)--It was
an ancient custom of the Bithynians to lament in the
burning days of midsummer, and call out of the well,
into which they fabled he had fallen, a god named
Hylas.
an ancient custom of the Bithynians to lament in the
burning days of midsummer, and call out of the well,
into which they fabled he had fallen, a god named
Hylas.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
) Miiller gives strong reasons for suppo-
sing that the Hvacinthia were originally a festival of
Ceres. (Dorians, vol. 1, p. 373. )
Hyacinthus, a beautiful youth of Amyclae, beloved
by Apollo. He was playing one day at discus-throw-
ing with the god, when the latter made a great cast,
and Hyacinthus running too eagerly to take up the
discus, it rebounded and struck him in the face. The
god, unable to save his life, changed him into the flow-
er which was named from him, and on whose petals
Grecian fancy saw traced al, oJ, the notes of grief.
(Ovid, Met. , 10,162, seqq. --Apallod. , I, 3, 3. -- Id. , 3,
10, 8. --Earip. , Hei, 1489, *cq. )--Other versions of
? ? the legend say that Zephyms (the West Wind), en-
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? H YD
HTG
tailed by the Delphians. and in this manner the un-
fortunate JEaop was barbarously murdered, (Plut. ,
de Ser. aVxib. Vind--Dxod. Sic, 16, 523. --Cramer'!
inc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 170. )
Hyampolis, a town in the northern extremity of
fauns, and one of the most ancient placea in that ter-
moiy. It was said to i. ave been founded by the 11 v-
jni< s, one of the earliest tribes of Greece. (Strabo,
123 ) Herodotus places Hyampolis near a defile lead-
ing towards Thermopylae, where, as he reports, the
I'm :ians gained a victory over the Thessalians, who
had invaded their territory. (Herod. , 8, 28. ) He in-
form; us elsewhere that it was afterward taken and de-
stroyed by the Persians. (Herodot. , 8, 33. ) Diodo-
rus states, that the Boeotians defeated the Phocians on
oat) occasion near Hyampolis, and Xenophon affirms
that its citadel was taken by Jason of Pherae. (Dud.
Sic, *>, 4. ) The whole town was afterward destroyed
by Philip and the Amphictyons. (Pausan , 10, 37. )
Both Pliny (4, 7) and Ptolemy (p. 87) erroneously as-
cribe this ancient city to Boeotia. The ruins of Hy-
ampolis may be seen near the village of Bogdana,
upon a little eminence at the junction of three valleys.
(GdCi Itin. , p. 223. --Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2,
p. 184, scqq. )
Hyaktes, the name of an ancient people of Boeotia,
who succeeded the Ectene* in the possession of that
country when tho latter were exterminated by a plague.
[Straho, 401. --Pausan. , 9, 5. ) Ovid applies the epi-
thet Hi/antius to Actseon, as equivalent to Baolus.
(Met. , 3, 147. )
Hyantis, an ancient name of Boeotia, from the Hy-
antes. (Vid. Hyantes. )
Hyas, the sor. of Atlas, and brother of the Atlanti-
'le<< Be was extremely fond of hunting, and lost his
lite in an encounter with a bear or lion, or, as Timseus
relates, from the bite of an asp. (Hygin. , fob. , 192. --
Munck. , ad loc. --Vid. Hyades. )
Hybla, I. the name of three towns in Sicily; Hybla
Major, Minor, and Parva. The first was situate near
the south of Mount . -Etna, on a hill of the same name
with the city; near it ran the river SimaHhus. This
<<as the Hybla so famous in antiquity for its honev and
occs. (Sleph. By? *. , *. v. --Pausan. , 5, 23. )--IL The
second place was called also Henra; it was situate in
the southern part of Sicily, and is placed in the itinerary
of Antonine on the route from Agrigentum to Syra-
cuse. On D'Anville's map it is north of Camarina.
This is now Calala Girone. (Liv. , 24, 30. --Slept.
Byz. ,<<. v. )--III. The last place was a maritime one
on the eastern coast of Sicily, above Syracuse. It
was also denominated Galaolis, but more frequently
Megara, whence the gulf to the south of it was called
Megarensis Sinus. (Plin. . 3, S. --Diod. Sic. , 4, 80. )
Hydaspes, a river of India, and one of the tributa-
ries of the Indus. D'Anville makes it to be the mod-
ern S/iantrou; Manncrt is in favour of the Bchut. The
true modern name, however, is the llhum or Ihyliim.
As regards the variety of appellations given to this
stream in both ancient and modern writers (no less
than twelve in number), consult Vincent, Voyage of
Xearckus, p. 91, sea'. --Ancient Commerce, vol. 1, p.
91.
