No More Learning

bizwe to the
wiose fate be s
A me coin in
tions beaning a
ARG. , Lich
Argutu; an
from the verd
pure l'ALESS
Veild. 25, 28,
2002. F?
MARTIS
the year 316
tatis part of
Constant.
De
in the army
he had obtain
closely to Hi
Tetanned to
esererting h
santipe be
the Arians,
but after thi
away mo
about 360 a
founded as
reta, were written chiefly under Domitian (xiii. 4. examination of a very large number of MSS. His
74, xiv. 1. 179, 213), although the composition prolegomena contain a full and highly valuable
may have been spread over the holidays of many account of these and other codices, of the places
years.
where they are at present deposited, and of their
It is well known that the word Epigram, which relative value. No ancient author stands more in
originally denoted simply an inscription, was, in need of an ample and learned commentary, but
process of time, applied to any brief metrical none has yet appeared which will satisfy all the
effusion, whatever the subject might be, or what- wants of the student. The most useful, upon the
ever the form under which it was presented, and whole, is that which is attached to the edition of
in this sense the heterogeneous mass which con- Lemaire, 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1825, but Schneide-
stitutes the Greek anthology, and all the lighter winn has promised to publish the notes of Fr.
effusions of Catullus, are called epigrams. In many Schmieder, the preceptor of C. O. Müller, of which
of these, it is true, the sentiinents are pithily he speaks in high praise, and expresses a hope that
worded, and a certain degree of emphasis is re- he may be able to add the remarks compiled by
served for the conclusion ; but Martial first placed Böttiger, which passed after his death into the
the epigram upon the narrow basis which it now hands of Weichert.
occupies, and from his time the term has been in a A great number of translations from Martial
great measure restricted to denoto a short poem, will be found dispersed in the works of the English
in which all the thoughts and expressions converge poets, and numerous selections have been given to
to one sharp point, which forms the termination of the world from time to time, such as those by
the piece. li is impossible not to be amazed by Thomas May, 8vo. Lond. 1629; by Fletcher, 8vo.
the singular fertility of imagination, the prodigious Lond. 1656 ; by J. Hughes, in his Miscellanies,
flow of wit, and the delicate felicity of language 8vo. Lond. 1737 ; by W. Hay, 12mo. Lond. 1754 ;
everywhere developed in this extraordinary col- by Wright, along with the distichs of Cato, 12mo.
lection, and from no source do we derive more Lond. 1763 ; by Rogers, in his poems, 12mo.
copious information on the national customs and Lond. 1782 ; and finally a complete version of the
social habits of the Romans during the first century whole by Elphinstone, 4to. Lond. 1782, a singular
of the empire. But however much we may admire monument of dulness and folly. In French we
the genius of the author, we feel no respect for the have complete translations into verse, by Marolles,
character of the man. The inconceivable servility 4to. Paris, 1675, a translation into prose having
of adulation (e. g. ix. 4, v. 8) with which he loads been published previously (1655) by the same
Domitian, proves that he was a courtier of the author ; by Volland, 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1807 ; and
lowest class, and his name is crushed by a load of by E. T. Simon, 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1819. Julius
cold-blooded filth spread ostentatiously over the Scaliger rendered a considerable number of the
whole surface of his writings, too clearly denoting epigrams into Greek, and these translations will
habitual impurity of thought, combined with habi- be found placed under the original text in the
tual impurity of expression.
