In some
instances
the body of
the animal terminates in plumes; and in others has
only wings, so as to form the Pegasus, fabled by the
later Greek poets to have been ridden by Bellerophon,
but only known to the ancient theogonists as the bear-
er of Aurora, and of the thunder and lightning to Jupi-
ter, an allegory of which the meaning is obvious.
the animal terminates in plumes; and in others has
only wings, so as to form the Pegasus, fabled by the
later Greek poets to have been ridden by Bellerophon,
but only known to the ancient theogonists as the bear-
er of Aurora, and of the thunder and lightning to Jupi-
ter, an allegory of which the meaning is obvious.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
John was banished to Patmos to-
wards the close of the reign of Domitian. It is not
known how long his captivity lasted, but it is thought
that he was released on the death of Domitian, which
happened A. D. 96, when he retired to Ephesus.
(Iren, 2, 22, b. --Euseb. ,Hist. Eccles. , 3, 18--Dio
Com. , 68, 1. ) A small bay on the east side, and two
others on the western shore, divide Patmos into two
portions, of which the southern is the more considers-
Vie. The modern name of the island is Patmo or
Palmosa. It contains several churches and convents;
the principal one is dedicated to the apostle. There
are also the ruins of an ancient fortress, and some
other remains. (Wkiltington, in WalpoWs Memoirs
<</" Turkey, vol. 2, p. 43. ) Dr. Clarke, in speaking of
Pttmos, declares that there is not a spot in the Archi-
? ? pelago with more of the semblance of a volcanic origin
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? PAULUS.
PAULUS.
rained to LI. : highest honours of his country. His sis-
ter ? . 'Emilia was married to P. Cornelius Scipio, the
conqueror of Hannibal, who was consul for the second
time B. C. 1S4; and this very year . 'Emiliu3, though he
had held no public office, was appointed one of three
commissioners to conduct a colony to Crotona, in the
south of Italy, a city with which he might claim some
connexion on the ground of his descent from Mamer-
coa, the son of Pythagoras. Two years after, at the
age ef about 36, he was elected a curule aedile in pref-
erence, if we may believe Plutarch, to twelve candi-
dates of such merit that every one of them became
afterward consuls. His aedileship was distinguished
by many improvements in the city and neighbourhood
of Rome. The following year (191 B. C. ) he held the
office of praetor, and in that capacity was governor of
the southwestern part of the Spanish peninsula, with a
considerable force under hia command. The appoint-
ment was renewed the following year, but with en-
larged powers, for he now bore the title of proconsul,
and was accompanied by double the usual number of
lictors. In an engagement, however, with the Lusi-
tani, 6000 of his men were cut to pieces, and the rest
only saved behind the works of trie camp. But this
disgrace was retrieved in the third year of his govern-
ment, by a signal defeat of '. he enemy, in which 18,000
of their men were left upo. i the field. For this auccess
a public thanksgiving was voted by the senate in hon-
our of JIl. milius. Soon after he returned to Rome,
and found that he had been appointed, in his absence,
one of the ten commissioners for regulating affairs in
that part of Western Asia which had lately been wrest-
ed by the two Scipios from Antiochus the Great.
. lE. nilius waa a member also of the college of augurs
from an early age, but we do not find any means of
fixing the period of his election. A3 a candidate for
the consulship he met with repeated repulses, and only
attained that honour in 182 B. C. , nine years after hold-
ing the office of praetor. During this and the following
tear he commanded an army in Liguria, and succeeded
in the complete reduction of a powerful people called
the Ingauni (who have left their name in the maritime
town of Albenga, formerly Albium Ingaunum). A
public thanksgiving of three days was immediately
voted, and, on hia return to Rome, he had the honour
jf a triumph. For the next ten years we lose sight of
. Emilius, and at the end of this period he is only men-
tioned as being selected by the inhabitants of farther
Spain to protect their interests at Rome, an honour
which at once proved and added to his influence. It
was at this period (B. C. 171) that the last Macedo-
nian war commenced; and though the Romans could
scarcely have anticipated a struggle from Perseus, who
inherited from his father only the shattered remains of
the great Macedonian monarchy, yet three consuls, in
three successive years, were more than baffled by his
arms. In B. C. 168 a second consulship, and with it
the command againat Perseus, was intrusted to -Emil-
ius. He was now at least 60 years of age, but he was
supported by two sons and two sons-in-law, who pos-
sessed both vigour and ability. By Papiria, a lady be-
longing to one of the first families in Rome, he had two
sons and three daughters. Of the sons, the elder had
been adopted into the house of the Fabii by the cele-
brated opponent of Hannibal, and consequently bore the
name of Quintus Fabius Maximus, with the addition of
. Emilianus, to mark his original connexion with the
? ? house of the . /Emilii. The younger, only seventeen
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? PAD
PAUSANIAS.
ter, eq aally unknown, by the name of Heiiodorus, is
the author of a Commentary on this same work, in 53
chapters, which still remains in MS. There are two
editions of the work of Paulus: one by Schalon,
Witeb. , 1586, 8vo, and the other in 1588, Witeb. ,
4to. (Sckbll, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 7, p. 47. )--IV. Si-
lenliarius, a poet in the time of Justinian. (Vid. Si-
lentiarius. )
Pausanias, I. sot. of Clcombrotus, was of that royal
bouse in Sparta which traced its descent from Eurys-
ihenes. Aristotle calls him " king," but he only gov-
erned as the cousin-gcrman and guardian of Pleislar-
chus, who succeeded to the throne on the death of
Leonidas. Pausanias comes principally into notice
as commander of the Grecian army at the battle of
Plataea. The Spartan contingent had been delayed
is long as was possible; but, owing to the represen-
tations made by the Athenian ministers at Lacedae-
mon, it was at last despatched, though not until the
Persians had advanced into Bceotin. This delay, how-
ever, had one good effect, that of taking the Argives
by surprise, and defeating their design of intercepting
any troops hostile to Persia which might march through
their territory. The Spartans, under the command of
Pausanias, got safe to the Isthmus, met the Athenians
>>t Eleusis, and ultimately took up that position which
led to the battle of Plataea. The result is well known.
