(Simultaneously, a tele- vision set lights up directly across from it-I feel it dictates to the
typewriter
with- out sound what it thinks of us.
Kittler-Gramophone-Film-Typewriter
I02.
Ibid.
, 59.
I03? Nietzsche 1968, 89. 104. M. Weber 1918, 3.
I05. Nietzsche, letter of February I, 1883, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, I: 324.
I06. See Nietzsche 1 8 83-8 5ir966, 40.
I07? Nietzsche, letter, June 1885, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, 3: 58.
I08. Nietzsche, letter ofJuly 23, 1885, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, 3: 70.
I09? Bliven 1954, 79?
IIO. Hofmannsthal, June I I , 19 19, in Hofmannsthal and Degenfeld
1974, 385.
III. Freud, Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, 1915-16, in idem
1962, 15: 154-
II2. Ibid. , 155.
II3. Ibid. , 156.
II4. E. Jones 1953-57, 2: 98.
II5. Freud, May 4, 1915, in Freud and Abraham 1980, 212.
II6. Hyde 1969, 161.
II7? Bosanquet 1924, 245.
II8. Ibid. , 248.
II9. Forthetextofandacommentaryonthesedictates,seeHyde1969,277. 120. See Van Creveld 1985, 58-78.
121. See Nowell 1960, 106.
122. Ibid. , 14, 199.
123. Benn, January IO, 1937, in idem 1969, 184.
124. Benn 1952ir959-61, 4: 173-74?
125. Benn, November 22, 1950, in idem 1962, 120.
126. Benn, February 6, 1937, in idem 1969, 194.
127. Benn, January 25, 1937, in idem 1969, 187. Klaus Theweleit describes
this situation in much more detail, from the two girlfriends and the marriage to the war-induced suicide of Herta von Wedemeyer. For a portion, see Theweleit 1985, 133-56.
128. Benn, January IO, 1937, in idem 1969, 185-86.
129. See Kretzer 1894, in which a female accountant and daughter of an of- ficer's widow ( a sensation in the male office) still writes in longhand, but in which the problem of anonymous writing already appears in the form of block letters and round hand (166).
130. See Derrida 1980ir987, 53-55.
? ? 294 Notes to Pages 2I8-42
1 3 1 . Eye 1958, 69, 80. Thus, for this volume August Walla typed the mes- sage that his "technological factory-like written highly honored highly esteemed honored valid typewriter" is being "appreciated by all gods and all political mor- tal public sovereigns. "
1 3 2. Hahne 1984, 224-25.
133. Hitler,March29,1942,inPicker1976,157. OntheFiihrer'stypewriter (including four-millimeter Antique types against farsightedness), see ibid. , 42.
134. Schramm 1982, I: 139E. 135. Tolstoi 1978, 181.
136. Schlier 1926, 81. 137. Briick 1930, 2I8.
138. Ibid. , 225. Onthe wish listofpublications (whichwillthen be fulfilled
by the typewriter novel), see 233-34, 280.
1 39. Ibid. , 229. For a psychiatrist's commentary on such tipptipp, see Ballet
1 8 8 6, 1 4 3 . "If it's a mild case of agraphia, patients are able to write many words, but with numerous mistakes; for example, they repeat at every occasion the same letters or the same syllable; they suffer, as Gairdner calls it, from intoxication through the letter, just as certain aphasic patients suffer from intoxication through the word. "
140. See Kafka, November 27, 1912, in idem 1974, 70. 141. See Siegert 1986, 292.
142. Kafka 1912ir965, 268.
143. Kafka, October 27, 1912, in idem 1974, 16.
144. Kafka, November 2, 1912, in ibid. , 23.
145. Kafka, August IO, 1913, in ibid. , 302.
146. Streicher 1919, 38-41. Based on these criminological uses, on April 8,
1983 , the republic of Romania came to the nice conclusion of coercing all type- writer owners into registering their machines with the authorities. See Rosenblatt
? 1983, 88. 147. 148. 149? 1 50.
Kafka, October 30, 1916, in idem 1974, 580.
See Kafka, August 22, 1916, in ibid. , 491-92.
See Zglinicki 1956, 395.
Kafka, March 1922, in idem 1953, 229. See Derrida 1980ir987, 33?
? l S I. Kafka, November 27, 1912, in idem 1974, 70.
152. Kafka, January 22123, 1913, in idem 1974: 167-68. 153. Bronnen 1926ir977, 13I.
154? Weckerle 1925, 3 1-32?