edition of Lemaire. (Plin. Ep. iii. 20. al. 21 ;
Three very early impressions of Martial have Spartian. Ael. Ver. 2 ; Lamprid. Alcx. Sever. 38 ;
been described by bibliographers, all of them in Sidon. Apoll
. Carm. ix. 33 ; Martial, i. 1, 2, 3, 62,
4to. , all in Roman characters, and all without date 101, 117, ii. 92, iïi. 95, iv. 10, 72, v. 13, 16, 23,
and without name of place or of printer. One of vi. 43, 61, 64, 82, vii. 11, 17, 51, 88, 93, viii. 3,
these, by many considered as the Editio Princeps, 61, ix. 84, 98, 1. 24, 92, 94, 100, 103, 104, xi. 3,
is supposed by Dibdin (Bibl. Spencer. vol. iv. p. 24, xii. 21, 31, xii. 3, 119. An account of the
532) to have been the work of Ulric Han. The celebrated MS. of Martial preserved in the Advo-
first edition which bears a date, and which contests cates' Library, Fdinburgh, will be found in Dalyell,
the honour of being the Princeps, is that which “Some account of an ancient MS. of Martial," &c. ,
appeared at Ferrara, 4to. 1471 (Dibdin, Bibl. Spen- 8vo. Edin. 1812. )
[W. R. ]
cer. vol. ii. p. 169), and which does not contain MARTIA'NÚS. (MARCIANUS. ]
the “Liber de Spectaculis. " It was followed by MARTI'NA, a woman in Syria, celebrated for
the edition of Vindelin de Spira, 4to. Venet. , her skill in poisoning, and a favourite Plancina,
without date, but probably executed about 1472; the wife of Cn. Piso, was sent to Italy by Cn.
by that of Sweynheym and Pannartz, fol. Rom. Sentius, the governor of Syria, that she might be
1473 ; that of Joannes de Colonia, fol. Venet. brought to trial, but she died suddenly upon her
1475; and that of Philippus de Lavania, fol. Me arrival at Brundisium, A. D. 20. (Tac. Ann. ii. 74,
diol. 1478, the two last being merely reprints iii. 7. )
from Spira. The text, which was gradually im- MARTI'NA. [Heraclius, p. 405, b. )
proved by the diligence of Calderinus, fol. Venet.
MARTINIANUS, magister officiorum to the
1474, 1475, 1480, &c. , of Aldus, 8vo. Venet. emperor Licinius, by whom he was elevated to the
1501, and Junius, 8vo. Basil
, 1559, first assumed dignity of Caesar, when active preparations were in
a satisfactory form in the hands of Gruterus, 16mo. progress for the last great struggle against Constan-
Francf. 1602, who boasted, not without reason, tine.
Martinianus was compelled to surrender
that he had introduced more than a thousand cor-
rections, and was still further purified by Scriverius,
Lug. Bat. 12mo. 1619, Amst. 12mo. 1621, 16mo.
1629, and by Raderus, fol. Mogunt. 1627, Colon.
1628. Schrevelius, in the 8vo Variorum of 1670,
exhibited very judiciously the results of the toils
of his predecessors, and no important improve-
ments were made from that time until 1842, when
Schneidewinn published a new recension (8vo. 2
vols. Grem. 1842 founded upon a most careful
and speed l
bis sanctio
to avoid th
Bogat refu
ever this b
place in hi
of the fourt
written by
puerile fab
man total
fanaticism
Teason; as
tererence
considered
bergarly
čignitars:
a very sh
the anthe
found in
and counc
TOL. vii. p.
hann, B
MARU
plets, B. o
colleague
had been
and atten
had salute
sequences
of the
from the
B. C. ii.
68; Sue
MART
tus (Ana
62, must
TREVODI
that year
Fasti. (F
HRB
MASC
llegados
governor
COIN OF MARTINIANUS
with a
efforts of
san espe


## p. 967 (#983) ############################################

MASCAMES.
967
MASINISSA
&
>
himself to the conqueror, along with his patron, him with annual presents, as a reward for his
whose fate he shared towards thr. end of a. D. 323. faithful service, - a mark of approbation which
A rare coin in third brass is found in some collec- Artaxerxes continued to his descendants. (Herod.
tions bearing the legend D. N. MARTINIANUS P. F. vii, 105, 106. )
[E. E. )
AUG. , which would indicate that he was created MASCEZEL. (Gildo. )
Augustus ; and this conclusion might be drawn MA'SGABA, a Numidian, son of Masinissa,
from the words of Victor. (De Cues. 41. ) [Com- was sent to Rome by his father as ambassador in
pare VALENS, AURELIUS Valerius. ) (Excerpta B. C. 168. He was received with the utmost dis
Vales. 25, 28, 29; Victor, de Cues. 41, Epit. 41; tinction, one of the qunestors being sent to meet
Zosim. ii. 25, 26, 28. )
[W. R. ) him at Puteoli, and attend him from thence to
MARTI'NUS, bishop of Tours, hence desig- Rome. (Liv. xlv. 13, 14. ) (E. H. B.
