When it is defiled, the First Dhyana does not contain joy and happiness "arisen from separation", because it is not
separated
from the defilements of Kamadhatu (see Vibhdsa, TD 27, p.
AbhidharmakosabhasyamVol-4VasubandhuPoussinPruden1991
?
?
Why could it not exist without physical matter?
Because it never happens here below that a mind exists without a body.
But, by virtue of this same reasoning, you should deny that beings in Rupadhatu live on material food. Moreover we have already explained40 how a mind in Arupyadhatu has nikdya ("genre") and fivita ("life") as its support.
***
Do the Arupyas receive their different names,--AkaSanan- tyayatana, etc. ,--from the fact that they have space (dkdsa) etc. , for their objects?
No. The first three,
4a-c. AkaSunantya, Vijnananantya, and Akimcanya are named after their preparatory exercises.
The three lower Arupyas receive their names from the fact that, in their preparatory exercises, one considers space, etc. 41
4c-d. Because of its weakness, the (next) absorption is called Neither-Ideas-Nor-Absence of Ideas (nasamjndndpyasamj- ndkah). 42
The Fourth Arupya receives its name from the fact that samjndf "ideas," is very weak in it. Ideas are not active in it, but neither is it completely without ideas.
? Without doubt, one prepares himself for this Arupya by
43
considering, "Ideas are a sickness! Ideas are an ulcer! Ideas are an
arrow! The absence of ideas (dsamjnika, compare ii. 41b) is 44
stupidity (sammoha)l This is calmness, this is excellent, the Faculty of Neither-Ideas-Nor-Absence of Ideas! " But it is not by reason of this preparatory exercise that the Fourth Arupya receives its name.
And why is the Fourth Arupya conceived of, by the ascetic who
finds himself in the preparatory absorptions, as Neither-Ideas-Nor-
45 Absence of Ideas?
It is because of the slightness of the ideas in it. This is the explanation of its name.
***
5a. There are then eight things that are basic absorptions;
The Four Dhyanas and the Four Arupyas are the eight basic
46 absorptions.
5b. The (first) seven are threefold.
The first seven of these eight are threefold.
5c. Enjoyment, pure, and free from the defilements.
They are associated with enjoyment, are pure, and are free from the defilements.
5d. The eighth is twofold.
Bhavagra is associated with enjoyment and is pure, but it is not
? 1228 Chapter Eight
free from the defilements.
6a. The absorption of enjoyment is associated with thirst; (a pure absorption is of a worldly order of good; it is the object of enjoyment of the first; the absorption free from
47
For enjoyment is itself thirst (=desire).
48 6b. A pure absorption is of a worldly order of good;
Worldly good is also termed "good," because it arises in conjunction with the pure dharmas, such as non-desire, etc. (iv. 9a).
6c. It is the object of enjoyment.
Pure absorption is the object enjoyed by the absorption of
enjoyment. As soon as the pure absorption disappears, the
absorption of enjoyment that enjoys it arises. (The ascetic has then
left the pure absorption that he is enjoying; but he is concentrated
by virtue of the fact of the absorption of enjoyment which he
49 enjoys).
6d. The absorption free from the defilements is trans- worldly.
The absorption free from the defilements is transworldly. (It cannot be the cause of or the object of desire; hence it is not enjoyed).
the defilements is transworldly. )
#*#
? The Dhyanas are filled with "parts'* or items, but not the Arupyas (because calmness and insight are in equal measure in them; below, note 77 ).
50
How many parts
are there in each Dhyana?
7-8. There are five parts in the First: [yitarka, vicara, joy
\prtii\ happiness [sukha], and samddhi; four in the Second:
faith and joy, etc. ; five in the Third: equanimity, mindful-
ness, awareness (samprajndna), happiness, and samddhi;
and four in the last: mindfulness, equanimity, the sensation
of neither suffering nor happiness [aduhkhdsukha], and 1
52
7b. Vitarka, vicara, joy, happiness, and samddhi.
The teaching of the School is that samddhi or concentration is at one and the same time both Dhyana and a part of this Dhyana, whereas the other parts are only parts of Dhyana, but not Dhyana itself.
But in our opinion, it is the same for the five-part Dhyana as
53
The Second Dhyana contains four parts: joy, happiness, concentration of the mind on a single object {cittaikagrata), and internal purity of faith {adhydtmasamprasdda).
8a. Five in the Third: equanimity, mindfulness, awareness, happiness, and stability {-samddhi).
samddhi]}
There are five parts or items in the First Dhyana.
for a four-part army, which does not exist apart from its parts.
7c. Four in the Second: faith and joy, etc.
? 1230 Chapter Eight
The Third Dhyana possesses five parts: 1) equanimity (not
vedanopeksa, the sensation of indifference, but samskdropeksa),
joy which is free from movement towards any 6b]ect(andbhogala- 54
ksana); 2) mindfulness (that is, not losing sight of the motive or reason [nimitta] for this equanimity, upeksanimittdsampramo-
55
sa); 3) samprajndnam (consciousness or awareness relating to
this mindfulness); 4) happiness; and 5) samddhi: sthiti or stability is a synonym for samddhi, as the Sutra says, "What is right samddhi? It is stability of the mind. "
8b. And four in the last: mindfulness, equanimity, the sensation of neither suffering nor happiness, and samddhi.
The Fourth Dhyana possesses four parts: 1) the sensation of indifference (lit. : the sensation of neither suffering nor happi- ness), 2) pure equanimity (upeksaparisuddhi), 3) pure mindful- ness, and 4) samddhi.
These are the eighteen parts of the Dhyanas: the First and the Third Dhyanas have five parts each, and the Second and the Fourth Dhyanas have four parts each. In respect to their names, there are eighteen parts. (But how many of these eighteen are distinct things? )
56
Regarded as things or substances (dravya), there are eleven parts.
There are five in the First Dhyana, plus 1) internal purity or faith in the Second Dhyana; 3-5) equanimity, mindfulness, awareness and happiness in the Third Dhyana; and 6) the sensation of neither suffering nor happiness in the Fourth Dhyana.
9a. Regarded as things, there are eleven parts.
There are then some parts of the First Dhyana that are not
? parts of the Second Dhyana. There are four alternatives: 1) parts of the First Dhyana that are not parts of the Second Dhyana, namely vitarka and vicdra; 2) part of the Second Dhyana that is not part of the First Dhyana, namely faith; 3) parts common to the First and the Second Dhyanas, namely joy, happiness, and concentration of the mind on a single object (cittaikdgrata); and 4) parts that do not belong to either of the First or the Second Dhyanas, namely all of the other parts.
The correspondance of the parts of the other Dhyanas is established according to the same principles.
***
Why do you say that the happiness of the Third Dhyana constitutes a separate thing?
Because the happiness of the Third Dhyana is agreeable sensation (sukha vedand), whereas
9b. In the first two Dhyanas, happiness {sukha) signifies 1
In the First and Second Dhyana, prasrabdhi ('karmanyata, "aptitude" or well-being," ii, English trans. p. 191) is called happiness: here we have prasrabdhisukha, happiness which consists of prasrabdhi. In the Third Dhyana, there is only the sensation of happiness (sukha vedand). TM
In fact, in the first two Dhyanas, there can be no faculty of happiness (sukhendriya).
The reason for this is: 1) the happiness attributed to these
59
Dhyanas cannot be bodily happiness, in light of the fact that the
five sense consciousnesses are absent in a person who has entered
60 into contemplation;
well-being (prasrabdhi)?
2. the happiness attributed to these Dhyanas cannot be mental
? 1232 Chapter Eight
happiness because these Dhyanas possess joy. Now joy is "satisfaction'' (saumanasya) and it is inadmissible for joy and happiness, even happiness of sensation, to coexist; they cannot even succeed one another, for the First Dhyana possesses five parts, and the Second, only four.