Hydra, a celebrated monsier, which infested the
l^mean marsh and its vicinity. It was destroyed by
Hercules in his second labour. (Vid. Hercules, where
? full account if given. )
? ? Hydbaotes, a tributary to the Indus, now the Ha-
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? hn
!
ttnd to recognise Q. Fabius Quinlilianus. Thu. work
also in written in a, careless and inferior manner, and
yet is very important for obtaining a knowledge of an-
cient astronomy, and for a correct understanding of
the poets. The principal source, whence the writer
obtained his materials, was, according to Salmasius
(de Ann. Climact. , p. 594), the Greek Sphnera (S^aipa)
uf Nigidius; but, according to Scaliger (Jos. Seal, ad
Manil. , 1, p 33. --Id. , ad Euseb. , p. 10), he drew them
from Eratos. . iene3 and others. --An examination of the
>>iyle and character of these two works will leave no
doubt on our mind that the author of them was not the
celebrated grammarian of the Augustan age; but that
these were written at a later period. Many regard the
Fables as a selection made from several earlier works,
by a grammarian of a later day, probably Avianus, whose
name Barth thought he had discovered in one of the
MSS. (Barth, Advert. ,\0,12. --M. , 10,20. ) Schef-
fer places the writer, about whose name, Hyginus,
there cannot well be any doubt, in the age of the An-
tonines. (De Hygini Script, fabul. elate atque sty-
lo. ) Muncker thinks that many parts arc taken from
the earlier Hyginus, and that the rest is the produc-
tion of a very inferior writer. (Munck. , Prof, ad Hy-
trin. , tttt, seqq. ) N. Heinsius makes the compiler
of the work to have lived under Theodosius the young-
er; and Van Staveren regards the collection as hav-
ing been made at a late period, with the name of an
ancient grammarian prefixed to it. (Praf. ad Auct.
Mythogr. , sub fin) Niebuhr, finally, thinks that a
mythological fragment found by him (Fragmenlum de
rebus Thebanis mythologicis) formed part of the work
out of which, by the aid of numerous additions, the
two productions that now go by the name of Hyginus
appear to have originated. (Cie. , Oral, pro Rabir. ,
Sec, Fragm. , p. 105, seqq. , Rom. , 1820, 8vo. ) The
best editions of Hyginus are: that of Muncker, Amst. ,
1681, 2 vols. 8vo, and that of Van Staveren, Lugd.
Bat, ct Amst. , 1742, 4to. (ttdhr, Geseh. Ron. Lit. ,
idI. 1, p. 712, seqq. )
Hylactor, one of Action's dogs, named iVom his
barking (iXaxTa, " to bark").
H vi. as, I. a son of Tbeodamas, king of Mysia, and
of Menodice, who accompanied Hercules in the Argo.
On the coast of Mysia tho Argonauts stopped to ob-
tain a supply of water, and Hylas having gone for
some, was seized and kept by the nymphs of the
stream into which he dipped his urn. Hercules went
in quest of him, and in the midst of his unavailing
search was left behind by the Argo. (Apollod. , 1, 9,
19. --Apoll. Rh. , I, 1207, seq. --Munck. , ad Anton.
Lib,26. --Sturz, ad Hcllanic. fragm. , p. 111.
)--It was
an ancient custom of the Bithynians to lament in the
burning days of midsummer, and call out of the well,
into which they fabled he had fallen, a god named
Hylas. The Maryandinians lamented and sought Bor-
mos, and the Phrygians Lityorses, with dirges, in a
similar manner. This usage of the Bithynians was
adopted into their mythology by the Greek inhabitants
of Cius, near which the scene of the fable was laid,
and it was connected in the manner just narrated with
the Argonautic expeditions, and the history of Hercu-
les. (Muller, Orchom. , p. 293. --Id. , Dorians, vol. 1,
p. 307, 457. )--II. A river of Bithynia, flowing into
the Sinus Cianus, near the town of Cius, and to the
southwest of the lake Ascanius and the city ofNicaea.
The inhabitants of Cius celebrated yearly a festival in
? ? honour of Hylas, who was carried off by the nymphs, as
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? HYP
HYP
HyPata, the principal town of the ^Enianes, in
Thcssaly, oil the river Sperchius. Livy mentions it
u being in the possession of the . -IOtolians, and as a
place where their national council was frequently
conTencd (36, 14). Its women were celebrated for
their skill in magic. (AjtuL. Met. , 1, p. 104. --The-
ophr. , Hist. Plant. , 9, 2. ) Hypata was still a city of
ncte in the time of Hicroclcs (p. 642). Its ruins
are to be seen on the site called Castritza, near the
modern Patragick, which represents probably the
Ncae I'atite of the Byzantine historians. (. Nicephorus
Grcgor. , 4, p. 67. --Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 1,
p. 447. )
Hypatia, a female mathematician of Alcxandrea,
daughter of Thcon, and still more celebrated than her
father. She was born about the end of the fourth cen-
tury. Endowed with a rare penetration of mind, she
joined to this so great a degree of ardour in the path
of self-instruction, as to consecrate to study her entire
days and a large portion of the night. She applied
herself in particular to the philosophy of Plato, whose
sentiments she preferred to those of Aristotle. Fol-
lowing the example of these great men, she resolved
to add to her information by travelling; and, having
reached Athens, attended there the lectures of the
ablest instructers. On her return to her native city,
she was invited by the magistrates to give lessons in
philosophy, and Alexandres beheld a female succeed
to that long line of illustrious teachers which had ren-
dered its school one of the most celebrated in the
world. She was an Eclectic; but the exact sciences
formed the basis of all her instructions, and she ap-
plied their demonstrations to the principles of the
speculative sciences. Hence she was the first who
introduced a rigorous method into the teaching of phi-
losophy. She numbered among her disciples many
celebrated men, among others Synesius, afterward
bishop of Ptotemai's, who preserved during his whole
life the most friendly feelings towards her, although
? he constantly refused to become a convert to Chris-
tianity. Hypatia united to the endowments of mind
many of the attractions and all the virtues of her sex.
