Some time after the escape of Aratns, Dinias and
Aristotle the logician formed a design against Abanti-
das, and they easily found an opportunity to kill him,
when he attended, and sometimes joined in, their dis-
putations in the public halls, which they had insensibly
drawn him into for that very purpose.
Aristotle the logician formed a design against Abanti-
das, and they easily found an opportunity to kill him,
when he attended, and sometimes joined in, their dis-
putations in the public halls, which they had insensibly
drawn him into for that very purpose.
Plutarch - Lives - v7
After which they cut them
down without scruple, and, having made a number of
fires, passed the night with great satisfaction.
He found, however, on his arrival at his capital, that
he had lost many brave men, and almost all his horses;
and imagining that he was despised for his losses, and
the ill success of the expedition, he became suspicious
of his grandees. Many of them he put to death in
anger, and more out of fear: for fear is the most san-
guinary principle a tyrant can act from; courage, on
the contrary, is merciful, mild, and unsuspicious. Thus
the most timorous animals are the hardest to be tamed;
but the more generous, having less suspicion, because
they have less fear, fly not the caresses and society of
men.
Artaxerxes being now far advanced in years, ob-*
served his sons making parties for the crown amongst
his friends and the rest of the nobility. The more
equitable part were for his leaving it to his eldest son
Darius, as he had received it from his father in the
PLUT. VOL. VII. P
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? PLUTARCH.
same right. But Lis younger son, Ochus, who was an
active man, and of a violent spirit, had also a consi-
derable interest among the grandees. Besides, he
hoped to gain his father through Atossa; for he paid
his court to her, and promised to make her the partner
of his throne on the death of Artaxerxes. Nay, it was
said that he had already private familiarities with her.
Artaxerxes, though he was ignorant of this circum-
stance, resolved to cut off the hopes of Ochus at once;
lest, following the daring steps of his uncle Cyrus, he
should involve the kingdom again in civil wars. He
therefore declared Darius his successor, who was now
twenty-five years old, and permitted him to wear the
point of his turban erect, as a mark of royalty.
As it is customary in Persia for the heir to ask a fa-
vor of him that declared him such, which, if possible,
is always granted, Darius asked for Aspasia, who had
been the favorite companion of Cyrus, and was now one
of the king's favorites. She was a native of Phocea
in Ionia, and her parents, who were above the condi-
tion of slaves, had given her a good education. One
evening she was introduced to Cyrus at supper with
the other women. They approached him without scru-
ple, and received his jokes and caresses with pleasure:
but Aspasia stood by in silence ; and when Cyrus called
her, she refused to go. Perceiving that the chamber-
lains were about to compel her, she said, 'Whoever
lays hands on me shall repent it. ' On which the com-
pany looked on her as an unpolished creature; but
Cyrus was pleased, and said, with a smile, to the per-
son who brought the women, 'Do not you see, that of
all you have provided, this only has generous and vir-
tuous sentiments? ' From this moment he attached
himself to her, loved her most of all his favorites,
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? ARTAXERXES.
227
and called her 'Aspasia the Wise. ' When Cyrus fell
in battle, she was taken amongst the plunder of his
camp.
Artaxerxes was much concerned at his son's request;
for the barbarians are so extremely jealous of their
women, that capital punishment is inflicted, not only
on the man who speaks to, or touches one of the king's
favorites, but on him who approaches or passes their
chariots on the road. And though, in compliance with
the dictates of his passion, he had made Atossa his
wife contrary to law, he kept three hundred and sixty
favorite women, all of the greatest beauty. However,
when Darius demanded Aspasia, he declared her free,
and said, 'She might go with him if she pleased;
but he would do no violence to her inclinations. ' Ac-
cordingly Aspasia was sent for, and, contrary to the
king's expectation, made choice of Darius. He gave
her up to him, indeed, because he was obliged to it by
the law; but he soon took her away, and made her a
priestess of Diana of Ecbatana, whom they call Anitis,
that she might pass the remainder of her life in chas-
tity. This he thought no severe revenge on his son,
but a pleasant way of chastising his presumption. But
Darius highly resented the affront; whether it was that
the charms of Aspasia had made a deep impression on
him, or whether he thought himself insulted and ridi-
culed by this proceeding.
Tiribazus, seeing how much he was offended, endea-
vored to exasperate him still more. This he did from
a fellow feeling; for he had suffered an injury much
of the same kind. The king, having several daughters,
promised to give Apama to Pharnabazus, Rhodogune
to Orontes, and Amestris to Tiribazus. He kept his
word with the two first, but deceived Tiribazus; for,
instead of giving Amestris to him, he married her him-
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I-
PLUTARCH.
self; promising, at the same time, that he should have
his youngest daughter Atossa. But he became ena-
moured of her too, and married her, as we have al-
ready mentioned. This treatment extremely incensed
Tiribazus, who had indeed nothing steady in his dispo-
sition, but was wild and irregular. One while suc-
cessful, and on a footing with the greatest men in the
court, another while unacceptable to the king, and
sinking into disgrace, he bore no change of fortune
with propriety. If he was in favor, his vanity was
insupportable; if in disgrace, instead of being humble
and quiet, he had recourse to violence and ferocity.
His conversing with the young prince was therefore
adding flame to fire. 'What avails it,' said he, 'to
have the point of your turban advanced, if you seek
not to advance your authority? Nothing can be more
absurd than your thinking yourself secure of the suc-
cession, while your brother is privately forwarding his
interest by means of the women, and your father is so
very foolish and unsteady. He who could break one
of the most sacred laws of the Persians, for the sake
of an insignificant Grecian woman, is certainly not to
be depended on in more important engagements. The
case is quite different between you and Ochus, as to
the event of the competition: if Ochus does not obtain
the crown, none will hinder him from livrng happily in
a private station; but you, who have been declared
king, must either reign or die. ' On this occasion was
verified that observation of Sophocles:
Swift in its march
Is evil counsel.
The road which leads us to what we desire is indeed
smooth, and of an easy descent; and the desires of
most men are vicious, because they have never known
or tried the enjoyments of virtue. The lustre of such
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? ARTAXERXES.
229
an imperial crown, and Darius' fear of his brother,
furnished Tiribazus with other arguments; but the
goddess of beauty contributed her share towards per-
suading him, by putting him in mind of the loss of
Aspasia.
He gave himself up therefore intirely to Tiribazus,
and many others soon entered into the conspiracy.
But before it could be carried into execution a slave
gave the king information of it, and of all the measures
that were taken; for he had got perfect intelligence
that they designed to enter his chamber in the night,
and kill him in his bed.
Artaxerxes thought it would be great imprudence
either to slight the information, and lay himself open
to such danger, or to credit it without farther proof.
The method he took was this: he ordered the slave to
join Darius and his adherents, and assist at all their
councils; and in the mean time broke a door through
the wall behind his bed, which he concealed with the
tapestry. When the time came, which the slave in-
formed him of, he placed himself on his bed, and re-
mained there till he had a sight of the faces of the
conspirators, and could perfectly distinguish each of
them. But when he saw them draw their swords, and
advance towards him, he pulled back the tapestry, re-
treated into the inner room, and, after he had bolted
the door, alarmed the palace. The assassins seeing
themselves discovered, and their designs disappointed,
immediately took to flight, and desired Tiribazus to
do the same, because he must certainly have been ob-
served. While he lingered the guards came and laid
hold of him; but he killed many of them, and it was
with difficulty that he was despatched at last by a ja-
velin thrown at a distance.