Pausanias, elated by his success, took all methods of
showing his own unfitness to enjoy good fortune. Be-
rig sent with 20 ships, and in the capacity of com-
Tiander-in-chief of the confederates, to the coast of
Asia Minor, he, by his overbearing conduct, disgusted
(he Greeks tinder his command, and particularly those
Asiatic Greeks who had lately revolted from the Per-
sian rule. To his oppression he added an affectation
of Eastern luxury; and what we know of Spartan
manners seems to lead to the conclusion, that no mix-
ture could possibly be more repugnant to persons ac-
customed at once to Persian elegance and Ionic re-
finement, than a clumsy imitation of both, such as the
conduct of Pausanias in all probability presented. Prej-
udice in favour of the Athenians, who wero of the
Ionic race, was also active; intrigues commenced, the
Athenians encouraged them, and Pausanias was re-
called. Much criminality was imputed to him by those
Greeks who came to Sparta from the seat of war, and
Bis conduct was clearly more like the exercise of ar-
bitrary power than of regular military command. He
was accordingly put on his trial. Private and public
charges were brought against him; from the former
he was acquitted, tut his Medism (or leaning to Per-
sia) seemed to be clearly proved. Dorcis was sent in
his place; but the Spartan supremacy had received its
death-blow, an'i thenceforward Lacedsemon interfered
only sparingly in the prosecution of the contest with
Persia. Pausanias, however, with the feelings of a
disappointed man, went in a private capacity to the
Hellespont, on pretence of joining the army. After
the taking of Byzantium, which happened during his
command, he had winked at the escape of certain Per-
sian fugitives of rank, and, by means of an accomplice,
had conveyed a letter to the Persian monarch, contain-
ing an offer to subjugate Greece to his dominion, and
subjoining the modest request of having his daughter
to wife. A favourable answer had elated him to such
a degree as to disgust the allies in the manner already
stated On his second journey he was forcibly pre-
? ? vented from entering Byzantium, upon which he re-
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? PA U
PEO
(Lil 111 nit tenth, Phocia. --The best edition of Pausan-
ias is that of Siebelis, Lip:, 1833-38, 6 vols. 8vn.
A new edition baa recently appeared, by Schubart and
Wall, Lip*. , 1838-40, 3 vols. Svo. {Scholl, Hist.
Lit. Gr. , vol. 5, p. 307. )--IV. A grammarian, a na-
tive of Caeaarea ad Argseum, in Cappadocia. He ia
often confounded with the preceding. (Philostr. , Vit.
Sophist. , 3, 13. -- Siebelis, Praf. ad Pausan. , p. iv. ,
KtfY)
PaosIas, a painter of Siryon, contemporary with
Ajielles. After he had learned the rudiments of his
an from his father Brietes, he studied encaustic in the
school of Pamphilus, where he was the fellow-pupil of
Applies and Melanthius. Pausias was the first painter
who acquired a great name for encaustic with the ces-
ttum. He excelled particularly in the management of
the shadows; his favourite subjects were small pic-
tures, generally of boys, but he also painted large com-
positions. He was the first who introduced the cus-
tom of painting the ceilings and walls of private apart-
ments with historical and dramatic subjects. The
practice, however, of decorating ceilings simply with
stars or arabesque figures (particularly those of tem-
ples) was of very old dale. Pausias undertook the
restoration of the paintings of Polygnntus at Thespiae,
which had been greatly injured by the hand of time;
but he was judged inferior to his ancient predecessor,
for he contended with weapons not his own; he gen-
erally worked with the cestrum, whereas the paintings
of Polygnotus were with the pencil, which Pausias,
consequently, also used in this instance. The most
famous work of his was the sacrifice of an ox, which
in the time of Pliny was in the hall of Pumpey In
thia picture the ox was foreshortened; but, to show
the animal to full advantage, the painter judiciously
threw his shadow upon a part of the surrounding crowd,
and he added to the effect by painting a dark ox upon
a light ground. Pausias, in his youth, loved a native of
his own city named Glyccra, who earned her living by
making garlands of flowers and wreaths of roses, which
led him into competition with her, and he eventually
acquired gTeat skill in flower-painting. A portrait of
Glycera, with a garland of flowers, was reckoned among
his master-pieces; a copy of it was purchased by Lo-
cullus at Athens at the great price of two talents (near-
ly $3300). Pausias was reproached by his rivals for
being a slow painter; but he silenced the censure by
completing a picture of a boy, in his own style, in a
single day, which on that account was called the
''Hemercsius" ('Hfiepqaioc), or the work "of a single
say. " (Plin. , 35, 11, iO. --Siliig, Diet. Art. , s. v. --
Junius, Catal. , s. v. --Encyel. Vs. Knowl. , vol. 17, p.