Her dress was remarkable for its extreme simplicity;
her conduct was always above suspicion; and she
knew well how to restrain within the bounds of re-
spect those of her anditors who felt the influence of
her personal charms. All idea of marriage was con-
stantly rejected by her as threatening to interfere with
her devotion to her favourite studies. Merit so rare,
and qualities of so high an order, could not fail to ex-
cite jealousy. Orestes, governor of Alexandres, ad-
mired the talents of Hypatia, and frequently had re-
course to her for advice. He was desirous of repress-
ing the too ardent zeal of St. Cyrill, who saw in Hy-
patia one of the principal supports of paganism. The
partisans of the bishop, on their side, beheld in the
measures of the governor the result of the counsels ol
Hypatia; the most seditious of their number, having
at their head an ecclesiastic named Peter, seized upon
Hypatia as she was proceeding to her school, forced
her to descend from her chariot, and dragged her into
a neighbouring church, where, stripped of her vest-
ments, she was put to death by her brutal foes. Her
body was then torn to pieces, and the palpitating
members were dragged through the streets and finally
consigned to the flames. This deplorable event look
place in the month of March, A. D. 415. --The works
? ? of Hypatia were lost in the burning of the Alexandrean
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? HYP
HYP
meit, strong as it is, and pursue the inquiry on other
uid clearer grounds. The term Hyperborean means
a nation or people who dwell beyond the wind Boreas.
The name Boreas is properly applied by the Greeks to
the wind which blows from the north-northeast (Pas-
sow, Lex. , s. <<. ), and is the same with the Aquilo of
the Latins. Of this latter wind Pliny remarks, "flat
inter Septentrioncm ct Ortum solstitialcm;" and For-
ccllini (/,-/. Tot. Lot. ) observes, that it is often con-
ibunded with, and mistaken for, the north. The term
Hyperborei, then, if we consider its true meaning, re-
fers to a people dwelling far to the northeast of the
Greeks, and will lead us at once to the plains of cen-
tral Asia, the cradle of our race. Here it was that
man existed in primeval virtue and happiness, and here
were enjoyed those blessings of existence, the rcmem-
orance of which was carried, by the various tribes that
successively migrated from this common home, into
every quarter of the earth. Hence it is that, even
among the Oriental nations, so many traces are found
of their origin being derived from some country to the
north. Adelung has adopted the opinion which as-
signs central Asia as the original seal of the human
species, and has mentioned a variety of considerations
in support of it. He observes, that the central plains
of Asia being the highest region in. the globe, must
have been the first to emerge from the universal ocean,
and, therefore, first became capable of affording a habit-
able dwelling to terrestrial animals and to the human
species: hence, as the subsiding waters gradually gave
up the lower regions to be the abode of life, they may
have descended, and spread themselves successively
over their new acquisitions. The desert of Kobi,
which is the summit of the central steppe, is the most
elevated ridge in the globe. From its vicinity the
great rivers of Asia take their rise, and flow towards
the four cardinal points. The Selinga, the Ob, the
Irtish, the Lena, and the Jenisei, send their water to
the Frozen Ocean; the laik flows towards the setting
sun; the Amu and Hoang-ho, and the Indus, Ganges,
and Burrampootcr, towards the east and south. On the
de. livitics of these high lands are the plains of Thibet,
lo<<cr than the frozen region of Kobi, where many fer-
tile tracts are well fitted to become the early seat of
animated nature. Here are found not only the vine,
the olive, rice, the legumina, and other plants, on
which man has in all ages depended, in a great meas-
ure, for his sustenance, but all those animals run wild
upon these mountains, which he has latned and led
with him over the whole earth; as the ox, the horse,
the ass, the sheep, the goat, the camel, the hog, the
dog, the cat, and even the gentle reindeer, which ac-
companies him to the icy polar tracts. In Cashmere,
plants, animals, and men exist in the greatest physical
perfection. A number of arguments are suggested in
favour of this opinion. Bailly has referred the origin
of the arts and sciences, of astronomy and of the old
lunar zodiac, as well as of the discovery of the planets,
to the most northerly tract of Asia. His attachment
to Buffon's hypothesis of the central fire, and the grad-
ual refrigeration of the earth, has driven him, indeed,
to the banks of the Frozen Ocean; but his arguments
apply more naturally to the centre of Asia. In our
Scriptures, moreover, the second origin of mankind is
referred to a mountainous region eastward of Shinar,
>>nd the ancient books of the Hindoos fix the cradle of
our race in the same quarter. The Hindu paradise
? ? is on Mount Meru, which is on the confines of Cash-
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? hvp
HTR
(43). Diti Chrysosiom appears to have given him the
preference over all orators with the exception of -F. s-
chines. KOr. , 18, ed. Reiske, p. 372. ) Unfortunately,
there exists no oration which we can with certainty as-
cribo to Hypendes, and by which wo might be enabled
to form for ourselves some idea of his merits and style.