[Thesis of the Darstantikas:]
i. In the first three Dhyanas, there is no mental sensation of happiness, but only a bodily sensation of happiness, which constitutes the part called "happiness" of these Dhyanas (and is
61
Objection: In this hypothesis you should explain how the Sutra could say, "What is the faculty of happiness (sukhendriya)? The bodily and mental sensation of happiness produced by reason of an agreeable contact is what is called the faculty of happiness. "
This reasoning is not authentic, answer the Darstantikas, as the word "mental" (caitasika) has been added. In all the sects the text merely reads "bodily happiness. "
Further, they continue, regarding the part of the Third Dhyana
called happiness, the Sutra says in its own words that, in this
Dhyana the ascetic "experiences happiness through his body"
62
(sukham . . . kdyena sampravedayate). Would one maintain that
the word "through the body" {kdyena) signifies "through the body
of the mind" (manahkdyena = manahsamuddyena, "through the
accumulation which is the mind"), and that one should translate,
"the ascetic experiences happiness through this complex which is
63 the manas"?
ii. [The explanation of the Vaibhasikas,] that the happiness
part of the first two Dhyanas is well-being (prasrabdhi, kar-
manyata) is untenable, for the well-being of the Fourth Dhyana is
certainly greater than the well-being of the first two Dhyanas, and
the Sutra does not attribute a happiness part to the Fourth
64
Dhyana.
[If the Vaibhasikas answer,] "The well-being of the first two
activated in the course of the absorption).
? ; fc
T6g Absorptions 1233
Dhyanas is called happiness because it is favorable to the sensation of happiness, whereas the well-being of the Fourth Dhyana does not have this character," [then the Darstantikas will answer,] "The well-being of the Third Dhyana, like that of the first two, is favorable to the sensation of happiness; why do the Vaibhasikas not attribute prasrabdhisukha, happiness which consists of well-being, to the Third Dhyana, but rather a happiness consisting of an agreeable mental sensation (vedandsukha)? "
[If the Vaibhasikas answer,] "In the Third Dhyana, well-being whose character is karmanyata or aptitude (ii, English trans, p. 91) is opposed by equanimity, whose character is akarmanyatd" [the Darstantikas will deny the truth of this assertation:] for them well-being is accumulated through equanimity, since it results from the fact that the well-being of the Third Dhyana is greater than the well-being of the first two Dhyanas.
65
Finally, the Sutra says,
"When the Noble Sravaka, having
realized the joy born of separation, abides in absorption, then five
dharmas have been abandoned by him, and he has achieved the
cultivation of five dharmas, namely joy, well-being, happiness,
prajna, and samddhi" In this Sutra, well-being is listed separately
from happiness; it should be distinct from happiness in order for
the list of the five dharmas to be complete. Thus, in the first two
66 Dhyanas, happiness is not well-being.
iii. [Objection of the Vaibhasikas:] In order for the happiness of the first two Dhyanas to be agreeable bodily sensation, it is necessary for the person in absorption to produce a consciousness of touch {kdyavijnana). And this is not possible. [Answer of the Darstantikas:] In the state of absorption, the body is penetrated by a wind born of excellent mental concentration (samddhi); this wind is a tangible which is agreeably felt (sukhavedaniya) and is called well-being. Hence there is produced a consciousness of touch
(together with the agreeable sensation associated with this consciousness).
[The Vaibhasikas:] When this consciousness is produced, there is "a distraction of the mind towards an external object*': hence the
? 1234 Chapter Eight
ascetic would fall away from his samadhi.
Answer of the Darstantikas:] No, for agreeable or happy bodily
sensation which arises from samadhi, being internal, is favorable 61
to samadhi.
[The Vaibhasikas:] But would the ascetic fall away from the
samadhi when he produces the consciousness of touch?
[Answer of the Darstantikas:] No, and for this same reason:
this consciousness is favorable to samadhi. Immediately after the
68
[The Vaibhasikas:] How can the body (kdyendriya), which is in Kamadhatu, give rise to a touch consciousness (i. e. , prasrabdhi), which is, according to you, a type of wind in Rupadhatu (i. 47c)?
[The Darstantikas:] This criticism does not hold, for this
69
consciousness of touch is produced by reason of well-being.
[The Vaibhasikas:] There is a difficulty in regarding well-being
70
as a tangible.
transworldly, undefiled Dhyana: the tangible (well-being) and the consciousness of touch (kdyavijnana) which he has will be undefiled, for some of the parts of defiled Dhyana cannot be undefiled, while the others are defiled. [Now the Sutra says that "All eyes . . . all tangibles are defiled". ]
[The Darstantikas:] There is no contradiction here. In fact physical well-being {kdyasya karmanyatd) is defined as "a part of
71
appearance of this consciousness, the samadhi is taken up again.
Bodhi. "
If the Vaibhasikas answer, "Even though it is not a part
Let us suppose that the ascetic is in possession of
of Bodhi, it is so defined because it is favorable to the part of Bodhi
called well-being and which is mental well-being," we would say
that, for the same reason, one can consider bodily well-being as
undefiled. [If the Vaibhasikas answer,] "Bodily well-being cannot
be undefiled, for the Siitra declares that all tangible things are
72
defiled,"
and refers to all tangible things with the exception of physical well-being, to the consciousnesses of touch with the exception of the consciousness of touch which cognizes well-being.
we would say that this Sutra is of intentional meaning
? [The Vaibhasikas:] Do you admit that certain parts of undefiled dhyana are undefiled, and that certain parts are not undefiled?
[The Darstantikas:] The undefiled part is not simultaneous to the non-undefiled part; we know indeed that (bodily) happiness does not exist at the same time as (mental) joy.
[The Vaibhasikas:] Then the First Dhyana will not have five parts, and the Second Dhyana will not have four parts.
[The Darstantikas:] If Scripture attributes the parts of happpiness and joy to the first two Dhyanas, this is because these Dhyanas are susceptible, successively, to happiness and joy; in the same way Scripture attributes vitarka and vicdra--which can only exist successively--to the First Dhyana.
[The Vaibhasikas:] We affirm that vitarka and vicdra coexist; but the example that you cite to prove the non-coexistence of the parts is not proved.
[The Darstantikas:] This example is proved; for vitarka, which is a coarse mental state, and vicdra, which is a subtle mental state,
73
are contradictory and cannot coexist. And you did not say what
74 harm there is in their not coexisting.
Let us consider the theory of the "parts": one determines the specific features of the Second Dhyana and of those following by eliminating two, three, or four parts: it is for this reason that the First Dhyana is said to contain five parts, because the other Dhyanas are defined by the elimination, successively and in order, of the first four of these parts. This is why ideas (samjnd) and the other dharmas of the First Dhyana are not considered as parts, for they are not cut off in the following Dhyanas. If you do not accept this explanation, then why does the First Dhyana have only five parts?
But, [say the Vaibhasikas,] the five parts are only called parts because they are useful to the Dhyana. No, this cannot be the case, [answer the Darstantikas,] since mindfulness and prajitd are more
? 1236 Chapter Eight
useful to the Dhyana than are vitarka and vicdra.
75
presented, but the ancient masters (purvdcdryas) are not in
A certain school
agreement on this.
77 examined.
76
maintains the system that has been Consequently the point should be further
***
What is the dharma called "internal purity (or faith)" 78
When the agitation of vitarka and vicdra has come to an end, the series flows calmly and clearly: this is what is called internal purity. As a river agitated by waves, so too the series, by reason of the agitation of vitarka and vicdra, is not calm or clear. [This is the explanation of the Sautruntikas. ]
But if we admit this explanation, then internal purity is not a thing in and of itself. Thus there will not be eleven things in the Dhyanas. Then one must say
79 9c. Purity is faith.
Purity (prasdda) is a thing in and of itself, namely faith
(fraddbd). When the ascetic acquires the Second Dhyana, he
produces a profound faith: he admits that the spheres of
absorption themselves can be abandoned. This faith is called
internal purity. Faith, having purity (prasdda, vi. 75) for its
characteristic, is called purity. Having abandoned externals, it
(adhydtmasamprasdda)?
flows equally and so prasdda is internal and equal; hence it is 0
termed "internal purity" or adhydtmasamprasdda. *
According to other masters [the Sautrantikas], vitarka, vicdra,
? samadhi, and internal purity are not separate things.
[The Sarvastivadins:] If these are not separate things, how can
one say that they are mental dharmas?
[The Sautrantikas:] Some special states of mind receive the
81
name of mental states because they arise in the mind.
But the system of the Abhidharma does not admit this theory.
[Objection of the Sautrantikas:] You have said that joy is satisfaction (saumanasya), a happy or agreeable mental sensation. How would you establish this definition?
If joy is not satisfaction, then what is the dharma that is called joy?
83
We follow another school.
exists a dharma distinct from satisfaction, a mental state called joy. The hapiness of the three Dhyanas is satisfaction; hence joy, which is distinguished from happiness, is distinct from satisfaction. It is not admissible that happiness, in the Dhyanas, is satisfaction.
