considered
to be the primal sound, COmmon to aU othen);
,"
?
,"
?
Hart-Clive-1962-Structure-and-Motif-in-Finnegans-Wake
.
.
.
.
, 10ft' (where
'Url~ut' is misprinted 'Umlaut"),
To tht Brahma,. . AUM iJ of inomu. . ," importance and
hundrab of pages hlove b<<n filled with diseu"ions of it. A short lummary of the tnOIt '"<'levant poinu will have (0 lufflCe here. ' 1\ tremendously ucr~ formula which is to be intoned mentally rather than aloud, it ua. ymbol <>fthe whole visible and in"isible uui''<;'1(: ? . . . hal hal become, . . . hal is becoming, what . . . il1 become. ' It is romidued to be made up <>fro. . r greal constituent paru, the fint three npnsented by the sound! A,
U, and M, and the last by the edge of m. cternallilent void following On the dOloure of the M, the point at which the la. ! t overtone of the Iyllable di. ,. away into /1lJ<I (dilSOlution), the boundary between a faint hollow echo and true filenee. In one place in the Up. . ru. ha. ds' Ihe"J'I is parodo. nc. ally dacri! :>ed at b. aviog a JOUnd like a peal of thunder. 10 that here aga. inJoy<<
I 8m. . . 'ldi.
? ~"". ,BuffioJo, '951; nWprin' -'~,II d in . Itt,,,'"me rr-
. ,. . . . ,.
? t'", lIlY dio<. . . . . . . . . cl AUJo. I I ""? ? . - I', 0. . -. . . , 7lII ! '" '( v'v fI
. . . V ,. d" I/', '1'&110. by A. S. c. :. t. t. , Edinb. . '1JI>, 19Q6; R. E. llw. ><. TIio ru. . . . . PriMy. ,J U/ " I " (hfonl, 19oo I : S. IUdhoakrislman, n. PIti'-"
"" " . . . UI-i""""', , _ ,
s-nlJ. . . " . . . Hi""" vd. I, All. . . . bad, '909: "" . ts. S. Cilb<:tt, J-' J. . ,. . ', U/y,,,,, i. or. d? n, '95', p. ,ag.
, '1! . . . . . . . Upo. ";'had', 4: '" 00:_, fl. ,U. , p. 39' . . .
'9"~: S. C, V. . . . , 1"" Upanifa<\l', no.
)0. 1? ?
? Tht Drwm-Slru. clurt
6nd. authority for idenLifying ,wo of hi, most . ,. lient "PpoMle< - the go:eat<:st of all noise, which begi"" ,he cycle< and the ah>enc~ of all oound in which they ~nd-an i'kntity to which he frcqu~nlly allude. '[: 'ca""pean end mee~ Ind' (5! }8. I! i); 'I(icnc~ of . \Onorou. < silence' (230. 20); 'cros,ing their . lcep by the shocking mcnee' (393. 35). Like many another magic for-
mula, AUM i. a microcosm which exactly r. produc<< the my. teruos and phenomena nf ,he maCroC<l,m, the four parll corresponding (() Ihe fuur d<wical Indian Ages and the lint thrcc to virtually every trinity in Brahman phil<n<>phy. Medita_ tion on the nUcr<>eosmic ,yllablc bnngs wi'h it an undcl"lltanding oflhe maerocosm and ofthe mptel)' ofBeing. Although fleeting and evanescent, AUM is potential even when the clem. ] . ur_
rounding Silonce reigns, and 10 it may bc . aid to exut at aU tim. . .
The four rorulituent parts of the ""rd rep. . "cut the four ,tate: of c",,,,,ion. mes",
A T he Waking State
U Sle<:p, dinurbed by Dreams
M lkep Sle<:p
sn,ENCE, Called 'Tnriya' ('the Founh'); a higher plane
o. ECHO ofronsciown, a . tate in which the 'adept' can app",hend the Real Self and the true natu", of Sting. This higher state is s. aid in a
,erue to comprehend Ihe other three.