Darius was taken, together with his children, and
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? PLUTARCH.
brought to answer for his crime before the judges
which the king appointed. The king did not think
proper to assist at the trial in person, but directed
others to lay the charge against his son, and his nota-
ries were to take down separately the opinion of each
judge. As they all gave it unanimously for death, the
officers took Darius, and led him to an adjacent prison.
But when the executioner came, with the instrument
in his hand which is used in beheading the capital con-
victs, he was seized with horror at the sight of Darius,
and drew back towards the door, as having neither abi-
lity nor courage to lay violent hands on his king. But
the judges who stood at the door, urging him to do his
office, with menaces of instant punishment if he did
not comply, he returned, and seizing Darius by the
hair, threw him on the ground, and cut off his head.
Some say the cause was tried in presence of the king,
and that Darius, after he was convicted by indubitable
proofs, fell on his face and begged for mercy, but Ar-
taxerxes, rising in great anger, drew his cimeter, and
pursued his stroke till he laid him dead at his feet.
They add, that after this he returned to his palace;
and having paid his devotions to the sun, said to those
who assisted at the ceremony, ' My Persians, you may
now return in triumph, and tell your fellow-subjects
that the great Oromazes1 has taken vengeance on those
who formed the most impious and execrable designs
against their sovereign. ' Such was the end of the con-
spiracy.
Ochus now entertained very agreeable hopes, and
was encouraged besides by Atossa. But he had still
some fear of his remaining legitimate brother, Ariaspes,
and of his natural brother Arsames. Not that Ochus
1 The Persians worshipped Oromazes as the author of good,
and Arimauius as the author of evil.
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? ARTAXERXES.
231
had so much to apprehend from Ariaspes, merely be-
cause he was older, but the Persians were desirous of
having him succeed to the throne on account of his
mildness, his sincerity, and his humane disposition.
As for Arsames, he had the character of a wise prince,
and was the particular favorite of his father. This
was no secret to Ochus. However, he planned the
destruction of both these brothers of his; and being
of an artful, as well as sanguinary turn, he employed
his cruelty against Arsames, and his art against Ari-
aspes. To the latter he privately sent some of the
king's slaves and friends with frequent accounts of se-
vere and menacing expressions of his father's, as if he
had resolved to put him to a cruel and ignominious
death. As these persons came daily to tell him in
confidence, that some of these threats were on the
point of being put in execution, and the others would
not be long delayed, he was so terrified, and fell into
such a melancholy and desponding way, that he pre-
pared a poisonous draught, and drank it, to deliver
himself from the burden of life.
The king being informed of the manner of his death,
sincerely lamented him, and had some suspicion of the
cause, but could not examine into it thoroughly on ac-
count of his great age.
However, Arsames now became dearer to him than
ever, and it was easy to see that the king placed an
intire confidence in him, and communicated to him his
most secret thoughts. Ochus, therefore, would not
defer his enterprise longer, but employed Harpates,
the son of Tiribazus, to kill Arsames. Artaxerxes,
whom time had brought to the very verge of life, when
he had this additional stroke in the fate of Arsames,
could not make much more struggle; his sorrow and
regret soon brought him to the grave. He lived nine-
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PLUTARCH.
ty-four years, and reigned sixty-two. He had the
character of a prince who governed with lenity, and
loved his people. But perhaps the hehavior of his
successor might contribute not a little to his reputa-
tion; for Ochus was the most cruel and sanguinary of
princes.
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? t
\
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? ARATUS.
THe philosopher Chrysippus, my dear Polycrates,
seems to have thought the ancient proverb not quite
justifiable, and therefore he delivered it, not as it really
is, but what he thought it should be--
Who but a happy son will praise his sire 1
Dionysidorus the Troezenian, however, corrects him,
and gives it right,
Who but unhappy sons will praise their sires I
He says, the proverb was made to silence those who,
having no merit of their own, dress themselves up in
the virtues of their ancestors, and are lavish in their
praises. And those in whom the virtues of their sires
shine in congenial beauty, to make use of Pindar's
expression ; who, like you, form their conduct after
the brightest patterns in their families, may think it a
great happiness to remember the most excellent of their
ancestors, and often to hear or speak of them: for they
assume not the honor of other men's virtues for want
of merit in their own, but uniting their great actions
to those of their progenitors, they praise them as the
authors of their descent, and the models of their lives:
for which reason, when I have written the life of Ara-
tus, your countryman, and one of your ancestors, I
shall send it to you, who reflect no dishonor on him
either in point of reputation or power. Not that 1
doubt your having informed yourself of his actions
from the first with all possible care and exactness; but
I do it, that your sons, Polycrates and Pythocles, may
form themselves on the great exemplars, in their own
family, sometimes hearing and sometimes reading what
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? PLUTARCH.
it becomes them well to imitate: for it is the self-ad-
mirer, not the admirer of virtue, that thinks himself
superior to others.
After the harmony of the pure Doric,1 I mean the
aristocracy, was broken in Sicyon, and seditions took
place through the ambition of the demagogues, the city
continued a long time in a distempered state. It only
changed one tyrant for another, till Cleon was slain,
and the administration committed to Timoclidas and
Clinias, persons of the greatest reputation and au-
thority amongst the citizens. The commonwealth
seemed to be in some degree re-established, when Ti-
moclidas died. Abantidas, the son of Paseas, taking
that opportunity to set himself up tyrant, killed Cli-
nias, and either banished or put to death his friends
and relations. He sought also for his son Aratus, who
was only seven years old, with a design to despatch
him. But, in the confusion that was in his house when
his father was slain, the boy escaped among those that
fled, and wandered about the city, in fear, and destitute
of help, till he happened to enter, unobserved, the
house of a woman named Soso, who was sister to
Abantidas, and had been married to Prophantus, the
brother of Clinias. As she was a person of generous
sentiments, and persuaded, besides, that it was by the
direction of some deity that the child had taken re-
fuge with her, she concealed him in one of her apart-
ments till night, and then sent him privately to Argos.
Aratus having thus escaped so imminent a danger,
immediately conceived a violent and implacable hatred
for tyrants, which increased as he grew up. He was
educated by the friends of his family at Argos, in ?
liberal manner; and as he was vigorous and robust, he
1 There was a gravity, but at the same time great perfec-
tion, in the Dorian music.
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? ARATUS.
235
took to gymnastic exercises, and succeeded so well, as
to gain the prize in the five several sorts. 1 Indeed, in
his statues there is an athletic look; and amidst the
strong sense and majesty expressed in his countenance,
we may discover something inconsistent with the vora-
city and mattock of the wrestlers. Hence perhaps it
was that he cultivated his powers of eloquence less than
became a statesman. He might indeed be a better
speaker than some suppose ; and there are those who
judge, from his Commentaries, that he certainly was
so, though they were hastily written, and attempted
nothing beyond common language.
Some time after the escape of Aratns, Dinias and
Aristotle the logician formed a design against Abanti-
das, and they easily found an opportunity to kill him,
when he attended, and sometimes joined in, their dis-
putations in the public halls, which they had insensibly
drawn him into for that very purpose. Paseas, the
father of Abantidas, then seized the supreme power,
but he was assassinated by Nicocles, who took his
place, and was the next tyrant. We are told that there
was a perfect likeness between this Nicocles and Pe-
riander, the son of Cypselus; as Orontes the Persian
resembled Alcmaeon, the son of Amphiaraus, and a La-
cedaemonian youth the great Hector. Myrtilas informs
us that the young man was crowded to death by the
multitudes who came to see him, when that resemblance
was known.
Nicocles reigned four months, during which time he
did a thousand injuries 1o the people, and was near
losing the city to the yEtolians, who formed a scheme
to surprise it. Aratus was by this time approaching
1 The five exercises of the pentathlon, as we have already
observed, were running, leaping, throwing the dart, boxing,
and wrestling.
