No More Learning

To you, O my Sire, have I sent them, each one—
And the combatants lacking, the combat was done.
THE WRATH OF CAMILLA
From the 'Horace'
Horatius, the only survivor of the combat, advances to meet his sister
Camilla with Proculus at his side, bearing the swords of the three
one of whom was Camilla's betrothed. Camilla sur-
veys him with horror and disdain as he advances.
slain Curatii
Camilla-
ORATIUS -Lo, sister, the arm that hath brothers avenged! -
H
The arm that our fate so contrary has checked,
The arm that makes Alba our own; and to-day
By one deed the lot of two nations hath fixed.
See these tokens of honor-my glory's attest.
Do thou pay the tribute now due to my fame.
Receive then my tears: for my tears are thy due.
after action so bold.
the combat's dark fate,
Nay, Rome likes them not,
Our brothers, both slain by
Are avenged by this blood no more weeping demand.
If a loss be so paid, then the loss is no more.
Horatius-
Camilla
Horatius-
Camilla
-
―
Horatius
Since thou deemest my brothers by blood so appeased,
I will cease to show sign of my grief for their death;
But who shall avenge me my lover's death, say?
And make me forget in one moment such loss?
What sayest thou, unhappy?
――――――
O beloved Curiace!
4075
O boldness disgraceful, from sister disgraced!
The name on thy lips and the love in thy heart
Of the foe of our people, whose conquest is mine!


## p. 4076 (#450) ###########################################

4076
PIERRE CORNEILLE
Thy criminal flame to such vengeance aspires!
Thou darest to utter such thought of thy heart!
Follow passion the less, better rule thy desire:
Make me not so to blush that thy sighs are not hid;
From this moment thou owest to smother thy flame,
Free thy heart from them- dwell on these trophies instead,
And make them from this hour thy sole pleasure in life.
Camilla
―――
Nay, first give me, cruel, a heart hard as thine,
And if thou wilt seek all my spirit to read,
Give me back Curiace, or my passion let glow.
My joy and my grief of his lot are a part;
Him living I loved him in death I deplore.
No more find me sister-deserted by thee!
Behold in me only a woman outraged,
Who like to some Fury pursuing thy steps-
Unceasing shall charge thee with trespass so great!
O tiger, blood-gorged, who forbiddest my tears,
Who would see me find joy in this death thou hast wrought,
Who vauntest to Heaven itself such a deed,
Shall I by approval bring death to him—twice?
Misfortunes so dire, may they follow thy life
That thou fallest to envying even my own!
Oh, soon by some cowardice mayest thou blot
This glory thy brutal soul reckons so dear!
Horatius-
O heavens! hath any an equal rage seen?
Dost thou think I could brook, all unmoved, such offense ?
That race could endure a dishonor so deep?
Love, love thou the death which means good to thy State,
Prefer to thy passion and thoughts of this man
The sentiment due to a daughter of Rome!
Camilla-
Rome! Object supreme of the wrath that I feel!
This Rome, to whose aid came thy arm-and my loss;
Rome, city that bore thee-by thee so adored!
Rome, hated the more for its honoring thee!
O may each of her neighbors together in league
Sap every foundation, as yet so unsure!
Nay, if Italy be not enough to the fall,
Let the East and the West for her ruin unite;
Let peoples conjoined from the four winds of heaven,
Be met to her downfall; let hills aid, and seas;
O'erthrown on her walls may she prostrate be cast,


