) Aulus Gellius says (12, 5) that Pa-
netius rejected the principle of apathy adopted by the
later Stoics, and returned to Zeno's original meaning,
namely, that the wise man ought to know how to mas-
ter the impressions which he receives through the
senses.
netius rejected the principle of apathy adopted by the
later Stoics, and returned to Zeno's original meaning,
namely, that the wise man ought to know how to mas-
ter the impressions which he receives through the
senses.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
" Palmyra afterward became alli-
ed to the empire as a free state, and was greatly fa-
voured by Hadrian and the Antonincs, under whom it
attained its greatest splendour. We find, from the in-
scriptions, that the Palmyrencs joined Alexander Scv-
erus in his expedition against the Persians. We do
not meet with the mention of the city again until
the reign of Gallienus, when it makes a principal fig-
ure in the history of those times, and in a few years
experienced the greatest vicissitudes of good and bad
fortune. After attaining to a widely-extended nway
siider Odenatus and his queen Zenobia, who survived
him, it fell at length, together with the latter, under
the power of Aurelian. (Vid. Odenatus, and Zeno-
? ? bia. ) A revolt, on his departure, compelled him to
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? PAM
PAH
l*icm as hardly repaying the toils and expense or the
journey, it must be recollected that he was already
satiated with the wonders of Egypt. Yet, taken as a
tout ensemble, he admits that they are more remarka-
ble by reason of their extent (being nearly a mile and
i half in length), than any which he had met with;
V*y have the advantage, too, of being less encumber-
ed with modern fabrics than almost any ancient ruins.
Exclusive of the Arab village of Tadmor, which oc-
cupies the peristyle court of the Temple of the Sun,
and the Turkish burying-place, there are no obstruc-
tions whatever to the antiquities. The temple itself
u disfigured, indeed, by modern works, but it is still
a most majestic object. The natives firmly believe,
Mr. Wood informs us, that the existing ruins were the
works of King Solomon. "All these mighty things,"
say they, "Solyman Ebn Daoud (Solomon the son of
David) did by the assistance of spirits. " King Solo-
Dion :j the Merlin of the East, and to the genii in his
service the Persians as well as the Arabs ascribe all
the magnificent remains of ancient art. From the
dates in the inscriptions, in which the era of Seleucus
is observed, with the Macedonian names of the months,
it appears that none of the existing monuments are
earlier than the birth of Christ; nor is there any in-
scription so late as the destruction of the city by
Aurelian, except one in Latin, which mentions Dio-
clesian. "As to the age of those ruinoua heaps,"
says Mr. Wood, "which belonged evidently to build-
ings of greater antiquity than those which are yet
partly standing, it is difficult even to guess; but if
we are allowed to form a judgment by comparing their
state with that of the monument of Iamblichus at Pal-
myra, we must conclude them extremely old; for
that building, erected 1750 years ago" (Mr. Wood
published! in 1753), " is the most perfect piece of an-
tiquity I ever saw. " (MansforaVs Scripture Gazet-
teer, p. 451, scqq. -- Modern Traveller, part 5, p. 10,
Pamisos, I. a river of Thessaly, now the Fanari,
falling into the Peneus to the east of Tricca. (He-
rod , 7, 132 )--II. Major, a river of Messenia, falling
into the Sinus Messcniacus at its head. It is now
the Pimatza. (Walpole, vol. 2, p. 3S. ) Pausanias
affirms, that the waters of this river were remarkably
pure, and abounded with various kinds of fish. He
adds, that it was navigable for ten stadia from the sea
(4, 34. --Compare Polyb. , 16, 16). --III. A torrent of
Messenia, falling into the Sinus Messeniacus near
Leuctrum, and forming part of the ancient boundary
oetween Laconia and Messenia. (Strab. , 361. )
Pamphila, a Grecian female, whom Photius makes
a native of Egypt, but who, according to Suidas, Dio-
genes Laertius (1, 24), and others, was born at Epi-
daurus in Argolis. She wrote several works, the con-
tents of which were chiefly historical. One of these
was entitled 'Entro/ial loroptuv (Historical Abridg-
ments). Another, which Photius has made known to
us, bore the name of ZvuuLKra ioropina vrouvTJfiara
(Historical Miscellany). It was a species of note or
? nemorandum book, in which this female regularly in-
serted, every day, whatever she heard most deserving
of being remembered, in the conversations between her
Husband Socratidas and the literary friends who visited
his house, and also whatever she had met with wor-
thy of being recorded, in the course of her historical
reading. She was united to Socratidas for thirteen
years, during all which time the compilation was being
? ? formed. The work, however, was without any syste-
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? PA M
<<pc>>k in Che highest terms of his piety and benevo-
lence :>>rorne states, that Pamphilus composed an
apology for Origen before Eusebius; but, at a later
)eriod, having discovered that the work which he had
taken for Pamphilus's was only the first book of Eu-
? cbius's apology for Origen, he denieil that Pamphilus
? 'rote anything except short letters to his friends.