Libanius believes him to have been the author of a
harangue which is found among those of Demosthenes,
and entitled llepl ruv irpoc 'AXifavdpov ovvOquuv,
"On the conventions with Alexander. " Reiske is in-
correct in assigning to him one of the two orations
against Arislogiton, found among the works of Demos-
thenes. (SchSU, Histoire de la Littcrature Gr. , vol.
2, p. S20. )
Hypkkiov, a son of Ccslus and Terra, who married
Thea, by whom he had Aurora, the sun and moon.
(Theog. , 371, seg ) In Homer, Hyperion is identical
with the Sun. (II. , 19, 398. --Compare, however, //. ,
6, 513. ) It is very probable that 'Yiripiuv is the con-
traction of 'Yirepioviuv. 'Pastoxo, Lcx. ,s. t>. -- Volck-
tr, Horn. Geogr. , p. 26. ) The interpretation given
by the ancients to the name, as denoting "him that
moves above," seems liable to little objection. Her-
mann renders it Tollo, as a substantive: "Post hos
tiikmus, 'Tircpiova et 'laizirvv, Tollman et Mersi-
um. " (Opute. , vol. 2, p. 175. --Kcightlcy's Mytholo-
gy, p. 52, seg. )
nimiium a, one of the fifty daughters of Danaus,
? who married Lynceus, son of . Egyptns. She disobey-
ed her father's bloody commands, who had ordered her
to murder her husband the first night of her nuptials,
and suffered Lynceus to escape unhurt. Her father,
at first, in his anger at her disobedience, put her into
clo<<e confinement. Relenting, however, after some
time, he gave bis consent to her union with Lynceus.
iV:d. Dan aides. )
Hyphasis, a tributary of the Indus, now the Beypa-
thu, or, as it is more commonly written, Beyah. The
ancient name is variously given. In Arrian it is Tsr-
offic and'T^urif; in Diodorus (17, 93) and in Strabo,
Tirovir (Hypanis). Pliny (6, 17) gives the form Hyp-
asis. This river was the limit of Alexander's con-
quests, and he erected altars on its banks in memory
of his expedition. Some writers erroneously give the
modern name of the Hyphasis as the Selledje. (Vin-
cent's Voyage of Ncarchus, p. 101. )
Hypsa, now Belici, a river of Sicily falling into the
Crinisus. (SU. llal. , 14, 228. ) *
Hyfsicles, an astronomer of Alexandres, who
flourished under Ptolemy Physcon, about 146 B. C.
He is considered by some to have been the author of
the 14ih and 15th books which are appended to Eu-
clid's Elements; though others strenuously deny
this. No one, however, disputes his claim to a small
work entitled 'Avapopiicii, in which he gives a method,
far from exact, of calculating the risings of each sign
or portion of the ecliptic. Hvpsicles was nearly con-
temporary with Hipparchus, who was the first that gave
an exact solution to this problem. He may have been
ignorant of the discoveries of Hipparchus, and this may
serve to excuse biro; but it is hard to conceive why
bis treatise called Anaphorice, to which we have just
alluded, should have been included in the collection
entitled the "Little Astronomer," which formed a
text-book in the Alexandrean schools preparatory to
the reading of the astronomy of Ptolemy. It was idle
to show the pupil a very vicious solution of an easy
? ? problem, which they would subsequently find solved in
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? I AC
AM
tempting to take refuge once more among the Arabians.
{. John's Hist. Hebrew Com. , p. 307 and 345. )
HrftKiuu. a townof Apulia, also called Uria. (Vid.
Uria. )
Hykia, I. a city of Apulia, in the more northern
pan of the Iapygian peninsula, between Brundisium
and Tarentum. It is now Oria, and would seem to
have been a place of great antiquity, . since its found-
ation is ascribed by Herodotus to some Cretans, that
formed part of an expedition to avenge the death of
Minos, who had perished in Sicily, whither he went
in pun jit of Dsedalus. (Herod. , 7, 171. ) Strabo. in
his description of Iapygia, docs not fail to cite this
passage of Herodotus, but he seems undetermined
whether to recognise the town founded by the Cretans
in that of Thyrai or in that of Veretum. By the'first,
which he mentions as placed in the centre of the isth-
mus, and formerly the capital of the country, he seems
to designate Oria (Strab. , 282). It is probable the
word Thyroei is corrupt; for elsewhere Strabo calls it
Uria, and describes it as standing on the Appian Way,
between Brundisium and Tarentum, as above remark-
ed. (Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. A, p.
sing that the Hvacinthia were originally a festival of
Ceres. (Dorians, vol. 1, p. 373. )
Hyacinthus, a beautiful youth of Amyclae, beloved
by Apollo. He was playing one day at discus-throw-
ing with the god, when the latter made a great cast,
and Hyacinthus running too eagerly to take up the
discus, it rebounded and struck him in the face. The
god, unable to save his life, changed him into the flow-
er which was named from him, and on whose petals
Grecian fancy saw traced al, oJ, the notes of grief.