## p. 4077 (#451) ###########################################

PIERRE CORNEILLE
4077
Torn out by her own hands, her entrails be strewn!
May the anger of Heaven, here kindled by me,
Rain down on her dwellings a deluge of fire!
O grant that mine own eyes such thunderbolt see! -
See her mansions in ashes, her laurels in dust,
See the latest of Romans yielding his last breath,
I cause of it all- I dying of joy!
[With the last words Camilla rushes from the apartment. Horace snatches
his sword and pursues her, exclaiming:—]
Oh too much! Even reason to passion gives place.
Go, weep thou thy lost Curiace in the shades!
[After an instant is heard behind the scenes the shriek of the wounded
Camilla:-]
Ah, traitor!
Horace [returning to the stage]-
S
――――
Receive thou quick chastisement, due
Whomsoever shall dare Roman foe to lament.
EVERUS
Unrhymed literal version in the metre of the original, by E. Irenæus
Stevenson.
Paulina
.
PAULINA'S APPEAL TO SEVERUS
From Polyeucte
I stand agaze,
Rooted, confounded, in sheer wonderment.
Such blind resolve is so unparalleled,
I scarce may trust the witness of mine ears.
A heart that loves you-and what heart so poor
That knowing, loves you not? —one loved of you,
To leave regretless so much bliss just won!
Nay, more - as though it were a fatal prize —
To his corrival straight to yield it up!
Truly, or wondrous manias Christians have,
Or their self-happiness must be sans bourn,
Since to attain it they will cast away
What others at an empire's cost would win.
For me, had fate, a little sooner kind,
--
Blessed my true service with your hand's reward,
The glory of your eyes had been my worship;
My twin kings had they reigned-kings? nay, my gods!
To dust, to powder, had I grinded been
E'er I had-
Hold! let me not hear too much;
Let not the smoldering embers of old time


## p. 4078 (#452) ###########################################

4078
PIERRE CORNEILLE
Relume to speech unworthy of us both.
Severus, know Paulina utterly:
His latest hour my Polyeuctus nears;
Nay, scarce a minute has he yet to live.
You all unwittingly have been the cause
Of this his death. I know not if your thoughts,
Their portals opening to your wish's knock,
Have dared to some wild hope give harboring,
Based upon his undoing; but know well,
No death so cruel I would not boldly front,
Hell hath no tortures I would not endure,
Or e'er my stainless honor I would spot,
My hand bestowing upon any man
Who anywise were his death's instrument.
And could you for such madness deem me apt,
Hate would replace my erstwhile tender love.
You're generous still be so, to the end:
My father fears you; is in mood to grant
All you might ask; ay, I e'en dare aver
That if my husband he do sacrifice,
"Twill be to you. Save then your hapless victim;
Bestir yourself; stretch him your helping hand!
That this is much to claim of you, I know,
But more the effort's great, the more the glory!
To save a rival 'spite of rivalry
Were greatness all particular to you.
And-be that not enough for your renown
'Twere much to let a woman erst so loved,
And haply who may yet be somewhat dear,
Her greatest treasure owe to your great heart.
In fine, remember that you are Severus!
Adieu! alone determine of your course;
For if you be not all I think you are,
I'd still, not knowing it, believe you such.
English Translation by W. F. Nokes.


## p. 4079 (#453) ###########################################

4079
VICTOR COUSIN
(1792-1867)
LL Philosophy, past and present, has been based on the at-
tempt to make abstract ideas clear. The questions Cousin
endeavors to answer are:-" Do ideas exist apart from
Being and Knowledge; and if so, on what are they founded? " and
his answer involves his whole doctrine.
Victor Cousin, the son of a watchmaker of Voltairean principles
and of a laundress of strong religious convictions, was born in Paris
on November 28th, 1792. But in spite of his humble origin he
obtained a brilliant education, and through
the force of his genius lived to have pre-
cedence at court over his social superiors.
The little gamin owed his start in life to
Madame Viguier, who placed him at school.
On leaving college, from which he was
graduated first in his class at the age
of eighteen, he could have obtained a
position in the Council of State at a yearly
salary of five thousand francs; but he pre-
ferred to enter the Normal School, then
but recently established, with the intention
of teaching literature. The impression
made upon him by Laromiguière's lectures
on philosophy decided him to devote him-
self to the latter branch of study. Philosophy, to Cousin, was not
only a keen delight but a battle as well. Many systems were then
arrayed against each other; these in turn fascinated, his imagination
and excited his enthusiasm, - first the sensual school, then Scottish
philosophy as developed by Royer-Collard and Maine de Biran; then
Kant, Schelling, Hegel, whose genius he was the first to recognize;
and later, Plotinus, Descartes, and Leibnitz. All these doctrines, as
he expounded them in his lectures, simmered in his imagination for
a while, and unconsciously modifying each other, left a deposit from
which arose eclecticism.