The truth seems to be, that the first die books of the
"Apology for Origen" were composed by Eusebius
and Pamphilus jointly, and the sixth book by Euse-
bius alone, after the death of Pamphilus. Another
work, which Pamphilus effected in conjunction with
Eusebius, was an edition of the Septaagint, from the
text in Origen's Hexapla. This edition was gen-
erally used in the Eastern church. Montfaucon and
Fabricius have published "Contents of the Acts of
the Apostles" aa a work of Pamphilus; but this is in
all probabili'y the work of a later writer. Eusebius
wrote a " Life of Pamphilus," in three bocks, which
is now entirely lost, with the exception of a few frag-
ments, and even of these the genuineness is extremely
doubtful. We have, however, notices of him in the
"Ecclesiastical History" of Eusebius (7, 32), and in
the " De Viris Illustrious," and other works df Je-
ome. (I. aril tin's Credibility, pt. 2, c. 59 )
Pamphds, an early Athenian bard, and a disciple, as
was said, of Linus. Philostratus has preserved two
remarkable versos of his, which recall to mind the
symbol under which the Egyptians typified the Crea-
tor of the universe, or the author of animal life. The
lines are rs follows:
'/. ei. nvihare. /iiyiare iSeuf, elXvpin (oVoti
Mn'teiy T? KOX t-zrirein KOL TJfltOVeiy. ,
"Oh Jove, most glorious, most mighty of the gods,
thou that art enveloped in the dung of s\ecp, and
horses, and mules. " {Philoslr. , Heroic, c. 2, p. 98,
id. Boissonade) -- According to Pausanias (9, 27),
Pamphus composed hymns for the Lycomeda:, a fam-
F. . ' which held by hereditary right a share in the Eleu-
>i. :ian worship of Ceres. Pamphus is also said to have
first c? :ni; the strain of lamentation at the tomb of Li-
nus. (ScltM, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 1, p. 33. --Midler,
Hist Lit. Gr. , p. 85. )
PAMPHYi. iA {ha/i<pv? . ia), a province df Asia Minor,
extending along the coast of the Mediterranean from
Olbia to Ptolcma'is, and bounded on the north by Pi-
sidia. on the west by Lycia and the southwestern part
of Phrygia, and on the cast by Cilicia. Pliny (5,
26) and Mela (1, 14) make Pamphylia begin on the
coast at Phasclis, which they reckon a city of Pamphyl-
ia, but the majority of writers speak of it as a Lycian
city. Pamphylia was separated from Pisidia by Mount
Taurus, and was drained by numerous streams which
flowed from the high land of the latter country. The
eastern part of the coast is described by Captain Beau-
fort as flat, sandy, and dreary; but this remark docs
not apply to the interior of the country, which, accord-
to Mr. Fellows' account (Excursion in Asia Minor,
p. 204), is very beautiful and picturesque. The west-
ern part of the coast is surrounded by lofty mountains
which rise from the sea, and attain the greatest height
in Mount Solyma, on the eastern borders of Lycia. The
western part of the country is composed, according to
Mr. Fellows (p. 184), " for thirty or forty miles, of a
mass of incrusted or petrified vegetable matter, lying
imbosomed, as it were, in the side of the high range of
marble mountains which must originally have formed
the coast of this country. As the streams, and, in-
? ? deed, large rivers which flow from the mountains, enter
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? PAN
In loim ht combined that of man and beast, having a
red face, horned head, his nose flat, and his legs, thighs,
tail, and feet those of a goat. Honey and milk were
offered to him--This god is unnoticed by Homer and
Hesiod; but, according to one of the Homeridte, he
was the son of Mercury by an Arcadian nymph. (Horn. ,
Hymn , 19. ) So monstrous was his appearance, that
the nurse, on beholding him, fled away in affright.
Mercury, however, immediately caught him up, wrap-
ped him carefully in a hareskin, and carried him away
to Olympus: then taking his seat with Jupiter and the
other gods, he produced his babe. All the gods, es-
pecially Bacchus, were delighted with the little stran-
ger; and they named him Pan (i. e. , "All"), because
he had charmed them all ! --Others fabled that Pan
was the son of Mercury by Penelope, whose love he
gained under the form of a goat, as she was tending
in her youth the flocks of her father on Mount Taygc-
tus. (Herod. , 2, 145. --Schol. ad Thcocr. , 7, 109. --
Eulocia, 323. --Tzetxes, ad Lycophr. , 772. ) Some
even went so far as to say that he was the offspring
of the amours of Penelope with all her suitors. (Schol.
id Thcocr , 1, S. -- Eudocia, I. c. -- Serv. ad JEn. , 2,
44. ) According to Epimenides (Schol. ad Thcocr. ,
I. <? . ), Pan and Areas were the children of Jupiter and
Callisto. Aristippus made Pan the offspring of Jupij
ter and the nymph CSneis; others, again, said that he
was a child of Heaven and Earth. (Schol ad Thcocr. ,
7, 123. ) There was also a Pan said to be the son of
Jupiter and the nymph Thymbris or Hyhris, the in-
? tructer of Apollo in divination. (Apollod. , 1, 4, 1. )
--The worship of Pan seems to have been confined to
Arcadia till the time of the battle of Marathon, when
Phidippides. the courier who was sent from Athens to
Sparta to call on the Spartans for aid against the Per-
sians, declared that, as he was passing by Mount Par-
thenius, near Tegea in Arcadia, he heard the voice of
Pan calling to him, and desiring him to ask the Athe-
nians why they paid no regard to him, who was al-
ways, and still would be, friendly and willing to aid.
After the battle, the Athenians consecrated a cave to
Pan under the Acropolis, and offered him annual sac-
rifices. (Herod. , 6, 105. -- Plut. , Kit. Arist. , 11. )
Long before this time, the Grecian and Egyptian sys-
tems of religion had begun to mingle and combine.
The goat-formed Mendcs of Egypt was now regarded
as identical with the horned and goat-footed god of the
Arcadian herdsmen (Herod. , 2, 46); and Pan was el-
evated to great dignity by priests and philosophers, be-
coming a symbol of the universe, for his name signi-
fied all. Moreover, as he dwelt in the woods, he was
called " Lord of the Hyle" ('0 rijc iXnc Kvpioc); and
as the word hyle (vf. i]), by a lucky ambiguity, signi-
fied either wood or primitive matter, this was another
ground for exalting him. It is amusing to read how
all the attributes of the Arcadian god were made to
accord with this notion. "Pan," says Servius, " is a
rustic god, formed in similitude of nature, whence he
is called Pan, i. e. . All: for he has horns, in simili-
tude of the rays of the sun and the horns of the moon;
his face is ruddy, in imitation of the ether; ho has a
spotted fawnskin upon his breast, in likeness of the
stars; his lower parts are shaggy, on account of the
trees, shrubs, and wild beasts; he has goat's feet, to
denote the stability of the earth; he has a pipe of
seven teeds, on account of the harmony of the heav-
ens, in which there are seven sounds; he has a crook,
thct is, a curved staff, on account of the year, which
? ? nuts back on itself, because he is the god of all nature.