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PLUTARCH.
to manhood, and great attention was paid him on ac-
count of his high birth, and his spirit, in which there
was nothing little or unenterprising, and yet it was
under the correction of a gravity and solidity of judg-
ment much beyond his years. The exiles therefore
considered him as their principal resource; and Ni-
cocles was not regardless of his motions, but by his
private agents observed the measures he was taking.
Not that he expected he would embark in so bold and
dangerous an enterprise as he did, but he suspected
his applications to the princes who were the friends
of his father. Indeed, Aratus began in that channel;
but when he found that Antigonus, notwithstanding
his promises, put him otf from time to time, and that
his hopes from Egypt and Ptolemy were too remote,
he resolved to destroy the tyrant without any foreign
assistance.
The first persons to whom he communicated his in-
tentions were Aristomachus and Ecdelus. Aristoma-
chus was an exile from Sicyon, and Ecdelus an Arca-
dian banished from Megalopolis. The latter was a
philosopher, who in speculation never lost sight of
practice, for he had studied at Athens under Arcesilaus
the academician. 1 As these readily accepted his pro-
posal, he applied to the other exiles; a few of whom
joined him, because they were ashamed to give up so
promising a hope; but the greatest part believed it was
only Aratus' inexperience2 that made him think of so
bold an attempt, and endeavored to prevent his pro-
ceeding.
While he was considering how to seize some post in
the territories of Sicyon, from whence he might prose-
- 1 Arcesilaus was the disciple of Crantor, and had esta-
blished the Middle Academy.
2 He was not yet twenty years old.
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? ARATUS.
237
cute hostilities against the tyrant, a man of Sicyon
arrived at Argos, who had escaped out of prison. He
was brother to Xenocles, one of the exiles; and being
introduced by him to Aratns, he informed him that the
part of the wall which he had got over was almost
level with the ground on the inside, as it joined on a
high rocky part of the city, and that on the outside it
was not so high but that it might be scaled. On this
intelligence Aratus sent two of his servants, Sceuthas
and Technon, along with Xenocles, to reconnoitre the
wall; for he was resolved, if he could do it secretly,
to hazard all on one great effort, rather than lengthen
out the war, and publicly engage with a tyrant, when
he had no resources but those of a private man.
Xenocles and his companions, after they had taken
the height of the wall, reported at their return that it
was neither impracticable nor difficult, but that it was
dangerous to attempt it on account of some dogs kept
by a gardener, which were little indeed, but at the same
time extremely fierce and furious. Aratus, however,
immediately set about the work. It was easy to pro-
vide arms without suspicion; for almost every body
went armed, by reason of the frequent robberies and
the incursions of one people into the territories of
another. And as to the scaling ladders, Euphranor,
who was one of the exiles, and a carpenter by trade,
made them publicly; his business screening him from
suspicion. Each of his friends in Argos, who had no
great number of men that he could command, furnished
him with ten : he armed thirty of his own servants, and
hired some few soldiers of Xenophilus, who was chief
captain of a band of robbers. To the latter it was given
out that the design of their march to Sicyon was to
carry off the king's stud; and several of them were
scut before by different ways to the tower of Polygno-
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PLUTARCH.
tus, with orders to wait for him there. Caphesias was
likewise sent with four others in a travelling dress.
These were to go in the evening to the gardener's, and
pretending to be travellers, get a lodging there; after
which they were to confine both him and his dogs: for
that part of the wall was not accessible any other way.
The ladders being made to take in pieces, were packed
up in corn chests, and sent before in waggons prepared
for that purpose.
In the mean time some of the tyrant's spies arrived
at Argos, and it was reported that they were sculking
about to watch the motions of Aratus. Next morning,
therefore, Aratus appeared early with his friends in the
market-place, and talked with them for some time. He
then went to the gymnasium, and after he had anointed
himself, took with him some young men from the
wrestling-ring who used to be of his parties of plea-
sure, and returned home. In a little time his servants
were seen in the market-place, some carrying chaplets
of flowers, some buying flambeaux, and some in dis-
course with the women who used to sing and play at
entertainments. These manoeuvres deceived the spies.
They laughed, and said to each other, ' Certainly nothing
can be more dastardly than a tyrant, since Nicocles, who
is master of so strong a city, and armed with so much
power, lives in fear of a young man, who wastes the
pittance he has to subsist on in exile, in drinking and
revelling even in the day-time. ' After these false rea-
sonings they retired.
Aratus, immediately after he had made his meal, set
out for the tower of Polygnotus, and when he had joined
the soldiers there, proceeded to Nemea, where he dis-
closed his real intentions to his whole company. Hav-
ing exhorted them to behave like brave men, and pro-
mised them great rewards, he gave propitious Apollo
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? ARATUS.
239
for the word, and then led them forwards towards Si-
cyon, governing his march according to the motion of
the moon, sometimes quickening, and sometimes slack-
ening his pace, so as to have the benefit of her light by
the way, and to come to the garden by the wall just
after she was set. There Caphesias met him, and in-
formed him that the dogs were let out before he arrived,
but that he had secured the gardener. Most of the
company were greatly dispirited at this account, and
desired Aratus to quit his enterprise; but he en-
couraged them by promising to desist, if the dogs
should prove very troublesome. Then he ordered
those who carried the ladders to march before, under
the conduct of Ecdelus and Mnasitheus, and himself
followed softly. The dogs now began to run about
and bark violently at Ecdelus and his men; neverthe-
less they approached the wall, and planted their lad-
ders safe. But as the foremost of them were mounting,
the officer who was to be relieved by the morning guard
passed by that way at the sound of bell, with many
torches and much noise. On this the men laid them-
selves close to their ladders, and escaped the notice of
this watch without much difficulty; but when the other
which was to relieve it came up, they were in the ut-
most danger. However, that too passed by without
observing them; after which, Mnasitheus and Ecdelus
mounted the wall first, and having secured the way
both to the right and left, they sent Technon to Aratus
to desire him to advance as fast as possible.
It was no great distance from the garden to the wall,
and to a tower in which was placed a great hunting
dog to alarm the guard. But whether he was natu-
rally drowsy, or had wearied himself the day before,
he did not perceive their entrance. But the gardener's
dogs awaking him by barking below, he began to
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PLUTARCH.
growl; and when Aratus' men passed by the tower,
he barked out, so that the whole place resounded with
the noise. Then the sentinel, who kept watch opposite
to the tower, called aloud to the huntsman, and asked
him ' whom the dog barked at so angrily, or whether
any thing new had happened V The huntsman answered
from the tower, 'that there was nothing extraordinary,
and that the dog was only disturbed at the torches of
the guards and the noise of the bell. ' This encouraged
Aratus' soldiers more than any thing; for they ima-
gined that the huntsman concealed the truth because
he had a secret understanding with their leader, and
that there were many others in the town who would
promote the design. But when the rest of their com-
panions came to scale the wall, the danger increased.
It appeared to be a long affair, because the ladders
shook and swung extremely if they did not mount them
softly, and one by one; and the time pressed, for the
cocks began to crow. The country people, too, who
kept the market, were expected to arrive every mo-
ment. Aratus, therefore, hastened up himself when
only forty of his company were on the wall; and when
a few more had joined him from below, he put himself
at the head of his men, and marched immediately to
the tyrant's palace, where the main-guard was kept,
and where the mercenaries passed the night under
arms. Coming suddenly on them, he took them pri-
soners without killing one man; and then sent to his
friends in the town to invite them to come and join
him. They ran to him from all quarters; and day
now appearing, the theatre was filled with a crowd of
people who stood in suspense; for they had only
heard a rumor, and had no certainty of what was doing,
till a herald came and proclaimed it in these words,
'Aratus the san of Clinias calls the citizens to liberty. '
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? ARATUS.