VICTOR COUSIN
There was a dearth of French men of letters when Cousin reached
manhood. To become a fashionable lecturer it was only necessary
to speak of literature and philosophy in elegant language; and as to


## p. 4080 (#454) ###########################################

4080
VICTOR COUSIN
these requirements the young orator added a poetic imagination, he
became famous at once.
One of Cousin's distinguishing qualities was the impetus he gave
to other minds. His lectures created positive fanaticism. But twenty
years of age, his delicate face was lighted up with magnificent dark
eyes which emitted fire as his own enthusiasm grew. He had a fine
voice, was a finished comedian, a poet rather than a deep or original
thinker, a preacher rather than a professor, and looked like "a tri-
bune and apostle in one. "
It is difficult to understand nowadays the enthusiasm aroused by
Cousin's philosophy, or the attacks upon it. He advanced no new
truths. No objection could be made to a belief in God, the spirit-
uality and immortality of the soul, and moral liberty. But Cousin
went further. He wished to establish philosophy on an independent
basis; to found an intermediate school that would not clash with
religion, but subsist side by side with, though independent of and in
a certain measure controlling it. This aroused the hostility of the
Church without satisfying the extremists, who clamored for more rad-
ical doctrines. After 1820, when the Normal School was suppressed,
Cousin had recourse to private teaching, and devoted his leisure to
editing the classics. His edition of Plato occupied him many years.
"Every man's life should contain one monument and several epi-
sodes," he declared; and his Plato, he believed, was destined to be
his « monument. "
When Cousin was restored to his chair in 1828, he brought with
him a new philosophy which fulfilled the aspirations of the rising
generation, whose idol he became. During this course he propounded
a few transcendental theories borrowed from Hegel and Schelling,
emitted several contestable historical views, and distributed all the
doctrines he knew,- and, add his enemies, all those he did not
know,- into four divisions. Taken as a whole, Cousin's system has
far more in common with Christianity than with pantheism.
During the next three years he made rapid strides in his career.
He had taken no part in the July Revolution, but his friends were
placed in office by that event, and through their influence he became
successively member of the Royal Council of Public Instruction,
member of the Academy, and Peer of France.
Cousin was in virtual control of French philosophy when, in 1830
he resigned his chair to become Director of the Sorbonne. To his
new task he brought an intelligence matured by time; and the twenty
years of his administration were fruitful of good results.
He formed
a corps of learned professors, perfected the study of French, and
placed philosophy on a sound basis. His indefatigable activity, breadth
of view, and devotion to teaching made him an admirable director of


## p. 4081 (#455) ###########################################

VICTOR COUSIN
4081
Each one was
He regulated
a school destined to train the professors of a nation.
encouraged to take up an original line of research.
the position of the Sorbonne towards religion, instructing the teach-
ers that belief in God, free-will, and duty was to be inculcated.
Not being of a naturally tender disposition, Cousin may not have
loved the students for themselves, but he passionately loved talent,
and exerted himself to foster and develop it. Of a disdainful, sar-
castic turn of mind, Cousin's mordant wit was well known and greatly
feared. His habits were frugal, and though he dressed badly, he was
prodigal with regard to books. He nowhere appeared to better
advantage than in his library at the Sorbonne, where so many of his
books were written. He could talk magnificently on any subject-
for an hour; after that, his own eloquence carried him beyond all
bounds and he was apt to indulge in paradox. Guizot said of him:
"C'est l'esprit qui a le plus besoin de garde-fou. " (His is a mind
which has the greatest need of restraint. ) His voice was wonderfully
expressive: witty sayings, comparisons, anecdotes, crowded upon his
tongue; as a rule he absorbed the entire conversation and created a
sensation, as he loved to do.
Liberal in matters of philosophy rather than in politics, Cousin
engaged in a battle with the clergy, to whom however he cheerfully
conceded the rights granted by the Charter, and a certain preponder-
ance in the schools. He considered it criminal to attack religion,
and required it to be taught in the primary schools, though he
excluded it from the University, where it might clash with philoso-
phy. Towards the end of his life he entered into a correspondence
with the Pope to prevent The True, the Beautiful, the Good' from
being placed on the Index Expurgatorius, and obtained his point
only after lengthy negotiations.
In the earlier years of his life, Cousin's poetic temperament, aided
by youth, carried him towards pure philosophy and German ideas.
The word pantheism however grew to be a very abomination to
him; but storm and protest as he would, it pursued him all his life;
his lyric descriptions of God were rigidly interpreted according to
pantheistic formulæ, and hurled at his head until he cried "Enough! "
"This is the truth," was answered back, though he had long since
erased that compromising indorsement of Schelling's system.
Debarred from both politics and teaching at the age of sixty, with
intellect and vitality unimpaired, Cousin devoted the fourteen remain-
ing years of his life to literature; and now that the eclectic philos-
ophy is considered merely a brilliant but fleeting system which has
lived its day, we still turn with pleasure to his 'Biographies. '
It was by study of the seventeenth century that Cousin's purely
literary career began. He relates facts and penetrates the nature of
VII-256