84
5
The Blessed One says in the Viparitasutra,* "In the Third
Dhyana the faculty of satisfaction {saumanasyendriya) which has previously arisen is destroyed without remnant; in the Fourth Dhyana, the faculty of happiness (sukhendriya) is destroyed without remnant. "
86
He says in another Sutra,
faculty of happiness and the faculty of suffering, and by reason of the previous disappearance of the faculty of dissatisfaction (daurmanayendriya) and the faculty of satisfaction. "
9c-d. Joy is satisfaction. This is proved by two texts.
The Absorptions 1237
According to this school, there
"By reason of the abandoning of the
82
? 1238 Chapter Eight
These two texts prove that there is no faculty of satisfaction in the Third Dhyana. Hence joy is satisfaction, and not happiness.
***
Does defiled dhyana possess the parts that we have just studied?
No.
What are the parts that are absent in each defiled dhyana?
lOa-c. In the defiled Dhyanas there is no joy, happiness, faith, sampradhih (=awareness, samprajanya), mindfulness, pure equanimity nor pure mindfulness.
When it is defiled, the First Dhyana does not contain joy and happiness "arisen from separation", because it is not separated from the defilements of Kamadhatu (see Vibhdsa, TD 27, p. 8l4a23).
The Second Dhyana does not contain internal purity (=faith), because it is troubled by the defilements; the defilements cause it to be unclear.
The Third Dhyana does not contain mindfulness and aware- ness, because it is confused by a defiled happiness.
The Fourth Dhyana does not contain the purity of equanimity or the purity of mindfulness, because it is soiled by the defilements.
That is what some say.
lOd. According to some, (there is no) well-being and equanimity.
According to others, there is no 1) well-being in the first two
? Dhyanas, and 2) no equanimity in the last two, because well-being and equanimity are dharmas that are only found in a pure mind (kusalamahabhilmika, ii. 25).
***
The Blessed One teaches that three Dhyanas are "disturbed"
7 (sa-injita) because of "faults" (apaksdlas)*
lla-b. As it is free from the eight faults, the Fourth is undisturbed.
What are the eight faults?
llc-d. Vitarka and vicdra, the two breaths, and the four of which happiness is the first.
The eight faults are vitarka, vicdra, happiness, suffering,
satisfaction, dissatisfaction, inbreathing, and outbreathing. None
of these eight is found in the Fourth Dhyana: this is why it alone is
termed "undisturbed. " It is true that the Sutra says that the Fourth
Dhyana is undisturbed because it is not agitated by vitarka and
88
vicdra, by joy and happiness.
not to attribute the breaths, etc. , to the Fourth Dhyana; the Sutra is merely noting its difference from the other Dhyanas. )
According to others, the Fourth Dhyana is "undisturbed'' (anenjyarn) because it is like a lamp which, in a sealed place, is not agitated by the wind.
***
Do the arisings of dhyana existences (dhydnopapattayah) or existences in Rupadhatu, possess the same sensations (vedands) as
The Absorptions 1239
(But the intention of this passage is
? 1240 Chapter Eight
do the absorption of the Dhyanas? No, they do not.
Why is this?
12. In the dhyana existences, there is satisfaction, happi- ness, and equanimity; equanimity and sumanaskata {-sau- manasya, satisfaction); happiness and equanimity; and equanimity. 89
a. In the First Dhyana existence, there are three sensations: 1) the sensation of happiness (sukhavedand) associated with three consciousnesses (eye, ear, and body consciousness); 2) the sensation of satisfaction of the sphere of the mind consciousness (manovijndna); and 3) the sensation of equanimity associated with four consciousnesses (eye, ear, body, and manas).
b. In the Second Dhyana existence, there are two sensations, namely satisfaction and equanimity, both of the sphere of the manas. There is no happiness here, because the five sense consciousnesses are absent. 90
? In the Third Dhyana existence, there are two sensations, namely happiness91 and equanimity, both of the sphere of the manas.
d. In the Fourth Dhyana existence, there is a single sensation, the sensation of equanimity.
Such is, with respect to the sensations, the differences between the Dhyana existences and the absorptions of dhyana.
***
If, from the Second Dhyana on, three consciousnesses (eye, ear, and body consciousness) are absent, as well as vitarka and vicara, how can beings born in the three higher Dhyanas see, hear, and
? touch? How can they produce the bodily or vocal act of informing (vijnaptikarman, iv. 7d; see also i. 46 and following)?
We do not say that beings who are born in these Dhyanas lack visual consciousness, etc. They possess these consciousnesses, but not in the Second, the Third or the Fourth Dhyanas:
13a-c. In the Second Dhyana and above, the body, eye, and
ear consciousnesses, and the consciousness that sets the act
of informing into motion belong to the sphere of the First
92
Dhyana.
The eye consciousness, etc. , and the consciousness that sets into
motion the act of informing do not exist in the Second Dhyana and
93
above. But the beings of these Dhyanas manifest these con-
sciousnesses, in the same way as they manifest a fictive mind of
94
creation (nirmdnacitta) of a lower sphere,
consciousnesses, they see, hear, touch, and produce the action of informing.
13d. These consciousnesses are undefiled-neutral.
The four dhyanas which beings in the Second Dhyana and above manifest, belong to the sphere of the First Dhyana. Hence they are not defiled, because these beings are detached from the lower spheres; but they are not good, because the good of a lower
95 sphere is less good.
***
How does the acquisition of the absorptions of Rupadhatu and Arupyadhatu take place accordingly as they are pure, undefiled, or defiled? (see viii. 5).
The Absorptions 1241
and, by means of these
? 1242 Chapter Eight
14a-b. One who does not possess them acquires them, pure, through detachment or through birth.
One who does not possess these absorptions obtains them by detaching oneself from a lower sphere or by taking up birth in a
96
lower sphere (adhobhumyupapattitas), with the exception of the
fourth absorption of Arupyadhatu, or Bhavagra, which one acquires solely by detaching oneself from the third absorption.
What is the meaning of the expression, "He who does not possess them"?
This signifies "One who has not acquired them or who has lost them. " In fact a person who possesses these pure absorptions of the falling (hanabhagiya) class, etc. (viii. 17) can, through cultivation, obtain pure absorptions of a higher class (i. e. , of penetration, nirvedhabhdgiya)\ one who possesses pure absorp- tions of the duration {sthitibhagiya) class can, through falling, obtain pure absorptions of the falling class.
97
The Vibhdsd also says, "Can one acquire a pure dhydna
through detachment? Can one abandon a pure dhydna through detachment? Can one acquire a pure dhydna through falling? Can one abandon a pure dhydna through falling? Can one acquire a pure dhydna through birth? Can one abandon a pure dhydna through birth? Yes, in the case of the First Dhyana of the falling class. "
In fact, 1) one obtains this dhydna through detachment from Kamadhatu; 2) one loses it through detachment from Brahmaloka (: by passing through the Second Dhyana); 3) one obtains it by falling from detachment in Brahmaloka; 4) one loses it by falling from detachment in Kamadhatu; 5) one obtains it by rebirth from here up to Brahmaloka; and 6) one loses it by rebirth into Kamadhatu. [Hsuan-tsang: The same for the absorptions of the other spheres].
14c. One acquires them, undefiled, through detachment.
? That is, "one who does not possess them. " The Aryan who detaches himself from a lower sphere acquires the undefiled absorption of a higher sphere. This rule only refers to the ascetic who has completely abandoned the absorption in question.
One who already possesses an absorption acquires this same absorption of undefiled quality under other conditions. Through the knowledge of extinction (ksayajndna, vi. 44d), one acquires the undefiled absorption of an Asaiksa; through the perfectioning of his faculties {indriyasarhcdra, vi. 60), one acquires an undefiled absorption of a Saiksa or an Asaiksa, according to the case. [Hsuan-tsang: The undefiled absorption, already possessed, is again acquired through cultivation or through falling, as explained above. ]
But cannot one say that the ascetic, through entry into the certitude of the acquisition of absolute good {samyaktvaniydma,
98
No, for the ascetic who, before pursuing the acquisition of the result of the state of Sakrdagamin, has obtained the result of the state of Srotaapanna (an dnupurvana, ii. l6c) can enter into this certitude in the state of Anagamya (viii. 22c); he does not necessarily acquire the basic absorption. [Hsuan-tsang: Now the Treatise only examines the case that necessarily includes the acquisition of the absorptions. ]
I4d. One acquires them, defiled, through falling and through birth.