331. ) At a later period, the Sicyonians were obliged
to part with the pictures which they possessed of this
distinguished artist, to deliver themselves from a
heavy debt. They were purchased by M. Scaurus
when sedile, and were brought to Rome to adorn the
new theatre which he had erected. {Plin. , 31, 3. )
Pausilypvs, a celebrated mountain and grotto near
the city of Naples. It took its name from a villa of
Vedius Pollio, erected in the time of Augustus, and
called Paosilypum, from the effect which its beauty
was aupposed to produce in suspending sorrow and anx-
iety (iravacjv X&irtpi, "about to make care cease").
This mountain is said to be beautiful in the extreme,
and justly to merit the name bestowed upon it. The
grotto is nearly a mile in length, and is made through
? ? the mountain 30 feet in breadth, and 30 in height. On
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? PEL
PEl.
i. c. -Chid, Met. , 4, 785. --Hygin. , fab. , 67. --Van
Slavcren, ad Hygin. , I. c. )--"The horse,'' observes
Knight, " was sacred to Neptune and the rivers; and
employed as a general symbol of the waters, on account
of a supposed affinity, which we do not find that mod-
ern naturalists have observed. Hence came the com-
position, so frequent on the Carthaginian coins, of the
horse with the asterisk of the sun, or the winged disk
and hooded snakes, over his back; and also the use
made of him as an emblematical device on the medals
tf many Greek cities.
In some instances the body of
the animal terminates in plumes; and in others has
only wings, so as to form the Pegasus, fabled by the
later Greek poets to have been ridden by Bellerophon,
but only known to the ancient theogonists as the bear-
er of Aurora, and of the thunder and lightning to Jupi-
ter, an allegory of which the meaning is obvious. "
(Inquiry into the Symb. Lang. , &c, v 111. -- Class.
Journ. , vol. 25, p. 31. )--As regards the constellation
Pegasus, it may be remarked, that the Greek astrono-
mers always give it the simple appellation of "the
Horse" ("iTriroc). The name Wj-yaooc first comes in
among the later mythological poets. It does not even
occur in Aratus; the poet merely remarking that this
is supposed to be the same horse whose hoof produced
the fountain Hippocrene. (Arat. , Phcen. , 219. ) Era-
tosthenes, however, says (c. IS) that this is the steed,
as some think, which, after Bellerophon had been
thrown from it, flew upward to the stars. The opin-
ion, however, is, according to him, an erroneous one,
since the steed in the heavens has no wings. It would
appear, therefore, from this remark of Eratosthenes,
that the custom of representing Pegasus with wings
came in at a later period. They are added in Ptolemy.
The Romans, in imitation of the Greeks, call the con-
stellation simply Equus, for which the poets substi-
tuto Sonipes, Sonipes ales, Cornipes, and other simi-
lar expressions. The name Pegasus appears to occur
? nly in Germar. icus (v. 221, 282). Ovid has Equus
Gorgoncus, in allusion to the fabled birth >f the steed.
(Fast. , 3, 450. --Idcler, Sternnamen, p. 115. )
Pelagonia, I. a district of Macedonia bordering on
(llyria. The Pelagones, though not mentioned by Ho-
mer as a distinct people, were probably known to him,
from his naming Pelagon, the father of Asteropaeus,
a Paeonian warrior. (Compare Strabo, 331. ) They
must at one time have been widely spread over the
north of Greece, since a district of Upper Thcssaly
bore the name of Pelagonia Tripolitis, and it is inge-
niously conjectured by Gatlercr, in his learned com-
mentary on ancient Thrace (Com. Soc. Gott. , vol. 6,
p. 67), that these were a remnant of the remote expe-
dition of the Teucri and Mysi, the progenitors of the
Psonians, who came from Asia Minor, and conquered
the whole of the country between the Strymon and
Pencus. (Herod. , 7, 20. --Strab. , 327. ) Frequent
allusion is made to Pelagonia by Livy, in his account
of the wars between the Romans and the kings of Mace-
don. It was exposed to invasion from the Dardani,
who bordered on its northern frontiers; for which rea-
son, the communication between the two countries was
carefully guarded by the Macedonian monarchs. (Liv. ,
31, 28. ) This pass led over the chain of Mount Scar-
dus. An account of it is given in Brown's Travels,
p. 45. (Cramer's Ane. Greece, vol. 1, p. 269. ) --II.
Civitas, a city of Pelagonia, the capital of the fourth
division of Roman Macecbnia. (Liv. , 45,29. ) Little
? ? is known of it. Its existence at a late period appears
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? PELASGI.
TELA SGI.
tasgi in militixy prowess and a spir. 't of enterprise, aid
were thus enabled, in some cases, tc expel the Pelas-
gi from the country, though the Hellenes generally
nettled among the Pelasgi as a conquering people. --
fhe connexion between the Pelasgic and Hellenic races
Das been a subject of much controversy among modern
writers. Many critics have maintained that they be-
longed 10 entirely different races, and some have been
disposed to attribute to the Pelasgians an Etrurian or
Phoenician origin. It is true that many of the Greek
writers speak of the Pelasgians and their language as
barbarous, that is, not Hellenic; and Herodotus (1,
57) informs us, that the Pelasgian language was spo-
ken in his time at Placia and Scylaco on the Helles-
pont. This language he describes as barbarous; and
on this fact he mainly grounds his general argument as
to the ancient Pelasgian tongue. It may, however, be
remarked, that it appears exceedingly improbable, if
the Pelasgic and Hellenic languages had none or a
vory alight relation to each other, that the two tongues
should have so readily amalgamated in alt parts of
Greece, and still more strange that the Athenians and
Arcadians, who are admitted to have been of pure Pe-
lasgic origin, should have lost their original language
and learned tho pure Hellenic tongue. In addition to
which, it may be remarked, that wo scarcely ever read
of any nation entirely losing its own language and
adopting that of its conquerors. Though the Persians
have received many new words into their language from
their Arab masters, yet twelve centuries of Arab dom-
ination havo not been sufficient to change, in any es-
sential particular, the grammatical forms and general
structure of the ancient Persian; and, notwithstanding
all the efforts that were used by the Norman conquer-
ors to bring the French language into general use in
England, the Saxon remains to the present day the
main clement of the English language. It is there-
fore reasonable to suppose that the Pelasgic and Hel-
lenic tongues were different dialects of a common lan-
guage, which formed by their union the Greek language
of later times. --The ancient writers differ as much re-
specting the degree of civilization to which the Pelas-
gi attained before they became an Hellenic people, as
they do respecting their original language. Accord-
ing to some ancient writers, they were little better than
? race of savages till conquered and civilized by the
Hellenes; but others represent them, and perhaps more
correctly, as having attained to a considerable degree
of civilization previous to the Hellenic conquest.
