22,
Diatriba
de Georgiis, Rome with notes, prefaces, and various readings,
pp.
pp.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
59.
) Porphyrius patriarch of ANTIOCH, or, as it was then
(ap. Euseb. Praep. Evang. x. 2) charges Ephorus called, Theopolis. If the designation given him
with constant plagiarisms; but this accusation is by Theophanes ('Auidos) indicates the place
undoubtedly very much exaggerated, for we not of his birth, he was a native of Amida in Ar-
only find no traces of plagiarism in the fragments menia, near the source of the Tigris. His first
extant, but we frequently find Ephorus disputing employments were civil: and in the reign of the
the statements of his predecessors. (Joseph. c. emperor Justin I. he attained to the high dignity
Apion. 3. ) Polybius (xii
. 25) praises him for of Count of the East. While in this office he
his knowledge of maritime warfare, but adds that received, according to a curious story, recorded
he was utterly ignorant of the mode of warfare on in the Aelwrápios, or Pratum Spirituale, writ-
land; Strabo (vii. p. 332) acknowledges his ten by Joannes Moschus, but erroneously ascribed,
merits, by saying that he separated the historical by ancient as well as modern writers, to Sophronius
from the geographical portions of his work; and, in patriarch of Jerusalem, an intimation of the ec-
regard to the latter, he did not confine himself clesiastical dignity to which he was destined to
to mere lists of names, but he introduced investi- attain. In the years 525 and 526, Antioch was
gations concerning the origin of nations, their con- nearly destroyed by successive shocks of an earth-
stitutions and manners, and many of the geogra- quake, and by a fire which had been occasioned by
phical fragments which have come down to us the overthrow of the buildings. Among the suf-
contain lively and beautiful descriptions. (Polyb. ferers was Euphrasius the patriarch, who was
ix. l; Strab. ix. p. 400, &c. , s. pp. 465, 479, &c. ) buried in the ruins of the falling edifices ; and the
As regards the style of Ephorus, it is such as might people, grateful for the compassionate care which
be expected from a disciple of Isocrates: it is clear, Ephraimius manifested for them in their distress,
lucid, and elaborately polished, but at the same chose him successor to the deceased prelate. His
time diffuse and deficient in power and energy, so elevation to the patriarchate is generally placed in
that Ephorus is by no means equal to his master. the year 526, but perhaps did not take place till
(Polyb. xii. 28; Dionys. de Comp. Verb. 26 ; the year following. His conduct as patriarch is
Demetr. Tlepl épuny. $ 68 ; Dion Chrysost. Orat. highly eulogized by ecclesiastical writers, who
Iviii. p. 256, ed. Morel. ; Plut. Pericl. 28 ; Phi- speak especially of his charity to the poor, and of
lostr. Vit
. Soph. i 17; Cic. Orat. 51; Phot. Bibl. the zeal and firmness with which he opposed he-
Cod. 176. ) The fragments of the works of Ephorus, resy. His zeal against heretics was manifested in
the number of which might probably be much in- a curious encounter with an heretical stylite, or
creased if Diodorus had always mentioned his pillar-saint, in which the heretic is said to have
authorities, were first collected by Meier Marx, been converted by the miraculous passing of the
Carlsruhe, 1815, 8vo. , who afterwards published patriarch's robes, unconsumed, through the ordeal of
some additions in Friedemann and Seebode's Mis- fire. He condemned, in a synod at Antioch, those
cellan. Crit. ii. 4, p. 754, &c. They are also con- who attempted to revive the obnoxious sentiments
tained in C. and Th. Müller's Fragm. Historicor. of Origen; and wrote various treatises against the
Gracc. pp. 234-277, Paris, 1841, 370. Both Nestorians, Eutychians, Severians, and Acephali,
editors have prefixed to their editions critical dis- and in defence of the Council of Chalcedon. But,
sertations on the life and writings of Ephorus, toward the close of his life, he was obliged by the
2. Of Cumae, called the Younger, was likewise Emperor Justinian, under a threat of deposition,
an historian, but he is mentioned only by Suidas, to subscribe the condemnation of three of the
according to whom he wrote a history of Galienus decrees of the Council of Chalcedon, which he had
in twenty-seven books, a work on Corinth, one on hitherto so earnestly supported. Facundus of
the Aleuadae, and a few others. The name Hermia, the strenuous advocate of the condemned
## p. 28 (#44) ##############################################
28
EPHRAEM.
EPHRAEM.
decrees, reproaches Ephraimius on this occasion, and 6. EPHRAEM US of Edessa, commonly called
with justice, as more solicitous for the preservation the Syrian. (See below. )
of his office than for the interests of what he 7. EPHREM, bishop of MyLass in Caria [seo
deemed divine and important truth. Ephraimius Nos. 1 and 3). The time when he lived is uncer-
died soon after this transaction, A. D. 546, or pertain ; but religious honours were paid to his me-
haps 545, after a patriarchate, according to Theo mory in the fifth century at Leuce (near
phanes, of eighteen years, or, according to other Mylasa), where his body was buried. (Acta Sanc-
calculations, of twenty years.
torum, S. Eusebiae Vila, cap. 3, Januar. vol. ii.