One who falls from the detachment of a sphere acquires the defiled absorption of this sphere. One who, dying in a higher sphere and reborn in a lower sphere, acquires the defiled absorption of this second sphere.
vi. 26a), acquires undefiled absorption for the first time?
##*
The Absorptions 1243
? 1244 Chapter Eight
How many types of absorptions arises after how many types of absorptions?
1. Six absorptions can arise after the first undefiled dhyana: 99
1-2) pure and undefiled absorption of the same sphere; and 3-6) pure and undefiled absorption of the Second and Third Dhyanas.
2. Seven absorptions can arise after undefiled Akimcanyaya- tana: 1-2) pure and undefiled absorption of the same sphere; 3-6) pure and undefiled absorption of Vijnananantyayatana and
100
AkaSanantyayatana; and 7) pure absorption of Naivasamjfiana-
samjnayatana, because this ay at ana does not contain any undefiled absorption.
3. Eight absorptions can arise after the Second undefiled Dhyana: 1-2) pure and undefiled absorption of the same sphere; and 3-8) pure and undefiled absorption of the Third, Fourth, and First Dhyana.
4. Nine absorptions can arise after undefiled Vijnananantyaya- tana: 1-2) two of the same sphere; 3-6) four, namely two of Akasanantyayatana and two of the Fourth Dhyana; and 7-9) three, two of Akimcanyayatana and one of Naivasamjnanasamjnayatana.
5. According to these same principles, one will see that ten
absorptions can arise after the dhyana and arupya absorptions not 101
specified above.
The rule is formulated briefly:
15a-c. After the undefiled, up to the third sphere above or below, there arises the good.
[The word "good" designates the pure absorption and the undefiled absorption, for both are morally good (iv. 8). ]
After an undefiled absorption, we have: 1) either two types of absorption of the same sphere as this undefiled absorption, namely
? pure and undefiled; or 2) two types of absorption, pure or undefiled, of a higher sphere or of a lower sphere until the third in either direction. In fact, by reason of its too great distance, the ascetic is not capable of jumping over two spheres.
After inferential knowledge {anvayajndna, vii. 3c), one can enter into the absorptions of Arupyadhatu, but not after the knowledge of the dharmas (dbarmajndna), because this has a lower sphere for its object.
We have seen which absorptions arise after the undefiled absorptions.
15c-d. The same after the pure, by adding the defiled of its sphere.
A defiled absorption of the same sphere can arise after any
102 pure absorption. The rest as for the undefiled absorption. A
defiled absorption cannot arise after an undefiled absorption.
16a. After the defiled, the pure and the defiled of its sphere.
A pure or a defiled absorption of the same sphere can arise after a defiled absorption.
16b. And the pure of a lower sphere.
Wearied of the defilements of the sphere in which one finds oneself,--defilements belonging to the defiled absorption of a higher sphere,--the ascetic produces an esteem for the pure absorption of a lower sphere. Therefore, after the defiled absorption of a higher sphere (the Second Dhyana), a pure absorption of a lower sphere (the First Dhyana) can arise.
There is a difficulty. If an ascetic were in a position to distinctly
The Absorptions 1245
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know a defiled absorption and a pure absorption, he would be able to pass from the higher defiled absorption to the lower pure absorption. But, being defiled, he is not capable of this distinct knowledge; how then can he, after a defiled absorption, produce a pure absorption?
By the force of a previous resolution (pranidhdna). He made the resolution, "May I be able to obtain a lower pure absorption! What have I to do with a higher defiled absorption? " The "series" develops of itself by reason of this resolution, and, as a conse- quence, the lower absorption arises after the higher defiled absorption, in the same way as a person forms the resolution to sleep until a certain time, falls asleep, and then wakes up at that fixed time.
###
The undefiled absorptions, of whichever sphere, never arise after a defiled absorption. [There is no reciprocal generation between these two types, whereas a pure absorption is in reciprocal generation with both the undefiled and defiled absorptions. ]
We have said that the defiled absorption that succeeds the pure or defiled absorption is always of the sphere of the absorption which it follows. This rule should be understood of life in the course of the absorption; but
16c-d. At death, after the pure, the defiled of any type can
103
arise.
At death, a defiled mind of any sphere can arise following a pure absorption obtained through birth.
I6d. After the defiled, nothing higher.
? At death, only a defiled mind of the same sphere or a lower sphere can follow Rupadhatu and Arupyadhatu.
*#*
We have seen that the undefiled absorption can follow the pure absorptions; but it cannot follow all types of pure absorptions.
17a-b. The pure absorption is of four types, of falling, etc.
The pure (suddhaka) absorption is of four types: of falling (hdnabhdglya), of duration {sthitibhagiya), of progress (visesabhdg- tya), and of penetration {nirvedhabhdgtya). Nevertheless, the pure absorption of Naivasamjfianasamjnayatana is only of three types, excluding the category of the pure absorption of progress, because
104
it has no higher sphere.
What are these four types?
17b-d. In order, they are suitable to the arising of the defilements, to its own sphere, to a higher sphere, to the undefiled.
When the pure absorption is of such a nature that it tends to lead to the arising of the defilements, it is called an absorption "of falling. "
When the pure absorption tends to lead to its own sphere, it is called an absorption "of duration. "
When the pure absorption tends to lead to a higher sphere, it is called an absorption "of progress. "
When the pure absorption tends to lead to the undefiled absorption, it is called an absorption "of penetration" (vi. 20a).
The Absorptions \2M
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Therefore it is from this last category of pure absorptions that the undefiled absorption arises.
***
What is the reciprocal generation of these four categories of absorption?
18a-b. After the absorption of falling, etc. , two, three, three, one.
After the absorption of falling, there can arise absorptions of
105 falling and duration.
After the absorption of duration, three can arise, with the exception of the absorption of penetration.
After the absorption of progress, three can arise, with the exception of the absorption of falling.
After the absorption of penetration, only an absorption of penetration can arise.
We have seen (viii. l5a-c) that immediately after a pure absorption or an undefiled absorption of a certain sphere, there can arise a pure absorption of an undefiled absorption of the third sphere above or below. When this is produced, the ascetic passes over a sphere and changes the characteristics of his absorption: he cultivates what is called the "transitional absorption" {vyutkrdnta- kasamdpatti). How is this absorption actualized?
18c-19b. Going and coming in two ways over the eight spheres, in immediate succession, by passing over one sphere, going to the third sphere of a different type, is
106 called "transitional absorption".
? "Going and coming": "to go" is to take up the absorptions in ascending order; "to come" is to take up the absorptions in descending (or reverse) order.
"In two ways'* refers to undefiled absorption and defiled absorption. This refers to the pure absorptions, not to the defiled absorptions.
"The eight spheres" means the Four Dhyana absorptions, and the Four Arupya absorptions.
"In immediate succession" signifies by degrees.
"By passing over one sphere" means by skipping a sphere.
The preparatory exercise (prayoga) includes four successive disciplines: 1) cultivation of the eight defiled absorptions in ascending and descending order; 2) when this cultivation is assured, there is cultivation of the seven undefiled absorptions in ascending and descending order; 3) when this cultivation is assured, then the ascetic, in order to gain mastery in absorption, passes from the first defiled dhydna into the third dhydna of this same quality; from this he passes into Akasanantyayatana, from this into Akimcanyayatana; and he then descends in the same way, since all of the absorptions are defiled; 4) when this cultivation is assured, there is cultivation in the same way, and in the two ways, of the undefiled absorptions.
When the ascetic is capable of passing from the first defiled dhydna into the third undefiled dhydna, from this into defiled Akasanantyayatana, from this into undefiled Akimcanyayatana, and to return in the same way, then he has realized the entry into the third absorption of a different quality and has returned from
107 this absorption: the transitional absorption has been achieved.
It is impossible to skip over two spheres and enter into a fourth, because a fourth sphere is too distant.
The transitional absorption is cultivated only by humans of the Three Dvlpas; by Arhats who are non-circumstantially delivered, that is, those who realize absorption of their own accord, those
The Absorptions 1249
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who are delivered independently of circumstances (the asamaya- vimukta Arhats, vi. 57) because they possess mastery in absorption. The Drstipraptas (vi. 31c), that is, the ascetics in whom prajnd dominates, (who are informed by speculative views, drsti), are of keen faculties and possess mastery in absorption; but they lack the first condition. Arhats whose liberation is occasional and circumstantial (the samayavimukta Arhats, vi. 56c) have destroyed the defilements, but the second condition is absent. Both are therefore incapable of cultivating the transitional absorption.
***
How many dhydna and drupya absorptions can be actualized by beings in different spheres?