Many traditions represent the Pelasgians as cultivating
agriculture and the useful arts. Pelasgus in Arcadia,
said the tradition, taught men to bake bread. (Pausan. ,
1, 14, 1. ) The ancient Pelasgic Buzyges yoked bulls
to the plough (Etym. Mag. , s. v. Bovfryw); Pelas-
gians invented the goad for the purpose of driving an-
imals (Etym. Mag,, a. v. ukcuvo. -- Btkker, Anted.
Gr. , 357); and a (Pelasgic) Thessalian in Egypt
Ujght the art of measuring land (Etym. Mag. , ubi
rap. ). --It is a curious fact, which has been noticed by
Mr. Maiden (Wu(. of Rome, p. 70), that the Grecian
race which made the most early and the most rapid
progress in civilization and intellectual attainments,
was one in which the Pelasgian blood was least adul-
terated by foreign mixture, namely, the Ionians of At-
tics and of the settlements in Asia; and that we prob-
ably owe to tho Pelasgic element in the population of
Greece all that distinguishes the Greeks in the history
? ? of the human mind. The Dorians, who were the most
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? PEL
PEL
\Opusc. vol. 3. p. 174), but it offends griero isly
? gainst analogy (Lobeck, ad PAria. , p. 109); and if
it be applicable to tho Tyrrhenian Pelasgians of later
times, it certainly is not so to the original Pelasgians
>>f Dodona or Thessaly. Perhaps the peculiar style of
building ascribed to the Pelasgic race may furnish us
with an etymology for their name, equal, at least in
point of plausibility, to any of those which have thus
far been enumerated. The term Pelargi may mean
"tkme-buildcrs" or "stone-workers," as indicating a
race whose massive style of architecture may have ex-
cited the wonder of the early Greeks, and have given
rise to a species of national appellation. Thus, in the
, Macedonian dialect, irt'/a signified "a stone" (rac
rre'Xac, Toi>( hidove, Kara tt/v Haneiovuv ^uvfv. --
Ulpian, ad Demosth. , de fats, leg. , p. 376, B, e. d.
Franco/. , 1604. -- Compare Ruhnktn, ad Tim. Lex. ,
p. 270), and apyov (or Fupyov) is an earlier form for
(pyov. (B'ockh, Corp. Inscript. , fasc, 1, p. 29, 83. )
The two old forms, then, ircXa ("a alone") and apyov
{"work"), may perhaps have produced, by their com-
bination, the name of XleXapyoi. (Encycl. Us. Knowl. ,
vol. 17, p 377, seqq. --Clinton, Fast. Hell. , vol. 1, p.
I,seqq. --Curtius, de Antiquis Italia incolis, t) 6, seqq.
-- Kruse, He/las, vol. I, p. 404, seqq. -- Thirlwall's
Greece, vol. 1, p. 33, seqq. --Philological Museum, vol.
1, p. 613)
Pklasgicum (JlehaoyiKov), a name given to the
most ancient part of the fortifications of the Acropolis
at Athens, from its having been constructed by the
Pelasgi, who, in the course of their migrations, settled
in Attica, and were employed by tho Athenians in the
erection of these walls. The rampart raised by this
people is often mentioned in the history of Athens,
and included also a portion of ground below the wall
at the foot of the rock of the Acropolis. This had
been allotted to the Pelasgi while they resided at
Athens, and on their departure it was forbidden to be
Inhibited or cultivated. (Thucyd. , 2, 7. -- Pollux, 8,
UK! . --Myrsil. , ap. Dion. Hal. , 1, 19. --Herod. , 2, 51.
-- Id. , 8, 137. ) It was apparently on the northern
ailc of the citadel, as we are informed by Plutarch,
tha' the southern wall was built by Cimon, from whom
it received the name of Cimonium. (Cramer's Anc.
Greece, vol. 2, p. 382 )
Pki. asoiotis, a district of Thessaly, occupying the
lower valley of the Pencus as far as the sea. It was
originally inhabited by the Perrhajbi, a tribe of Pelas-
gic origin. (Simon , ap. Strab. , 441. --Cramer's Anc.
Greece, vol. 1, p. 363. )
Pklasous, an ancient monarchof the Pelasgi. (Vid.
Pelasgi)
1'fci. Ki iikonii, an epithet given to the Lapithn, be-
cause they dwelt in the vicinity of Mount Pelethro-
nium, in Thessaly. (Virg, Georg. , 3, 115. ) Pele-
thronium appears to have been a branch of Pelion.