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? P A IS
PAN A THENCE A.
After a time Panaelius returned to Athens, where he
became the leader of the Stoic school, and where he
died at a very advanced age. Posidonius, Scylax of
Halicamassus, Hecaton, and Mnesarchus are mention-
ed among his disciples. Panaelius was not apparently
a strict Stoic, but rather an Eclectic philosopher, who
tempered tho austerity of his sect by adopting some-
thing of the more refined style and milder principles
of P'ato and tho other earlier Academicians. (Cic. ,
ie 'Sin. , 4,88. ) Cicero, who speaks repeatedly of the
works of Panaetius in terms of the highest veneration,
and acknowledges that he borrowed much from them,
aays that Pansetius styled Plato "the divine," and
"the Homer of Philosophy," and only dissented from
htm en the subject of the immortality of the soul,
which he seems not i: have admitted. (Tunc.
Quasi. , 1, 32.
) Aulus Gellius says (12, 5) that Pa-
netius rejected the principle of apathy adopted by the
later Stoics, and returned to Zeno's original meaning,
namely, that the wise man ought to know how to mas-
ter the impressions which he receives through the
senses. In a letter of consolation which Pansetius
wrote to Q. Tubero, mentioned by Cicero (De Fin. ,
1, 9), he instructed him how to endure pain, but he
never laid it down as a principle that pain waa not an
evil. He was very temperate in his opinions, and he
often replied to difficult questions with modest hesita-
tion, saying, irzixui, " I will consider. "--None of tho
works of Panattius have come down to us; but their
titles, and a few sentences from them, are quoted by
Cicero, Diogenes Laertius, and others. He wrote a
treatise " On Duties," the substance of which Cicero
merged in his own work "De Officii*. " Panetius
wrote also a treatise " On Divination," of which Cicero
probably made use in his own work on the same sub-
Kct. He wrote likewise a work " On Tranquillity of
ind," which some suppose may have been made use
of by Plutarch in his work bearing the same title.
Cicero mentions also a treatise "On Providence,"
another "On Magistrates," and one "On Heresies,"
or sects of philosophers. His book " On Socrates,"
quoted by Diogenes Laertius, and by Plutarch in his
"Life of Ansiidcs. " made probably a part of the last-
mentioned wor'. c. Laertius and Seneca quote several
opinions of Panetius concerning ethics and metaphys-
ics, and also physics. (Encycl. Us. Knowl. , vol. 17,
p. 178. -- Van Lyndcn, Disp. Historico-Crit. de Pa-
natio Rhodio, Lugd. Bat. , 1802. -- Chardon de la
Rochctte, Melanges, &c, vol. 1, Paris, 1812. )
Panathewea (Uavad^vaia), the greatest of the
Athenian festivals, was celebrated in honour of Miner-
va (Athena) as the guardian deity of the city. It is
raid lo have been instituted by Erichthonius, and to
have been called originally Athencea ('ASqvata), but it
obtained the name of Panathenaa in the time of The-
seus, in consequence of his uniting into one state the
different independent communities into which Attica
had been previously divided. (Pausan. , 8, 2, 1. --
Pint, Vit. Thcs. , c. 20. -- Thucyd. , 2, 15. ) There
were two Athenian festivals which had the name of
Panathena-a; one of which was called the Great Pan-
athenaa (MtyuXa TlavaBrjvaia), and the other the
Less (Mtxpa). The Great Panathenaea was celebra-
ted once every five years, wish very great magnificence,
and attracted spectators from all parts of Greece. The
Less Panathensea was celebrated every year in the
Piieus. (Harpoerat. , s. v. TlavaB. -- Plat. , Rep. , 1,
? ? 1. ) When the Greek writers speak simply of the fes-
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? PAN
FAXDORA
Do seventh volumi of the "Thesaurus" of Grono7ius
Kncycl. Vt. Knowi, vol. 17, p. 182. )
Panchaia, a fabled island in the Eastern or In-
lian Ocean, which Euhemerus pretended to have dis-
covered, and to have found in its capital, Panara, a
temple of the Triphylian Jupiter, containing a column
inscribed with the date of the births and deaths of
many of the gods. (Vid. Euhemerus. )--Virgil makes
mention of Panchaia and its "lurifera arena. "
(Ceorg. , 2, 139. ) The poet borrows the name from
Euhemerus, but evidently refers to Arabia Felix.
(Compare Heync and Von, ad loc. )
Pandarus, son of I. ycaon, and one of the chieftains
? rat fought on the side of the Trojans in the war
with the Greeks. He led the allies of Zelea from the
banks of the -? Esepus in Mvsia, and was famed for his
skill with the bow. (II, 2, 824, seqq. ) It was Pan-
darus that broke the truce between the Greeks and
Trojans by wounding Menclans. (II. , 4, 93, seqq. )
He was afterward slain by Diomede. (//. , 5, 290. ) In
3ne part of the Iliad (5, 105) he is spoken of as com-
ing from Lycia, but the Lycia there meant is uiily a
part of Troas, forming the territory around Zelea, and
inhabited by Lycian colonists. (Consult Euslatk. ad
II. , 2, 824-- Htyne, ad lac. )
Pandataria, an island in the Mare Tyrrhenum, in
the Sinus Puteolanus, on the coast of Italy. It was
the place of banishment for Julia, the daughter of Au-
gustus, and manv others. It is now Isola Vandotina.