19c-d. The dhydna and drupya absorptions have for their support (dsraya) beings of their own spheres or of a lower sphere.
A being in Bhavagra (=Naivasamjnanasamjnayatana) can actualize the absorption of Bhavagra. Beings in lower spheres down to Kamadhatu can actualize it also.
Why could it not exist without physical matter?
Because it never happens here below that a mind exists without a body.
But, by virtue of this same reasoning, you should deny that beings in Rupadhatu live on material food. Moreover we have already explained40 how a mind in Arupyadhatu has nikdya ("genre") and fivita ("life") as its support.
***
Do the Arupyas receive their different names,--AkaSanan- tyayatana, etc. ,--from the fact that they have space (dkdsa) etc. , for their objects?
No. The first three,
4a-c. AkaSunantya, Vijnananantya, and Akimcanya are named after their preparatory exercises.
The three lower Arupyas receive their names from the fact that, in their preparatory exercises, one considers space, etc. 41
4c-d. Because of its weakness, the (next) absorption is called Neither-Ideas-Nor-Absence of Ideas (nasamjndndpyasamj- ndkah). 42
The Fourth Arupya receives its name from the fact that samjndf "ideas," is very weak in it. Ideas are not active in it, but neither is it completely without ideas.
? Without doubt, one prepares himself for this Arupya by
43
considering, "Ideas are a sickness! Ideas are an ulcer! Ideas are an
arrow! The absence of ideas (dsamjnika, compare ii. 41b) is 44
stupidity (sammoha)l This is calmness, this is excellent, the Faculty of Neither-Ideas-Nor-Absence of Ideas! " But it is not by reason of this preparatory exercise that the Fourth Arupya receives its name.
And why is the Fourth Arupya conceived of, by the ascetic who
finds himself in the preparatory absorptions, as Neither-Ideas-Nor-
45 Absence of Ideas?
It is because of the slightness of the ideas in it. This is the explanation of its name.
***
5a. There are then eight things that are basic absorptions;
The Four Dhyanas and the Four Arupyas are the eight basic
46 absorptions.
5b. The (first) seven are threefold.
The first seven of these eight are threefold.
5c. Enjoyment, pure, and free from the defilements.
They are associated with enjoyment, are pure, and are free from the defilements.
5d. The eighth is twofold.
Bhavagra is associated with enjoyment and is pure, but it is not
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free from the defilements.
6a. The absorption of enjoyment is associated with thirst; (a pure absorption is of a worldly order of good; it is the object of enjoyment of the first; the absorption free from
47
For enjoyment is itself thirst (=desire).
48 6b. A pure absorption is of a worldly order of good;
Worldly good is also termed "good," because it arises in conjunction with the pure dharmas, such as non-desire, etc. (iv. 9a).
6c. It is the object of enjoyment.
Pure absorption is the object enjoyed by the absorption of
enjoyment. As soon as the pure absorption disappears, the
absorption of enjoyment that enjoys it arises. (The ascetic has then
left the pure absorption that he is enjoying; but he is concentrated
by virtue of the fact of the absorption of enjoyment which he
49 enjoys).
6d. The absorption free from the defilements is trans- worldly.
The absorption free from the defilements is transworldly. (It cannot be the cause of or the object of desire; hence it is not enjoyed).
the defilements is transworldly. )
#*#
? The Dhyanas are filled with "parts'* or items, but not the Arupyas (because calmness and insight are in equal measure in them; below, note 77 ).
50
How many parts
are there in each Dhyana?
7-8. There are five parts in the First: [yitarka, vicara, joy
\prtii\ happiness [sukha], and samddhi; four in the Second:
faith and joy, etc. ; five in the Third: equanimity, mindful-
ness, awareness (samprajndna), happiness, and samddhi;
and four in the last: mindfulness, equanimity, the sensation
of neither suffering nor happiness [aduhkhdsukha], and 1
52
7b. Vitarka, vicara, joy, happiness, and samddhi.
The teaching of the School is that samddhi or concentration is at one and the same time both Dhyana and a part of this Dhyana, whereas the other parts are only parts of Dhyana, but not Dhyana itself.
But in our opinion, it is the same for the five-part Dhyana as
53
The Second Dhyana contains four parts: joy, happiness, concentration of the mind on a single object {cittaikagrata), and internal purity of faith {adhydtmasamprasdda).
8a. Five in the Third: equanimity, mindfulness, awareness, happiness, and stability {-samddhi).
samddhi]}
There are five parts or items in the First Dhyana.
for a four-part army, which does not exist apart from its parts.
7c. Four in the Second: faith and joy, etc.
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The Third Dhyana possesses five parts: 1) equanimity (not
vedanopeksa, the sensation of indifference, but samskdropeksa),
joy which is free from movement towards any 6b]ect(andbhogala- 54
ksana); 2) mindfulness (that is, not losing sight of the motive or reason [nimitta] for this equanimity, upeksanimittdsampramo-
55
sa); 3) samprajndnam (consciousness or awareness relating to
this mindfulness); 4) happiness; and 5) samddhi: sthiti or stability is a synonym for samddhi, as the Sutra says, "What is right samddhi? It is stability of the mind. "
8b. And four in the last: mindfulness, equanimity, the sensation of neither suffering nor happiness, and samddhi.
The Fourth Dhyana possesses four parts: 1) the sensation of indifference (lit. : the sensation of neither suffering nor happi- ness), 2) pure equanimity (upeksaparisuddhi), 3) pure mindful- ness, and 4) samddhi.
These are the eighteen parts of the Dhyanas: the First and the Third Dhyanas have five parts each, and the Second and the Fourth Dhyanas have four parts each. In respect to their names, there are eighteen parts. (But how many of these eighteen are distinct things? )
56
Regarded as things or substances (dravya), there are eleven parts.
There are five in the First Dhyana, plus 1) internal purity or faith in the Second Dhyana; 3-5) equanimity, mindfulness, awareness and happiness in the Third Dhyana; and 6) the sensation of neither suffering nor happiness in the Fourth Dhyana.
9a. Regarded as things, there are eleven parts.
There are then some parts of the First Dhyana that are not
? parts of the Second Dhyana. There are four alternatives: 1) parts of the First Dhyana that are not parts of the Second Dhyana, namely vitarka and vicdra; 2) part of the Second Dhyana that is not part of the First Dhyana, namely faith; 3) parts common to the First and the Second Dhyanas, namely joy, happiness, and concentration of the mind on a single object (cittaikdgrata); and 4) parts that do not belong to either of the First or the Second Dhyanas, namely all of the other parts.
The correspondance of the parts of the other Dhyanas is established according to the same principles.
***
Why do you say that the happiness of the Third Dhyana constitutes a separate thing?
Because the happiness of the Third Dhyana is agreeable sensation (sukha vedand), whereas
9b. In the first two Dhyanas, happiness {sukha) signifies 1
In the First and Second Dhyana, prasrabdhi ('karmanyata, "aptitude" or well-being," ii, English trans. p. 191) is called happiness: here we have prasrabdhisukha, happiness which consists of prasrabdhi. In the Third Dhyana, there is only the sensation of happiness (sukha vedand). TM
In fact, in the first two Dhyanas, there can be no faculty of happiness (sukhendriya).
The reason for this is: 1) the happiness attributed to these
59
Dhyanas cannot be bodily happiness, in light of the fact that the
five sense consciousnesses are absent in a person who has entered
60 into contemplation;
well-being (prasrabdhi)?
2. the happiness attributed to these Dhyanas cannot be mental
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happiness because these Dhyanas possess joy. Now joy is "satisfaction'' (saumanasya) and it is inadmissible for joy and happiness, even happiness of sensation, to coexist; they cannot even succeed one another, for the First Dhyana possesses five parts, and the Second, only four.
[Thesis of the Darstantikas:]
i. In the first three Dhyanas, there is no mental sensation of happiness, but only a bodily sensation of happiness, which constitutes the part called "happiness" of these Dhyanas (and is
61
Objection: In this hypothesis you should explain how the Sutra could say, "What is the faculty of happiness (sukhendriya)? The bodily and mental sensation of happiness produced by reason of an agreeable contact is what is called the faculty of happiness. "
This reasoning is not authentic, answer the Darstantikas, as the word "mental" (caitasika) has been added. In all the sects the text merely reads "bodily happiness. "
Further, they continue, regarding the part of the Third Dhyana
called happiness, the Sutra says in its own words that, in this
Dhyana the ascetic "experiences happiness through his body"
62
(sukham . . . kdyena sampravedayate). Would one maintain that
the word "through the body" {kdyena) signifies "through the body
of the mind" (manahkdyena = manahsamuddyena, "through the
accumulation which is the mind"), and that one should translate,
"the ascetic experiences happiness through this complex which is
63 the manas"?
ii. [The explanation of the Vaibhasikas,] that the happiness
part of the first two Dhyanas is well-being (prasrabdhi, kar-
manyata) is untenable, for the well-being of the Fourth Dhyana is
certainly greater than the well-being of the first two Dhyanas, and
the Sutra does not attribute a happiness part to the Fourth
64
Dhyana.