That Joyce was aware of these categories of consciousnc. . Vl':rr urly in hi. career seerru to bc indicated by a . <:ntence from A PM/Mit wruch names the last tlm:e and implies the 6,. . t: 'Faintly, under the heavy night, through the silence <. >fthe city which h", turned from dream. to dreamleso . Icep '" a weary I"""r whom no care. . . ,. move, the OQund ofhoof. u pon the ""ad'.
(AP 286)
The four >tales represent Ihe 'four porti<IJI! of the Self' (abo called tbe 'four fed of Vishnu') :
Waking S/Q/e: The 'common_to-aIl_men' (Ihe SOond 'A' i.
considered to be the primal sound, COmmon to aU othen);
,"
? Th Dream-Strutture
typiflCd by ""troversion ('cmtwardly cogniti"") and concerned with gross matter. It correspond, to the material ""mos,
Dreams: ''The brilliant one" ; typified by intro",ru. "n ("inwardly cognitive"); "enjoys" subtle objccb. ; "feeds on" dream memorie. , which are luminolll, . nbtle, and magically entrancing, According- to some commentaries it i1 fraughL with lerror, suffering, <klusory forTT'l$, and incessanL change. In this state the ooul i1 free to wander. It corresponds to the Soul of the
W orld.
Dup Stu! >; '~The all_lrnowing''; a "cognition ma. . ? '; unified;
"enjoying" bm. ; the "inner rontroller"; the source of all ; the beginning and the end of being>. Thi, is a "ate of torpor, typified sometimeo by somnambulism. It correspond. to the principle of Sdf_ronscioume",.
Fwrlk; "The transcendental" ; the "peaceful" ; the "joyous" ; the "destroyer offa! ! e knowledge"; the "cau,e of the cesaation of all sorrows" ; the Real Sdf(Atman); ti,ndesa, beyond the beginning and UlC end of being>; symbolised by a ';ngle point and by infinity; dther completely ';Ient or the last echo of AU M. It correopond. to perfect bliM.
The 'adept' can pa", from one state to the """t at will, and, as with the Indian Ages of the World, all four states are hdd to be of equal importance, T hey form , moreover, a truly recurrent cycle, since after the deep ,leep of the third . tate, the 'Fourth' is held to r~p"3Cnt a f! Uh awakening on the 'Altral Plane', which the adept can then treat '" the first (or Waking) ,tate of a higher cycle and 10 proceed once more through all four ,tates to reach the 'Mental Plane'. Repeating the pt'I':lCesa yet again, he may reach the 'Buddhic Plane', This progr. . . is . yrnbofued by 'the 10M flOWt:r of the heart,' which i. said to grow bright at the meditation On 'A', to open at the 'U', and to ring gently at 'M'; during the 'Fourth' it e<:/l$CS to mo",. 1t i, very likely
thatJoytt " alluding to this flowcr_symboli. m in bi, description of the I ndian 10m. at 598. " ':
'Now day, slow day, from ddi~ate to divine, divases. Padma,
, r""t~<meaningoftboS. "'. . . . ,worn. inthio't-. . tiool,'"J-Carnplx:ll, 'Finnegan tlu: Wake', in Cive. . . W . 31'---'1.
? TIu Dream-Strocture
brighter and rwcetster, this flower that bells, it is our hour or rilings Tickle, tictk. . Lolut spray. T ill herenaL Adya'.
The lelIa'S A. U, and M are aid 10 /ionn ? cyclic phonetic ! >>OISh "'on fiom the primal Kllind of! he deep back A, through
the mid-point U, to the cloture M ('the beginning and Ihe end of ' p<<Ch'} -and hence these th~ ! oOunds are further illl. . . . . preted as a . ymbol of Ih~ creation, manifestation, and diuolu.