(Liny, 53, 14. -- Mela, 2, 7. --Pliny, 3, 6--//in.
M'. rit. , 515. )
Pandiow, I. an early king of Athens, belonging to
mythology rather than to history. He was the son of
Erichthonius, and succeeded his father in the kingdom.
In his reign Ceres and Bacchus are said to have come
to Attica. - The former was entertained by Celeus,
the Utter by Icarius. Pandion married Xcuxippe, the
sister of his mother, by whom he had two sons, Erech-
theus and Bates, and two daughters, Procne and Phi-
. t'nclj Being at war with Labdacus, king of Thebes,
lbout boundaries, he called to his aid Tercus, the sou
of Mors, out of Thrace; and having, with his assist-
ance, come off victorious in the contest, he gave him
lis daughter Procne in marriage, by whom Tereus
lad a sod named Itya. The tragic tale of Procne and
'hilomela is related elsewhere. (Vid. Philomela. )
Pandion is said to have died of grief at the misfortunes
3( his family, after a reign of 40 years. He was suc-
ceeded by Erechtheus. (Apollod. , 3, 14, 5, seqq. )
The visit paid by Ceres and Bacchus to Attica, during
the reign of Pandion, refers merely to improvements
in agriculture which were then introduced. (Words-
worth's Greece, p. 96 )--II. The second of the name,
was also king of Attica, and succeeded Cecrops II. ,
the son of Erechtheus. He was expelled by the Me-
tionidas, and retired to Megara, where he married Pylia,
the daughter of King Pylos. This last-mentioned
monarch being obliged to fly for the murder of his
brother Bias, resigned Megara to his son-in-law, and,
retiring to the Peloponnesus, built Pylos. Pandion
bad four sons, -Egeus. Pallas, Nisus, and Lyons, who
conquered and divided among them the Attic territory,
^Egcus, as the eldest, having the supremacy. (Apol-
lod. , 3, 15, 4. --Consult Htyne, ad loc. )
Pandora, the first created female, and celebrated
ta one of the early legends of the Greeks as having
seen the cause of the introduction of evil into the
? ? no-Id. Jupiter, it seems, incensed at Prometheus for
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? PAW
PAN
Ev ? was tempted, Pandora was not; the former was
actuated by a noble instinct, the love of knowltdge,
the latter by mere female curiosity. --It seems very
strange that the ancients should have taken so little
notice cf this myth. There is no allusion to it in Pin-
dar cr the tragedians, excepting Sophocles, one of
v'iosc lost satyric dramas was named " Pandora, or
ih* Hammerers. " It was equally neglected by the
Alcxandreanr Apollodorus merely calls Pandora the
*r>t woman. In fact, with the exception of a dubious
? *rjage ir. Theognis (Paran. , 1135, seq. ), where
Mope is said to have been the only good deity that re-
mained omeng men, we find no allusion to it in Gre-
cian literature except in the fables of Babrius, in Non-
miu (Divnys. , 7, 56), and in the epigrammatic Mace-
Jjiiiiis. (Anthol. l'olat. , 10, 71. ) It seems to have
htiJ as little charms for the Latin poets, even Ovid
parsing over it in silence. --It is also deserving of no-
tic. ', that Hcsiod and all the others agree in naming
the vessel which Pandora opened a jar (mdo;), and
never hint at her having brought it with her to the
house of Epimetheus. Yet the idea has been univer-
sal among the moderns, that she brought all the evils
with her from heaven, shut up in a box (irvfi'c). The
only way of accounting for this is, that, at the resto-
ration of learning, the narrative in Hcsiod was misun-
derstood. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 292, stay --
Bultmann, Mythologus, vol. 1, p. 48, seqq. )
Panoosia, 1. a city of Lucania, in Lower Italy, on
the banks of the Aciris, and not far from Hcraclea.
The modern Angioma is thought to represent the an-
cient place. (Cromer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 351. )
--II. A city in the territory of the Bruttii, near the
western coast, and often confounded with the prece-
ding. It was anciently possessed by the CEnotri, as
Strabo reports, but is better known in history as hav-
ing witnessed the defeat and death of Alexander, king
of Epirus. (Strabo, 255-- Lit. , 39, 38. )--The pre-
cise position which ought to be assigned to the Brut-
tiar. Pandosia remains yet uncertain. The early Cala-
brian antiquaries placed it at Caslcl Franco, about
five miles from Consenza. D'Anvillo lays it down, in
his map of ancient Italy, near Lao and Cirella, on the
confines of Lucania. Cluverius supposes that it may
have stood between Couscntia and Thurii; but more
modern critics have, with greater probability, sought
its ruins in a more westerly direction, near the village
of Mencfocino, between Consentia and the sea, a hill
with three summits having been remarked there, which
answers to the fatal height pointed out by the oracle,
Xlavioaia rptKo'kuve, rtoXiv ttotc Xaiv bXiooeic,
together with the rivulet Marcsanlo or Arconti, which
last name recalls the Acheron, denounced by another
prediction as so inauspicious to the Molossian king.
(Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 436. )--III. A city of
Epirus, not far removed from the Acheron and the
Acherusian Lake, as we may infer from the passage
in which Livy speaks of this city with reference to the
oracle delivered to Alexander, king of Epirus (8, 24).
_t is not improbable that the antiquities which have
been discovered at Paramythia, on the borders of the
Souliot territory, may belong to this ancient place.
[Hughes's Travels, vol. 2, p. 306. -- Holland's Trav-
els, vol. 2, p. 251. --Strabo, 324. --Win. , 4, 1. --Cra-
mer'* Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 132. )
Pandr5s08, a daughter of Cecrops, king of Athens,
? ister to Aglauros and Herso. For an explanation of
? ? the name, consult remarks under the article Cecrops.
