had in contemplation. I n company with her beautiful
friend, Madame R ecainier, she passed the winter of 1807
at V ienna, receiving the same flattering distinctions from
the great and the gifted, which had every where attended
her footsteps.
S he began her celebrated book on Germany in the country
itself, and surrounded by every facility for giving a correct
picture of its literature, manners, and national character.
A s we have j ust stated, she made a second visit, for the
purpose of more thorough investigation; and she devoted
yet two more years to it after her return ; mak ing a period
of about six years from the time of its commencement to
its final completion. I t is true, this arduous labour was
not continued uninterruptedly: she had, in the meanwhile,
made her visit to I taly, and written Corinne; and while
she was employed with her great work on Germany, she
composed and played at Coppet the greater part of the little
pieces which are now collected in the six teenth volume of
her work s, under the title of Dramatic E ssays. A t the
beginning of the summer of 1810, she finished the three
volumes of Germany, and went to reside j ust without forty
leagues from Paris, in order to superintend its publication.
S he says, " I fix ed myself at a farm called F osse, which a
generous friend lent me.