~ (governed by the goda Brahm. . , Vwmu, and Siva, respecti""ly).
tion ofa uni
'Ill( teVUal appear:an= ofthe words OM, AUM, in Fu-l""1 W. . t. r, and the ! hematic use of the impcmanl 'Silence', make
il IIttm highly likely Ih:u Joyce moulded his J"cv-ion of d ream-levcb very Iugcly on lhe A UM flata. St:vcnl times the whole cycle or the book it defined in Ie""" of AUM, a, when
Shaun boldllOmnoient (:OIl""I'SC with one of the f our:
'_ Dream. Ona nonday I ! le<:p. I drclml of . . oomday. Of a wooday I ,hall wake. Ah! May he h. . "" DOW oChere fearfilled mel Sin6owed, 0 linJlowed! Fia! Fial Sefureh! chriu ! '
'_ I have your tristich now; ;t r<<un lh:u times the u. me differently ? . . ' (+8'-"7)
F~just a. sthewboleofFu-p1UW. uisadrram,10 each p. >" of AUM is a dn:am" tatc even 'Waking', becaUle in thaI 'tale, according 10 the cckbnttd commentator on the Upani,hads, Shankan, 'a waking of ooe', own real . . ,If don not occur, and a false realily i. contemplaled, as in a dreamY Inde<:d, in Ihe dreams or the early states the image> or realily an: held to be both optically and . piritual1y inverted, while it is nOI until wt= reach the 'Fourth' that r. . :! ification and clarifica_
lion occur; 'il isj",1about to roIywholyovc:r'. (597. 03)
A general correspond"""" can be tnced bctwoen lbe AU M . tatCl and the dream_I",,-ds ofF'-liUS 1I'. . u, as I bave analysed
! hem above:
A
BooQ I andII maybe. saidtodealwiththe"WakingState" not
only because or the pun involved in the fact thai they treat of
, Quoood in I'. Deu-n, TIt<f'Io;! ' tv" IN L:<,. . js'-t. , F. (! ;nbu,,,,- ,g. 06, P-30' ,
99
? The Dream-Structure
the "Wake" proper, bm abo because the principal dl"Cam. citaracter, Earwick~r, i. awake during the period they rover. They deal with universal types and sitillltion. > ("common? to? all.
men") and are largely concerned with outward appearanceo. Within the framework ofthe dl"Cam tha<: two Roo. . . tell a more or less consecutive tak of obj. ,. ;tive reality, and SO in a ""me they may be called cxtmv~rted. "A" is the creation: Rook I it the e"pooition of Fi=glit1J W4b, the cl"Calion Ii"'t of Man and then of his spou>c; Man turm the tables on God in Rook II
where, in the guise of tho Anise. Mathematician, he hilrudf Cl"Cates the universe (Shem parodi. . Plato's TI"",,,,, and fabri? cates the World. Soul').
u
Earwic. ker's dream in IIl. I-3 I"Cpr=nts the ><<CInd . tate. In it the soul "i. oomcioU! through the mind of the impl"CSSioDll which remain of the fOrmCT . taIC". ' Shaun is the youth of the aged HCE, returning to tantal;'" him u he sieepo with brighl, Yea~an dream? visions of his eclipsed vigour and IOllt oppor? tunities. Shaun, appa. . ntly extroverted in the earlier Books (although he U3ually protem hi. mental health a linle too energetically to be wholly con,-jncing), belies his extroversion ;n III. 3 by pouring forth from hi, unoomcious mind . . . . . enty. {tve pages ofTaCt: memory, al lim. . overwhelming his question? ers with flood. of near. hysteria when a thort an,wer is required, and at oth. . . . revealing inhibitions <"If p'ychotic proportions. Variously mcamcr4ed, hypnotised, functinning . . . . a medinm, or simply bemu. ed, Shann's condition establish. . a concern with mental . Iates. Termr and mffcring characterUe much of the onrutance of thi. cyde, especially in IlI. S. "Lnminosity" is
provided by Shaun'o symbolic lamp. "U" is the manifestation of a univers. : in III. I-J Shaun, symbolising the product of
Man'. u. rurpalion <"If God'. creative premgative_ Cluist-child and World. Soul-is shown forth toJey<<'. four Magi.
? The DrtQ1/I-$lrucfuTe M
1 h drop to a ciet""r level. of dn:aming in 1l1_4 brings '" to tho: third AUf,. { lIate of Ottp Sk(,p. Wilb. Earwicl",r now itt a
tboro~h alcoholic IIUpor, the consciousness whoso: duam we au exploring i. that of the dream_figuu, Shaun. 'M' is the Knower: Shaun, Lhat which was manifested at the 'U' level, has now changed . ides to become the witn. . .