241
Then persuaded that the day they had long expected
was come, they rushed in multitudes to the palace of
the tyrant, and set fire to it. The flame was so strong
that it was seen as far as Corinth, and the Corinthians
wondering what might he the cause, were on the point
of going to their assistance. Nicocles escaped out of
the city by some subterranean conduits; and the sol-
diers having helped the Sicyonians to extinguish the
fire, plundered his palace. Nor did Aratus hinder
them from taking this booty; but the rest of the wealth
which the several tyrants had amassed he bestowed on
the citizens.
There was not so much as one man killed or wounded
in this action, either of Aratus' party or of the enemy;
fortune so conducting the enterprise, as not to sully it
with the blood of one citizen,. Aratus recalled eighty
persons who had been banished by Nicocles, and of
those that had been expelled by the former tyrants not
less than five hundred. The latter had long been forced
to wander from place to place, some of them full fifty
years; consequently most of them returned in a desti-
tute condition. They were now, indeed, restored to
their ancient possessions; but their going into houses
and lands which had found new masters laid Aratus
under great difficulties. Without, he saw Antigonus
envying the liberty which the city had recovered, and.
laying schemes to enslave it again, and within he found
nothing but faction and disorder. He therefore judged
it best in this critical situation to join it to the Achaean
league. As the people of Sicyon were Dorians, they
had no objection to being called a part of the Achaean
community, or to their form of government. It must
be acknowleged, indeed, that the Achaeans at that time
were no very great or powerful people. Their towns
were generally small, their lands neither extensive nor
PLUT. VoL. VII. Q
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? 242
PLUTARCH.
fertile; and they had no harbors on their coasts, the
sea for the most part entering the land in rocky and
impracticable creeks. Yet none gave a better proof
than this people that the power of Greece is invinci-
ble, while good order and harmony prevail amongst
her members, and she has an able general to lead her
armies. In fact, these very Achaeans, though but in-
considerable in comparison of the Greeks in their flo-
rishing times, or, to speak more properly, not equalling
in their whole community the strength of one respect-
able city in the period we are on, yet by good counsels
and unanimity, and by hearkening to any man of supe-
rior virtue, instead of envying his merit, not only kept
themselves free amidst so many powerful states and
tyrants, but saved great part of Greece, or rescued it
from chains.
As to his character, Aratus had something very po-
pular in his behavior; he had a native greatness of
mind, and was more attentive to the public interest
than to his own. He was an implacable enemy to ty-
rants; but with respect to others he made the good of
his country the sole rule of his friendship or opposi-
tion. So that he seems rather to have been a mild
and moderate enemy, than a zealous friend; his re-
gards or aversions to particular men varying as the oc-
casions of the commonwealth dictated. In short, na-
tions and great communities with one voice re-echoed
the declaration of the assemblies and theatres, that
Aratus loved none but good men. With regard to
open wars and pitched battles, he was indeed diffident
and timorous; but in gaining a point by stratagem, in
surprising cities and tyrants, there could not be an
abler man.
To this cause we must assign it, that after he had
exerted great courage, and succeeded in enterprises
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? ARATUS.
243
that were looked on as desperate; through too much
fear and caution he gave up others that were more
practicable, and not of less importance: for, as amongst
animals there are some that can see very clearly in the
night, and yet are next to blind in the day-time, the
dryness of the eye, and the subtilty of its humora, not
suffering them to hear the light; so there is in man a
kind of courage and understanding, which is easily
disconcerted in open dangers and encounters, and yet
resumes a happy boldness in secret enterprises. The
reason of this inequality in men, of parts otherwise ex-
cellent, is their wanting the advantages of philosophy.
Virtue is in them the product of nature, unassisted by
science, like the fruits of the forest, which come with-
out the least cultivation. Of this there are many ex-
amples to be found.
After Aratus had engaged himself and his city in
the Achaean league, he served in the cavalry, and the
generals highly esteemed him for his ready obedience:
for though he had contributed so much to the common
cause by his name and by the forces of Sicyon, yet the
Achaean commander, whether of Dima, or Tritta, or
some more inconsiderable town, found him always as
tractable as the meanest soldier.
When the king of Egypt made him a present of
twenty-five talents, he received it, indeed, but laid out
the whole on his fellow-citizens; relieving the neces-
sitous with part of it, and ransoming such as were pri-
soners with the rest.
But the exiles whom Aratus had recalled would not
be satisfied with any thing less than the restitution of
their estates, and gave the present possessors so much
trouble, that the city was in danger of being ruined by
sedition. In this extremity he saw no resource except
in the generosity of Ptolemy, and therefore determined
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PLUTARCH.
to take a voyage to Egypt, and apply to him for as
much money as would reconcile all parties. Accord-
ingly he set sail for Methone above the promontory of
Malea, in hopes of taking the shortest passage: but a
contrary wind sprang up, and the seas ran so high that
the pilot, unable to bear up against them, changed his
course, and with much difficulty got into Adria, a town
which was in the enemy's hands; for Antigonus had a
garrison there. To avoid this imminent danger he
landed, and, with only one friend, named Timanthes,
making his way as far as possible from the sea, sought
for shelter in a place well covered with wood, in which
he and his companion spent a very disagreeable night.
Soon after he had left the ship the governor of the fort
came and inquired for him; but he was deceived by
Aratus' servants, who were instructed to say he had
made off in another vessel to Euboea. However, he
detained the ship and servants as lawful prize. Ara-
tus spent some days in this distressful situation, where
one while he looked out to reconnoitre the coast, and
another while kept himself concealed; but at last
by good fortune a Roman ship happened to put in near
the place of his retreat. The ship was bound for Sy-
ria, and Aratus prevailed on the master to land him in
Caria: but he had equal dangers to combat at sea in
this as in his former passages. And when he was in
Caria he had a voyage to take to Egypt, which he
found a very long one. On his arrival however he was
immediately admitted to an audience by the king, who
had long been inclined to serve him on account of the
paintings which he used to compliment him with from
Greece: for Aratus, who had a taste for these things, was
always collecting for him the pieces of the best masters,
particularly those of Pamphilus and Melanthus: for
Sicyon was famed for the cultivation of the arts, par-
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? ARATUS. 245
ticularly the art of painting; and it was believed that
there only the ancient elegance was preserved without
the least corruption. Hence it was that the great
Apelles, at a time when he was much admired, went
to Sicyon, and gave the painters a talent, not so much
for any improvement he expected, as for the reputa-
tion of having been of their school. In consequence
of which, Aratus, when he restored Sicyon to liberty,
and destroyed the portraits of the tyrants, hesitated a
long time on coming to that of Aristratus; for it was
the united work of the disciples of Melanthus, who
had represented him standing in a chariot of victory,
and the pencil of Apelles had contributed to the per-
formance, as we are informed by Polemo the geo-
grapher.
The piece was so admirable that Aratus could not
avoid feeling the art that was displayed in it; but his
hatred of tyrants soon overruled that feeling, and he
ordered it to he defaced. Nealces the painter, who
was honored with his friendship, is said to have im-
plored him with tears to spare that piece: and when
he found him inflexible, said, ' Aratus, continue your
war with tyrants, but not with every thing that belongs
to them. Spare at least the chariot and the victory,
and I shall soon make Aristratus vanish. ' Aratus gave
his consent, and Nealces defaced the figure of Aristra-
tus, but did not venture to put any thing in its place
except a palm-tree. We are told however that there
was still a dim appearance of the feet of Aristratus at
the bottom of the chariot.