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? PAN
PAN
af Ptnr. cmta Secunda.
ed to the empire as a free state, and was greatly fa-
voured by Hadrian and the Antonincs, under whom it
attained its greatest splendour. We find, from the in-
scriptions, that the Palmyrencs joined Alexander Scv-
erus in his expedition against the Persians. We do
not meet with the mention of the city again until
the reign of Gallienus, when it makes a principal fig-
ure in the history of those times, and in a few years
experienced the greatest vicissitudes of good and bad
fortune. After attaining to a widely-extended nway
siider Odenatus and his queen Zenobia, who survived
him, it fell at length, together with the latter, under
the power of Aurelian. (Vid. Odenatus, and Zeno-
? ? bia. ) A revolt, on his departure, compelled him to
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? PAM
PAH
l*icm as hardly repaying the toils and expense or the
journey, it must be recollected that he was already
satiated with the wonders of Egypt. Yet, taken as a
tout ensemble, he admits that they are more remarka-
ble by reason of their extent (being nearly a mile and
i half in length), than any which he had met with;
V*y have the advantage, too, of being less encumber-
ed with modern fabrics than almost any ancient ruins.
Exclusive of the Arab village of Tadmor, which oc-
cupies the peristyle court of the Temple of the Sun,
and the Turkish burying-place, there are no obstruc-
tions whatever to the antiquities. The temple itself
u disfigured, indeed, by modern works, but it is still
a most majestic object. The natives firmly believe,
Mr. Wood informs us, that the existing ruins were the
works of King Solomon. "All these mighty things,"
say they, "Solyman Ebn Daoud (Solomon the son of
David) did by the assistance of spirits. " King Solo-
Dion :j the Merlin of the East, and to the genii in his
service the Persians as well as the Arabs ascribe all
the magnificent remains of ancient art. From the
dates in the inscriptions, in which the era of Seleucus
is observed, with the Macedonian names of the months,
it appears that none of the existing monuments are
earlier than the birth of Christ; nor is there any in-
scription so late as the destruction of the city by
Aurelian, except one in Latin, which mentions Dio-
clesian. "As to the age of those ruinoua heaps,"
says Mr. Wood, "which belonged evidently to build-
ings of greater antiquity than those which are yet
partly standing, it is difficult even to guess; but if
we are allowed to form a judgment by comparing their
state with that of the monument of Iamblichus at Pal-
myra, we must conclude them extremely old; for
that building, erected 1750 years ago" (Mr. Wood
published! in 1753), " is the most perfect piece of an-
tiquity I ever saw. " (MansforaVs Scripture Gazet-
teer, p. 451, scqq. -- Modern Traveller, part 5, p. 10,
Pamisos, I. a river of Thessaly, now the Fanari,
falling into the Peneus to the east of Tricca. (He-
rod , 7, 132 )--II. Major, a river of Messenia, falling
into the Sinus Messcniacus at its head. It is now
the Pimatza. (Walpole, vol. 2, p. 3S. ) Pausanias
affirms, that the waters of this river were remarkably
pure, and abounded with various kinds of fish. He
adds, that it was navigable for ten stadia from the sea
(4, 34. --Compare Polyb. , 16, 16). --III. A torrent of
Messenia, falling into the Sinus Messeniacus near
Leuctrum, and forming part of the ancient boundary
oetween Laconia and Messenia. (Strab. , 361. )
Pamphila, a Grecian female, whom Photius makes
a native of Egypt, but who, according to Suidas, Dio-
genes Laertius (1, 24), and others, was born at Epi-
daurus in Argolis. She wrote several works, the con-
tents of which were chiefly historical. One of these
was entitled 'Entro/ial loroptuv (Historical Abridg-
ments). Another, which Photius has made known to
us, bore the name of ZvuuLKra ioropina vrouvTJfiara
(Historical Miscellany). It was a species of note or
? nemorandum book, in which this female regularly in-
serted, every day, whatever she heard most deserving
of being remembered, in the conversations between her
Husband Socratidas and the literary friends who visited
his house, and also whatever she had met with wor-
thy of being recorded, in the course of her historical
reading. She was united to Socratidas for thirteen
years, during all which time the compilation was being
? ? formed. The work, however, was without any syste-
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? PA M
<<pc>>k in Che highest terms of his piety and benevo-
lence :>>rorne states, that Pamphilus composed an
apology for Origen before Eusebius; but, at a later
)eriod, having discovered that the work which he had
taken for Pamphilus's was only the first book of Eu-
? cbius's apology for Origen, he denieil that Pamphilus
? 'rote anything except short letters to his friends.