[If the Vaibhasikas answer,] "The well-being of the first two
activated in the course of the absorption).
? ; fc
T6g Absorptions 1233
Dhyanas is called happiness because it is favorable to the sensation of happiness, whereas the well-being of the Fourth Dhyana does not have this character," [then the Darstantikas will answer,] "The well-being of the Third Dhyana, like that of the first two, is favorable to the sensation of happiness; why do the Vaibhasikas not attribute prasrabdhisukha, happiness which consists of well-being, to the Third Dhyana, but rather a happiness consisting of an agreeable mental sensation (vedandsukha)? "
[If the Vaibhasikas answer,] "In the Third Dhyana, well-being whose character is karmanyata or aptitude (ii, English trans, p. 91) is opposed by equanimity, whose character is akarmanyatd" [the Darstantikas will deny the truth of this assertation:] for them well-being is accumulated through equanimity, since it results from the fact that the well-being of the Third Dhyana is greater than the well-being of the first two Dhyanas.
65
Finally, the Sutra says,
"When the Noble Sravaka, having
realized the joy born of separation, abides in absorption, then five
dharmas have been abandoned by him, and he has achieved the
cultivation of five dharmas, namely joy, well-being, happiness,
prajna, and samddhi" In this Sutra, well-being is listed separately
from happiness; it should be distinct from happiness in order for
the list of the five dharmas to be complete. Thus, in the first two
66 Dhyanas, happiness is not well-being.
iii. [Objection of the Vaibhasikas:] In order for the happiness of the first two Dhyanas to be agreeable bodily sensation, it is necessary for the person in absorption to produce a consciousness of touch {kdyavijnana). And this is not possible. [Answer of the Darstantikas:] In the state of absorption, the body is penetrated by a wind born of excellent mental concentration (samddhi); this wind is a tangible which is agreeably felt (sukhavedaniya) and is called well-being. Hence there is produced a consciousness of touch
(together with the agreeable sensation associated with this consciousness).
[The Vaibhasikas:] When this consciousness is produced, there is "a distraction of the mind towards an external object*': hence the
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ascetic would fall away from his samadhi.
Answer of the Darstantikas:] No, for agreeable or happy bodily
sensation which arises from samadhi, being internal, is favorable 61
to samadhi.
[The Vaibhasikas:] But would the ascetic fall away from the
samadhi when he produces the consciousness of touch?
[Answer of the Darstantikas:] No, and for this same reason:
this consciousness is favorable to samadhi. Immediately after the
68
[The Vaibhasikas:] How can the body (kdyendriya), which is in Kamadhatu, give rise to a touch consciousness (i. e. , prasrabdhi), which is, according to you, a type of wind in Rupadhatu (i. 47c)?
[The Darstantikas:] This criticism does not hold, for this
69
consciousness of touch is produced by reason of well-being.
[The Vaibhasikas:] There is a difficulty in regarding well-being
70
as a tangible.
transworldly, undefiled Dhyana: the tangible (well-being) and the consciousness of touch (kdyavijnana) which he has will be undefiled, for some of the parts of defiled Dhyana cannot be undefiled, while the others are defiled. [Now the Sutra says that "All eyes . . . all tangibles are defiled". ]
[The Darstantikas:] There is no contradiction here. In fact physical well-being {kdyasya karmanyatd) is defined as "a part of
71
appearance of this consciousness, the samadhi is taken up again.
Bodhi. "
If the Vaibhasikas answer, "Even though it is not a part
Let us suppose that the ascetic is in possession of
of Bodhi, it is so defined because it is favorable to the part of Bodhi
called well-being and which is mental well-being," we would say
that, for the same reason, one can consider bodily well-being as
undefiled. [If the Vaibhasikas answer,] "Bodily well-being cannot
be undefiled, for the Siitra declares that all tangible things are
72
defiled,"
and refers to all tangible things with the exception of physical well-being, to the consciousnesses of touch with the exception of the consciousness of touch which cognizes well-being.
we would say that this Sutra is of intentional meaning
? [The Vaibhasikas:] Do you admit that certain parts of undefiled dhyana are undefiled, and that certain parts are not undefiled?
[The Darstantikas:] The undefiled part is not simultaneous to the non-undefiled part; we know indeed that (bodily) happiness does not exist at the same time as (mental) joy.
[The Vaibhasikas:] Then the First Dhyana will not have five parts, and the Second Dhyana will not have four parts.
[The Darstantikas:] If Scripture attributes the parts of happpiness and joy to the first two Dhyanas, this is because these Dhyanas are susceptible, successively, to happiness and joy; in the same way Scripture attributes vitarka and vicdra--which can only exist successively--to the First Dhyana.
[The Vaibhasikas:] We affirm that vitarka and vicdra coexist; but the example that you cite to prove the non-coexistence of the parts is not proved.
[The Darstantikas:] This example is proved; for vitarka, which is a coarse mental state, and vicdra, which is a subtle mental state,
73
are contradictory and cannot coexist. And you did not say what
74 harm there is in their not coexisting.
Let us consider the theory of the "parts": one determines the specific features of the Second Dhyana and of those following by eliminating two, three, or four parts: it is for this reason that the First Dhyana is said to contain five parts, because the other Dhyanas are defined by the elimination, successively and in order, of the first four of these parts. This is why ideas (samjnd) and the other dharmas of the First Dhyana are not considered as parts, for they are not cut off in the following Dhyanas. If you do not accept this explanation, then why does the First Dhyana have only five parts?
But, [say the Vaibhasikas,] the five parts are only called parts because they are useful to the Dhyana. No, this cannot be the case, [answer the Darstantikas,] since mindfulness and prajitd are more
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useful to the Dhyana than are vitarka and vicdra.
75
presented, but the ancient masters (purvdcdryas) are not in
A certain school
agreement on this.
77 examined.
76
maintains the system that has been Consequently the point should be further
***
What is the dharma called "internal purity (or faith)" 78
When the agitation of vitarka and vicdra has come to an end, the series flows calmly and clearly: this is what is called internal purity. As a river agitated by waves, so too the series, by reason of the agitation of vitarka and vicdra, is not calm or clear. [This is the explanation of the Sautruntikas. ]
But if we admit this explanation, then internal purity is not a thing in and of itself. Thus there will not be eleven things in the Dhyanas. Then one must say
79 9c. Purity is faith.
Purity (prasdda) is a thing in and of itself, namely faith
(fraddbd). When the ascetic acquires the Second Dhyana, he
produces a profound faith: he admits that the spheres of
absorption themselves can be abandoned. This faith is called
internal purity. Faith, having purity (prasdda, vi. 75) for its
characteristic, is called purity. Having abandoned externals, it
(adhydtmasamprasdda)?
flows equally and so prasdda is internal and equal; hence it is 0
termed "internal purity" or adhydtmasamprasdda. *
According to other masters [the Sautrantikas], vitarka, vicdra,
? samadhi, and internal purity are not separate things.
[The Sarvastivadins:] If these are not separate things, how can
one say that they are mental dharmas?
[The Sautrantikas:] Some special states of mind receive the
81
name of mental states because they arise in the mind.
But the system of the Abhidharma does not admit this theory.
[Objection of the Sautrantikas:] You have said that joy is satisfaction (saumanasya), a happy or agreeable mental sensation. How would you establish this definition?
If joy is not satisfaction, then what is the dharma that is called joy?
83
We follow another school.
exists a dharma distinct from satisfaction, a mental state called joy. The hapiness of the three Dhyanas is satisfaction; hence joy, which is distinguished from happiness, is distinct from satisfaction. It is not admissible that happiness, in the Dhyanas, is satisfaction.