)
nated Turonensis, was born in Pannonia, about MASINISSA (Maoraváo ons), king of the
the ycar 316, was educated at Pavia, and in the Numidians, celebrated for the conspicuous part he
early part of his life served as a soldier, first under bore in the wars between the Romans and Car-
Constantine, afterwards under Julian. While yet thaginians. He was the son of Gala, king of the
in the army he embraced the true faith ; and after Massylians, the easternmost of the two great tribes
he had obtained his discharge, attached himself into which the Numidians were at that time di-
closely to Hilarius of Poitiers, by whose advice he vided, but was brought up at Carthage, where he ap-
returned to his native country, for the purpose of pears to have received an education superior to that
converting his kindred. During the sway of Con- usual among his countrymen. (Liv. xxiv. 49; Appian,
stantine he was exposed to bitter persecution from Pun. 10, 37. ) He was still quite a young man*, but
the Arians, whose doctrines he steadfastly assailed ; had already given proofs of great ability and energy
but after this storm had in some measure passed of character, when in B. C. 213 the Carthaginians
away from the church, he returned to Gaul; and persuaded Gala to declare war against Syphax,
about 360 again sought the society of Hilarius, and king of the neighbouring tribe of the Massaesylians,
founded a monastery. From thence he was reluc- who had lately entered into an alliance with Roine.
tantly dragged in 371, to occupy the see of Tours, Masinissa was appointed by his father to command
and speedily attained such celebrity on account of the invading force, with which he attacked and
his sanctity and power of working miracles, that, totally defeated Syphax, whom he drove to take
to avoid the multitudes attracted by his fame, he refuge in Mauritania, and following him thither
sought refuge in a neighbouring monastery; and carried on the war with unabated vigour, so as
over this he presided until his death, which took effectually to prevent him from crossing into Spain
place in his eightieth year, towards the very close to the assistance of the Romans in that country.
of the fourth century. We possess a life of the saint (Liv. xxiv. 49. ) of the farther progress of this
written by Sulpicius Severus, filled with the most war in Africa we hear nothing ; but the next year
puerile fables, from which we gather that he was a (B. c. 212) we find Masinissa in Spain, supporting
man totally devoid of mental culture, whose wild the Carthaginian generals there with a large body
fanaticism and austerities seriously affected his of Numidian horse ; and it appears probable that,
reason ; and that, although an object of awe and though only occasionally mentioned, he continued
to the crowd, sober-minded persons to hold the same post during the subsequent years
considered his sordid apparel, dishevelled hair, and of the war in that country. In 210, indeed, he is
beggarly aspect, as unbecoming in a Christian mentioned as being at Carthage, but apparently
dignitary. Under the name of Martinus we possess only for the purpose of obtaining reinforcements
a very short Confessio Fidei de Sancta Trinitate for the army in Spain, in which country we again
the authenticity of which is doubtful. It will be find him in the following year (209), at the time
found in almost all the large collections of fathers that Hasdrubal set out on his march into Italy.
and councils, and under its best form in Galland, In 206 he is mentioned as present at Silpia, where
vol. vii. p. 599 ; Proleg. c. xviii. p. xxvi. (Schöne- he shared with Hasdrubal, Gisco, and Mago in
mann, Biblioth. Patr. Lat. vol. i. § 19. ) (W. R. ] their total defeat by Scipio. (Liv. xxv. 31, xxvii.