155. Kafka,July10,1913,inidem1974,289.
156. Kafka, December 21-22, 1912, in ibid. , II5-16.
157? Mallarme 1895ir945, 366.
159? Benn 1951ir959-6I, I: 529.
161. Streicher 1919, 7.
163. See Apollinaire 1918ir965-66, 3: 901. More generally, see Ong
1982, 128.
164. Eliot, August 21, 1916, in idem 1971: x.
165. Foucault 1969ir972, 85. 167. Ibid. , 84.
169. Schmitt 1917ir918, 90.
166. Ibid. , 86.
168. Enright 197Iir98I, IOI. 170. Ibid. , 92-I05.
158. Derrida 1980ir987, 194? 160. Benn 1949ir959-6I, I: 366. 162. Benjamin 1928ir978, 79, 78.
Notes to Pages 243-55 295
1 7 1 . See Diller 1980, 1 8 8-92. The Secret Service took over British TV sta- tions to use UHF to scramble the stereophony of German bombers over England.
See R. Jones 1978, 175.
172. See Ong 1982, 93.
174? Turing 1950, 440.
176. Turing 1950, 434.
178. See Bliven 1954, 132.
180. Turing, in Hodges 1983, 362.
182. Peter 1957, 210.
183. Friedlaender1922,38,164. Onthepossible,yetparanoid,implications
of the name Bosemann for "this volume, this bond," see S. Weber 1980, 170-72. [Grammophon Film Typewriter was first published in German by Brinkmann & Bose. Kittler is alluding to a network of associations that ranges from a compos- ite of his publishers' names to the etymological link in "diesem Bande, dieser Bande" (this volume, this bond), all of which is difficult to render in English. - Trans. ]
In exile in England during the Second World War, Robert Neumann will fi- nally get to know a cybernetics specialist who not only can scramble the stereo- phonies of German bombers but also can build "a solitary typewriter . . . that starts writing all by itself, as soon as we step out the door.
(Simultaneously, a tele- vision set lights up directly across from it-I feel it dictates to the typewriter with- out sound what it thinks of us. )" R. Neumann 1963, 167-69.
184. Turing1950ir992,451.
1 8 5 . J . von Neumann 195 1ir963, 295, 301-2.
1 86. Ibid. , 298.
187. Lacan 1975, 41.
188. Genesis 1:2; Hebrew for "trackless waste and emptiness" or "formless
void. "-Trans.
1 89. Murawski 1962, I I2-1 3 .
190. See Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson 1967ir969, 66-67.
191. Marcolfi, 1937, quoted in Dunlap 1941, 353.
192. Garliriski 1979, II. How fundamental the connection between type-
writer and cryptography is, is demonstrated in the Psychotechnische Arbeitsstu- dien (psychotechnological time and motion studies; studies evidently done in the spirit of Miinsterberg) on the Rationalisierung der Schreibmaschine und ihrer Bedienung (Rationalization of the typewriter and its operation): statistically ex- act analyses of letter frequencies in given languages provide the basis not only for the ten-finger typing system (see Klockenberg 1926, 82-83) but also for all forms of decoding.
193 . Bredow, 1922, quoted in Lerg 1970, 1 59. On controlling military or- gans during the founding of the BBe, see Briggs 1961, 49.
194. See Garliriski 1979, 12.
195. SeeWildhagen1970,182.
196. See Bamford 1986, 51, and Garliriski 1979, 147. 197? See Garliriski 1979, 28.
198. Lacan 19781r988b, 47.
173? See Hodges 1983, 109. 175? Hodges 1983, 3 64.
177? Ibid. , 434.
179. See Morgall 198I.
181. See Kowalski 1979, 424.
? 296 Notes to Pages 255-63
I99. Turing, October 14, I936, quoted in Hodges I983, I20. Turing's step toward cryptoanalysis was only consistent if both brain and nature were threat- ened by Laplacian computation mistakes. For computers, he later wrote, "the field of cryptography will perhaps be the most rewarding. There is a remarkably close parallel between the problems of the physicist and those of the cryptogra- pher. The system on which a message is enciphered corresponds to the laws of the universe, the intercepted messages to the evidence available, the keys for a day or a message to important constants which have to be determined. The correspon- dence is very close, but the subject matter of cryptography is very easily dealt with by discrete machinery, physics not so easily" (Turing, I948, in Hodges I983, 383). That is how simply computer capabilities spell out the differences between nature and general staffs.