Peleus, a king of Thessaly, son of . -Eacus mon-
arch of . Egina, and the nymph Endc'is the daughter
of Chiron. Having been accessory, along with Tela-
mon, to the death of their brother Phocus, he was ban-
ished from his native island, but found an asylum at
the court of Eurytus, son of Actor, king of Phthia in
Thessaly. He married Antigone, the daughter of Eu-
rytrs, and received with her, as a marriage portion,
the third part of the kingdom.
wards the close of the reign of Domitian. It is not
known how long his captivity lasted, but it is thought
that he was released on the death of Domitian, which
happened A. D. 96, when he retired to Ephesus.
(Iren, 2, 22, b. --Euseb. ,Hist. Eccles. , 3, 18--Dio
Com. , 68, 1. ) A small bay on the east side, and two
others on the western shore, divide Patmos into two
portions, of which the southern is the more considers-
Vie. The modern name of the island is Patmo or
Palmosa. It contains several churches and convents;
the principal one is dedicated to the apostle. There
are also the ruins of an ancient fortress, and some
other remains. (Wkiltington, in WalpoWs Memoirs
<</" Turkey, vol. 2, p. 43. ) Dr. Clarke, in speaking of
Pttmos, declares that there is not a spot in the Archi-
? ? pelago with more of the semblance of a volcanic origin
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? PAULUS.
PAULUS.
rained to LI. : highest honours of his country. His sis-
ter ? . 'Emilia was married to P. Cornelius Scipio, the
conqueror of Hannibal, who was consul for the second
time B. C. 1S4; and this very year . 'Emiliu3, though he
had held no public office, was appointed one of three
commissioners to conduct a colony to Crotona, in the
south of Italy, a city with which he might claim some
connexion on the ground of his descent from Mamer-
coa, the son of Pythagoras. Two years after, at the
age ef about 36, he was elected a curule aedile in pref-
erence, if we may believe Plutarch, to twelve candi-
dates of such merit that every one of them became
afterward consuls. His aedileship was distinguished
by many improvements in the city and neighbourhood
of Rome. The following year (191 B. C. ) he held the
office of praetor, and in that capacity was governor of
the southwestern part of the Spanish peninsula, with a
considerable force under hia command. The appoint-
ment was renewed the following year, but with en-
larged powers, for he now bore the title of proconsul,
and was accompanied by double the usual number of
lictors. In an engagement, however, with the Lusi-
tani, 6000 of his men were cut to pieces, and the rest
only saved behind the works of trie camp. But this
disgrace was retrieved in the third year of his govern-
ment, by a signal defeat of '. he enemy, in which 18,000
of their men were left upo. i the field. For this auccess
a public thanksgiving was voted by the senate in hon-
our of JIl. milius. Soon after he returned to Rome,
and found that he had been appointed, in his absence,
one of the ten commissioners for regulating affairs in
that part of Western Asia which had lately been wrest-
ed by the two Scipios from Antiochus the Great.
. lE. nilius waa a member also of the college of augurs
from an early age, but we do not find any means of
fixing the period of his election. A3 a candidate for
the consulship he met with repeated repulses, and only
attained that honour in 182 B. C. , nine years after hold-
ing the office of praetor. During this and the following
tear he commanded an army in Liguria, and succeeded
in the complete reduction of a powerful people called
the Ingauni (who have left their name in the maritime
town of Albenga, formerly Albium Ingaunum). A
public thanksgiving of three days was immediately
voted, and, on hia return to Rome, he had the honour
jf a triumph. For the next ten years we lose sight of
. Emilius, and at the end of this period he is only men-
tioned as being selected by the inhabitants of farther
Spain to protect their interests at Rome, an honour
which at once proved and added to his influence. It
was at this period (B. C. 171) that the last Macedo-
nian war commenced; and though the Romans could
scarcely have anticipated a struggle from Perseus, who
inherited from his father only the shattered remains of
the great Macedonian monarchy, yet three consuls, in
three successive years, were more than baffled by his
arms. In B. C. 168 a second consulship, and with it
the command againat Perseus, was intrusted to -Emil-
ius. He was now at least 60 years of age, but he was
supported by two sons and two sons-in-law, who pos-
sessed both vigour and ability. By Papiria, a lady be-
longing to one of the first families in Rome, he had two
sons and three daughters. Of the sons, the elder had
been adopted into the house of the Fabii by the cele-
brated opponent of Hannibal, and consequently bore the
name of Quintus Fabius Maximus, with the addition of
. Emilianus, to mark his original connexion with the
? ? house of the . /Emilii. The younger, only seventeen
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? PAD
PAUSANIAS.
ter, eq aally unknown, by the name of Heiiodorus, is
the author of a Commentary on this same work, in 53
chapters, which still remains in MS. There are two
editions of the work of Paulus: one by Schalon,
Witeb. , 1586, 8vo, and the other in 1588, Witeb. ,
4to. (Sckbll, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 7, p. 47. )--IV. Si-
lenliarius, a poet in the time of Justinian. (Vid. Si-
lentiarius. )
Pausanias, I. sot. of Clcombrotus, was of that royal
bouse in Sparta which traced its descent from Eurys-
ihenes. Aristotle calls him " king," but he only gov-
erned as the cousin-gcrman and guardian of Pleislar-
chus, who succeeded to the throne on the death of
Leonidas. Pausanias comes principally into notice
as commander of the Grecian army at the battle of
Plataea. The Spartan contingent had been delayed
is long as was possible; but, owing to the represen-
tations made by the Athenian ministers at Lacedae-
mon, it was at last despatched, though not until the
Persians had advanced into Bceotin. This delay, how-
ever, had one good effect, that of taking the Argives
by surprise, and defeating their design of intercepting
any troops hostile to Persia which might march through
their territory. The Spartans, under the command of
Pausanias, got safe to the Isthmus, met the Athenians
>>t Eleusis, and ultimately took up that position which
led to the battle of Plataea. The result is well known.