MARULLUS, C. EPI'DIUS, tribune of the 5, 20, xxviii. 13 ; Polyb. xi. 21; Appian, Hisp.
plebs, B. C. 44, removed, in conjunction with his 25, 27. ) But the reverse then sustained by the
colleague L. Caesetius Flavus, the diadem which Carthaginian arms proved too much for the fidelity
had been placed upon the statue of C. Julius Caesar, of Masinissa : shortly after the battle he made
and attempted to bring to trial the persons who secret overtures to Silanus, the lieutenant of Scipio,
had saluted the dictator as king. Caesar, in con- which, however, led to no immediate result, the
sequence, deprived him of the tribunate, by help Numidian chief being desirous to treat with Scipio
of the tribune Helvius Cinna, and expelled him in person, an opportunity for which did not for
from the senate. (Dion Cass. xliv. 9, 10 ; Appian, some time present itself. At length, however, the
B. C. ii. 108, 122 ; Plut. Caes. 61 ; Vell. Pat. ii. desired interview took place, and Masinissa pledged
68 ; Suet. Caes. 79, 80 ; Cic. Philipp. xiii. 15. ) himself to support the Romans with all the forces
MARULLUS, JU'NIUS, mentioned by Taci- at his command as soon as they should carry an
tus (Ann. xiv. 48), as consul designatus in A. D. army into Africa. (Liv. xxviii. 16, 35. ) In ad-
62, must have been one of the consules suffecti in
that year, though his name does not occur in the * Livy indeed states (xxiv. 49) that he was at
Fasti. (Pighius, Annal. vol. iii. p. 595. )
this time only seventeen years old ; but this is
MASCÄMES (Maokáums), a Persian, son of inconsistent with the statement of Polybius (xxxvii.
Megadostes or Megalostes, was made by Xerxes 3), which is followed by Livy himself in another
governor of Doriscus in Thrace, which he kept passage (Epit. 1. ), that Masinissa was ninety years
with great vigour and fidelity, defying all the old at the time of his death, B. c. 148. According
efforts of the Greeks, after the failure of the Per to this account, he would be at this time about
sian expedition, to expel him. Xerxes honoured | twenty-five years of age.
reverence
3 94


## p. 968 (#984) ############################################

968
MASINISSA.
MASINISSA.
borse which Has
persone them
retuned to the
Lacin in the
the main body
w now foreza
coses with hi
facititas that
csalt ekranu
II, 4, 5, 9,
Apran, Pana
Beration on
dition to the effect produced by the success of the soon as bis wound was partially healed he once
Roman arms, and the great personal influence of more re-appeared among the Massylians, and
Scipio-an influence increased in this case by his quickly gathered around his standard an army of
generous conduct towards Massiva, a nephew of 10,000 men. Syphax now took the field against
Masinissa (MASSIVA]— the Numidian prince is him in person, and again obtained a decisive vic-
said to have been actuated by resentment against tory, Masinissa, with a small body of horsemen,
Hasdrubal, who had previously betrothed to him with difficulty cutting his way through the enemy's
his beautiful daughter Sophonisba, but violated his forces. He, however, effected his escape to the
engagement, in order to bestow her hand upon sea-coast, and there hovered about, at the head of
Syphax. (Appian, Pun. 10; Zonar. ix. 11, p. 436. ) a mere predatory band, until the landing of Scipio
The chronology of these events is, however, very in Africa B. C. 204, when he instantly joined him
uncertain : according to Livy, it was not till some with such a force as he had been able to collech
time after this that the betrothal of Sophonisba (Liv. xxix. 31–33 ; Appian, Pun. 10–13. ).
took place. (Liv. xxix. 23. ) But the defection The services he was now able to render his
of Masinissa still remained a secret ; meanwhile, Roman allies were neither few nor trifling. Almost
he rejoined Mago at Gades for a time, and then immediately after he had joined them he defeated
crossed over into Africa, where events had taken the Carthaginian cavalry under Hanno, the son of
place which drew all his attention to his paternal Hamilcar (HANNO, No. 23), and bore an important
dominions.