## p. 4082 (#456) ###########################################

4082
VICTOR COUSIN
his characters. Taine declares that when at last the lovely face of
Madame de Longueville does appear, crash goes a pile of folios to
the floor! Nevertheless, strength and energy characterize Cousin's
style, and make good his dictum "Style is movement. " To the
very end, Cousin retained the spontaneous emotion of youth. The
quality of vehemence everywhere so apparent in these 'Biographies'
presupposes an intense emotion which is communicated from the
writer to the reader.
It was a current joke among the professors of the Sorbonne that
her biographer was in love with Madame de Longueville. "Every one
knows that Cousin is the chevalier servant of Madame de Longue-
ville," writes Taine. "This noble lady has had the rare privilege
of making post-mortem conquests, and the solid walls of the Sor-
bonne have not protected M. Cousin from the darts of her beautiful
eyes. He is so deeply in love with her that he speaks of Condé (her
brother) as a brother-in-law, and of La Rochefoucauld (her lover) as
a rival. »
Cousin's critics take this retrospective infatuation too seriously.
It was merely an "episode" in his life; and when Sainte-Beuve said,
"Cousin's bust would one day have engraved beneath it: 'He wished
to found a great system of philosophy, and he loved Madame de
Longueville,»»- he was more witty than just. It is only fair to add
that Sainte-Beuve considered Cousin the most brilliant meteor that
had flashed across the sky of the nineteenth century.
In his later years, Cousin recommended 'The True, the Beautiful,
the Good' and his Philosophy of History' for perusal, in preference
to his other books. He was conscious of the drawback attendant
upon scattering his doctrines over so many books, and condensed
them in the former volume. Composed of brilliant and incomplete
fragments, if it does not constitute a systematic whole, the pages
relating to God and necessary and universal principles are however
full of grandeur, and will always endear it to humanity.
On the 2d of January, 1867, Cousin passed away during his sleep,
having been until the last in full possession of the lucidity and vigor
which characterized his mind. He left his fine library to the State,
with ample funds for its maintenance. He has had the privilege of
living in the books of many distinguished men whose minds he
trained, whose careers he advanced, and who have recorded in brill-
iant pages the debt owed him, not by themselves alone, but by all
Frenchmen of succeeding generations.