200. Hodges I983, 148.
202. Hodges I983, I75.
204. Rohwer and Jackel I979, 3 3 6.
205. Hodges 1983, 192.
206. See ibid.
208. See Rohwer and Jackel I979, 1 10-12.
209. On this remarkable combination of writing, adding, and subtracting,
which was introduced in 1910, see Brauner 1925, 40.
210. See Hodges 1983, 277. 211. See Zuse 1984, 77.
212. Oberliesen I982, 205. 213. Zuse I984, 77.
214? Lacan 1966ir977, 84-8 5.
215. That, at any rate, is how Zuse himself describes it (1984, 80-83). For
a different version, see Hodges I983 , 299.
2I6. Von Braun quoted in Bergaust 1976, 95.
2 1 7 . Syberberg I978ir982, 109.
2 I 8. On Hitler's disinterest in
1953ir954, 64-68; on his enthusiasm upon seeing the Askania color films, see Virilio I984ir989, 59-60 (with the suggestion that liquid-fuel rockets are attrib- utable to Fritz Lang's film Frau im Mond [1929]).
2I9. N. Wiener 1961, 3, 5. See also Heims 1982, I83-84, and Virilio 1984ir989, 72.
220. See Sickert 1983, 134-42.
221. See Hodges I983, 335, 30I, 304, 413, respectively. More generally, see Gorny 1985, 104-9.
222. Pynchon 1973, 685. See Virilio's astonishingly parallel formulation of a "'Blitzkrieg' . . . the blinding Hiroshima flash which literally photographed the shadow cast by beings and things, so that every surface immediately became war's recording surface, its film" (1984ir989, 68).
223? Jungk I956, 3 14.
224. Hodges I983, 362.
225? SeeGarliriskiI979,II9-44?
226. See Virilio 1984ir989, 94n.
227? Hodges 1983, 337.
228. Schmidt 1985. Upon the successful decoding ofthis "message" [? ], the
201. Rohwer and Jackel 1979, 64. 203. Ibid. , 168.
207. See ibid. , 267.
the test demonstrations, see Dornberger
? ? journal Der Rabe will award a prize.
Notes to Page 263 297
229. Raven, quoted in Bamford 198 6, 3 24.
230. Ibid. , 430.
23 1 . See ibid. , 1 3 6. What in translator's German is called a Ladungs-
Ubertragungsgerat (charge transmission device), and can process "more than one quadrillion ( 1 ,000,000,000,000,000) multiplications per second," is, of course, the CCD, or charge-coupled device.
? BIBLIOGRA PHY
Abraham,Karl. I9I3. "SollenwirdiePatientenihreTriiumeaufschreibenlassen? " Internationale Zeitschrift fur Psychoanalyse I: I94-96.
Abraham, Otto, and Erich Moritz von Hornbostel. I904. "Uber die Bedeutung des Phonographen fur vergleichende Musikwissenschaft. " Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie 3 6: 222-3 6.
Andresen, Uwe. I982. "Musiksynthesizer. " Funkschau 39: 79-84.
Apollinaire, Guillaume. I965-66. Oeuvres completes. Ed. Michel Decaudin.
3 vols. Paris.
Arnheim, Rudolf. I977. "Systematik der fruhen kinematographischen Erfindung-
en. " In Kritiken und Aufsatze zum Film, ed. Helmut H. Dieterichs. Munich. Assmann, Aleida, and Jan Assmann, eds. I983 . Schrift und Gedachtnis: Archaolo-
gie der literarischen Kommunikation. Munich.
Azam, Eugene. I 893 . Hypnotisme et double conscience: Origine de leur etude et
divers travaux sur des sujets analogues. Paris.
Baade, Walter. I9I3. "Uller die Registrierung von Selbstbeobachtungen durch
Diktierphonographen. " Psychologie 66: 8I-93.
Babington Smith, Constance. I958. Evidence in Camera: The Story ofPhoto-
graphic Intelligence in World War II. London.
Bahneman, Jarg. I97 1 . " Wie bleibt die Armee auf der Hahe der Zeit ? " In Clause-
witz in unserer Zeit: Ausblick nach zehn Jahren Clausewitz Gesellschaft, ed.
RolfEible, I6I-75. Darmstadt.
Baier, Wolfgang. I9 7 1 . Quellendarstellung zur Geschichte der Photographie.
Halle.
BaLhs, Bela. I930. Der Geist des Films. Halle.