The works of Ephraimius are known to us only p. 600. )
(J. C. M. ]
by the account of them preserved in the Biblio- EPHRAEM or EPHRAIM, a Syrian, born at
theca of Photius, who says that three volumes Nisibis, flourished A. D. 370. He spent his youth
written in defence of the dogmas of the Church, in diligent study, and devoted himself at first to
and especially of the decrees of the Council of a monastic life, but afterwards went to Edessa,
Chalcedon, had come down to his day: but he where he was ordained deacon. He refused to
gives an account only of two. The first compre proceed to the higher orders of the ministry, and is
hended, 1. An epistle to Zenobius, a scholasticus or even said to have played the part of Brutus, by
advocate of Emesa, and one of the sect of the Ace feigning madness in order to avoid elevation to the
phali ; 2. Some epistles to the omperor Justinian; bishopric. lle formed a close friendship with
3. Epistles to Anthimus, bishop of Trapezus, Do- Basil, bishop of Cacsareia, and shared his acrimony
metianus Syncleticus, metropolitan of Tarsus, Brazes against the Arians and other heretics, whom he
the Persian, and others; 4. An act of a synod (ouvo attacks with the violence characteristic of his age.
DIKT) #patis) held by Ephraimius respecting certain He appeared in a truly Christian light at the time
unorthodox books ; and, 5, Panegyrical and other of a famine at Edessa, when he not only assisted
discourses. The second volume contained a trea- the suffering poor with the greatest energy and
tise in four books, in which were defences of Cyril most zealous kindness, but also actively exerted
of Alexandria and the synod of Chalcedon against himself in urging the rich to deny themselves for
the Nestorians and Eutychians; and answers to their brethren's good. Sozomen (iii. 15) speaks
some theological questions of his correspondent the with admiration of the manner in which Chris-
advocate Anatolius. (Phot. Bibl. Codd. 228, 229; | tianity had subdued in him a naturally irascible
Facundus, iv. 4 ; Evagrius, Eccles. Hist. iv. 5, 6 ; | temper, and illustrates it by a pleasing anecdote,
Joannes Moschus (commonly cited as Sophronius) amusing from its quaint simplicity. At the con-
Pratum Spirituale, c. 36, 37 in Biblioth. Patrum, clusion of a long fast, Ephraemºs servant let fall
vol. xiii. ed. Paris, 1654 ; Theophanes, Chrono the dish in which he was bringing him some food.
graph. ad Ann. 519 (Alex. Era =526 Common His alarm at having thus spoiled his master's dinner
Era) and table ad Ann. 537, 538 ; Baronius, An- was removed by hearing him say, “ Never mind,
nales; Cave, Hist. Liter. vol. i. p. 507, ed. 1740-3 ; since the food has not come to us, we will go to
Fabric. Bill. Graec. vol. x. p. 750. )
it. " Whereupon Ephraem sat down on the floor
3. EPHREM, or rather Ephraem ('Eppaniu), and ate the scraps left in the fragments of the
of CARIA, a monk of unknown date, writer of a broken dish. He died about A. D. 378, and in
Greek hymn or prayer given by Raynaeus (Dissert. | his last illness forbad the recitation of any funeral
Prelim. de Acoluthiis Officii Graeci, p. lxviii
. in oration over his remains, and desired that his
the Acta Sanctorum Juni, vol. ii. ) This Ephrem obsequies should be conducted in the simplest
is not to be confounded with Nos. 1 and 7.
He knew no language but his native
4. EPHRAIM ('Eppalu), bishop of Cherson. In Syrian, though nearly all his works are translated
the title of his only published work he is called into Greek, and were formerly held in such high
archbishop, and some moderns style him “ martyr. ” esteem, that portions of them were sometimes read
He is the author of an account of a miracle in churches after the gospel for the day. Most of
wrought by the relics or the interposition of Cle- his writings were collected by Gerard Voss, who
ment of Rome, on the body of a child, who had turned them into Latin, and published them (1) at
been overwhelmed by the sea in a pilgrimage to Rome A. D. 1589-93-97, (2) at Cologne in 1603,
Clement's submarine tomb. The account is print-(3) at Antwerp in 1619. Voss's edition is in
ed in the Patres Apostolici of Cotelerius (vol. i. three volumes. The first consists of various treatises,
p. 815. ed. Amsterdam, 1724,) and in the De partly on subjects solely theological, as the Priest-
Probatis Sanctorum Vitis, of Surius, 29 Nov. An- hood, Prayer, Fasting, &c. , with others partly
other piece of Ephraim on the Miracles of St. theological and partly moral, as Truth, Anger,
Clement, evidently different from the foregoing, is Obedience, Envy. The second contains many
noticed by Leo Allatius, who calls the writer Eph- epistles and addresses to monks, and a collection
raemius; but Cotelerius was not able to obtain it, of apophthegms. The third consists of several
or he would have printed it with the foregoing. treatises or homilies on parts of Scripture and
(Cotelerius, l. c. ; Allatius, De Symeonum Scriptis, characters in the Old Testament, as Elijah, Daniel,
pp. 90,96; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. vii. p. 21, viii. the Three Children, Joseph, Noah. Photius gives
254; Catal. MSS. Biblioth. Regiae. Paris, 1740. ) a list of 49 homilies of Ephraem (Cod. 196), but
5. EPHRAEM of CONSTANTINOPLE, à chrono which of these are included in Voss's edition it is im-
grapher who flourished apparently about the be possible to ascertain, though it is certain that many
ginning of the fourteenth century. His chronicle, are not. Another edition Ephraem's works in
written in lambic verse, is repeatedly cited by Syriac, Greek, and Latin, was published also at
Allatius (De Psellis, p.