## p. 4083 (#457) ###########################################

VICTOR COUSIN
4083
PASCAL'S SKEPTICISM
From 'Les Pensées de Pascal'
ASCAL was skeptical of philosophy, not of religion. It is
P because he is skeptical in philosophical matters, and recog-
nizes the powerlessness of reason and the destruction of
natural truth among men, that he clings desperately to religion
as the last resource of humanity.
What is philosophical skepticism? It is a philosophical opinion
which consists in rejecting philosophy as unfounded, on the ground
that man of himself is incapable of reaching any truth, and still
less those truths which constitute what philosophy terms natural
morals and religion, such as free-will; the law of duty; the
distinction between good and evil, the saint and the sinner; the
holiness of virtue; the immateriality of the soul; and divine
providence. Skepticism is not the enemy of any special school
of philosophy, but of all.
Pascal's Pensées' are imbued with philosophical skepticism;
Pascal is the enemy of all philosophy, which he rejected utterly.
He does not admit the possibility of proving God's existence;
and to demonstrate the impotence of reason, he invented a
desperate argument. We can ignore truth, but we cannot ignore
our own interest, the interest of our eternal happiness. Accord-
ing to him, we must weigh the problem of divine Providence
from this point of view. If God does not exist, it cannot hurt
us to believe in him; but if by chance he should exist, and
we do not believe in him, the consequences to us would be ter-
rible.
"Let us examine this point of view and say: God is, or he is
not," writes Pascal. "To which belief do we incline? Reason is
powerless to solve the question for us. Chaos separates us from
its solution. At the extreme end of this infinite distance, a game
is being played in which heads or tails will turn up. What do
we win in either case? Through the power of mere reason we
can neither prove nor disprove God's existence; through the
power of reason we can defend neither proposition. "
On this foundation, not of truth but of interest, Pascal founds
the celebrated calculation to which he applies the law of chance.
Here is the conclusion he reaches: "In the eyes of Reason, to
believe or not to believe in God (the for and against, or as I
say, the game of 'croix ou pile') is equally without consequence;


## p. 4084 (#458) ###########################################

4084
VICTOR COUSIN
but in the eyes of interest the difference is infinite, because the
Infinite is to be gained or lost thereby. "
Pascal considers skepticism legitimate, because philosophy or
natural reason is incapable of attaining to certitude; he affirms
"the sole rôle of reason to be the renouncement of reason; that
true philosophy consists in despising philosophy. "
The God of Abraham, the God of Jacob, not the God of
savants and philosophers, is the God of Pascal. He caught a
gleam of light, and believed he had found peace in submission to
Christ and his confessor. Doubt yielded to grace; but vanquished
doubt carried reason and philosophy in its train.
MADAME DE LONGUEVILLE
From the Life of Madame de Longueville'
WHA
HAT a number of accomplished women the seventeenth cen-
tury produced,-women who inspired adoration, drew all
hearts towards them, and spread among all ranks the
cultus of beauty, termed by Europe, French gallantry! They
accompany this great century upon its too rapid flight, and mark
its principal moments. Madame de Longueville has her place in
the brilliant galaxy of seventeenth-century women by the right
of true beauty and rare charm.
Born in 1619, in the prison of Vincennes, during the captivity
of her father, Henri de Bourbon,- whose wife, the beautiful
Marguerite de Montmorency, shared his imprisonment,- Mademoi-
selle de Bourbon grew in grace under the care of her mother,
dividing her time between the Carmelite Convent and the Hôtel
de Rambouillet, nourishing her soul upon pious and romantic
books. Married at the age of twenty-three to a man twenty-
three years her senior, she found that M. de Longueville, instead
of trying by tenderness to make his young wife forget this dis-
parity, followed the triumphal car of the famous Duchesse de
Montbazon, the veriest coquette of the century. Insulted by her
rival, neglected by her husband, Madame de Longueville yielded
by degrees to the contagion in the midst of which she lived,
and after having spent some time at the frivolous court of
Münster, was fascinated on her return to Paris by the wit,
chivalrous appearance, and distinguished manners of the Prince
de Marcillac, afterwards Duc de la Rochefoucauld. This intimacy
decided her career, the first part of which it closed in 1648.