Ballet, Gilbert. I 8 8 6 . Le langage interieur et les diverses formes de l'aphasie. Paris. Bamford, James.
I03? Nietzsche 1968, 89. 104. M. Weber 1918, 3.
I05. Nietzsche, letter of February I, 1883, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, I: 324.
I06. See Nietzsche 1 8 83-8 5ir966, 40.
I07? Nietzsche, letter, June 1885, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, 3: 58.
I08. Nietzsche, letter ofJuly 23, 1885, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, 3: 70.
I09? Bliven 1954, 79?
IIO. Hofmannsthal, June I I , 19 19, in Hofmannsthal and Degenfeld
1974, 385.
III. Freud, Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, 1915-16, in idem
1962, 15: 154-
II2. Ibid. , 155.
II3. Ibid. , 156.
II4. E. Jones 1953-57, 2: 98.
II5. Freud, May 4, 1915, in Freud and Abraham 1980, 212.
II6. Hyde 1969, 161.
II7? Bosanquet 1924, 245.
II8. Ibid. , 248.
II9. Forthetextofandacommentaryonthesedictates,seeHyde1969,277. 120. See Van Creveld 1985, 58-78.
121. See Nowell 1960, 106.
122. Ibid. , 14, 199.
123. Benn, January IO, 1937, in idem 1969, 184.
124. Benn 1952ir959-61, 4: 173-74?
125. Benn, November 22, 1950, in idem 1962, 120.
126. Benn, February 6, 1937, in idem 1969, 194.
127. Benn, January 25, 1937, in idem 1969, 187. Klaus Theweleit describes
this situation in much more detail, from the two girlfriends and the marriage to the war-induced suicide of Herta von Wedemeyer. For a portion, see Theweleit 1985, 133-56.
128. Benn, January IO, 1937, in idem 1969, 185-86.
129. See Kretzer 1894, in which a female accountant and daughter of an of- ficer's widow ( a sensation in the male office) still writes in longhand, but in which the problem of anonymous writing already appears in the form of block letters and round hand (166).
130. See Derrida 1980ir987, 53-55.
? ? 294 Notes to Pages 2I8-42
1 3 1 . Eye 1958, 69, 80. Thus, for this volume August Walla typed the mes- sage that his "technological factory-like written highly honored highly esteemed honored valid typewriter" is being "appreciated by all gods and all political mor- tal public sovereigns. "
1 3 2. Hahne 1984, 224-25.
133. Hitler,March29,1942,inPicker1976,157. OntheFiihrer'stypewriter (including four-millimeter Antique types against farsightedness), see ibid. , 42.
134. Schramm 1982, I: 139E. 135. Tolstoi 1978, 181.
136. Schlier 1926, 81. 137. Briick 1930, 2I8.
138. Ibid. , 225. Onthe wish listofpublications (whichwillthen be fulfilled
by the typewriter novel), see 233-34, 280.
1 39. Ibid. , 229. For a psychiatrist's commentary on such tipptipp, see Ballet
1 8 8 6, 1 4 3 . "If it's a mild case of agraphia, patients are able to write many words, but with numerous mistakes; for example, they repeat at every occasion the same letters or the same syllable; they suffer, as Gairdner calls it, from intoxication through the letter, just as certain aphasic patients suffer from intoxication through the word. "
140. See Kafka, November 27, 1912, in idem 1974, 70. 141. See Siegert 1986, 292.
142. Kafka 1912ir965, 268.
143. Kafka, October 27, 1912, in idem 1974, 16.
144. Kafka, November 2, 1912, in ibid. , 23.
145. Kafka, August IO, 1913, in ibid. , 302.
146. Streicher 1919, 38-41. Based on these criminological uses, on April 8,
1983 , the republic of Romania came to the nice conclusion of coercing all type- writer owners into registering their machines with the authorities. See Rosenblatt
? 1983, 88. 147. 148. 149? 1 50.
Kafka, October 30, 1916, in idem 1974, 580.
See Kafka, August 22, 1916, in ibid. , 491-92.
See Zglinicki 1956, 395.
Kafka, March 1922, in idem 1953, 229. See Derrida 1980ir987, 33?
? l S I. Kafka, November 27, 1912, in idem 1974, 70.
152. Kafka, January 22123, 1913, in idem 1974: 167-68. 153. Bronnen 1926ir977, 13I.
154? Weckerle 1925, 3 1-32?