22, Diatriba de Georgiis, Rome with notes, prefaces, and various readings,
pp. 327, 341, 354, &c. , ed. Paris. 1651), and is “studio Sim. Assemanni, P. Benedicti et Steph.
probably extant in the Vatican Library in MS. but Evodii Assemanni,” 6 vols. fol. 1732-46. The
has never been published. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. Greek version of several of his writings, from
vol. vii. p. 472, viii. 79, 251. )
eighteen MSS. in the Bodleian library, was pube
manner.
## p. 29 (#45) ##############################################
EPHRAEM.
of Edessa, commonly called
below. )
hop of MyLass in Caria (see
le time when he lived is under
honours were paid to his me
I century at Leuce (near
body was buried. (Ada Sore
Vila, cap. 3, Januar. vol. 1
(J. C. M. ]
PHRAIM, a Syrian, born at
D. 370. He spent his youth
I devoted himself at first to
efterwards went to Edessa,
ed deacon. He refused to
rders of the ministry, and is
yed the part of Brutus, by
er to avoid elevation to the
& close friendship with
2 and shared his acrimony
1 other heretics, whom he
characteristic of his age.
Christian light at the time
vhen he not only assisted
the greatest energy and
ut also actively exerted
h to deny themselves for
jozomen (ii. 15) speaks
a
n say,
hanner in which Chris
im a naturally irascible
by a pleasing anecdote,
mplicity. At the con-
raem's servant let fall
ringing him some food.
iled his master's dinner
“ Never mind,
- to us, we will go to
sat down on the floor
the fragments of the
t A. D. 378, and in
Eation of any funeral
d desired that his
ed in the simplest
age but his native
works are translated
held in such high
ere sometimes read
the day. Most of
Gerard Voss, who
ished them (1) at
Cologne in 1603,
s's edition is in
various treatises,
), as the Priest-
others partly
Trath, Anger,
contains many
and a collection
ists of several
Scripture and
Elijah, Daniel
Photius gives
od. 196), but
dition it is im-
zin that many
D's works in
ished also at
bus readings
ti et Steph
-2-46. The
tings, from
, was pub-
EPICHARIS.
EPICHARMUS.
29
lished by Edw. Thwaites at Oxford, 1709. There | as no witnesses had been present at the communi-
have been several editions of separate works. cation, Epicharis easily refuted the accusation. She
Ephrem is also said to be the author of an was, however, kept in custody. Subsequently,
immense number of songs. He began to write when the conspiracy was discovered, Nero ordered
them in opposition to Harmonius, the son and her to be tortured because she refused naming any
disciple of Bardesanes the heretic, who composed of the accomplices ; but neither blows, nor fire, nor
poetry involving many serious errors of doctrine, the increased fury of her tormentors, could extort
some of which were not only of an heretical but any confession from her. When on the second or
even of an heathen character, denying the resurrec- third day after she was carried in a sedan-chair-
tion of the body, and contnining views about the for her limbs were already broken--to be tortured
nature of the soul extracted from the writings of a second time, she strangled herself on her way by
pagan philosophers. These songs had become great her girdle, which she fastened to the chair. She
favourites among the common people, and Ephrem, thus acted, as Tacitus says, more nobly than many
to oppose their evil tendency, wrote other songs in a noble eques or senator, who without being tortured
similar metres and adapted to the same music of a betrayed their nearest relatives. (Tac. Ann. xv.
pious and Christian character. (Sozomen, l. c. ; 51, 57 ; Dion Cass. Ixii. 27. )
[L. S. ]
Theodoret, iv. 27 ; Cave, Script. Eccl. llist. Liter. EPICHARMUS ('Enrixapuos), the chief comic
part 1. sec. 4; C. Lengerke, Commentatio Critica poet among the Dorians, was born in the island of
de Ephraemo Syrio ss. interprete, qua simul Ver- Cos about the 60th Olympiad (B. C. 540). His
sionis Syriacae, quam Peschito vocant, Lectiones father, Elothales, was a physician, of the race of
variae ex Ephraemo Commentariis collectae, exhiben- the Asclepiads, and the profession of medicine
tur, Halle, 1828, and De Ephraemi Syri arle seems to have been followed for some time by Epi-
hermeneutica liber, 1831. ) [G. E. L. C. ] charmus himself, as well as by his brother.