84
5
The Blessed One says in the Viparitasutra,* "In the Third
Dhyana the faculty of satisfaction {saumanasyendriya) which has previously arisen is destroyed without remnant; in the Fourth Dhyana, the faculty of happiness (sukhendriya) is destroyed without remnant. "
86
He says in another Sutra,
faculty of happiness and the faculty of suffering, and by reason of the previous disappearance of the faculty of dissatisfaction (daurmanayendriya) and the faculty of satisfaction. "
9c-d. Joy is satisfaction. This is proved by two texts.
The Absorptions 1237
According to this school, there
"By reason of the abandoning of the
82
? 1238 Chapter Eight
These two texts prove that there is no faculty of satisfaction in the Third Dhyana. Hence joy is satisfaction, and not happiness.
***
Does defiled dhyana possess the parts that we have just studied?
No.
What are the parts that are absent in each defiled dhyana?
lOa-c. In the defiled Dhyanas there is no joy, happiness, faith, sampradhih (=awareness, samprajanya), mindfulness, pure equanimity nor pure mindfulness.
When it is defiled, the First Dhyana does not contain joy and happiness "arisen from separation", because it is not separated from the defilements of Kamadhatu (see Vibhdsa, TD 27, p. 8l4a23).
The Second Dhyana does not contain internal purity (=faith), because it is troubled by the defilements; the defilements cause it to be unclear.
The Third Dhyana does not contain mindfulness and aware- ness, because it is confused by a defiled happiness.
The Fourth Dhyana does not contain the purity of equanimity or the purity of mindfulness, because it is soiled by the defilements.
That is what some say.
lOd. According to some, (there is no) well-being and equanimity.
According to others, there is no 1) well-being in the first two
? Dhyanas, and 2) no equanimity in the last two, because well-being and equanimity are dharmas that are only found in a pure mind (kusalamahabhilmika, ii. 25).
***
The Blessed One teaches that three Dhyanas are "disturbed"
7 (sa-injita) because of "faults" (apaksdlas)*
lla-b. As it is free from the eight faults, the Fourth is undisturbed.
What are the eight faults?
llc-d. Vitarka and vicdra, the two breaths, and the four of which happiness is the first.
The eight faults are vitarka, vicdra, happiness, suffering,
satisfaction, dissatisfaction, inbreathing, and outbreathing. None
of these eight is found in the Fourth Dhyana: this is why it alone is
termed "undisturbed. " It is true that the Sutra says that the Fourth
Dhyana is undisturbed because it is not agitated by vitarka and
88
vicdra, by joy and happiness.
not to attribute the breaths, etc. , to the Fourth Dhyana; the Sutra is merely noting its difference from the other Dhyanas. )
According to others, the Fourth Dhyana is "undisturbed'' (anenjyarn) because it is like a lamp which, in a sealed place, is not agitated by the wind.
***
Do the arisings of dhyana existences (dhydnopapattayah) or existences in Rupadhatu, possess the same sensations (vedands) as
The Absorptions 1239
(But the intention of this passage is
? 1240 Chapter Eight
do the absorption of the Dhyanas? No, they do not.
Why is this?
12. In the dhyana existences, there is satisfaction, happi- ness, and equanimity; equanimity and sumanaskata {-sau- manasya, satisfaction); happiness and equanimity; and equanimity. 89
a. In the First Dhyana existence, there are three sensations: 1) the sensation of happiness (sukhavedand) associated with three consciousnesses (eye, ear, and body consciousness); 2) the sensation of satisfaction of the sphere of the mind consciousness (manovijndna); and 3) the sensation of equanimity associated with four consciousnesses (eye, ear, body, and manas).
b. In the Second Dhyana existence, there are two sensations, namely satisfaction and equanimity, both of the sphere of the manas. There is no happiness here, because the five sense consciousnesses are absent. 90
? In the Third Dhyana existence, there are two sensations, namely happiness91 and equanimity, both of the sphere of the manas.
d. In the Fourth Dhyana existence, there is a single sensation, the sensation of equanimity.
Such is, with respect to the sensations, the differences between the Dhyana existences and the absorptions of dhyana.
***
If, from the Second Dhyana on, three consciousnesses (eye, ear, and body consciousness) are absent, as well as vitarka and vicara, how can beings born in the three higher Dhyanas see, hear, and
? touch? How can they produce the bodily or vocal act of informing (vijnaptikarman, iv. 7d; see also i. 46 and following)?
We do not say that beings who are born in these Dhyanas lack visual consciousness, etc. They possess these consciousnesses, but not in the Second, the Third or the Fourth Dhyanas:
13a-c. In the Second Dhyana and above, the body, eye, and
ear consciousnesses, and the consciousness that sets the act
of informing into motion belong to the sphere of the First
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Dhyana.
The eye consciousness, etc. , and the consciousness that sets into
motion the act of informing do not exist in the Second Dhyana and
93
above. But the beings of these Dhyanas manifest these con-
sciousnesses, in the same way as they manifest a fictive mind of
94
creation (nirmdnacitta) of a lower sphere,
consciousnesses, they see, hear, touch, and produce the action of informing.
13d. These consciousnesses are undefiled-neutral.
The four dhyanas which beings in the Second Dhyana and above manifest, belong to the sphere of the First Dhyana. Hence they are not defiled, because these beings are detached from the lower spheres; but they are not good, because the good of a lower
95 sphere is less good.
***
How does the acquisition of the absorptions of Rupadhatu and Arupyadhatu take place accordingly as they are pure, undefiled, or defiled? (see viii. 5).
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14a-b. One who does not possess them acquires them, pure, through detachment or through birth.
One who does not possess these absorptions obtains them by detaching oneself from a lower sphere or by taking up birth in a
96
lower sphere (adhobhumyupapattitas), with the exception of the
fourth absorption of Arupyadhatu, or Bhavagra, which one acquires solely by detaching oneself from the third absorption.
What is the meaning of the expression, "He who does not possess them"?
This signifies "One who has not acquired them or who has lost them. " In fact a person who possesses these pure absorptions of the falling (hanabhagiya) class, etc. (viii. 17) can, through cultivation, obtain pure absorptions of a higher class (i. e. , of penetration, nirvedhabhdgiya)\ one who possesses pure absorp- tions of the duration {sthitibhagiya) class can, through falling, obtain pure absorptions of the falling class.
97
The Vibhdsd also says, "Can one acquire a pure dhydna
through detachment? Can one abandon a pure dhydna through detachment? Can one acquire a pure dhydna through falling? Can one abandon a pure dhydna through falling? Can one acquire a pure dhydna through birth? Can one abandon a pure dhydna through birth? Yes, in the case of the First Dhyana of the falling class. "
In fact, 1) one obtains this dhydna through detachment from Kamadhatu; 2) one loses it through detachment from Brahmaloka (: by passing through the Second Dhyana); 3) one obtains it by falling from detachment in Brahmaloka; 4) one loses it by falling from detachment in Kamadhatu; 5) one obtains it by rebirth from here up to Brahmaloka; and 6) one loses it by rebirth into Kamadhatu. [Hsuan-tsang: The same for the absorptions of the other spheres].
14c. One acquires them, undefiled, through detachment.
? That is, "one who does not possess them. " The Aryan who detaches himself from a lower sphere acquires the undefiled absorption of a higher sphere. This rule only refers to the ascetic who has completely abandoned the absorption in question.
One who already possesses an absorption acquires this same absorption of undefiled quality under other conditions. Through the knowledge of extinction (ksayajndna, vi. 44d), one acquires the undefiled absorption of an Asaiksa; through the perfectioning of his faculties {indriyasarhcdra, vi. 60), one acquires an undefiled absorption of a Saiksa or an Asaiksa, according to the case. [Hsuan-tsang: The undefiled absorption, already possessed, is again acquired through cultivation or through falling, as explained above. ]
But cannot one say that the ascetic, through entry into the certitude of the acquisition of absolute good {samyaktvaniydma,
98
No, for the ascetic who, before pursuing the acquisition of the result of the state of Sakrdagamin, has obtained the result of the state of Srotaapanna (an dnupurvana, ii. l6c) can enter into this certitude in the state of Anagamya (viii. 22c); he does not necessarily acquire the basic absorption. [Hsuan-tsang: Now the Treatise only examines the case that necessarily includes the acquisition of the absorptions. ]
I4d. One acquires them, defiled, through falling and through birth.
One who falls from the detachment of a sphere acquires the defiled absorption of this sphere. One who, dying in a higher sphere and reborn in a lower sphere, acquires the defiled absorption of this second sphere.
vi. 26a), acquires undefiled absorption for the first time?
##*
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How many types of absorptions arises after how many types of absorptions?