(Ovid, Met. , 10,162, seqq. --Apallod. , I, 3, 3. -- Id. , 3,
10, 8. --Earip. , Hei, 1489, *cq. )--Other versions of
? ? the legend say that Zephyms (the West Wind), en-
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? H YD
HTG
tailed by the Delphians. and in this manner the un-
fortunate JEaop was barbarously murdered, (Plut. ,
de Ser. aVxib. Vind--Dxod. Sic, 16, 523. --Cramer'!
inc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 170. )
Hyampolis, a town in the northern extremity of
fauns, and one of the most ancient placea in that ter-
moiy. It was said to i. ave been founded by the 11 v-
jni< s, one of the earliest tribes of Greece. (Strabo,
123 ) Herodotus places Hyampolis near a defile lead-
ing towards Thermopylae, where, as he reports, the
I'm :ians gained a victory over the Thessalians, who
had invaded their territory. (Herod. , 8, 28. ) He in-
form; us elsewhere that it was afterward taken and de-
stroyed by the Persians. (Herodot. , 8, 33. ) Diodo-
rus states, that the Boeotians defeated the Phocians on
oat) occasion near Hyampolis, and Xenophon affirms
that its citadel was taken by Jason of Pherae. (Dud.
Sic, *>, 4. ) The whole town was afterward destroyed
by Philip and the Amphictyons. (Pausan , 10, 37. )
Both Pliny (4, 7) and Ptolemy (p. 87) erroneously as-
cribe this ancient city to Boeotia. The ruins of Hy-
ampolis may be seen near the village of Bogdana,
upon a little eminence at the junction of three valleys.
(GdCi Itin. , p. 223. --Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2,
p. 184, scqq. )
Hyaktes, the name of an ancient people of Boeotia,
who succeeded the Ectene* in the possession of that
country when tho latter were exterminated by a plague.
[Straho, 401. --Pausan. , 9, 5. ) Ovid applies the epi-
thet Hi/antius to Actseon, as equivalent to Baolus.
(Met. , 3, 147. )
Hyantis, an ancient name of Boeotia, from the Hy-
antes. (Vid. Hyantes. )
Hyas, the sor. of Atlas, and brother of the Atlanti-
'le<< Be was extremely fond of hunting, and lost his
lite in an encounter with a bear or lion, or, as Timseus
relates, from the bite of an asp. (Hygin. , fob. , 192. --
Munck. , ad loc. --Vid. Hyades. )
Hybla, I. the name of three towns in Sicily; Hybla
Major, Minor, and Parva. The first was situate near
the south of Mount . -Etna, on a hill of the same name
with the city; near it ran the river SimaHhus. This
<<as the Hybla so famous in antiquity for its honev and
occs. (Sleph. By? *. , *. v. --Pausan. , 5, 23. )--IL The
second place was called also Henra; it was situate in
the southern part of Sicily, and is placed in the itinerary
of Antonine on the route from Agrigentum to Syra-
cuse. On D'Anville's map it is north of Camarina.
This is now Calala Girone. (Liv. , 24, 30. --Slept.
Byz. ,<<. v. )--III. The last place was a maritime one
on the eastern coast of Sicily, above Syracuse. It
was also denominated Galaolis, but more frequently
Megara, whence the gulf to the south of it was called
Megarensis Sinus. (Plin. . 3, S. --Diod. Sic. , 4, 80. )
Hydaspes, a river of India, and one of the tributa-
ries of the Indus. D'Anville makes it to be the mod-
ern S/iantrou; Manncrt is in favour of the Bchut. The
true modern name, however, is the llhum or Ihyliim.
As regards the variety of appellations given to this
stream in both ancient and modern writers (no less
than twelve in number), consult Vincent, Voyage of
Xearckus, p. 91, sea'. --Ancient Commerce, vol. 1, p.
91.