EPHYRA ('Epúpa), a daughter of Oceanus, At the age of three months he was carried to
from whom Ephyraen, the ancient name of Cor- Megara, in Sicily; or, according to the account
inth was derived. (Paus. ii. 1. $ 1; Virg. Georg. preserved by Suidas, he went thither at a much
iv. 343. )
[L. S. ] later period, with Cadmus (B. C. 484). Thence he
EPIBATE'RIUS ('Etibarhpos), the god who removed to Syracuse, with the other inhabitants
conducts men on board a ship, a surname of of Megara, when the latter city was destroyed by
Apollo, under which Diomedes on his return from Gelon (B. C. 484 or 483). Here he spent the re-
Troy built him a temple at Troezene. (Paus. ii. mainder of his life, which was prolonged through-
32. ( 1. ) In the same sense Apollo bore the sur- out the reign of Hieron, at whose court Epicharmus
name of 'Eubáovos. (Apollon. Rhod. i. 404. ) [L. S. ] associated with the other great writers of the time,
EPICASTE (ETiáoTn), a daughter of Menoe- and among them, with Aeschylus, who seems to
ceus, and wife of Laius, by whom she became the have had some influence on his dramatic course.
mother of Oedipus, whom she afterwards un- He died at the age of ninety (B. C. 450), or, ac-
wittingly married. She is more commonly called cording to Lucian, ninety-seven (B. C. 443). The
Jocaste. (Hom. Od. xi. 271; Apollod. iii. 5. & 7, city of Syracuse erected a statue to him, the in-
&c. ; see OEDIPUS. ) Respecting Epicaste, the scription on which is preserved by Diogenes Laër-
daughter of Calydon, see AGENOR, No. 4; a third tius. (Diog. Laërt. viii. 78; Suid. s. v. ; Lucian,
Epicaste is mentioned by Apollodorus. (ii. 7. Macrob. 25; Aelian, V. H. ii. 34 ; Plut. Moral.
8. )
[L. S. ] pp. 68, a. , 175, c. ; Marmor Parium, No. 55. )
EPICELEUSTUS ('ETIKÉN EVOTOS), a native of In order to understand the relation of Epichar-
Crete, who lived probably in the second or first mus to the early comic poetry, it must be remem-
century B. C. He is mentioned by Erotianus bered that Megara, in Sicily, was a colony from
(Gloss. Hippocr. p. 8) as having abridged and Megara on the Isthmus, the inhabitants of which
differently arranged the work by Baccheius on the disputed with the Athenians the invention of
obsolete words found in the writings of Hippo- comedy, and where, at all events, a kind of comedy
crates.
[W. A. G. ) was known as early as the beginning of the sixth
EPI'CHARIS ('Erixapıs), a freedwoman of century B. C. (Susarion. ] This comedy (whether
bad repute, who was implicated in the conspiracy it was lyric or also dramatic, which is a doubtful
of Piso against the life of Nero, in A. D. 65, in point) was of course found by Epicharmus existing
which the philosopher Seneca also was involved. at the Sicilian Megara; and he, together with
According to Polyaenus (viii. 62), she was the Phormis, gave it a new form, which Aristotle de-
mistress of a brother of Seneca, and it may be that scribes by the words tò uulous Toler (Poët. 6 or
through this connexion she became acquainted with 5, ed. Ritter), a phrase which some take to mean
the plot of the conspirators, though Tacitus says comedies with a regular plot; and others, comedies
that it was unknown by what means she had ac- on mythological subjects. The latter seems to be
quired her knowledge of it. She endeavoured by the better interpretation ; but either explanation
all means to stimulate the conspirators to carry establishes a clear distinction between the comedy
their plan into effect. But as they acted slowly of Epicharmus and that of Megara, which seems to
and with great hesitation, she at length grew tired, have been little more than a sort of low buffoonery.
and resolved upon trying to win over the sailors of With respect to the time when Epicharmus be-
the fleet of Misenum in Campania, where she was gan to compose comedies, much confusion has
staying. One Volusius Proculus, a chiliarch of arisen from the statement of Aristotle (or an in-
the fleet, appears to have been the first that was terpolator), that Epicharmus lived long before
initiated by her in the secret, but no names were Chionides. (Poët. 3; CHIONIDES. ) We have,
mentioned to him. Proculus had no sooner ob- however, the express and concurrent testimonies of
tained the information than be betrayed the whole the anonymous writer On Comedy (p. xxviii. ), that
plot to Nero. Epicharis was summoned before the he flourished about the 73rd Olympiad, and of
emperor, but as no names had been mentioned, and | Suidas (s. v. ), that he wrote six years before the
## p. 30 (#46) ##############################################
30
EPICHIARMUS.
EPICLEIDAS.
Persian war (B. C. 485–4). Thus it appears that, sententious wisdom of the Pythagorean philosopher
like Cratinus, he was an old man before he began His language was remarkably elegant: he was
to write comedy; and this agrecs well with the celebrated for his choice of cpithets: his plays
fact that his poetry was of a very philosophic abounded, as the extant fragnients prove, with
character. (Anon. de Com. I. c. ) The only one of qual, or philosophical and moral maxims, and
his plays, the date of which is certainly known, is long speculative discourses, on the instinct of ani-
the Nãooi, B. C. 477. (Schol.