This taste for painting had already recommended
Aratus to Ptolemy, and his conversation gained so
much farther on him, that he made him a present of a
hundred and fifty talents for the city; forty of which
he sent with him on his return to Peloponnesus, and
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PLUTARCH.
down without scruple, and, having made a number of
fires, passed the night with great satisfaction.
He found, however, on his arrival at his capital, that
he had lost many brave men, and almost all his horses;
and imagining that he was despised for his losses, and
the ill success of the expedition, he became suspicious
of his grandees. Many of them he put to death in
anger, and more out of fear: for fear is the most san-
guinary principle a tyrant can act from; courage, on
the contrary, is merciful, mild, and unsuspicious. Thus
the most timorous animals are the hardest to be tamed;
but the more generous, having less suspicion, because
they have less fear, fly not the caresses and society of
men.
Artaxerxes being now far advanced in years, ob-*
served his sons making parties for the crown amongst
his friends and the rest of the nobility. The more
equitable part were for his leaving it to his eldest son
Darius, as he had received it from his father in the
PLUT. VOL. VII. P
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? PLUTARCH.
same right. But Lis younger son, Ochus, who was an
active man, and of a violent spirit, had also a consi-
derable interest among the grandees. Besides, he
hoped to gain his father through Atossa; for he paid
his court to her, and promised to make her the partner
of his throne on the death of Artaxerxes. Nay, it was
said that he had already private familiarities with her.
Artaxerxes, though he was ignorant of this circum-
stance, resolved to cut off the hopes of Ochus at once;
lest, following the daring steps of his uncle Cyrus, he
should involve the kingdom again in civil wars. He
therefore declared Darius his successor, who was now
twenty-five years old, and permitted him to wear the
point of his turban erect, as a mark of royalty.
As it is customary in Persia for the heir to ask a fa-
vor of him that declared him such, which, if possible,
is always granted, Darius asked for Aspasia, who had
been the favorite companion of Cyrus, and was now one
of the king's favorites. She was a native of Phocea
in Ionia, and her parents, who were above the condi-
tion of slaves, had given her a good education. One
evening she was introduced to Cyrus at supper with
the other women. They approached him without scru-
ple, and received his jokes and caresses with pleasure:
but Aspasia stood by in silence ; and when Cyrus called
her, she refused to go. Perceiving that the chamber-
lains were about to compel her, she said, 'Whoever
lays hands on me shall repent it. ' On which the com-
pany looked on her as an unpolished creature; but
Cyrus was pleased, and said, with a smile, to the per-
son who brought the women, 'Do not you see, that of
all you have provided, this only has generous and vir-
tuous sentiments? ' From this moment he attached
himself to her, loved her most of all his favorites,
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? ARTAXERXES.
227
and called her 'Aspasia the Wise. ' When Cyrus fell
in battle, she was taken amongst the plunder of his
camp.
Artaxerxes was much concerned at his son's request;
for the barbarians are so extremely jealous of their
women, that capital punishment is inflicted, not only
on the man who speaks to, or touches one of the king's
favorites, but on him who approaches or passes their
chariots on the road. And though, in compliance with
the dictates of his passion, he had made Atossa his
wife contrary to law, he kept three hundred and sixty
favorite women, all of the greatest beauty. However,
when Darius demanded Aspasia, he declared her free,
and said, 'She might go with him if she pleased;
but he would do no violence to her inclinations. ' Ac-
cordingly Aspasia was sent for, and, contrary to the
king's expectation, made choice of Darius. He gave
her up to him, indeed, because he was obliged to it by
the law; but he soon took her away, and made her a
priestess of Diana of Ecbatana, whom they call Anitis,
that she might pass the remainder of her life in chas-
tity. This he thought no severe revenge on his son,
but a pleasant way of chastising his presumption. But
Darius highly resented the affront; whether it was that
the charms of Aspasia had made a deep impression on
him, or whether he thought himself insulted and ridi-
culed by this proceeding.
Tiribazus, seeing how much he was offended, endea-
vored to exasperate him still more. This he did from
a fellow feeling; for he had suffered an injury much
of the same kind. The king, having several daughters,
promised to give Apama to Pharnabazus, Rhodogune
to Orontes, and Amestris to Tiribazus. He kept his
word with the two first, but deceived Tiribazus; for,
instead of giving Amestris to him, he married her him-
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? 228
I-
PLUTARCH.
self; promising, at the same time, that he should have
his youngest daughter Atossa. But he became ena-
moured of her too, and married her, as we have al-
ready mentioned. This treatment extremely incensed
Tiribazus, who had indeed nothing steady in his dispo-
sition, but was wild and irregular. One while suc-
cessful, and on a footing with the greatest men in the
court, another while unacceptable to the king, and
sinking into disgrace, he bore no change of fortune
with propriety. If he was in favor, his vanity was
insupportable; if in disgrace, instead of being humble
and quiet, he had recourse to violence and ferocity.
His conversing with the young prince was therefore
adding flame to fire. 'What avails it,' said he, 'to
have the point of your turban advanced, if you seek
not to advance your authority? Nothing can be more
absurd than your thinking yourself secure of the suc-
cession, while your brother is privately forwarding his
interest by means of the women, and your father is so
very foolish and unsteady. He who could break one
of the most sacred laws of the Persians, for the sake
of an insignificant Grecian woman, is certainly not to
be depended on in more important engagements. The
case is quite different between you and Ochus, as to
the event of the competition: if Ochus does not obtain
the crown, none will hinder him from livrng happily in
a private station; but you, who have been declared
king, must either reign or die. ' On this occasion was
verified that observation of Sophocles:
Swift in its march
Is evil counsel.
The road which leads us to what we desire is indeed
smooth, and of an easy descent; and the desires of
most men are vicious, because they have never known
or tried the enjoyments of virtue. The lustre of such
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? ARTAXERXES.
229
an imperial crown, and Darius' fear of his brother,
furnished Tiribazus with other arguments; but the
goddess of beauty contributed her share towards per-
suading him, by putting him in mind of the loss of
Aspasia.
He gave himself up therefore intirely to Tiribazus,
and many others soon entered into the conspiracy.
But before it could be carried into execution a slave
gave the king information of it, and of all the measures
that were taken; for he had got perfect intelligence
that they designed to enter his chamber in the night,
and kill him in his bed.
Artaxerxes thought it would be great imprudence
either to slight the information, and lay himself open
to such danger, or to credit it without farther proof.
The method he took was this: he ordered the slave to
join Darius and his adherents, and assist at all their
councils; and in the mean time broke a door through
the wall behind his bed, which he concealed with the
tapestry. When the time came, which the slave in-
formed him of, he placed himself on his bed, and re-
mained there till he had a sight of the faces of the
conspirators, and could perfectly distinguish each of
them. But when he saw them draw their swords, and
advance towards him, he pulled back the tapestry, re-
treated into the inner room, and, after he had bolted
the door, alarmed the palace. The assassins seeing
themselves discovered, and their designs disappointed,
immediately took to flight, and desired Tiribazus to
do the same, because he must certainly have been ob-
served. While he lingered the guards came and laid
hold of him; but he killed many of them, and it was
with difficulty that he was despatched at last by a ja-
velin thrown at a distance.
Darius was taken, together with his children, and
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? PLUTARCH.
brought to answer for his crime before the judges
which the king appointed. The king did not think
proper to assist at the trial in person, but directed
others to lay the charge against his son, and his nota-
ries were to take down separately the opinion of each
judge. As they all gave it unanimously for death, the
officers took Darius, and led him to an adjacent prison.