155. Kafka,July10,1913,inidem1974,289.
156. Kafka, December 21-22, 1912, in ibid. , II5-16.
157? Mallarme 1895ir945, 366.
159? Benn 1951ir959-6I, I: 529.
161. Streicher 1919, 7.
163. See Apollinaire 1918ir965-66, 3: 901. More generally, see Ong
1982, 128.
164. Eliot, August 21, 1916, in idem 1971: x.
165. Foucault 1969ir972, 85. 167. Ibid. , 84.
169. Schmitt 1917ir918, 90.
166. Ibid. , 86.
168. Enright 197Iir98I, IOI. 170. Ibid. , 92-I05.
158. Derrida 1980ir987, 194? 160. Benn 1949ir959-6I, I: 366. 162. Benjamin 1928ir978, 79, 78.
Notes to Pages 243-55 295
1 7 1 . See Diller 1980, 1 8 8-92. The Secret Service took over British TV sta- tions to use UHF to scramble the stereophony of German bombers over England.
See R. Jones 1978, 175.
172. See Ong 1982, 93.
174? Turing 1950, 440.
176. Turing 1950, 434.
178. See Bliven 1954, 132.
180. Turing, in Hodges 1983, 362.
182. Peter 1957, 210.
183. Friedlaender1922,38,164. Onthepossible,yetparanoid,implications
of the name Bosemann for "this volume, this bond," see S. Weber 1980, 170-72. [Grammophon Film Typewriter was first published in German by Brinkmann & Bose. Kittler is alluding to a network of associations that ranges from a compos- ite of his publishers' names to the etymological link in "diesem Bande, dieser Bande" (this volume, this bond), all of which is difficult to render in English. - Trans. ]
In exile in England during the Second World War, Robert Neumann will fi- nally get to know a cybernetics specialist who not only can scramble the stereo- phonies of German bombers but also can build "a solitary typewriter . . . that starts writing all by itself, as soon as we step out the door.
(Simultaneously, a tele- vision set lights up directly across from it-I feel it dictates to the typewriter with- out sound what it thinks of us. )" R. Neumann 1963, 167-69.
184. Turing1950ir992,451.
1 8 5 . J . von Neumann 195 1ir963, 295, 301-2.
1 86. Ibid. , 298.
187. Lacan 1975, 41.
188. Genesis 1:2; Hebrew for "trackless waste and emptiness" or "formless
void. "-Trans.
1 89. Murawski 1962, I I2-1 3 .
190. See Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson 1967ir969, 66-67.
191. Marcolfi, 1937, quoted in Dunlap 1941, 353.
192. Garliriski 1979, II. How fundamental the connection between type-
writer and cryptography is, is demonstrated in the Psychotechnische Arbeitsstu- dien (psychotechnological time and motion studies; studies evidently done in the spirit of Miinsterberg) on the Rationalisierung der Schreibmaschine und ihrer Bedienung (Rationalization of the typewriter and its operation): statistically ex- act analyses of letter frequencies in given languages provide the basis not only for the ten-finger typing system (see Klockenberg 1926, 82-83) but also for all forms of decoding.
193 . Bredow, 1922, quoted in Lerg 1970, 1 59. On controlling military or- gans during the founding of the BBe, see Briggs 1961, 49.
194. See Garliriski 1979, 12.
195. SeeWildhagen1970,182.
196. See Bamford 1986, 51, and Garliriski 1979, 147. 197? See Garliriski 1979, 28.
198. Lacan 19781r988b, 47.
173? See Hodges 1983, 109. 175? Hodges 1983, 3 64.
177? Ibid. , 434.
179. See Morgall 198I.
181. See Kowalski 1979, 424.
? 296 Notes to Pages 255-63
I99. Turing, October 14, I936, quoted in Hodges I983, I20. Turing's step toward cryptoanalysis was only consistent if both brain and nature were threat- ened by Laplacian computation mistakes. For computers, he later wrote, "the field of cryptography will perhaps be the most rewarding. There is a remarkably close parallel between the problems of the physicist and those of the cryptogra- pher. The system on which a message is enciphered corresponds to the laws of the universe, the intercepted messages to the evidence available, the keys for a day or a message to important constants which have to be determined. The correspon- dence is very close, but the subject matter of cryptography is very easily dealt with by discrete machinery, physics not so easily" (Turing, I948, in Hodges I983, 383). That is how simply computer capabilities spell out the differences between nature and general staffs.