Hydra, a celebrated monsier, which infested the
l^mean marsh and its vicinity. It was destroyed by
Hercules in his second labour. (Vid. Hercules, where
? full account if given. )
? ? Hydbaotes, a tributary to the Indus, now the Ha-
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? hn
!
ttnd to recognise Q. Fabius Quinlilianus. Thu. work
also in written in a, careless and inferior manner, and
yet is very important for obtaining a knowledge of an-
cient astronomy, and for a correct understanding of
the poets. The principal source, whence the writer
obtained his materials, was, according to Salmasius
(de Ann. Climact. , p. 594), the Greek Sphnera (S^aipa)
uf Nigidius; but, according to Scaliger (Jos. Seal, ad
Manil. , 1, p 33. --Id. , ad Euseb. , p. 10), he drew them
from Eratos. . iene3 and others. --An examination of the
>>iyle and character of these two works will leave no
doubt on our mind that the author of them was not the
celebrated grammarian of the Augustan age; but that
these were written at a later period. Many regard the
Fables as a selection made from several earlier works,
by a grammarian of a later day, probably Avianus, whose
name Barth thought he had discovered in one of the
MSS. (Barth, Advert. ,\0,12. --M. , 10,20. ) Schef-
fer places the writer, about whose name, Hyginus,
there cannot well be any doubt, in the age of the An-
tonines. (De Hygini Script, fabul. elate atque sty-
lo. ) Muncker thinks that many parts arc taken from
the earlier Hyginus, and that the rest is the produc-
tion of a very inferior writer. (Munck. , Prof, ad Hy-
trin. , tttt, seqq. ) N. Heinsius makes the compiler
of the work to have lived under Theodosius the young-
er; and Van Staveren regards the collection as hav-
ing been made at a late period, with the name of an
ancient grammarian prefixed to it. (Praf. ad Auct.
Mythogr. , sub fin) Niebuhr, finally, thinks that a
mythological fragment found by him (Fragmenlum de
rebus Thebanis mythologicis) formed part of the work
out of which, by the aid of numerous additions, the
two productions that now go by the name of Hyginus
appear to have originated. (Cie. , Oral, pro Rabir. ,
Sec, Fragm. , p. 105, seqq. , Rom. , 1820, 8vo. ) The
best editions of Hyginus are: that of Muncker, Amst. ,
1681, 2 vols. 8vo, and that of Van Staveren, Lugd.
Bat, ct Amst. , 1742, 4to. (ttdhr, Geseh. Ron. Lit. ,
idI. 1, p. 712, seqq. )
Hylactor, one of Action's dogs, named iVom his
barking (iXaxTa, " to bark").
H vi. as, I. a son of Tbeodamas, king of Mysia, and
of Menodice, who accompanied Hercules in the Argo.
On the coast of Mysia tho Argonauts stopped to ob-
tain a supply of water, and Hylas having gone for
some, was seized and kept by the nymphs of the
stream into which he dipped his urn. Hercules went
in quest of him, and in the midst of his unavailing
search was left behind by the Argo. (Apollod. , 1, 9,
19. --Apoll. Rh. , I, 1207, seq. --Munck. , ad Anton.
Lib,26. --Sturz, ad Hcllanic. fragm. , p. 111.
)--It was
an ancient custom of the Bithynians to lament in the
burning days of midsummer, and call out of the well,
into which they fabled he had fallen, a god named
Hylas. The Maryandinians lamented and sought Bor-
mos, and the Phrygians Lityorses, with dirges, in a
similar manner. This usage of the Bithynians was
adopted into their mythology by the Greek inhabitants
of Cius, near which the scene of the fable was laid,
and it was connected in the manner just narrated with
the Argonautic expeditions, and the history of Hercu-
les. (Muller, Orchom. , p. 293. --Id. , Dorians, vol. 1,
p. 307, 457. )--II. A river of Bithynia, flowing into
the Sinus Cianus, near the town of Cius, and to the
southwest of the lake Ascanius and the city ofNicaea.
The inhabitants of Cius celebrated yearly a festival in
? ? honour of Hylas, who was carried off by the nymphs, as
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? HYP
HYP
HyPata, the principal town of the ^Enianes, in
Thcssaly, oil the river Sperchius. Livy mentions it
u being in the possession of the . -IOtolians, and as a
place where their national council was frequently
conTencd (36, 14). Its women were celebrated for
their skill in magic. (AjtuL. Met. , 1, p. 104. --The-
ophr. , Hist. Plant. , 9, 2. ) Hypata was still a city of
ncte in the time of Hicroclcs (p. 642). Its ruins
are to be seen on the site called Castritza, near the
modern Patragick, which represents probably the
Ncae I'atite of the Byzantine historians. (. Nicephorus
Grcgor. , 4, p. 67. --Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 1,
p. 447. )
Hypatia, a female mathematician of Alcxandrea,
daughter of Thcon, and still more celebrated than her
father. She was born about the end of the fourth cen-
tury. Endowed with a rare penetration of mind, she
joined to this so great a degree of ardour in the path
of self-instruction, as to consecrate to study her entire
days and a large portion of the night. She applied
herself in particular to the philosophy of Plato, whose
sentiments she preferred to those of Aristotle. Fol-
lowing the example of these great men, she resolved
to add to her information by travelling; and, having
reached Athens, attended there the lectures of the
ablest instructers. On her return to her native city,
she was invited by the magistrates to give lessons in
philosophy, and Alexandres beheld a female succeed
to that long line of illustrious teachers which had ren-
dered its school one of the most celebrated in the
world. She was an Eclectic; but the exact sciences
formed the basis of all her instructions, and she ap-
plied their demonstrations to the principles of the
speculative sciences. Hence she was the first who
introduced a rigorous method into the teaching of phi-
losophy. She numbered among her disciples many
celebrated men, among others Synesius, afterward
bishop of Ptotemai's, who preserved during his whole
life the most friendly feelings towards her, although
? he constantly refused to become a convert to Chris-
tianity. Hypatia united to the endowments of mind
many of the attractions and all the virtues of her sex.