Pausanias, elated by his success, took all methods of
showing his own unfitness to enjoy good fortune. Be-
rig sent with 20 ships, and in the capacity of com-
Tiander-in-chief of the confederates, to the coast of
Asia Minor, he, by his overbearing conduct, disgusted
(he Greeks tinder his command, and particularly those
Asiatic Greeks who had lately revolted from the Per-
sian rule. To his oppression he added an affectation
of Eastern luxury; and what we know of Spartan
manners seems to lead to the conclusion, that no mix-
ture could possibly be more repugnant to persons ac-
customed at once to Persian elegance and Ionic re-
finement, than a clumsy imitation of both, such as the
conduct of Pausanias in all probability presented. Prej-
udice in favour of the Athenians, who wero of the
Ionic race, was also active; intrigues commenced, the
Athenians encouraged them, and Pausanias was re-
called. Much criminality was imputed to him by those
Greeks who came to Sparta from the seat of war, and
Bis conduct was clearly more like the exercise of ar-
bitrary power than of regular military command. He
was accordingly put on his trial. Private and public
charges were brought against him; from the former
he was acquitted, tut his Medism (or leaning to Per-
sia) seemed to be clearly proved. Dorcis was sent in
his place; but the Spartan supremacy had received its
death-blow, an'i thenceforward Lacedsemon interfered
only sparingly in the prosecution of the contest with
Persia. Pausanias, however, with the feelings of a
disappointed man, went in a private capacity to the
Hellespont, on pretence of joining the army. After
the taking of Byzantium, which happened during his
command, he had winked at the escape of certain Per-
sian fugitives of rank, and, by means of an accomplice,
had conveyed a letter to the Persian monarch, contain-
ing an offer to subjugate Greece to his dominion, and
subjoining the modest request of having his daughter
to wife. A favourable answer had elated him to such
a degree as to disgust the allies in the manner already
stated On his second journey he was forcibly pre-
? ? vented from entering Byzantium, upon which he re-
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? PA U
PEO
(Lil 111 nit tenth, Phocia. --The best edition of Pausan-
ias is that of Siebelis, Lip:, 1833-38, 6 vols. 8vn.
A new edition baa recently appeared, by Schubart and
Wall, Lip*. , 1838-40, 3 vols. Svo. {Scholl, Hist.
Lit. Gr. , vol. 5, p. 307. )--IV. A grammarian, a na-
tive of Caeaarea ad Argseum, in Cappadocia. He ia
often confounded with the preceding. (Philostr. , Vit.
Sophist. , 3, 13. -- Siebelis, Praf. ad Pausan. , p. iv. ,
KtfY)
PaosIas, a painter of Siryon, contemporary with
Ajielles. After he had learned the rudiments of his
an from his father Brietes, he studied encaustic in the
school of Pamphilus, where he was the fellow-pupil of
Applies and Melanthius. Pausias was the first painter
who acquired a great name for encaustic with the ces-
ttum. He excelled particularly in the management of
the shadows; his favourite subjects were small pic-
tures, generally of boys, but he also painted large com-
positions. He was the first who introduced the cus-
tom of painting the ceilings and walls of private apart-
ments with historical and dramatic subjects. The
practice, however, of decorating ceilings simply with
stars or arabesque figures (particularly those of tem-
ples) was of very old dale. Pausias undertook the
restoration of the paintings of Polygnntus at Thespiae,
which had been greatly injured by the hand of time;
but he was judged inferior to his ancient predecessor,
for he contended with weapons not his own; he gen-
erally worked with the cestrum, whereas the paintings
of Polygnotus were with the pencil, which Pausias,
consequently, also used in this instance. The most
famous work of his was the sacrifice of an ox, which
in the time of Pliny was in the hall of Pumpey In
thia picture the ox was foreshortened; but, to show
the animal to full advantage, the painter judiciously
threw his shadow upon a part of the surrounding crowd,
and he added to the effect by painting a dark ox upon
a light ground. Pausias, in his youth, loved a native of
his own city named Glyccra, who earned her living by
making garlands of flowers and wreaths of roses, which
led him into competition with her, and he eventually
acquired gTeat skill in flower-painting. A portrait of
Glycera, with a garland of flowers, was reckoned among
his master-pieces; a copy of it was purchased by Lo-
cullus at Athens at the great price of two talents (near-
ly $3300). Pausias was reproached by his rivals for
being a slow painter; but he silenced the censure by
completing a picture of a boy, in his own style, in a
single day, which on that account was called the
''Hemercsius" ('Hfiepqaioc), or the work "of a single
say. " (Plin. , 35, 11, iO. --Siliig, Diet. Art. , s. v. --
Junius, Catal. , s. v. --Encyel. Vs. Knowl. , vol. 17, p.
331. ) At a later period, the Sicyonians were obliged
to part with the pictures which they possessed of this
distinguished artist, to deliver themselves from a
heavy debt. They were purchased by M. Scaurus
when sedile, and were brought to Rome to adorn the
new theatre which he had erected. {Plin. , 31, 3. )
Pausilypvs, a celebrated mountain and grotto near
the city of Naples. It took its name from a villa of
Vedius Pollio, erected in the time of Augustus, and
called Paosilypum, from the effect which its beauty
was aupposed to produce in suspending sorrow and anx-
iety (iravacjv X&irtpi, "about to make care cease").