(ap. Euseb. Praep. Evang. x. 2) charges Ephorus called, Theopolis. If the designation given him
with constant plagiarisms; but this accusation is by Theophanes ('Auidos) indicates the place
undoubtedly very much exaggerated, for we not of his birth, he was a native of Amida in Ar-
only find no traces of plagiarism in the fragments menia, near the source of the Tigris. His first
extant, but we frequently find Ephorus disputing employments were civil: and in the reign of the
the statements of his predecessors. (Joseph. c. emperor Justin I. he attained to the high dignity
Apion. 3. ) Polybius (xii
. 25) praises him for of Count of the East. While in this office he
his knowledge of maritime warfare, but adds that received, according to a curious story, recorded
he was utterly ignorant of the mode of warfare on in the Aelwrápios, or Pratum Spirituale, writ-
land; Strabo (vii. p. 332) acknowledges his ten by Joannes Moschus, but erroneously ascribed,
merits, by saying that he separated the historical by ancient as well as modern writers, to Sophronius
from the geographical portions of his work; and, in patriarch of Jerusalem, an intimation of the ec-
regard to the latter, he did not confine himself clesiastical dignity to which he was destined to
to mere lists of names, but he introduced investi- attain. In the years 525 and 526, Antioch was
gations concerning the origin of nations, their con- nearly destroyed by successive shocks of an earth-
stitutions and manners, and many of the geogra- quake, and by a fire which had been occasioned by
phical fragments which have come down to us the overthrow of the buildings. Among the suf-
contain lively and beautiful descriptions. (Polyb. ferers was Euphrasius the patriarch, who was
ix. l; Strab. ix. p. 400, &c. , s. pp. 465, 479, &c. ) buried in the ruins of the falling edifices ; and the
As regards the style of Ephorus, it is such as might people, grateful for the compassionate care which
be expected from a disciple of Isocrates: it is clear, Ephraimius manifested for them in their distress,
lucid, and elaborately polished, but at the same chose him successor to the deceased prelate. His
time diffuse and deficient in power and energy, so elevation to the patriarchate is generally placed in
that Ephorus is by no means equal to his master. the year 526, but perhaps did not take place till
(Polyb. xii. 28; Dionys. de Comp. Verb. 26 ; the year following. His conduct as patriarch is
Demetr. Tlepl épuny. $ 68 ; Dion Chrysost. Orat. highly eulogized by ecclesiastical writers, who
Iviii. p. 256, ed. Morel. ; Plut. Pericl. 28 ; Phi- speak especially of his charity to the poor, and of
lostr. Vit
. Soph. i 17; Cic. Orat. 51; Phot. Bibl. the zeal and firmness with which he opposed he-
Cod. 176. ) The fragments of the works of Ephorus, resy. His zeal against heretics was manifested in
the number of which might probably be much in- a curious encounter with an heretical stylite, or
creased if Diodorus had always mentioned his pillar-saint, in which the heretic is said to have
authorities, were first collected by Meier Marx, been converted by the miraculous passing of the
Carlsruhe, 1815, 8vo. , who afterwards published patriarch's robes, unconsumed, through the ordeal of
some additions in Friedemann and Seebode's Mis- fire. He condemned, in a synod at Antioch, those
cellan. Crit. ii. 4, p. 754, &c. They are also con- who attempted to revive the obnoxious sentiments
tained in C. and Th. Müller's Fragm. Historicor. of Origen; and wrote various treatises against the
Gracc. pp. 234-277, Paris, 1841, 370. Both Nestorians, Eutychians, Severians, and Acephali,
editors have prefixed to their editions critical dis- and in defence of the Council of Chalcedon. But,
sertations on the life and writings of Ephorus, toward the close of his life, he was obliged by the
2. Of Cumae, called the Younger, was likewise Emperor Justinian, under a threat of deposition,
an historian, but he is mentioned only by Suidas, to subscribe the condemnation of three of the
according to whom he wrote a history of Galienus decrees of the Council of Chalcedon, which he had
in twenty-seven books, a work on Corinth, one on hitherto so earnestly supported. Facundus of
the Aleuadae, and a few others. The name Hermia, the strenuous advocate of the condemned
## p. 28 (#44) ##############################################
28
EPHRAEM.
EPHRAEM.
decrees, reproaches Ephraimius on this occasion, and 6. EPHRAEM US of Edessa, commonly called
with justice, as more solicitous for the preservation the Syrian. (See below. )
of his office than for the interests of what he 7. EPHREM, bishop of MyLass in Caria [seo
deemed divine and important truth. Ephraimius Nos. 1 and 3). The time when he lived is uncer-
died soon after this transaction, A. D. 546, or pertain ; but religious honours were paid to his me-
haps 545, after a patriarchate, according to Theo mory in the fifth century at Leuce (near
phanes, of eighteen years, or, according to other Mylasa), where his body was buried. (Acta Sanc-
calculations, of twenty years.
torum, S. Eusebiae Vila, cap. 3, Januar. vol. ii.