But when the executioner came, with the instrument
in his hand which is used in beheading the capital con-
victs, he was seized with horror at the sight of Darius,
and drew back towards the door, as having neither abi-
lity nor courage to lay violent hands on his king. But
the judges who stood at the door, urging him to do his
office, with menaces of instant punishment if he did
not comply, he returned, and seizing Darius by the
hair, threw him on the ground, and cut off his head.
Some say the cause was tried in presence of the king,
and that Darius, after he was convicted by indubitable
proofs, fell on his face and begged for mercy, but Ar-
taxerxes, rising in great anger, drew his cimeter, and
pursued his stroke till he laid him dead at his feet.
They add, that after this he returned to his palace;
and having paid his devotions to the sun, said to those
who assisted at the ceremony, ' My Persians, you may
now return in triumph, and tell your fellow-subjects
that the great Oromazes1 has taken vengeance on those
who formed the most impious and execrable designs
against their sovereign. ' Such was the end of the con-
spiracy.
Ochus now entertained very agreeable hopes, and
was encouraged besides by Atossa. But he had still
some fear of his remaining legitimate brother, Ariaspes,
and of his natural brother Arsames. Not that Ochus
1 The Persians worshipped Oromazes as the author of good,
and Arimauius as the author of evil.
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? ARTAXERXES.
231
had so much to apprehend from Ariaspes, merely be-
cause he was older, but the Persians were desirous of
having him succeed to the throne on account of his
mildness, his sincerity, and his humane disposition.
As for Arsames, he had the character of a wise prince,
and was the particular favorite of his father. This
was no secret to Ochus. However, he planned the
destruction of both these brothers of his; and being
of an artful, as well as sanguinary turn, he employed
his cruelty against Arsames, and his art against Ari-
aspes. To the latter he privately sent some of the
king's slaves and friends with frequent accounts of se-
vere and menacing expressions of his father's, as if he
had resolved to put him to a cruel and ignominious
death. As these persons came daily to tell him in
confidence, that some of these threats were on the
point of being put in execution, and the others would
not be long delayed, he was so terrified, and fell into
such a melancholy and desponding way, that he pre-
pared a poisonous draught, and drank it, to deliver
himself from the burden of life.
The king being informed of the manner of his death,
sincerely lamented him, and had some suspicion of the
cause, but could not examine into it thoroughly on ac-
count of his great age.
However, Arsames now became dearer to him than
ever, and it was easy to see that the king placed an
intire confidence in him, and communicated to him his
most secret thoughts. Ochus, therefore, would not
defer his enterprise longer, but employed Harpates,
the son of Tiribazus, to kill Arsames. Artaxerxes,
whom time had brought to the very verge of life, when
he had this additional stroke in the fate of Arsames,
could not make much more struggle; his sorrow and
regret soon brought him to the grave. He lived nine-
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? 232
PLUTARCH.
ty-four years, and reigned sixty-two. He had the
character of a prince who governed with lenity, and
loved his people. But perhaps the hehavior of his
successor might contribute not a little to his reputa-
tion; for Ochus was the most cruel and sanguinary of
princes.
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? t
\
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? ARATUS.
THe philosopher Chrysippus, my dear Polycrates,
seems to have thought the ancient proverb not quite
justifiable, and therefore he delivered it, not as it really
is, but what he thought it should be--
Who but a happy son will praise his sire 1
Dionysidorus the Troezenian, however, corrects him,
and gives it right,
Who but unhappy sons will praise their sires I
He says, the proverb was made to silence those who,
having no merit of their own, dress themselves up in
the virtues of their ancestors, and are lavish in their
praises. And those in whom the virtues of their sires
shine in congenial beauty, to make use of Pindar's
expression ; who, like you, form their conduct after
the brightest patterns in their families, may think it a
great happiness to remember the most excellent of their
ancestors, and often to hear or speak of them: for they
assume not the honor of other men's virtues for want
of merit in their own, but uniting their great actions
to those of their progenitors, they praise them as the
authors of their descent, and the models of their lives:
for which reason, when I have written the life of Ara-
tus, your countryman, and one of your ancestors, I
shall send it to you, who reflect no dishonor on him
either in point of reputation or power. Not that 1
doubt your having informed yourself of his actions
from the first with all possible care and exactness; but
I do it, that your sons, Polycrates and Pythocles, may
form themselves on the great exemplars, in their own
family, sometimes hearing and sometimes reading what
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? PLUTARCH.
it becomes them well to imitate: for it is the self-ad-
mirer, not the admirer of virtue, that thinks himself
superior to others.
After the harmony of the pure Doric,1 I mean the
aristocracy, was broken in Sicyon, and seditions took
place through the ambition of the demagogues, the city
continued a long time in a distempered state. It only
changed one tyrant for another, till Cleon was slain,
and the administration committed to Timoclidas and
Clinias, persons of the greatest reputation and au-
thority amongst the citizens. The commonwealth
seemed to be in some degree re-established, when Ti-
moclidas died. Abantidas, the son of Paseas, taking
that opportunity to set himself up tyrant, killed Cli-
nias, and either banished or put to death his friends
and relations. He sought also for his son Aratus, who
was only seven years old, with a design to despatch
him. But, in the confusion that was in his house when
his father was slain, the boy escaped among those that
fled, and wandered about the city, in fear, and destitute
of help, till he happened to enter, unobserved, the
house of a woman named Soso, who was sister to
Abantidas, and had been married to Prophantus, the
brother of Clinias. As she was a person of generous
sentiments, and persuaded, besides, that it was by the
direction of some deity that the child had taken re-
fuge with her, she concealed him in one of her apart-
ments till night, and then sent him privately to Argos.
Aratus having thus escaped so imminent a danger,
immediately conceived a violent and implacable hatred
for tyrants, which increased as he grew up. He was
educated by the friends of his family at Argos, in ?
liberal manner; and as he was vigorous and robust, he
1 There was a gravity, but at the same time great perfec-
tion, in the Dorian music.
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235
took to gymnastic exercises, and succeeded so well, as
to gain the prize in the five several sorts. 1 Indeed, in
his statues there is an athletic look; and amidst the
strong sense and majesty expressed in his countenance,
we may discover something inconsistent with the vora-
city and mattock of the wrestlers. Hence perhaps it
was that he cultivated his powers of eloquence less than
became a statesman. He might indeed be a better
speaker than some suppose ; and there are those who
judge, from his Commentaries, that he certainly was
so, though they were hastily written, and attempted
nothing beyond common language.
Some time after the escape of Aratns, Dinias and
Aristotle the logician formed a design against Abanti-
das, and they easily found an opportunity to kill him,
when he attended, and sometimes joined in, their dis-
putations in the public halls, which they had insensibly
drawn him into for that very purpose. Paseas, the
father of Abantidas, then seized the supreme power,
but he was assassinated by Nicocles, who took his
place, and was the next tyrant. We are told that there
was a perfect likeness between this Nicocles and Pe-
riander, the son of Cypselus; as Orontes the Persian
resembled Alcmaeon, the son of Amphiaraus, and a La-
cedaemonian youth the great Hector. Myrtilas informs
us that the young man was crowded to death by the
multitudes who came to see him, when that resemblance
was known.
Nicocles reigned four months, during which time he
did a thousand injuries 1o the people, and was near
losing the city to the yEtolians, who formed a scheme
to surprise it. Aratus was by this time approaching
1 The five exercises of the pentathlon, as we have already
observed, were running, leaping, throwing the dart, boxing,
and wrestling.