This mountain is said to be beautiful in the extreme,
and justly to merit the name bestowed upon it. The
grotto is nearly a mile in length, and is made through
? ? the mountain 30 feet in breadth, and 30 in height. On
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? PEL
PEl.
i. c. -Chid, Met. , 4, 785. --Hygin. , fab. , 67. --Van
Slavcren, ad Hygin. , I. c. )--"The horse,'' observes
Knight, " was sacred to Neptune and the rivers; and
employed as a general symbol of the waters, on account
of a supposed affinity, which we do not find that mod-
ern naturalists have observed. Hence came the com-
position, so frequent on the Carthaginian coins, of the
horse with the asterisk of the sun, or the winged disk
and hooded snakes, over his back; and also the use
made of him as an emblematical device on the medals
tf many Greek cities.
In some instances the body of
the animal terminates in plumes; and in others has
only wings, so as to form the Pegasus, fabled by the
later Greek poets to have been ridden by Bellerophon,
but only known to the ancient theogonists as the bear-
er of Aurora, and of the thunder and lightning to Jupi-
ter, an allegory of which the meaning is obvious. "
(Inquiry into the Symb. Lang. , &c, v 111. -- Class.
Journ. , vol. 25, p. 31. )--As regards the constellation
Pegasus, it may be remarked, that the Greek astrono-
mers always give it the simple appellation of "the
Horse" ("iTriroc). The name Wj-yaooc first comes in
among the later mythological poets. It does not even
occur in Aratus; the poet merely remarking that this
is supposed to be the same horse whose hoof produced
the fountain Hippocrene. (Arat. , Phcen. , 219. ) Era-
tosthenes, however, says (c. IS) that this is the steed,
as some think, which, after Bellerophon had been
thrown from it, flew upward to the stars. The opin-
ion, however, is, according to him, an erroneous one,
since the steed in the heavens has no wings. It would
appear, therefore, from this remark of Eratosthenes,
that the custom of representing Pegasus with wings
came in at a later period. They are added in Ptolemy.
The Romans, in imitation of the Greeks, call the con-
stellation simply Equus, for which the poets substi-
tuto Sonipes, Sonipes ales, Cornipes, and other simi-
lar expressions. The name Pegasus appears to occur
? nly in Germar. icus (v. 221, 282). Ovid has Equus
Gorgoncus, in allusion to the fabled birth >f the steed.
(Fast. , 3, 450. --Idcler, Sternnamen, p. 115. )
Pelagonia, I. a district of Macedonia bordering on
(llyria. The Pelagones, though not mentioned by Ho-
mer as a distinct people, were probably known to him,
from his naming Pelagon, the father of Asteropaeus,
a Paeonian warrior. (Compare Strabo, 331. ) They
must at one time have been widely spread over the
north of Greece, since a district of Upper Thcssaly
bore the name of Pelagonia Tripolitis, and it is inge-
niously conjectured by Gatlercr, in his learned com-
mentary on ancient Thrace (Com. Soc. Gott. , vol. 6,
p. 67), that these were a remnant of the remote expe-
dition of the Teucri and Mysi, the progenitors of the
Psonians, who came from Asia Minor, and conquered
the whole of the country between the Strymon and
Pencus. (Herod. , 7, 20. --Strab. , 327. ) Frequent
allusion is made to Pelagonia by Livy, in his account
of the wars between the Romans and the kings of Mace-
don. It was exposed to invasion from the Dardani,
who bordered on its northern frontiers; for which rea-
son, the communication between the two countries was
carefully guarded by the Macedonian monarchs. (Liv. ,
31, 28. ) This pass led over the chain of Mount Scar-
dus. An account of it is given in Brown's Travels,
p. 45. (Cramer's Ane. Greece, vol. 1, p. 269. ) --II.
Civitas, a city of Pelagonia, the capital of the fourth
division of Roman Macecbnia. (Liv. , 45,29. ) Little
? ? is known of it. Its existence at a late period appears
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? PELASGI.
TELA SGI.
tasgi in militixy prowess and a spir. 't of enterprise, aid
were thus enabled, in some cases, tc expel the Pelas-
gi from the country, though the Hellenes generally
nettled among the Pelasgi as a conquering people. --
fhe connexion between the Pelasgic and Hellenic races
Das been a subject of much controversy among modern
writers. Many critics have maintained that they be-
longed 10 entirely different races, and some have been
disposed to attribute to the Pelasgians an Etrurian or
Phoenician origin. It is true that many of the Greek
writers speak of the Pelasgians and their language as
barbarous, that is, not Hellenic; and Herodotus (1,
57) informs us, that the Pelasgian language was spo-
ken in his time at Placia and Scylaco on the Helles-
pont. This language he describes as barbarous; and
on this fact he mainly grounds his general argument as
to the ancient Pelasgian tongue. It may, however, be
remarked, that it appears exceedingly improbable, if
the Pelasgic and Hellenic languages had none or a
vory alight relation to each other, that the two tongues
should have so readily amalgamated in alt parts of
Greece, and still more strange that the Athenians and
Arcadians, who are admitted to have been of pure Pe-
lasgic origin, should have lost their original language
and learned tho pure Hellenic tongue. In addition to
which, it may be remarked, that wo scarcely ever read
of any nation entirely losing its own language and
adopting that of its conquerors. Though the Persians
have received many new words into their language from
their Arab masters, yet twelve centuries of Arab dom-
ination havo not been sufficient to change, in any es-
sential particular, the grammatical forms and general
structure of the ancient Persian; and, notwithstanding
all the efforts that were used by the Norman conquer-
ors to bring the French language into general use in
England, the Saxon remains to the present day the
main clement of the English language. It is there-
fore reasonable to suppose that the Pelasgic and Hel-
lenic tongues were different dialects of a common lan-
guage, which formed by their union the Greek language
of later times. --The ancient writers differ as much re-
specting the degree of civilization to which the Pelas-
gi attained before they became an Hellenic people, as
they do respecting their original language. Accord-
ing to some ancient writers, they were little better than
? race of savages till conquered and civilized by the
Hellenes; but others represent them, and perhaps more
correctly, as having attained to a considerable degree
of civilization previous to the Hellenic conquest.