The works of Ephraimius are known to us only p. 600. )
(J. C. M. ]
by the account of them preserved in the Biblio- EPHRAEM or EPHRAIM, a Syrian, born at
theca of Photius, who says that three volumes Nisibis, flourished A. D. 370. He spent his youth
written in defence of the dogmas of the Church, in diligent study, and devoted himself at first to
and especially of the decrees of the Council of a monastic life, but afterwards went to Edessa,
Chalcedon, had come down to his day: but he where he was ordained deacon. He refused to
gives an account only of two. The first compre proceed to the higher orders of the ministry, and is
hended, 1. An epistle to Zenobius, a scholasticus or even said to have played the part of Brutus, by
advocate of Emesa, and one of the sect of the Ace feigning madness in order to avoid elevation to the
phali ; 2. Some epistles to the omperor Justinian; bishopric. lle formed a close friendship with
3. Epistles to Anthimus, bishop of Trapezus, Do- Basil, bishop of Cacsareia, and shared his acrimony
metianus Syncleticus, metropolitan of Tarsus, Brazes against the Arians and other heretics, whom he
the Persian, and others; 4. An act of a synod (ouvo attacks with the violence characteristic of his age.
DIKT) #patis) held by Ephraimius respecting certain He appeared in a truly Christian light at the time
unorthodox books ; and, 5, Panegyrical and other of a famine at Edessa, when he not only assisted
discourses. The second volume contained a trea- the suffering poor with the greatest energy and
tise in four books, in which were defences of Cyril most zealous kindness, but also actively exerted
of Alexandria and the synod of Chalcedon against himself in urging the rich to deny themselves for
the Nestorians and Eutychians; and answers to their brethren's good. Sozomen (iii. 15) speaks
some theological questions of his correspondent the with admiration of the manner in which Chris-
advocate Anatolius. (Phot. Bibl. Codd. 228, 229; | tianity had subdued in him a naturally irascible
Facundus, iv. 4 ; Evagrius, Eccles. Hist. iv. 5, 6 ; | temper, and illustrates it by a pleasing anecdote,
Joannes Moschus (commonly cited as Sophronius) amusing from its quaint simplicity. At the con-
Pratum Spirituale, c. 36, 37 in Biblioth. Patrum, clusion of a long fast, Ephraemºs servant let fall
vol. xiii. ed. Paris, 1654 ; Theophanes, Chrono the dish in which he was bringing him some food.
graph. ad Ann. 519 (Alex. Era =526 Common His alarm at having thus spoiled his master's dinner
Era) and table ad Ann. 537, 538 ; Baronius, An- was removed by hearing him say, “ Never mind,
nales; Cave, Hist. Liter. vol. i. p. 507, ed. 1740-3 ; since the food has not come to us, we will go to
Fabric. Bill. Graec. vol. x. p. 750. )
it. " Whereupon Ephraem sat down on the floor
3. EPHREM, or rather Ephraem ('Eppaniu), and ate the scraps left in the fragments of the
of CARIA, a monk of unknown date, writer of a broken dish. He died about A. D. 378, and in
Greek hymn or prayer given by Raynaeus (Dissert. | his last illness forbad the recitation of any funeral
Prelim. de Acoluthiis Officii Graeci, p. lxviii
. in oration over his remains, and desired that his
the Acta Sanctorum Juni, vol. ii. ) This Ephrem obsequies should be conducted in the simplest
is not to be confounded with Nos. 1 and 7.
He knew no language but his native
4. EPHRAIM ('Eppalu), bishop of Cherson. In Syrian, though nearly all his works are translated
the title of his only published work he is called into Greek, and were formerly held in such high
archbishop, and some moderns style him “ martyr. ” esteem, that portions of them were sometimes read
He is the author of an account of a miracle in churches after the gospel for the day. Most of
wrought by the relics or the interposition of Cle- his writings were collected by Gerard Voss, who
ment of Rome, on the body of a child, who had turned them into Latin, and published them (1) at
been overwhelmed by the sea in a pilgrimage to Rome A. D. 1589-93-97, (2) at Cologne in 1603,
Clement's submarine tomb. The account is print-(3) at Antwerp in 1619. Voss's edition is in
ed in the Patres Apostolici of Cotelerius (vol. i. three volumes. The first consists of various treatises,
p. 815. ed. Amsterdam, 1724,) and in the De partly on subjects solely theological, as the Priest-
Probatis Sanctorum Vitis, of Surius, 29 Nov. An- hood, Prayer, Fasting, &c. , with others partly
other piece of Ephraim on the Miracles of St. theological and partly moral, as Truth, Anger,
Clement, evidently different from the foregoing, is Obedience, Envy. The second contains many
noticed by Leo Allatius, who calls the writer Eph- epistles and addresses to monks, and a collection
raemius; but Cotelerius was not able to obtain it, of apophthegms. The third consists of several
or he would have printed it with the foregoing. treatises or homilies on parts of Scripture and
(Cotelerius, l. c. ; Allatius, De Symeonum Scriptis, characters in the Old Testament, as Elijah, Daniel,
pp. 90,96; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. vii. p. 21, viii. the Three Children, Joseph, Noah. Photius gives
254; Catal. MSS. Biblioth. Regiae. Paris, 1740. ) a list of 49 homilies of Ephraem (Cod. 196), but
5. EPHRAEM of CONSTANTINOPLE, à chrono which of these are included in Voss's edition it is im-
grapher who flourished apparently about the be possible to ascertain, though it is certain that many
ginning of the fourteenth century. His chronicle, are not. Another edition Ephraem's works in
written in lambic verse, is repeatedly cited by Syriac, Greek, and Latin, was published also at
Allatius (De Psellis, p.