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PLUTARCH.
to manhood, and great attention was paid him on ac-
count of his high birth, and his spirit, in which there
was nothing little or unenterprising, and yet it was
under the correction of a gravity and solidity of judg-
ment much beyond his years. The exiles therefore
considered him as their principal resource; and Ni-
cocles was not regardless of his motions, but by his
private agents observed the measures he was taking.
Not that he expected he would embark in so bold and
dangerous an enterprise as he did, but he suspected
his applications to the princes who were the friends
of his father. Indeed, Aratus began in that channel;
but when he found that Antigonus, notwithstanding
his promises, put him otf from time to time, and that
his hopes from Egypt and Ptolemy were too remote,
he resolved to destroy the tyrant without any foreign
assistance.
The first persons to whom he communicated his in-
tentions were Aristomachus and Ecdelus. Aristoma-
chus was an exile from Sicyon, and Ecdelus an Arca-
dian banished from Megalopolis. The latter was a
philosopher, who in speculation never lost sight of
practice, for he had studied at Athens under Arcesilaus
the academician. 1 As these readily accepted his pro-
posal, he applied to the other exiles; a few of whom
joined him, because they were ashamed to give up so
promising a hope; but the greatest part believed it was
only Aratus' inexperience2 that made him think of so
bold an attempt, and endeavored to prevent his pro-
ceeding.
While he was considering how to seize some post in
the territories of Sicyon, from whence he might prose-
- 1 Arcesilaus was the disciple of Crantor, and had esta-
blished the Middle Academy.
2 He was not yet twenty years old.
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? ARATUS.
237
cute hostilities against the tyrant, a man of Sicyon
arrived at Argos, who had escaped out of prison. He
was brother to Xenocles, one of the exiles; and being
introduced by him to Aratns, he informed him that the
part of the wall which he had got over was almost
level with the ground on the inside, as it joined on a
high rocky part of the city, and that on the outside it
was not so high but that it might be scaled. On this
intelligence Aratus sent two of his servants, Sceuthas
and Technon, along with Xenocles, to reconnoitre the
wall; for he was resolved, if he could do it secretly,
to hazard all on one great effort, rather than lengthen
out the war, and publicly engage with a tyrant, when
he had no resources but those of a private man.
Xenocles and his companions, after they had taken
the height of the wall, reported at their return that it
was neither impracticable nor difficult, but that it was
dangerous to attempt it on account of some dogs kept
by a gardener, which were little indeed, but at the same
time extremely fierce and furious. Aratus, however,
immediately set about the work. It was easy to pro-
vide arms without suspicion; for almost every body
went armed, by reason of the frequent robberies and
the incursions of one people into the territories of
another. And as to the scaling ladders, Euphranor,
who was one of the exiles, and a carpenter by trade,
made them publicly; his business screening him from
suspicion. Each of his friends in Argos, who had no
great number of men that he could command, furnished
him with ten : he armed thirty of his own servants, and
hired some few soldiers of Xenophilus, who was chief
captain of a band of robbers. To the latter it was given
out that the design of their march to Sicyon was to
carry off the king's stud; and several of them were
scut before by different ways to the tower of Polygno-
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PLUTARCH.
tus, with orders to wait for him there. Caphesias was
likewise sent with four others in a travelling dress.
These were to go in the evening to the gardener's, and
pretending to be travellers, get a lodging there; after
which they were to confine both him and his dogs: for
that part of the wall was not accessible any other way.
The ladders being made to take in pieces, were packed
up in corn chests, and sent before in waggons prepared
for that purpose.
In the mean time some of the tyrant's spies arrived
at Argos, and it was reported that they were sculking
about to watch the motions of Aratus. Next morning,
therefore, Aratus appeared early with his friends in the
market-place, and talked with them for some time. He
then went to the gymnasium, and after he had anointed
himself, took with him some young men from the
wrestling-ring who used to be of his parties of plea-
sure, and returned home. In a little time his servants
were seen in the market-place, some carrying chaplets
of flowers, some buying flambeaux, and some in dis-
course with the women who used to sing and play at
entertainments. These manoeuvres deceived the spies.
They laughed, and said to each other, ' Certainly nothing
can be more dastardly than a tyrant, since Nicocles, who
is master of so strong a city, and armed with so much
power, lives in fear of a young man, who wastes the
pittance he has to subsist on in exile, in drinking and
revelling even in the day-time. ' After these false rea-
sonings they retired.
Aratus, immediately after he had made his meal, set
out for the tower of Polygnotus, and when he had joined
the soldiers there, proceeded to Nemea, where he dis-
closed his real intentions to his whole company. Hav-
ing exhorted them to behave like brave men, and pro-
mised them great rewards, he gave propitious Apollo
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? ARATUS.
239
for the word, and then led them forwards towards Si-
cyon, governing his march according to the motion of
the moon, sometimes quickening, and sometimes slack-
ening his pace, so as to have the benefit of her light by
the way, and to come to the garden by the wall just
after she was set. There Caphesias met him, and in-
formed him that the dogs were let out before he arrived,
but that he had secured the gardener. Most of the
company were greatly dispirited at this account, and
desired Aratus to quit his enterprise; but he en-
couraged them by promising to desist, if the dogs
should prove very troublesome. Then he ordered
those who carried the ladders to march before, under
the conduct of Ecdelus and Mnasitheus, and himself
followed softly. The dogs now began to run about
and bark violently at Ecdelus and his men; neverthe-
less they approached the wall, and planted their lad-
ders safe. But as the foremost of them were mounting,
the officer who was to be relieved by the morning guard
passed by that way at the sound of bell, with many
torches and much noise. On this the men laid them-
selves close to their ladders, and escaped the notice of
this watch without much difficulty; but when the other
which was to relieve it came up, they were in the ut-
most danger. However, that too passed by without
observing them; after which, Mnasitheus and Ecdelus
mounted the wall first, and having secured the way
both to the right and left, they sent Technon to Aratus
to desire him to advance as fast as possible.
It was no great distance from the garden to the wall,
and to a tower in which was placed a great hunting
dog to alarm the guard. But whether he was natu-
rally drowsy, or had wearied himself the day before,
he did not perceive their entrance. But the gardener's
dogs awaking him by barking below, he began to
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PLUTARCH.
growl; and when Aratus' men passed by the tower,
he barked out, so that the whole place resounded with
the noise. Then the sentinel, who kept watch opposite
to the tower, called aloud to the huntsman, and asked
him ' whom the dog barked at so angrily, or whether
any thing new had happened V The huntsman answered
from the tower, 'that there was nothing extraordinary,
and that the dog was only disturbed at the torches of
the guards and the noise of the bell. ' This encouraged
Aratus' soldiers more than any thing; for they ima-
gined that the huntsman concealed the truth because
he had a secret understanding with their leader, and
that there were many others in the town who would
promote the design. But when the rest of their com-
panions came to scale the wall, the danger increased.
It appeared to be a long affair, because the ladders
shook and swung extremely if they did not mount them
softly, and one by one; and the time pressed, for the
cocks began to crow. The country people, too, who
kept the market, were expected to arrive every mo-
ment. Aratus, therefore, hastened up himself when
only forty of his company were on the wall; and when
a few more had joined him from below, he put himself
at the head of his men, and marched immediately to
the tyrant's palace, where the main-guard was kept,
and where the mercenaries passed the night under
arms. Coming suddenly on them, he took them pri-
soners without killing one man; and then sent to his
friends in the town to invite them to come and join
him. They ran to him from all quarters; and day
now appearing, the theatre was filled with a crowd of
people who stood in suspense; for they had only
heard a rumor, and had no certainty of what was doing,
till a herald came and proclaimed it in these words,
'Aratus the san of Clinias calls the citizens to liberty. '
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? ARATUS.