'Url~ut' is misprinted 'Umlaut"),
To tht Brahma,. . AUM iJ of inomu. . ," importance and
hundrab of pages hlove b<<n filled with diseu"ions of it. A short lummary of the tnOIt '"<'levant poinu will have (0 lufflCe here. ' 1\ tremendously ucr~ formula which is to be intoned mentally rather than aloud, it ua. ymbol <>fthe whole visible and in"isible uui''<;'1(: ? . . . hal hal become, . . . hal is becoming, what . . . il1 become. ' It is romidued to be made up <>fro. . r greal constituent paru, the fint three npnsented by the sound! A,
U, and M, and the last by the edge of m. cternallilent void following On the dOloure of the M, the point at which the la. ! t overtone of the Iyllable di. ,. away into /1lJ<I (dilSOlution), the boundary between a faint hollow echo and true filenee. In one place in the Up. . ru. ha. ds' Ihe"J'I is parodo. nc. ally dacri! :>ed at b. aviog a JOUnd like a peal of thunder. 10 that here aga. inJoy<<
I 8m. . . 'ldi.
? ~"". ,BuffioJo, '951; nWprin' -'~,II d in . Itt,,,'"me rr-
. ,. . . . ,.
? t'", lIlY dio<. . . . . . . . . cl AUJo. I I ""? ? . - I', 0. . -. . . , 7lII ! '" '( v'v fI
. . . V ,. d" I/', '1'&110. by A. S. c. :. t. t. , Edinb. . '1JI>, 19Q6; R. E. llw. ><. TIio ru. . . . . PriMy. ,J U/ " I " (hfonl, 19oo I : S. IUdhoakrislman, n. PIti'-"
"" " . . . UI-i""""', , _ ,
s-nlJ. . . " . . . Hi""" vd. I, All. . . . bad, '909: "" . ts. S. Cilb<:tt, J-' J. . ,. . ', U/y,,,,, i. or. d? n, '95', p. ,ag.
, '1! . . . . . . . Upo. ";'had', 4: '" 00:_, fl. ,U. , p. 39' . . .
'9"~: S. C, V. . . . , 1"" Upanifa<\l', no.
)0. 1? ?
? Tht Drwm-Slru. clurt
6nd. authority for idenLifying ,wo of hi, most . ,. lient "PpoMle< - the go:eat<:st of all noise, which begi"" ,he cycle< and the ah>enc~ of all oound in which they ~nd-an i'kntity to which he frcqu~nlly allude. '[: 'ca""pean end mee~ Ind' (5! }8. I! i); 'I(icnc~ of . \Onorou. < silence' (230. 20); 'cros,ing their . lcep by the shocking mcnee' (393. 35). Like many another magic for-
mula, AUM i. a microcosm which exactly r. produc<< the my. teruos and phenomena nf ,he maCroC<l,m, the four parll corresponding (() Ihe fuur d<wical Indian Ages and the lint thrcc to virtually every trinity in Brahman phil<n<>phy. Medita_ tion on the nUcr<>eosmic ,yllablc bnngs wi'h it an undcl"lltanding oflhe maerocosm and ofthe mptel)' ofBeing. Although fleeting and evanescent, AUM is potential even when the clem. ] . ur_
rounding Silonce reigns, and 10 it may bc . aid to exut at aU tim. . .
The four rorulituent parts of the ""rd rep. . "cut the four ,tate: of c",,,,,ion. mes",
A T he Waking State
U Sle<:p, dinurbed by Dreams
M lkep Sle<:p
sn,ENCE, Called 'Tnriya' ('the Founh'); a higher plane
o. ECHO ofronsciown, a . tate in which the 'adept' can app",hend the Real Self and the true natu", of Sting. This higher state is s. aid in a
,erue to comprehend Ihe other three.
That Joyce was aware of these categories of consciousnc. . Vl':rr urly in hi. career seerru to bc indicated by a . <:ntence from A PM/Mit wruch names the last tlm:e and implies the 6,. . t: 'Faintly, under the heavy night, through the silence <. >fthe city which h", turned from dream. to dreamleso . Icep '" a weary I"""r whom no care. . . ,. move, the OQund ofhoof. u pon the ""ad'.