22, Diatriba de Georgiis, Rome with notes, prefaces, and various readings,
pp. 327, 341, 354, &c. , ed. Paris. 1651), and is “studio Sim. Assemanni, P. Benedicti et Steph.
probably extant in the Vatican Library in MS. but Evodii Assemanni,” 6 vols. fol. 1732-46. The
has never been published. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. Greek version of several of his writings, from
vol. vii. p. 472, viii. 79, 251. )
eighteen MSS. in the Bodleian library, was pube
manner.
## p. 29 (#45) ##############################################
EPHRAEM.
of Edessa, commonly called
below. )
hop of MyLass in Caria (see
le time when he lived is under
honours were paid to his me
I century at Leuce (near
body was buried. (Ada Sore
Vila, cap. 3, Januar. vol. 1
(J. C. M. ]
PHRAIM, a Syrian, born at
D. 370. He spent his youth
I devoted himself at first to
efterwards went to Edessa,
ed deacon. He refused to
rders of the ministry, and is
yed the part of Brutus, by
er to avoid elevation to the
& close friendship with
2 and shared his acrimony
1 other heretics, whom he
characteristic of his age.
Christian light at the time
vhen he not only assisted
the greatest energy and
ut also actively exerted
h to deny themselves for
jozomen (ii. 15) speaks
a
n say,
hanner in which Chris
im a naturally irascible
by a pleasing anecdote,
mplicity. At the con-
raem's servant let fall
ringing him some food.
iled his master's dinner
“ Never mind,
- to us, we will go to
sat down on the floor
the fragments of the
t A. D. 378, and in
Eation of any funeral
d desired that his
ed in the simplest
age but his native
works are translated
held in such high
ere sometimes read
the day. Most of
Gerard Voss, who
ished them (1) at
Cologne in 1603,
s's edition is in
various treatises,
), as the Priest-
others partly
Trath, Anger,
contains many
and a collection
ists of several
Scripture and
Elijah, Daniel
Photius gives
od. 196), but
dition it is im-
zin that many
D's works in
ished also at
bus readings
ti et Steph
-2-46. The
tings, from
, was pub-
EPICHARIS.
EPICHARMUS.
29
lished by Edw. Thwaites at Oxford, 1709. There | as no witnesses had been present at the communi-
have been several editions of separate works. cation, Epicharis easily refuted the accusation. She
Ephrem is also said to be the author of an was, however, kept in custody. Subsequently,
immense number of songs. He began to write when the conspiracy was discovered, Nero ordered
them in opposition to Harmonius, the son and her to be tortured because she refused naming any
disciple of Bardesanes the heretic, who composed of the accomplices ; but neither blows, nor fire, nor
poetry involving many serious errors of doctrine, the increased fury of her tormentors, could extort
some of which were not only of an heretical but any confession from her. When on the second or
even of an heathen character, denying the resurrec- third day after she was carried in a sedan-chair-
tion of the body, and contnining views about the for her limbs were already broken--to be tortured
nature of the soul extracted from the writings of a second time, she strangled herself on her way by
pagan philosophers. These songs had become great her girdle, which she fastened to the chair. She
favourites among the common people, and Ephrem, thus acted, as Tacitus says, more nobly than many
to oppose their evil tendency, wrote other songs in a noble eques or senator, who without being tortured
similar metres and adapted to the same music of a betrayed their nearest relatives. (Tac. Ann. xv.
pious and Christian character. (Sozomen, l. c. ; 51, 57 ; Dion Cass. Ixii. 27. )
[L. S. ]
Theodoret, iv. 27 ; Cave, Script. Eccl. llist. Liter. EPICHARMUS ('Enrixapuos), the chief comic
part 1. sec. 4; C. Lengerke, Commentatio Critica poet among the Dorians, was born in the island of
de Ephraemo Syrio ss. interprete, qua simul Ver- Cos about the 60th Olympiad (B. C. 540). His
sionis Syriacae, quam Peschito vocant, Lectiones father, Elothales, was a physician, of the race of
variae ex Ephraemo Commentariis collectae, exhiben- the Asclepiads, and the profession of medicine
tur, Halle, 1828, and De Ephraemi Syri arle seems to have been followed for some time by Epi-
hermeneutica liber, 1831. ) [G. E. L. C. ] charmus himself, as well as by his brother.