The truth seems to be, that the first die books of the
"Apology for Origen" were composed by Eusebius
and Pamphilus jointly, and the sixth book by Euse-
bius alone, after the death of Pamphilus. Another
work, which Pamphilus effected in conjunction with
Eusebius, was an edition of the Septaagint, from the
text in Origen's Hexapla. This edition was gen-
erally used in the Eastern church. Montfaucon and
Fabricius have published "Contents of the Acts of
the Apostles" aa a work of Pamphilus; but this is in
all probabili'y the work of a later writer. Eusebius
wrote a " Life of Pamphilus," in three bocks, which
is now entirely lost, with the exception of a few frag-
ments, and even of these the genuineness is extremely
doubtful. We have, however, notices of him in the
"Ecclesiastical History" of Eusebius (7, 32), and in
the " De Viris Illustrious," and other works df Je-
ome. (I. aril tin's Credibility, pt. 2, c. 59 )
Pamphds, an early Athenian bard, and a disciple, as
was said, of Linus. Philostratus has preserved two
remarkable versos of his, which recall to mind the
symbol under which the Egyptians typified the Crea-
tor of the universe, or the author of animal life. The
lines are rs follows:
'/. ei. nvihare. /iiyiare iSeuf, elXvpin (oVoti
Mn'teiy T? KOX t-zrirein KOL TJfltOVeiy. ,
"Oh Jove, most glorious, most mighty of the gods,
thou that art enveloped in the dung of s\ecp, and
horses, and mules. " {Philoslr. , Heroic, c. 2, p. 98,
id. Boissonade) -- According to Pausanias (9, 27),
Pamphus composed hymns for the Lycomeda:, a fam-
F. . ' which held by hereditary right a share in the Eleu-
>i. :ian worship of Ceres. Pamphus is also said to have
first c? :ni; the strain of lamentation at the tomb of Li-
nus. (ScltM, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 1, p. 33. --Midler,
Hist Lit. Gr. , p. 85. )
PAMPHYi. iA {ha/i<pv? . ia), a province df Asia Minor,
extending along the coast of the Mediterranean from
Olbia to Ptolcma'is, and bounded on the north by Pi-
sidia. on the west by Lycia and the southwestern part
of Phrygia, and on the cast by Cilicia. Pliny (5,
26) and Mela (1, 14) make Pamphylia begin on the
coast at Phasclis, which they reckon a city of Pamphyl-
ia, but the majority of writers speak of it as a Lycian
city. Pamphylia was separated from Pisidia by Mount
Taurus, and was drained by numerous streams which
flowed from the high land of the latter country. The
eastern part of the coast is described by Captain Beau-
fort as flat, sandy, and dreary; but this remark docs
not apply to the interior of the country, which, accord-
to Mr. Fellows' account (Excursion in Asia Minor,
p. 204), is very beautiful and picturesque. The west-
ern part of the coast is surrounded by lofty mountains
which rise from the sea, and attain the greatest height
in Mount Solyma, on the eastern borders of Lycia. The
western part of the country is composed, according to
Mr. Fellows (p. 184), " for thirty or forty miles, of a
mass of incrusted or petrified vegetable matter, lying
imbosomed, as it were, in the side of the high range of
marble mountains which must originally have formed
the coast of this country. As the streams, and, in-
? ? deed, large rivers which flow from the mountains, enter
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? PAN
In loim ht combined that of man and beast, having a
red face, horned head, his nose flat, and his legs, thighs,
tail, and feet those of a goat. Honey and milk were
offered to him--This god is unnoticed by Homer and
Hesiod; but, according to one of the Homeridte, he
was the son of Mercury by an Arcadian nymph. (Horn. ,
Hymn , 19. ) So monstrous was his appearance, that
the nurse, on beholding him, fled away in affright.
Mercury, however, immediately caught him up, wrap-
ped him carefully in a hareskin, and carried him away
to Olympus: then taking his seat with Jupiter and the
other gods, he produced his babe. All the gods, es-
pecially Bacchus, were delighted with the little stran-
ger; and they named him Pan (i. e. , "All"), because
he had charmed them all ! --Others fabled that Pan
was the son of Mercury by Penelope, whose love he
gained under the form of a goat, as she was tending
in her youth the flocks of her father on Mount Taygc-
tus. (Herod. , 2, 145. --Schol. ad Thcocr. , 7, 109. --
Eulocia, 323. --Tzetxes, ad Lycophr. , 772. ) Some
even went so far as to say that he was the offspring
of the amours of Penelope with all her suitors. (Schol.
id Thcocr , 1, S. -- Eudocia, I. c. -- Serv. ad JEn. , 2,
44. ) According to Epimenides (Schol. ad Thcocr. ,
I. <? . ), Pan and Areas were the children of Jupiter and
Callisto. Aristippus made Pan the offspring of Jupij
ter and the nymph CSneis; others, again, said that he
was a child of Heaven and Earth. (Schol ad Thcocr. ,
7, 123. ) There was also a Pan said to be the son of
Jupiter and the nymph Thymbris or Hyhris, the in-
? tructer of Apollo in divination. (Apollod. , 1, 4, 1. )
--The worship of Pan seems to have been confined to
Arcadia till the time of the battle of Marathon, when
Phidippides. the courier who was sent from Athens to
Sparta to call on the Spartans for aid against the Per-
sians, declared that, as he was passing by Mount Par-
thenius, near Tegea in Arcadia, he heard the voice of
Pan calling to him, and desiring him to ask the Athe-
nians why they paid no regard to him, who was al-
ways, and still would be, friendly and willing to aid.
After the battle, the Athenians consecrated a cave to
Pan under the Acropolis, and offered him annual sac-
rifices. (Herod. , 6, 105. -- Plut. , Kit. Arist. , 11. )
Long before this time, the Grecian and Egyptian sys-
tems of religion had begun to mingle and combine.
The goat-formed Mendcs of Egypt was now regarded
as identical with the horned and goat-footed god of the
Arcadian herdsmen (Herod. , 2, 46); and Pan was el-
evated to great dignity by priests and philosophers, be-
coming a symbol of the universe, for his name signi-
fied all. Moreover, as he dwelt in the woods, he was
called " Lord of the Hyle" ('0 rijc iXnc Kvpioc); and
as the word hyle (vf. i]), by a lucky ambiguity, signi-
fied either wood or primitive matter, this was another
ground for exalting him. It is amusing to read how
all the attributes of the Arcadian god were made to
accord with this notion. "Pan," says Servius, " is a
rustic god, formed in similitude of nature, whence he
is called Pan, i. e. . All: for he has horns, in simili-
tude of the rays of the sun and the horns of the moon;
his face is ruddy, in imitation of the ether; ho has a
spotted fawnskin upon his breast, in likeness of the
stars; his lower parts are shaggy, on account of the
trees, shrubs, and wild beasts; he has goat's feet, to
denote the stability of the earth; he has a pipe of
seven teeds, on account of the harmony of the heav-
ens, in which there are seven sounds; he has a crook,
thct is, a curved staff, on account of the year, which
? ? nuts back on itself, because he is the god of all nature.