(AP 286)
The four >tales represent Ihe 'four porti<IJI! of the Self' (abo called tbe 'four fed of Vishnu') :
Waking S/Q/e: The 'common_to-aIl_men' (Ihe SOond 'A' i.
considered to be the primal sound, COmmon to aU othen);
,"
? Th Dream-Strutture
typiflCd by ""troversion ('cmtwardly cogniti"") and concerned with gross matter. It correspond, to the material ""mos,
Dreams: ''The brilliant one" ; typified by intro",ru. "n ("inwardly cognitive"); "enjoys" subtle objccb. ; "feeds on" dream memorie. , which are luminolll, . nbtle, and magically entrancing, According- to some commentaries it i1 fraughL with lerror, suffering, <klusory forTT'l$, and incessanL change. In this state the ooul i1 free to wander. It corresponds to the Soul of the
W orld.
Dup Stu! >; '~The all_lrnowing''; a "cognition ma. . ? '; unified;
"enjoying" bm. ; the "inner rontroller"; the source of all ; the beginning and the end of being>. Thi, is a "ate of torpor, typified sometimeo by somnambulism. It correspond. to the principle of Sdf_ronscioume",.
Fwrlk; "The transcendental" ; the "peaceful" ; the "joyous" ; the "destroyer offa! ! e knowledge"; the "cau,e of the cesaation of all sorrows" ; the Real Sdf(Atman); ti,ndesa, beyond the beginning and UlC end of being>; symbolised by a ';ngle point and by infinity; dther completely ';Ient or the last echo of AU M. It correopond. to perfect bliM.
The 'adept' can pa", from one state to the """t at will, and, as with the Indian Ages of the World, all four states are hdd to be of equal importance, T hey form , moreover, a truly recurrent cycle, since after the deep ,leep of the third . tate, the 'Fourth' is held to r~p"3Cnt a f! Uh awakening on the 'Altral Plane', which the adept can then treat '" the first (or Waking) ,tate of a higher cycle and 10 proceed once more through all four ,tates to reach the 'Mental Plane'. Repeating the pt'I':lCesa yet again, he may reach the 'Buddhic Plane', This progr. . . is . yrnbofued by 'the 10M flOWt:r of the heart,' which i. said to grow bright at the meditation On 'A', to open at the 'U', and to ring gently at 'M'; during the 'Fourth' it e<:/l$CS to mo",. 1t i, very likely
thatJoytt " alluding to this flowcr_symboli. m in bi, description of the I ndian 10m. at 598. " ':
'Now day, slow day, from ddi~ate to divine, divases. Padma,
, r""t~<meaningoftboS. "'. . . . ,worn. inthio't-. . tiool,'"J-Carnplx:ll, 'Finnegan tlu: Wake', in Cive. . . W . 31'---'1.
? TIu Dream-Strocture
brighter and rwcetster, this flower that bells, it is our hour or rilings Tickle, tictk. . Lolut spray. T ill herenaL Adya'.
The lelIa'S A. U, and M are aid 10 /ionn ? cyclic phonetic ! >>OISh "'on fiom the primal Kllind of! he deep back A, through
the mid-point U, to the cloture M ('the beginning and Ihe end of ' p<<Ch'} -and hence these th~ ! oOunds are further illl. . . . . preted as a . ymbol of Ih~ creation, manifestation, and diuolu.