part in the night attack which ended in the con-
On the death of his father Gala, which had oc- Hagration of the two camps. of Hasdrubal and
curred during the time that he was in Spain, the Syphax. On this occasion, indeed, his intimate
crown had devolved, according, it is said, to the acquaintance with the habits of the enemy, and his
Numidian custom, on Oesalces, brother of the late intelligence of their plans, appear to have been of
king, and from him descended shortly after to his the most essential service to Scipio. The confidence
son Capusa. But the latter being a man of a feeble reposed in the Numidian chief both by that general
character, had been overthrown by Mezetulus, who and Laelius is the strongest testimony to his cha-
assumed the virtual sovereignty in the name of racter as a warrior, as well as to their opinion of
Lacumaces, the younger brother of Capusa. Against his fidelity, a much rarer quality among his coun-
this usurper Masinissa determined to direct his trymen. After the second defeat of the combined
arms, and after having in vain endeavoured to forces of Syphax and Hasdrubal, an event in which
obtain the support of Bocchar, king of Mauritania Masinissa had again taken a prominent part, he
he entered the confines of Numidia with a body of was despatched, together with Laelius, to pursue
only 500 horsemen. But, trifling as this force the fugitives: they recovered without opposition
might appear, he was able to strike a blow in the the whole country of the Massylians, and though
first instance which had nearly proved decisive-Syphax with indefatigable energy opposed to them
the young king Lacumaces having narrowly escaped a third army, he was not only again defeated, but
falling into his hands while travelling with a small himself made prisoner. Following up their ad-
escort to the court of Syphax. The old soldiers vantage, they quickly reduced Cirta, the capital of
and adherents of his father now flocked to the Syphax, and the stronghold where he had deposited
standard of Masinissa, who soon found himself at all his treasures. Among the captives that fell
the head of a respectable army, with which he was into their hands on this occasion was Sophonisba,
able to meet Mezetulus in the field, and having the wife of the Numidian king, and the same who
defeated him in a pitched battle, compelled both had been formerly promised in marriage to Masi-
him and the young king to take refuge in the nissa himself. The story of his hasty marriage
territories of Syphax. From thence they were with her, and its tragical termination, is too well
induced by the friendly promises of Masinissa to known to require to be here repeated. [Sopho-
return and take up their abode at his court, in an NISBA. ) To console him for his loss, as well as to
honourable though private station. (Liv. xxix. reward him for his obedience, Scipio now bestowed
29, 30. ) Masinissa now found himself established on Masinissa the title and insignia of royalty, and
on his father's throne ; but he was aware that a the possession of his hereditary dominions, bolding
more formidable danger threatened him on the out to him the prospect of eventually obtaining
side of Syphax, who, besides the enmity he na- those of his rival also ; and these honours were
turally entertained against his former foe, was immediately ratified by the senate at Rome. (Liv.
urged on by Hasdrubal, who appears to have been xxix. 34, xxx. 3—9, 11-17 ; Polyb. xiv. 3, 4, 8
conscious that he had offended Masinissa beyond 9 ; Appian, Pun. 14—22, 26—28 ; Zonar. ix. 12,
the possibility of forgiveness, and was anxious to 13. )
crush him before he could receive assistance from On the commencement of the negotiations for
Rome. The first attacks of Syphax were com- peace between Scipio and the Carthaginians (B. C.
pletely successful: Masinissa, totally defeated in 203), Masinissa quitted the Roman camp to es-
the first action, fled with a few horsemen to a tablish himself in the possession of his newly-
mountain fastness, from whence he made predatory acquired dominions. But the rupture of the treaty,
inroads into the territories both of Syphax and the and the landing of Hannibal in Africa, caused
Carthaginians. Here bis followers soon increased Scipio again to summon him in all baste to his
both in numbers and boldness, until Syphax, who assistance. Hannibal it is said made an attempt
had at first despised them, found it necessary to to detach him from the alliance of the Romans, but
send against him one of his generals named without effect, and he joined Scipio, with a force
Bocchar, whose measures were so efficiently taken of 6000 foot and 4000 horse, just before the battle
that he succeeded in cutting off the whole of Ma- of Zama (B. C. 202). In that decisive action he
sinissa's force, the king himself escaping from the commanded the cavalry of the right wing, and
field with only two followers, and badly wounded. contributed in no small degree to the successful
He lay concealed in a cave for some time, but as result of the day. After routing the Numidian
loving rear B
final peace bez
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treats as an a
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15. 18 ; Lir.