Her dress was remarkable for its extreme simplicity;
her conduct was always above suspicion; and she
knew well how to restrain within the bounds of re-
spect those of her anditors who felt the influence of
her personal charms. All idea of marriage was con-
stantly rejected by her as threatening to interfere with
her devotion to her favourite studies. Merit so rare,
and qualities of so high an order, could not fail to ex-
cite jealousy. Orestes, governor of Alexandres, ad-
mired the talents of Hypatia, and frequently had re-
course to her for advice. He was desirous of repress-
ing the too ardent zeal of St. Cyrill, who saw in Hy-
patia one of the principal supports of paganism. The
partisans of the bishop, on their side, beheld in the
measures of the governor the result of the counsels ol
Hypatia; the most seditious of their number, having
at their head an ecclesiastic named Peter, seized upon
Hypatia as she was proceeding to her school, forced
her to descend from her chariot, and dragged her into
a neighbouring church, where, stripped of her vest-
ments, she was put to death by her brutal foes. Her
body was then torn to pieces, and the palpitating
members were dragged through the streets and finally
consigned to the flames. This deplorable event look
place in the month of March, A. D. 415. --The works
? ? of Hypatia were lost in the burning of the Alexandrean
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? HYP
HYP
meit, strong as it is, and pursue the inquiry on other
uid clearer grounds. The term Hyperborean means
a nation or people who dwell beyond the wind Boreas.
The name Boreas is properly applied by the Greeks to
the wind which blows from the north-northeast (Pas-
sow, Lex. , s. <<. ), and is the same with the Aquilo of
the Latins. Of this latter wind Pliny remarks, "flat
inter Septentrioncm ct Ortum solstitialcm;" and For-
ccllini (/,-/. Tot. Lot. ) observes, that it is often con-
ibunded with, and mistaken for, the north. The term
Hyperborei, then, if we consider its true meaning, re-
fers to a people dwelling far to the northeast of the
Greeks, and will lead us at once to the plains of cen-
tral Asia, the cradle of our race. Here it was that
man existed in primeval virtue and happiness, and here
were enjoyed those blessings of existence, the rcmem-
orance of which was carried, by the various tribes that
successively migrated from this common home, into
every quarter of the earth. Hence it is that, even
among the Oriental nations, so many traces are found
of their origin being derived from some country to the
north. Adelung has adopted the opinion which as-
signs central Asia as the original seal of the human
species, and has mentioned a variety of considerations
in support of it. He observes, that the central plains
of Asia being the highest region in. the globe, must
have been the first to emerge from the universal ocean,
and, therefore, first became capable of affording a habit-
able dwelling to terrestrial animals and to the human
species: hence, as the subsiding waters gradually gave
up the lower regions to be the abode of life, they may
have descended, and spread themselves successively
over their new acquisitions. The desert of Kobi,
which is the summit of the central steppe, is the most
elevated ridge in the globe. From its vicinity the
great rivers of Asia take their rise, and flow towards
the four cardinal points. The Selinga, the Ob, the
Irtish, the Lena, and the Jenisei, send their water to
the Frozen Ocean; the laik flows towards the setting
sun; the Amu and Hoang-ho, and the Indus, Ganges,
and Burrampootcr, towards the east and south. On the
de. livitics of these high lands are the plains of Thibet,
lo<<cr than the frozen region of Kobi, where many fer-
tile tracts are well fitted to become the early seat of
animated nature. Here are found not only the vine,
the olive, rice, the legumina, and other plants, on
which man has in all ages depended, in a great meas-
ure, for his sustenance, but all those animals run wild
upon these mountains, which he has latned and led
with him over the whole earth; as the ox, the horse,
the ass, the sheep, the goat, the camel, the hog, the
dog, the cat, and even the gentle reindeer, which ac-
companies him to the icy polar tracts. In Cashmere,
plants, animals, and men exist in the greatest physical
perfection. A number of arguments are suggested in
favour of this opinion. Bailly has referred the origin
of the arts and sciences, of astronomy and of the old
lunar zodiac, as well as of the discovery of the planets,
to the most northerly tract of Asia. His attachment
to Buffon's hypothesis of the central fire, and the grad-
ual refrigeration of the earth, has driven him, indeed,
to the banks of the Frozen Ocean; but his arguments
apply more naturally to the centre of Asia. In our
Scriptures, moreover, the second origin of mankind is
referred to a mountainous region eastward of Shinar,
>>nd the ancient books of the Hindoos fix the cradle of
our race in the same quarter. The Hindu paradise
? ? is on Mount Meru, which is on the confines of Cash-
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? hvp
HTR
(43). Diti Chrysosiom appears to have given him the
preference over all orators with the exception of -F. s-
chines. KOr. , 18, ed. Reiske, p. 372. ) Unfortunately,
there exists no oration which we can with certainty as-
cribo to Hypendes, and by which wo might be enabled
to form for ourselves some idea of his merits and style.