241
Then persuaded that the day they had long expected
was come, they rushed in multitudes to the palace of
the tyrant, and set fire to it. The flame was so strong
that it was seen as far as Corinth, and the Corinthians
wondering what might he the cause, were on the point
of going to their assistance. Nicocles escaped out of
the city by some subterranean conduits; and the sol-
diers having helped the Sicyonians to extinguish the
fire, plundered his palace. Nor did Aratus hinder
them from taking this booty; but the rest of the wealth
which the several tyrants had amassed he bestowed on
the citizens.
There was not so much as one man killed or wounded
in this action, either of Aratus' party or of the enemy;
fortune so conducting the enterprise, as not to sully it
with the blood of one citizen,. Aratus recalled eighty
persons who had been banished by Nicocles, and of
those that had been expelled by the former tyrants not
less than five hundred. The latter had long been forced
to wander from place to place, some of them full fifty
years; consequently most of them returned in a desti-
tute condition. They were now, indeed, restored to
their ancient possessions; but their going into houses
and lands which had found new masters laid Aratus
under great difficulties. Without, he saw Antigonus
envying the liberty which the city had recovered, and.
laying schemes to enslave it again, and within he found
nothing but faction and disorder. He therefore judged
it best in this critical situation to join it to the Achaean
league. As the people of Sicyon were Dorians, they
had no objection to being called a part of the Achaean
community, or to their form of government. It must
be acknowleged, indeed, that the Achaeans at that time
were no very great or powerful people. Their towns
were generally small, their lands neither extensive nor
PLUT. VoL. VII. Q
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fertile; and they had no harbors on their coasts, the
sea for the most part entering the land in rocky and
impracticable creeks. Yet none gave a better proof
than this people that the power of Greece is invinci-
ble, while good order and harmony prevail amongst
her members, and she has an able general to lead her
armies. In fact, these very Achaeans, though but in-
considerable in comparison of the Greeks in their flo-
rishing times, or, to speak more properly, not equalling
in their whole community the strength of one respect-
able city in the period we are on, yet by good counsels
and unanimity, and by hearkening to any man of supe-
rior virtue, instead of envying his merit, not only kept
themselves free amidst so many powerful states and
tyrants, but saved great part of Greece, or rescued it
from chains.
As to his character, Aratus had something very po-
pular in his behavior; he had a native greatness of
mind, and was more attentive to the public interest
than to his own. He was an implacable enemy to ty-
rants; but with respect to others he made the good of
his country the sole rule of his friendship or opposi-
tion. So that he seems rather to have been a mild
and moderate enemy, than a zealous friend; his re-
gards or aversions to particular men varying as the oc-
casions of the commonwealth dictated. In short, na-
tions and great communities with one voice re-echoed
the declaration of the assemblies and theatres, that
Aratus loved none but good men. With regard to
open wars and pitched battles, he was indeed diffident
and timorous; but in gaining a point by stratagem, in
surprising cities and tyrants, there could not be an
abler man.
To this cause we must assign it, that after he had
exerted great courage, and succeeded in enterprises
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? ARATUS.
243
that were looked on as desperate; through too much
fear and caution he gave up others that were more
practicable, and not of less importance: for, as amongst
animals there are some that can see very clearly in the
night, and yet are next to blind in the day-time, the
dryness of the eye, and the subtilty of its humora, not
suffering them to hear the light; so there is in man a
kind of courage and understanding, which is easily
disconcerted in open dangers and encounters, and yet
resumes a happy boldness in secret enterprises. The
reason of this inequality in men, of parts otherwise ex-
cellent, is their wanting the advantages of philosophy.
Virtue is in them the product of nature, unassisted by
science, like the fruits of the forest, which come with-
out the least cultivation. Of this there are many ex-
amples to be found.
After Aratus had engaged himself and his city in
the Achaean league, he served in the cavalry, and the
generals highly esteemed him for his ready obedience:
for though he had contributed so much to the common
cause by his name and by the forces of Sicyon, yet the
Achaean commander, whether of Dima, or Tritta, or
some more inconsiderable town, found him always as
tractable as the meanest soldier.
When the king of Egypt made him a present of
twenty-five talents, he received it, indeed, but laid out
the whole on his fellow-citizens; relieving the neces-
sitous with part of it, and ransoming such as were pri-
soners with the rest.
But the exiles whom Aratus had recalled would not
be satisfied with any thing less than the restitution of
their estates, and gave the present possessors so much
trouble, that the city was in danger of being ruined by
sedition. In this extremity he saw no resource except
in the generosity of Ptolemy, and therefore determined
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PLUTARCH.
to take a voyage to Egypt, and apply to him for as
much money as would reconcile all parties. Accord-
ingly he set sail for Methone above the promontory of
Malea, in hopes of taking the shortest passage: but a
contrary wind sprang up, and the seas ran so high that
the pilot, unable to bear up against them, changed his
course, and with much difficulty got into Adria, a town
which was in the enemy's hands; for Antigonus had a
garrison there. To avoid this imminent danger he
landed, and, with only one friend, named Timanthes,
making his way as far as possible from the sea, sought
for shelter in a place well covered with wood, in which
he and his companion spent a very disagreeable night.
Soon after he had left the ship the governor of the fort
came and inquired for him; but he was deceived by
Aratus' servants, who were instructed to say he had
made off in another vessel to Euboea. However, he
detained the ship and servants as lawful prize. Ara-
tus spent some days in this distressful situation, where
one while he looked out to reconnoitre the coast, and
another while kept himself concealed; but at last
by good fortune a Roman ship happened to put in near
the place of his retreat. The ship was bound for Sy-
ria, and Aratus prevailed on the master to land him in
Caria: but he had equal dangers to combat at sea in
this as in his former passages. And when he was in
Caria he had a voyage to take to Egypt, which he
found a very long one. On his arrival however he was
immediately admitted to an audience by the king, who
had long been inclined to serve him on account of the
paintings which he used to compliment him with from
Greece: for Aratus, who had a taste for these things, was
always collecting for him the pieces of the best masters,
particularly those of Pamphilus and Melanthus: for
Sicyon was famed for the cultivation of the arts, par-
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? ARATUS. 245
ticularly the art of painting; and it was believed that
there only the ancient elegance was preserved without
the least corruption. Hence it was that the great
Apelles, at a time when he was much admired, went
to Sicyon, and gave the painters a talent, not so much
for any improvement he expected, as for the reputa-
tion of having been of their school. In consequence
of which, Aratus, when he restored Sicyon to liberty,
and destroyed the portraits of the tyrants, hesitated a
long time on coming to that of Aristratus; for it was
the united work of the disciples of Melanthus, who
had represented him standing in a chariot of victory,
and the pencil of Apelles had contributed to the per-
formance, as we are informed by Polemo the geo-
grapher.
The piece was so admirable that Aratus could not
avoid feeling the art that was displayed in it; but his
hatred of tyrants soon overruled that feeling, and he
ordered it to he defaced. Nealces the painter, who
was honored with his friendship, is said to have im-
plored him with tears to spare that piece: and when
he found him inflexible, said, ' Aratus, continue your
war with tyrants, but not with every thing that belongs
to them. Spare at least the chariot and the victory,
and I shall soon make Aristratus vanish. ' Aratus gave
his consent, and Nealces defaced the figure of Aristra-
tus, but did not venture to put any thing in its place
except a palm-tree. We are told however that there
was still a dim appearance of the feet of Aristratus at
the bottom of the chariot.
This taste for painting had already recommended
Aratus to Ptolemy, and his conversation gained so
much farther on him, that he made him a present of a
hundred and fifty talents for the city; forty of which
he sent with him on his return to Peloponnesus, and
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