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? P A IS
PAN A THENCE A.
After a time Panaelius returned to Athens, where he
became the leader of the Stoic school, and where he
died at a very advanced age. Posidonius, Scylax of
Halicamassus, Hecaton, and Mnesarchus are mention-
ed among his disciples. Panaelius was not apparently
a strict Stoic, but rather an Eclectic philosopher, who
tempered tho austerity of his sect by adopting some-
thing of the more refined style and milder principles
of P'ato and tho other earlier Academicians. (Cic. ,
ie 'Sin. , 4,88. ) Cicero, who speaks repeatedly of the
works of Panaetius in terms of the highest veneration,
and acknowledges that he borrowed much from them,
aays that Pansetius styled Plato "the divine," and
"the Homer of Philosophy," and only dissented from
htm en the subject of the immortality of the soul,
which he seems not i: have admitted. (Tunc.
Quasi. , 1, 32.
) Aulus Gellius says (12, 5) that Pa-
netius rejected the principle of apathy adopted by the
later Stoics, and returned to Zeno's original meaning,
namely, that the wise man ought to know how to mas-
ter the impressions which he receives through the
senses. In a letter of consolation which Pansetius
wrote to Q. Tubero, mentioned by Cicero (De Fin. ,
1, 9), he instructed him how to endure pain, but he
never laid it down as a principle that pain waa not an
evil. He was very temperate in his opinions, and he
often replied to difficult questions with modest hesita-
tion, saying, irzixui, " I will consider. "--None of tho
works of Panattius have come down to us; but their
titles, and a few sentences from them, are quoted by
Cicero, Diogenes Laertius, and others. He wrote a
treatise " On Duties," the substance of which Cicero
merged in his own work "De Officii*. " Panetius
wrote also a treatise " On Divination," of which Cicero
probably made use in his own work on the same sub-
Kct. He wrote likewise a work " On Tranquillity of
ind," which some suppose may have been made use
of by Plutarch in his work bearing the same title.
Cicero mentions also a treatise "On Providence,"
another "On Magistrates," and one "On Heresies,"
or sects of philosophers. His book " On Socrates,"
quoted by Diogenes Laertius, and by Plutarch in his
"Life of Ansiidcs. " made probably a part of the last-
mentioned wor'. c. Laertius and Seneca quote several
opinions of Panetius concerning ethics and metaphys-
ics, and also physics. (Encycl. Us. Knowl. , vol. 17,
p. 178. -- Van Lyndcn, Disp. Historico-Crit. de Pa-
natio Rhodio, Lugd. Bat. , 1802. -- Chardon de la
Rochctte, Melanges, &c, vol. 1, Paris, 1812. )
Panathewea (Uavad^vaia), the greatest of the
Athenian festivals, was celebrated in honour of Miner-
va (Athena) as the guardian deity of the city. It is
raid lo have been instituted by Erichthonius, and to
have been called originally Athencea ('ASqvata), but it
obtained the name of Panathenaa in the time of The-
seus, in consequence of his uniting into one state the
different independent communities into which Attica
had been previously divided. (Pausan. , 8, 2, 1. --
Pint, Vit. Thcs. , c. 20. -- Thucyd. , 2, 15. ) There
were two Athenian festivals which had the name of
Panathena-a; one of which was called the Great Pan-
athenaa (MtyuXa TlavaBrjvaia), and the other the
Less (Mtxpa). The Great Panathenaea was celebra-
ted once every five years, wish very great magnificence,
and attracted spectators from all parts of Greece. The
Less Panathensea was celebrated every year in the
Piieus. (Harpoerat. , s. v. TlavaB. -- Plat. , Rep. , 1,
? ? 1. ) When the Greek writers speak simply of the fes-
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? PAN
FAXDORA
Do seventh volumi of the "Thesaurus" of Grono7ius
Kncycl. Vt. Knowi, vol. 17, p. 182. )
Panchaia, a fabled island in the Eastern or In-
lian Ocean, which Euhemerus pretended to have dis-
covered, and to have found in its capital, Panara, a
temple of the Triphylian Jupiter, containing a column
inscribed with the date of the births and deaths of
many of the gods. (Vid. Euhemerus. )--Virgil makes
mention of Panchaia and its "lurifera arena. "
(Ceorg. , 2, 139. ) The poet borrows the name from
Euhemerus, but evidently refers to Arabia Felix.
(Compare Heync and Von, ad loc. )
Pandarus, son of I. ycaon, and one of the chieftains
? rat fought on the side of the Trojans in the war
with the Greeks. He led the allies of Zelea from the
banks of the -? Esepus in Mvsia, and was famed for his
skill with the bow. (II, 2, 824, seqq. ) It was Pan-
darus that broke the truce between the Greeks and
Trojans by wounding Menclans. (II. , 4, 93, seqq. )
He was afterward slain by Diomede. (//. , 5, 290. ) In
3ne part of the Iliad (5, 105) he is spoken of as com-
ing from Lycia, but the Lycia there meant is uiily a
part of Troas, forming the territory around Zelea, and
inhabited by Lycian colonists. (Consult Euslatk. ad
II. , 2, 824-- Htyne, ad lac. )
Pandataria, an island in the Mare Tyrrhenum, in
the Sinus Puteolanus, on the coast of Italy. It was
the place of banishment for Julia, the daughter of Au-
gustus, and manv others. It is now Isola Vandotina.
(Liny, 53, 14. -- Mela, 2, 7. --Pliny, 3, 6--//in.