Libanius believes him to have been the author of a
harangue which is found among those of Demosthenes,
and entitled llepl ruv irpoc 'AXifavdpov ovvOquuv,
"On the conventions with Alexander. " Reiske is in-
correct in assigning to him one of the two orations
against Arislogiton, found among the works of Demos-
thenes. (SchSU, Histoire de la Littcrature Gr. , vol.
2, p. S20. )
Hypkkiov, a son of Ccslus and Terra, who married
Thea, by whom he had Aurora, the sun and moon.
(Theog. , 371, seg ) In Homer, Hyperion is identical
with the Sun. (II. , 19, 398. --Compare, however, //. ,
6, 513. ) It is very probable that 'Yiripiuv is the con-
traction of 'Yirepioviuv. 'Pastoxo, Lcx. ,s. t>. -- Volck-
tr, Horn. Geogr. , p. 26. ) The interpretation given
by the ancients to the name, as denoting "him that
moves above," seems liable to little objection. Her-
mann renders it Tollo, as a substantive: "Post hos
tiikmus, 'Tircpiova et 'laizirvv, Tollman et Mersi-
um. " (Opute. , vol. 2, p. 175. --Kcightlcy's Mytholo-
gy, p. 52, seg. )
nimiium a, one of the fifty daughters of Danaus,
? who married Lynceus, son of . Egyptns. She disobey-
ed her father's bloody commands, who had ordered her
to murder her husband the first night of her nuptials,
and suffered Lynceus to escape unhurt. Her father,
at first, in his anger at her disobedience, put her into
clo<<e confinement. Relenting, however, after some
time, he gave bis consent to her union with Lynceus.
iV:d. Dan aides. )
Hyphasis, a tributary of the Indus, now the Beypa-
thu, or, as it is more commonly written, Beyah. The
ancient name is variously given. In Arrian it is Tsr-
offic and'T^urif; in Diodorus (17, 93) and in Strabo,
Tirovir (Hypanis). Pliny (6, 17) gives the form Hyp-
asis. This river was the limit of Alexander's con-
quests, and he erected altars on its banks in memory
of his expedition. Some writers erroneously give the
modern name of the Hyphasis as the Selledje. (Vin-
cent's Voyage of Ncarchus, p. 101. )
Hypsa, now Belici, a river of Sicily falling into the
Crinisus. (SU. llal. , 14, 228. ) *
Hyfsicles, an astronomer of Alexandres, who
flourished under Ptolemy Physcon, about 146 B. C.
He is considered by some to have been the author of
the 14ih and 15th books which are appended to Eu-
clid's Elements; though others strenuously deny
this. No one, however, disputes his claim to a small
work entitled 'Avapopiicii, in which he gives a method,
far from exact, of calculating the risings of each sign
or portion of the ecliptic. Hvpsicles was nearly con-
temporary with Hipparchus, who was the first that gave
an exact solution to this problem. He may have been
ignorant of the discoveries of Hipparchus, and this may
serve to excuse biro; but it is hard to conceive why
bis treatise called Anaphorice, to which we have just
alluded, should have been included in the collection
entitled the "Little Astronomer," which formed a
text-book in the Alexandrean schools preparatory to
the reading of the astronomy of Ptolemy. It was idle
to show the pupil a very vicious solution of an easy
? ? problem, which they would subsequently find solved in
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? I AC
AM
tempting to take refuge once more among the Arabians.
{. John's Hist. Hebrew Com. , p. 307 and 345. )
HrftKiuu. a townof Apulia, also called Uria. (Vid.
Uria. )
Hykia, I. a city of Apulia, in the more northern
pan of the Iapygian peninsula, between Brundisium
and Tarentum. It is now Oria, and would seem to
have been a place of great antiquity, . since its found-
ation is ascribed by Herodotus to some Cretans, that
formed part of an expedition to avenge the death of
Minos, who had perished in Sicily, whither he went
in pun jit of Dsedalus. (Herod. , 7, 171. ) Strabo. in
his description of Iapygia, docs not fail to cite this
passage of Herodotus, but he seems undetermined
whether to recognise the town founded by the Cretans
in that of Thyrai or in that of Veretum. By the'first,
which he mentions as placed in the centre of the isth-
mus, and formerly the capital of the country, he seems
to designate Oria (Strab. , 282). It is probable the
word Thyroei is corrupt; for elsewhere Strabo calls it
Uria, and describes it as standing on the Appian Way,
between Brundisium and Tarentum, as above remark-
ed. (Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. A, p.