Many traditions represent the Pelasgians as cultivating
agriculture and the useful arts. Pelasgus in Arcadia,
said the tradition, taught men to bake bread. (Pausan. ,
1, 14, 1. ) The ancient Pelasgic Buzyges yoked bulls
to the plough (Etym. Mag. , s. v. Bovfryw); Pelas-
gians invented the goad for the purpose of driving an-
imals (Etym. Mag,, a. v. ukcuvo. -- Btkker, Anted.
Gr. , 357); and a (Pelasgic) Thessalian in Egypt
Ujght the art of measuring land (Etym. Mag. , ubi
rap. ). --It is a curious fact, which has been noticed by
Mr. Maiden (Wu(. of Rome, p. 70), that the Grecian
race which made the most early and the most rapid
progress in civilization and intellectual attainments,
was one in which the Pelasgian blood was least adul-
terated by foreign mixture, namely, the Ionians of At-
tics and of the settlements in Asia; and that we prob-
ably owe to tho Pelasgic element in the population of
Greece all that distinguishes the Greeks in the history
? ? of the human mind. The Dorians, who were the most
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? PEL
PEL
\Opusc. vol. 3. p. 174), but it offends griero isly
? gainst analogy (Lobeck, ad PAria. , p. 109); and if
it be applicable to tho Tyrrhenian Pelasgians of later
times, it certainly is not so to the original Pelasgians
>>f Dodona or Thessaly. Perhaps the peculiar style of
building ascribed to the Pelasgic race may furnish us
with an etymology for their name, equal, at least in
point of plausibility, to any of those which have thus
far been enumerated. The term Pelargi may mean
"tkme-buildcrs" or "stone-workers," as indicating a
race whose massive style of architecture may have ex-
cited the wonder of the early Greeks, and have given
rise to a species of national appellation. Thus, in the
, Macedonian dialect, irt'/a signified "a stone" (rac
rre'Xac, Toi>( hidove, Kara tt/v Haneiovuv ^uvfv. --
Ulpian, ad Demosth. , de fats, leg. , p. 376, B, e. d.
Franco/. , 1604. -- Compare Ruhnktn, ad Tim. Lex. ,
p. 270), and apyov (or Fupyov) is an earlier form for
(pyov. (B'ockh, Corp. Inscript. , fasc, 1, p. 29, 83. )
The two old forms, then, ircXa ("a alone") and apyov
{"work"), may perhaps have produced, by their com-
bination, the name of XleXapyoi. (Encycl. Us. Knowl. ,
vol. 17, p 377, seqq. --Clinton, Fast. Hell. , vol. 1, p.
I,seqq. --Curtius, de Antiquis Italia incolis, t) 6, seqq.
-- Kruse, He/las, vol. I, p. 404, seqq. -- Thirlwall's
Greece, vol. 1, p. 33, seqq. --Philological Museum, vol.
1, p. 613)
Pklasgicum (JlehaoyiKov), a name given to the
most ancient part of the fortifications of the Acropolis
at Athens, from its having been constructed by the
Pelasgi, who, in the course of their migrations, settled
in Attica, and were employed by tho Athenians in the
erection of these walls. The rampart raised by this
people is often mentioned in the history of Athens,
and included also a portion of ground below the wall
at the foot of the rock of the Acropolis. This had
been allotted to the Pelasgi while they resided at
Athens, and on their departure it was forbidden to be
Inhibited or cultivated. (Thucyd. , 2, 7. -- Pollux, 8,
UK! . --Myrsil. , ap. Dion. Hal. , 1, 19. --Herod. , 2, 51.
-- Id. , 8, 137. ) It was apparently on the northern
ailc of the citadel, as we are informed by Plutarch,
tha' the southern wall was built by Cimon, from whom
it received the name of Cimonium. (Cramer's Anc.
Greece, vol. 2, p. 382 )
Pki. asoiotis, a district of Thessaly, occupying the
lower valley of the Pencus as far as the sea. It was
originally inhabited by the Perrhajbi, a tribe of Pelas-
gic origin. (Simon , ap. Strab. , 441. --Cramer's Anc.
Greece, vol. 1, p. 363. )
Pklasous, an ancient monarchof the Pelasgi. (Vid.
Pelasgi)
1'fci. Ki iikonii, an epithet given to the Lapithn, be-
cause they dwelt in the vicinity of Mount Pelethro-
nium, in Thessaly. (Virg, Georg. , 3, 115. ) Pele-
thronium appears to have been a branch of Pelion.
Peleus, a king of Thessaly, son of . -Eacus mon-
arch of . Egina, and the nymph Endc'is the daughter
of Chiron. Having been accessory, along with Tela-
mon, to the death of their brother Phocus, he was ban-
ished from his native island, but found an asylum at
the court of Eurytus, son of Actor, king of Phthia in
Thessaly. He married Antigone, the daughter of Eu-
rytrs, and received with her, as a marriage portion,
the third part of the kingdom.