200. Hodges I983, 148.
202. Hodges I983, I75.
204. Rohwer and Jackel I979, 3 3 6.
205. Hodges 1983, 192.
206. See ibid.
208. See Rohwer and Jackel I979, 1 10-12.
209. On this remarkable combination of writing, adding, and subtracting,
which was introduced in 1910, see Brauner 1925, 40.
210. See Hodges 1983, 277. 211. See Zuse 1984, 77.
212. Oberliesen I982, 205. 213. Zuse I984, 77.
214? Lacan 1966ir977, 84-8 5.
215. That, at any rate, is how Zuse himself describes it (1984, 80-83). For
a different version, see Hodges I983 , 299.
2I6. Von Braun quoted in Bergaust 1976, 95.
2 1 7 . Syberberg I978ir982, 109.
2 I 8. On Hitler's disinterest in
1953ir954, 64-68; on his enthusiasm upon seeing the Askania color films, see Virilio I984ir989, 59-60 (with the suggestion that liquid-fuel rockets are attrib- utable to Fritz Lang's film Frau im Mond [1929]).
2I9. N. Wiener 1961, 3, 5. See also Heims 1982, I83-84, and Virilio 1984ir989, 72.
220. See Sickert 1983, 134-42.
221. See Hodges I983, 335, 30I, 304, 413, respectively. More generally, see Gorny 1985, 104-9.
222. Pynchon 1973, 685. See Virilio's astonishingly parallel formulation of a "'Blitzkrieg' . . . the blinding Hiroshima flash which literally photographed the shadow cast by beings and things, so that every surface immediately became war's recording surface, its film" (1984ir989, 68).
223? Jungk I956, 3 14.
224. Hodges I983, 362.
225? SeeGarliriskiI979,II9-44?
226. See Virilio 1984ir989, 94n.
227? Hodges 1983, 337.
228. Schmidt 1985. Upon the successful decoding ofthis "message" [? ], the
201. Rohwer and Jackel 1979, 64. 203. Ibid. , 168.
207. See ibid. , 267.
the test demonstrations, see Dornberger
? ? journal Der Rabe will award a prize.
Notes to Page 263 297
229. Raven, quoted in Bamford 198 6, 3 24.
230. Ibid. , 430.
23 1 . See ibid. , 1 3 6. What in translator's German is called a Ladungs-
Ubertragungsgerat (charge transmission device), and can process "more than one quadrillion ( 1 ,000,000,000,000,000) multiplications per second," is, of course, the CCD, or charge-coupled device.
? BIBLIOGRA PHY
Abraham,Karl. I9I3. "SollenwirdiePatientenihreTriiumeaufschreibenlassen? " Internationale Zeitschrift fur Psychoanalyse I: I94-96.
Abraham, Otto, and Erich Moritz von Hornbostel. I904. "Uber die Bedeutung des Phonographen fur vergleichende Musikwissenschaft. " Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie 3 6: 222-3 6.
Andresen, Uwe. I982. "Musiksynthesizer. " Funkschau 39: 79-84.
Apollinaire, Guillaume. I965-66. Oeuvres completes. Ed. Michel Decaudin.
3 vols. Paris.
Arnheim, Rudolf. I977. "Systematik der fruhen kinematographischen Erfindung-
en. " In Kritiken und Aufsatze zum Film, ed. Helmut H. Dieterichs. Munich. Assmann, Aleida, and Jan Assmann, eds. I983 . Schrift und Gedachtnis: Archaolo-
gie der literarischen Kommunikation. Munich.
Azam, Eugene. I 893 . Hypnotisme et double conscience: Origine de leur etude et
divers travaux sur des sujets analogues. Paris.
Baade, Walter. I9I3. "Uller die Registrierung von Selbstbeobachtungen durch
Diktierphonographen. " Psychologie 66: 8I-93.
Babington Smith, Constance. I958. Evidence in Camera: The Story ofPhoto-
graphic Intelligence in World War II. London.
Bahneman, Jarg. I97 1 . " Wie bleibt die Armee auf der Hahe der Zeit ? " In Clause-
witz in unserer Zeit: Ausblick nach zehn Jahren Clausewitz Gesellschaft, ed.
RolfEible, I6I-75. Darmstadt.
Baier, Wolfgang. I9 7 1 . Quellendarstellung zur Geschichte der Photographie.
Halle.
BaLhs, Bela. I930. Der Geist des Films. Halle.
Ballet, Gilbert. I 8 8 6 . Le langage interieur et les diverses formes de l'aphasie. Paris. Bamford, James.