M'. rit. , 515. )
Pandiow, I. an early king of Athens, belonging to
mythology rather than to history. He was the son of
Erichthonius, and succeeded his father in the kingdom.
In his reign Ceres and Bacchus are said to have come
to Attica. - The former was entertained by Celeus,
the Utter by Icarius. Pandion married Xcuxippe, the
sister of his mother, by whom he had two sons, Erech-
theus and Bates, and two daughters, Procne and Phi-
. t'nclj Being at war with Labdacus, king of Thebes,
lbout boundaries, he called to his aid Tercus, the sou
of Mors, out of Thrace; and having, with his assist-
ance, come off victorious in the contest, he gave him
lis daughter Procne in marriage, by whom Tereus
lad a sod named Itya. The tragic tale of Procne and
'hilomela is related elsewhere. (Vid. Philomela. )
Pandion is said to have died of grief at the misfortunes
3( his family, after a reign of 40 years. He was suc-
ceeded by Erechtheus. (Apollod. , 3, 14, 5, seqq. )
The visit paid by Ceres and Bacchus to Attica, during
the reign of Pandion, refers merely to improvements
in agriculture which were then introduced. (Words-
worth's Greece, p. 96 )--II. The second of the name,
was also king of Attica, and succeeded Cecrops II. ,
the son of Erechtheus. He was expelled by the Me-
tionidas, and retired to Megara, where he married Pylia,
the daughter of King Pylos. This last-mentioned
monarch being obliged to fly for the murder of his
brother Bias, resigned Megara to his son-in-law, and,
retiring to the Peloponnesus, built Pylos. Pandion
bad four sons, -Egeus. Pallas, Nisus, and Lyons, who
conquered and divided among them the Attic territory,
^Egcus, as the eldest, having the supremacy. (Apol-
lod. , 3, 15, 4. --Consult Htyne, ad loc. )
Pandora, the first created female, and celebrated
ta one of the early legends of the Greeks as having
seen the cause of the introduction of evil into the
? ? no-Id. Jupiter, it seems, incensed at Prometheus for
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? PAW
PAN
Ev ? was tempted, Pandora was not; the former was
actuated by a noble instinct, the love of knowltdge,
the latter by mere female curiosity. --It seems very
strange that the ancients should have taken so little
notice cf this myth. There is no allusion to it in Pin-
dar cr the tragedians, excepting Sophocles, one of
v'iosc lost satyric dramas was named " Pandora, or
ih* Hammerers. " It was equally neglected by the
Alcxandreanr Apollodorus merely calls Pandora the
*r>t woman. In fact, with the exception of a dubious
? *rjage ir. Theognis (Paran. , 1135, seq. ), where
Mope is said to have been the only good deity that re-
mained omeng men, we find no allusion to it in Gre-
cian literature except in the fables of Babrius, in Non-
miu (Divnys. , 7, 56), and in the epigrammatic Mace-
Jjiiiiis. (Anthol. l'olat. , 10, 71. ) It seems to have
htiJ as little charms for the Latin poets, even Ovid
parsing over it in silence. --It is also deserving of no-
tic. ', that Hcsiod and all the others agree in naming
the vessel which Pandora opened a jar (mdo;), and
never hint at her having brought it with her to the
house of Epimetheus. Yet the idea has been univer-
sal among the moderns, that she brought all the evils
with her from heaven, shut up in a box (irvfi'c). The
only way of accounting for this is, that, at the resto-
ration of learning, the narrative in Hcsiod was misun-
derstood. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 292, stay --
Bultmann, Mythologus, vol. 1, p. 48, seqq. )
Panoosia, 1. a city of Lucania, in Lower Italy, on
the banks of the Aciris, and not far from Hcraclea.
The modern Angioma is thought to represent the an-
cient place. (Cromer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 351. )
--II. A city in the territory of the Bruttii, near the
western coast, and often confounded with the prece-
ding. It was anciently possessed by the CEnotri, as
Strabo reports, but is better known in history as hav-
ing witnessed the defeat and death of Alexander, king
of Epirus. (Strabo, 255-- Lit. , 39, 38. )--The pre-
cise position which ought to be assigned to the Brut-
tiar. Pandosia remains yet uncertain. The early Cala-
brian antiquaries placed it at Caslcl Franco, about
five miles from Consenza. D'Anvillo lays it down, in
his map of ancient Italy, near Lao and Cirella, on the
confines of Lucania. Cluverius supposes that it may
have stood between Couscntia and Thurii; but more
modern critics have, with greater probability, sought
its ruins in a more westerly direction, near the village
of Mencfocino, between Consentia and the sea, a hill
with three summits having been remarked there, which
answers to the fatal height pointed out by the oracle,
Xlavioaia rptKo'kuve, rtoXiv ttotc Xaiv bXiooeic,
together with the rivulet Marcsanlo or Arconti, which
last name recalls the Acheron, denounced by another
prediction as so inauspicious to the Molossian king.
(Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 436. )--III. A city of
Epirus, not far removed from the Acheron and the
Acherusian Lake, as we may infer from the passage
in which Livy speaks of this city with reference to the
oracle delivered to Alexander, king of Epirus (8, 24).
_t is not improbable that the antiquities which have
been discovered at Paramythia, on the borders of the
Souliot territory, may belong to this ancient place.
[Hughes's Travels, vol. 2, p. 306. -- Holland's Trav-
els, vol. 2, p. 251. --Strabo, 324. --Win. , 4, 1. --Cra-
mer'* Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 132. )
Pandr5s08, a daughter of Cecrops, king of Athens,
? ister to Aglauros and Herso. For an explanation of
? ? the name, consult remarks under the article Cecrops.
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? PAN
PAN
af Ptnr. cmta Secunda.