1. Six absorptions can arise after the first undefiled dhyana: 99
1-2) pure and undefiled absorption of the same sphere; and 3-6) pure and undefiled absorption of the Second and Third Dhyanas.
2. Seven absorptions can arise after undefiled Akimcanyaya- tana: 1-2) pure and undefiled absorption of the same sphere; 3-6) pure and undefiled absorption of Vijnananantyayatana and
100
AkaSanantyayatana; and 7) pure absorption of Naivasamjfiana-
samjnayatana, because this ay at ana does not contain any undefiled absorption.
3. Eight absorptions can arise after the Second undefiled Dhyana: 1-2) pure and undefiled absorption of the same sphere; and 3-8) pure and undefiled absorption of the Third, Fourth, and First Dhyana.
4. Nine absorptions can arise after undefiled Vijnananantyaya- tana: 1-2) two of the same sphere; 3-6) four, namely two of Akasanantyayatana and two of the Fourth Dhyana; and 7-9) three, two of Akimcanyayatana and one of Naivasamjnanasamjnayatana.
5. According to these same principles, one will see that ten
absorptions can arise after the dhyana and arupya absorptions not 101
specified above.
The rule is formulated briefly:
15a-c. After the undefiled, up to the third sphere above or below, there arises the good.
[The word "good" designates the pure absorption and the undefiled absorption, for both are morally good (iv. 8). ]
After an undefiled absorption, we have: 1) either two types of absorption of the same sphere as this undefiled absorption, namely
? pure and undefiled; or 2) two types of absorption, pure or undefiled, of a higher sphere or of a lower sphere until the third in either direction. In fact, by reason of its too great distance, the ascetic is not capable of jumping over two spheres.
After inferential knowledge {anvayajndna, vii. 3c), one can enter into the absorptions of Arupyadhatu, but not after the knowledge of the dharmas (dbarmajndna), because this has a lower sphere for its object.
We have seen which absorptions arise after the undefiled absorptions.
15c-d. The same after the pure, by adding the defiled of its sphere.
A defiled absorption of the same sphere can arise after any
102 pure absorption. The rest as for the undefiled absorption. A
defiled absorption cannot arise after an undefiled absorption.
16a. After the defiled, the pure and the defiled of its sphere.
A pure or a defiled absorption of the same sphere can arise after a defiled absorption.
16b. And the pure of a lower sphere.
Wearied of the defilements of the sphere in which one finds oneself,--defilements belonging to the defiled absorption of a higher sphere,--the ascetic produces an esteem for the pure absorption of a lower sphere. Therefore, after the defiled absorption of a higher sphere (the Second Dhyana), a pure absorption of a lower sphere (the First Dhyana) can arise.
There is a difficulty. If an ascetic were in a position to distinctly
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know a defiled absorption and a pure absorption, he would be able to pass from the higher defiled absorption to the lower pure absorption. But, being defiled, he is not capable of this distinct knowledge; how then can he, after a defiled absorption, produce a pure absorption?
By the force of a previous resolution (pranidhdna). He made the resolution, "May I be able to obtain a lower pure absorption! What have I to do with a higher defiled absorption? " The "series" develops of itself by reason of this resolution, and, as a conse- quence, the lower absorption arises after the higher defiled absorption, in the same way as a person forms the resolution to sleep until a certain time, falls asleep, and then wakes up at that fixed time.
###
The undefiled absorptions, of whichever sphere, never arise after a defiled absorption. [There is no reciprocal generation between these two types, whereas a pure absorption is in reciprocal generation with both the undefiled and defiled absorptions. ]
We have said that the defiled absorption that succeeds the pure or defiled absorption is always of the sphere of the absorption which it follows. This rule should be understood of life in the course of the absorption; but
16c-d. At death, after the pure, the defiled of any type can
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arise.
At death, a defiled mind of any sphere can arise following a pure absorption obtained through birth.
I6d. After the defiled, nothing higher.
? At death, only a defiled mind of the same sphere or a lower sphere can follow Rupadhatu and Arupyadhatu.
*#*
We have seen that the undefiled absorption can follow the pure absorptions; but it cannot follow all types of pure absorptions.
17a-b. The pure absorption is of four types, of falling, etc.
The pure (suddhaka) absorption is of four types: of falling (hdnabhdglya), of duration {sthitibhagiya), of progress (visesabhdg- tya), and of penetration {nirvedhabhdgtya). Nevertheless, the pure absorption of Naivasamjfianasamjnayatana is only of three types, excluding the category of the pure absorption of progress, because
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it has no higher sphere.
What are these four types?
17b-d. In order, they are suitable to the arising of the defilements, to its own sphere, to a higher sphere, to the undefiled.
When the pure absorption is of such a nature that it tends to lead to the arising of the defilements, it is called an absorption "of falling. "
When the pure absorption tends to lead to its own sphere, it is called an absorption "of duration. "
When the pure absorption tends to lead to a higher sphere, it is called an absorption "of progress. "
When the pure absorption tends to lead to the undefiled absorption, it is called an absorption "of penetration" (vi. 20a).
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Therefore it is from this last category of pure absorptions that the undefiled absorption arises.
***
What is the reciprocal generation of these four categories of absorption?
18a-b. After the absorption of falling, etc. , two, three, three, one.
After the absorption of falling, there can arise absorptions of
105 falling and duration.
After the absorption of duration, three can arise, with the exception of the absorption of penetration.
After the absorption of progress, three can arise, with the exception of the absorption of falling.
After the absorption of penetration, only an absorption of penetration can arise.
We have seen (viii. l5a-c) that immediately after a pure absorption or an undefiled absorption of a certain sphere, there can arise a pure absorption of an undefiled absorption of the third sphere above or below. When this is produced, the ascetic passes over a sphere and changes the characteristics of his absorption: he cultivates what is called the "transitional absorption" {vyutkrdnta- kasamdpatti). How is this absorption actualized?
18c-19b. Going and coming in two ways over the eight spheres, in immediate succession, by passing over one sphere, going to the third sphere of a different type, is
106 called "transitional absorption".
? "Going and coming": "to go" is to take up the absorptions in ascending order; "to come" is to take up the absorptions in descending (or reverse) order.
"In two ways'* refers to undefiled absorption and defiled absorption. This refers to the pure absorptions, not to the defiled absorptions.
"The eight spheres" means the Four Dhyana absorptions, and the Four Arupya absorptions.
"In immediate succession" signifies by degrees.
"By passing over one sphere" means by skipping a sphere.
The preparatory exercise (prayoga) includes four successive disciplines: 1) cultivation of the eight defiled absorptions in ascending and descending order; 2) when this cultivation is assured, there is cultivation of the seven undefiled absorptions in ascending and descending order; 3) when this cultivation is assured, then the ascetic, in order to gain mastery in absorption, passes from the first defiled dhydna into the third dhydna of this same quality; from this he passes into Akasanantyayatana, from this into Akimcanyayatana; and he then descends in the same way, since all of the absorptions are defiled; 4) when this cultivation is assured, there is cultivation in the same way, and in the two ways, of the undefiled absorptions.
When the ascetic is capable of passing from the first defiled dhydna into the third undefiled dhydna, from this into defiled Akasanantyayatana, from this into undefiled Akimcanyayatana, and to return in the same way, then he has realized the entry into the third absorption of a different quality and has returned from
107 this absorption: the transitional absorption has been achieved.
It is impossible to skip over two spheres and enter into a fourth, because a fourth sphere is too distant.
The transitional absorption is cultivated only by humans of the Three Dvlpas; by Arhats who are non-circumstantially delivered, that is, those who realize absorption of their own accord, those
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who are delivered independently of circumstances (the asamaya- vimukta Arhats, vi. 57) because they possess mastery in absorption. The Drstipraptas (vi. 31c), that is, the ascetics in whom prajnd dominates, (who are informed by speculative views, drsti), are of keen faculties and possess mastery in absorption; but they lack the first condition. Arhats whose liberation is occasional and circumstantial (the samayavimukta Arhats, vi. 56c) have destroyed the defilements, but the second condition is absent. Both are therefore incapable of cultivating the transitional absorption.
***
How many dhydna and drupya absorptions can be actualized by beings in different spheres?
19c-d. The dhydna and drupya absorptions have for their support (dsraya) beings of their own spheres or of a lower sphere.
A being in Bhavagra (=Naivasamjnanasamjnayatana) can actualize the absorption of Bhavagra. Beings in lower spheres down to Kamadhatu can actualize it also.