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the bead of


## p. 969 (#985) ############################################

MASINISSA.
969
MASINISSA.
:
horse which Hannibal had opposed to him, and Micipsa, to demand the restoration of the exiles.
pursuing them for a considerable distance, he But the adverse party at Carthage, at the head of
returned to the field in time to co-operate with which was Hasdrubal, the general (boëtharch) of
Laelius in the decisive charge that finally broke the republic, refused to admit the ambassadors
the main body of the Carthaginian infantry. He within the gates of the city, and even attacked
was now foremost in the pursuit, and pressed 80 them on their return, and blew some of their fol-
closely with his Numidian horsemen upon the lowers. Hereupon Masinissa invaded the Car
fugitives, that it is said Hannibal himself with thaginian territory, and laid siege to the city of
difficulty escaped falling into his hands. (Polyb. Oroscapa. Hasdrubal immediately took the ñeld
xv. 4, 5, 9, 12–15; Liv. xxx. 29, 33–35 ; against him with a considerable army, which was
Appian, Pun. 37, 41, 44–47. ) His zealous co soon swelled by the desertion of some of the Nu-
operation on this occasion was rewarded the fol- midian chieſs, and by other reinforcements, to the
lowing year (B. C. 201), on the conclusion of the amount of 58,000 men.
The first general engage-
final peace between Rome and Carthage, when he ment, though favourable to the Numidians, led to
was not only included in the protection of the no decisive result; and Scipio Aemilianus, who
treaty as an ally of the former, but obtained from bad accidentally arrived at the camp of Masinissa,
Scipio the possession of Cirta and the greater part interposed his good offices to bring about a recon-
of the territories which had belonged to Syphax, ciliation between the two parties. These, however,
in addition to his hereditary dominions. (Polyb. proved of no effect, Masinissa insisting on the
xv. 18 ; Liv. XXX. 44. )
surrender of the Numidian deserters, to which the
From this time till the commencement of the Carthaginians peremptorily refused to accede.
third Punis war there elapsed an interval of more Hostilities were consequently renewed, and Ma-
than fifty years, during the whole of which period sinissa so effectually surrounded the army of Has-
Masinissa continued to reign with undisputed au- drubal, in a position where he was cut off from all
thority over the countries thus subjected to his supplies, that after the greater part of his troops
rule. Ample as those dominions were, he appears had perished by famine and pestilence, he was
to have already cast a longing eye upon the fertile compelled to save the rest by an ignominious ca-
provinces still retained by his neighbours the Car- pitulation. Even this was shamefully violated,
thaginians : the certainty of support from the and many of the Carthaginians were put to the
Romans encouraged his covetousness, and the bis- sword while retreating unarmed and defenceless,
tory of this whole period presents nothing but a so that a very small part of their army returned in
continued series of aggressions on the part of safety to Carthage. (Appian, Pun. 70—73. )
Masinissa, ineffectual remonstrances on that of the This blow had effectually humbled the reviving
Carthaginians, and embassies repeatedly sent from power of Carthage, and the Romans now deter-
Rome to adjust their disputes, and nominally to mined to seize the opportunity of crushing for ever
enforce the observance of the treaty and regulations their once formidable rival. The negotiations
imposed by Scipio ; but these deputies had always which ensued, and which ultimately led to the
secret instructions to favour the cause of the Nu- commencement of the third Punic war (B. c. 149),
midian king, and where the injustice of his pre cannot be here related. The part which Masinissa
tensions were too flagmnt, they in several instances took in them is not distinctly mentioned, but it is
quitted Africa without coming to any decision at clear that he was by no means satisfied that the
all. The great object of dispute was the fertile Romans should take the matter into their own
district called Emporia, which Masinissa at length hands; and however much he might wish to see
proceeded to occupy with an armed force, but this his old enemies the Carthaginians humbled, was
exceeded the limits of even the Roman indulgence, far from desiring to see the Romans established in
and he was this time compelled to withdraw his Africa in their stead. Hence when hostilities had
troops.