EPHYRA ('Epúpa), a daughter of Oceanus, At the age of three months he was carried to
from whom Ephyraen, the ancient name of Cor- Megara, in Sicily; or, according to the account
inth was derived. (Paus. ii. 1. $ 1; Virg. Georg. preserved by Suidas, he went thither at a much
iv. 343. )
[L. S. ] later period, with Cadmus (B. C. 484). Thence he
EPIBATE'RIUS ('Etibarhpos), the god who removed to Syracuse, with the other inhabitants
conducts men on board a ship, a surname of of Megara, when the latter city was destroyed by
Apollo, under which Diomedes on his return from Gelon (B. C. 484 or 483). Here he spent the re-
Troy built him a temple at Troezene. (Paus. ii. mainder of his life, which was prolonged through-
32. ( 1. ) In the same sense Apollo bore the sur- out the reign of Hieron, at whose court Epicharmus
name of 'Eubáovos. (Apollon. Rhod. i. 404. ) [L. S. ] associated with the other great writers of the time,
EPICASTE (ETiáoTn), a daughter of Menoe- and among them, with Aeschylus, who seems to
ceus, and wife of Laius, by whom she became the have had some influence on his dramatic course.
mother of Oedipus, whom she afterwards un- He died at the age of ninety (B. C. 450), or, ac-
wittingly married. She is more commonly called cording to Lucian, ninety-seven (B. C. 443). The
Jocaste. (Hom. Od. xi. 271; Apollod. iii. 5. & 7, city of Syracuse erected a statue to him, the in-
&c. ; see OEDIPUS. ) Respecting Epicaste, the scription on which is preserved by Diogenes Laër-
daughter of Calydon, see AGENOR, No. 4; a third tius. (Diog. Laërt. viii. 78; Suid. s. v. ; Lucian,
Epicaste is mentioned by Apollodorus. (ii. 7. Macrob. 25; Aelian, V. H. ii. 34 ; Plut. Moral.
8. )
[L. S. ] pp. 68, a. , 175, c. ; Marmor Parium, No. 55. )
EPICELEUSTUS ('ETIKÉN EVOTOS), a native of In order to understand the relation of Epichar-
Crete, who lived probably in the second or first mus to the early comic poetry, it must be remem-
century B. C. He is mentioned by Erotianus bered that Megara, in Sicily, was a colony from
(Gloss. Hippocr. p. 8) as having abridged and Megara on the Isthmus, the inhabitants of which
differently arranged the work by Baccheius on the disputed with the Athenians the invention of
obsolete words found in the writings of Hippo- comedy, and where, at all events, a kind of comedy
crates.
[W. A. G. ) was known as early as the beginning of the sixth
EPI'CHARIS ('Erixapıs), a freedwoman of century B. C. (Susarion. ] This comedy (whether
bad repute, who was implicated in the conspiracy it was lyric or also dramatic, which is a doubtful
of Piso against the life of Nero, in A. D. 65, in point) was of course found by Epicharmus existing
which the philosopher Seneca also was involved. at the Sicilian Megara; and he, together with
According to Polyaenus (viii. 62), she was the Phormis, gave it a new form, which Aristotle de-
mistress of a brother of Seneca, and it may be that scribes by the words tò uulous Toler (Poët. 6 or
through this connexion she became acquainted with 5, ed. Ritter), a phrase which some take to mean
the plot of the conspirators, though Tacitus says comedies with a regular plot; and others, comedies
that it was unknown by what means she had ac- on mythological subjects. The latter seems to be
quired her knowledge of it. She endeavoured by the better interpretation ; but either explanation
all means to stimulate the conspirators to carry establishes a clear distinction between the comedy
their plan into effect. But as they acted slowly of Epicharmus and that of Megara, which seems to
and with great hesitation, she at length grew tired, have been little more than a sort of low buffoonery.
and resolved upon trying to win over the sailors of With respect to the time when Epicharmus be-
the fleet of Misenum in Campania, where she was gan to compose comedies, much confusion has
staying. One Volusius Proculus, a chiliarch of arisen from the statement of Aristotle (or an in-
the fleet, appears to have been the first that was terpolator), that Epicharmus lived long before
initiated by her in the secret, but no names were Chionides. (Poët. 3; CHIONIDES. ) We have,
mentioned to him. Proculus had no sooner ob- however, the express and concurrent testimonies of
tained the information than be betrayed the whole the anonymous writer On Comedy (p. xxviii. ), that
plot to Nero. Epicharis was summoned before the he flourished about the 73rd Olympiad, and of
emperor, but as no names had been mentioned, and | Suidas (s. v. ), that he wrote six years before the
## p. 30 (#46) ##############################################
30
EPICHIARMUS.
EPICLEIDAS.
Persian war (B. C. 485–4). Thus it appears that, sententious wisdom of the Pythagorean philosopher
like Cratinus, he was an old man before he began His language was remarkably elegant: he was
to write comedy; and this agrecs well with the celebrated for his choice of cpithets: his plays
fact that his poetry was of a very philosophic abounded, as the extant fragnients prove, with
character. (Anon. de Com. I. c. ) The only one of qual, or philosophical and moral maxims, and
his plays, the date of which is certainly known, is long speculative discourses, on the instinct of ani-
the Nãooi, B. C. 477. (Schol.