~ (governed by the goda Brahm. . , Vwmu, and Siva, respecti""ly).
tion ofa uni
'Ill( teVUal appear:an= ofthe words OM, AUM, in Fu-l""1 W. . t. r, and the ! hematic use of the impcmanl 'Silence', make
il IIttm highly likely Ih:u Joyce moulded his J"cv-ion of d ream-levcb very Iugcly on lhe A UM flata. St:vcnl times the whole cycle or the book it defined in Ie""" of AUM, a, when
Shaun boldllOmnoient (:OIl""I'SC with one of the f our:
'_ Dream. Ona nonday I ! le<:p. I drclml of . . oomday. Of a wooday I ,hall wake. Ah! May he h. . "" DOW oChere fearfilled mel Sin6owed, 0 linJlowed! Fia! Fial Sefureh! chriu ! '
'_ I have your tristich now; ;t r<<un lh:u times the u. me differently ? . . ' (+8'-"7)
F~just a. sthewboleofFu-p1UW. uisadrram,10 each p. >" of AUM is a dn:am" tatc even 'Waking', becaUle in thaI 'tale, according 10 the cckbnttd commentator on the Upani,hads, Shankan, 'a waking of ooe', own real . . ,If don not occur, and a false realily i. contemplaled, as in a dreamY Inde<:d, in Ihe dreams or the early states the image> or realily an: held to be both optically and . piritual1y inverted, while it is nOI until wt= reach the 'Fourth' that r. . :! ification and clarifica_
lion occur; 'il isj",1about to roIywholyovc:r'. (597. 03)
A general correspond"""" can be tnced bctwoen lbe AU M . tatCl and the dream_I",,-ds ofF'-liUS 1I'. . u, as I bave analysed
! hem above:
A
BooQ I andII maybe. saidtodealwiththe"WakingState" not
only because or the pun involved in the fact thai they treat of
, Quoood in I'. Deu-n, TIt<f'Io;! ' tv" IN L:<,. . js'-t. , F. (! ;nbu,,,,- ,g. 06, P-30' ,
99
? The Dream-Structure
the "Wake" proper, bm abo because the principal dl"Cam. citaracter, Earwick~r, i. awake during the period they rover. They deal with universal types and sitillltion. > ("common? to? all.
men") and are largely concerned with outward appearanceo. Within the framework ofthe dl"Cam tha<: two Roo. . . tell a more or less consecutive tak of obj. ,. ;tive reality, and SO in a ""me they may be called cxtmv~rted. "A" is the creation: Rook I it the e"pooition of Fi=glit1J W4b, the cl"Calion Ii"'t of Man and then of his spou>c; Man turm the tables on God in Rook II
where, in the guise of tho Anise. Mathematician, he hilrudf Cl"Cates the universe (Shem parodi. . Plato's TI"",,,,, and fabri? cates the World. Soul').
u
Earwic. ker's dream in IIl. I-3 I"Cpr=nts the ><<CInd . tate. In it the soul "i. oomcioU! through the mind of the impl"CSSioDll which remain of the fOrmCT . taIC". ' Shaun is the youth of the aged HCE, returning to tantal;'" him u he sieepo with brighl, Yea~an dream? visions of his eclipsed vigour and IOllt oppor? tunities. Shaun, appa. . ntly extroverted in the earlier Books (although he U3ually protem hi. mental health a linle too energetically to be wholly con,-jncing), belies his extroversion ;n III. 3 by pouring forth from hi, unoomcious mind . . . . . enty. {tve pages ofTaCt: memory, al lim. . overwhelming his question? ers with flood. of near. hysteria when a thort an,wer is required, and at oth. . . . revealing inhibitions <"If p'ychotic proportions. Variously mcamcr4ed, hypnotised, functinning . . . . a medinm, or simply bemu. ed, Shann's condition establish. . a concern with mental . Iates. Termr and mffcring characterUe much of the onrutance of thi. cyde, especially in IlI. S. "Lnminosity" is
provided by Shaun'o symbolic lamp. "U" is the manifestation of a univers. : in III. I-J Shaun, symbolising the product of
Man'. u. rurpalion <"If God'. creative premgative_ Cluist-child and World. Soul-is shown forth toJey<<'. four Magi.
? The DrtQ1/I-$lrucfuTe M
1 h drop to a ciet""r level. of dn:aming in 1l1_4 brings '" to tho: third AUf,. { lIate of Ottp Sk(,p. Wilb. Earwicl",r now itt a
tboro~h alcoholic IIUpor, the consciousness whoso: duam we au exploring i. that of the dream_figuu, Shaun. 'M' is the Knower: Shaun, Lhat which was manifested at the 'U' level, has now changed . ides to become the witn. . .