## p. 4085 (#459) ###########################################

VICTOR COUSIN
4085
The vicissitudes of the Fronde; love, as it was understood at
the Hôtel Rambouillet,- that is, love à la Scudéry, with its
enchantments, its sufferings, intermingled with danger and
glory, crossed by adventures, triumphant over the greatest tests,
yielding finally to its own weakness and exhausting itself,- such
is the second period of Madame de Longueville's life, a period
so short, and yet so crowded with events, which began in 1648
and ended towards the middle of 1654. After 1654 Madame
de Longueville's life was one long repentance, daily growing in
austerity; passed first by the bedside of her husband, and then
at the Carmelite Convent and at Port-Royal, where she died in
1679.
First, spotless brilliancy; then sin and prompt expiation.
Thus is divided the career of Madame de Longueville. A
famous beauty, she possessed height and a fine figure. Her
eyes were of the tenderest blue; her light-brown hair, of excep-
tional fineness, fell in abundant curls around the graceful oval
of her face and rippled over her shoulders, which were fully
exposed in accordance with the fashion of the time. Add to
these attractions a complexion whose fairness, delicacy, and soft
brilliancy justified its being compared with a pearl. Her charm-
ing skin reflected all the emotions of her soul. She spoke in
the softest voice; her gestures harmonized with her face and
voice, making perfect music. But her greatest charm was a
graceful ease of manner, a languor which had brilliant awaken-
ings when she was moved by passion, but which in every-day
life gave her an appearance of aristocratic indifference, of indo-
lence, frequently mistaken for ennui or disdain.
Madame de Longueville loved but one person. For his sake
she sacrificed repose, interest, duty, and reputation.
For his sake
she embarked upon the rashest and most contradictory enter-
prises. La Rochefoucauld drew her into the Fronde; it was he
who made her advance or retreat, who separated her from or
reconciled her with her family, who controlled her absolutely.
In his hands she became a heroic instrument. Passion and pride
had their share in the life of adventure she faced so bravely;
but what a soul she must have possessed, to find consolation in
struggles such as these! And as so often happens, the man for
whom she made these sacrifices was unworthy of them. Witty
but selfish, he judged others by himself. Subtle in evil as
she was in good, full of selfish cunning in the pursuit of his


## p. 4086 (#460) ###########################################

4086
VICTOR COUSIN
interests, the least chivalrous of men though he affected the
semblance of the highest chivalry, when he believed that Madame
de Longueville was yielding to the influence of the Duc de
Nemours, he turned against her, blackened her reputation,
revealed the weaknesses by which he had profited, and when
she was struggling to repair her mistakes by the rigid mortifica-
tion of the cloister, he published those Mémoires' in which he
tore her to pieces.
La Rochefoucauld made his peace with the court.
He even
rode in Mazarin's carriages, saying with inimitable aplomb,
"Everything comes to pass in France;" he obtained a pension
for himself, a fine position for his son; and was worshiped by
lovely women, one of whom, Madame de Lafayette, replaced
Madame de Longueville and consecrated her life to him.
How different was Madame de Longueville's conduct! Love
led her into the Fronde, love kept her there; when love failed
her, everything failed her. The proud heroine who waged war
against Mazarin, who sold her jewels, braved the ocean, aroused
the North and South, and held the royal authority at bay, with-
drew from the scene at the age of thirty-five, in the full matu-
rity of her beauty, when her own interest was alone at stake.
To understand Madame de Longueville's character, to exon-
erate her from the charge of inconsistency or want of purpose,
the unity of her life must be sought in her devotion to the man
she loved. It is there in its entirety and unchangeableness; at
once triumphant, absurd, and pathetic in the midst of the great-
est follies. Her recklessness was inspired by the fickle restless
mind of La Rochefoucauld. It was he who drifted from one fac-
tion to another, moved by his own interest alone. To Madame
de Longueville herself belong her courage in the face of danger;
a certain secret delight in the extremity of misfortune; and in
defeat a pride not inferior to that of De Retz himself. She does
not drop her eyes; she directs her gaze towards worthier objects.
Once wounded in that which was most precious to her — her love
--she bade adieu to the world, without currying favor with the
court, and asking pardon of God alone.
(


## p. 4087 (#461) ###########################################

VICTOR COUSIN
4087
MADAME DE CHEVREUSE
From the Life of Madame de Chevreuse
M
ADAME DE CHEVREUSE was endowed with almost all the quali-
ties constituting political genius. One alone was wanting,
and this was precisely the master quality without which
all the others lead but to the ruin of their possessor. She was
incapable of keeping in view a steady aim, or rather of choosing
her own aim; some one else always directed her choice. She
had an essentially feminine temperament; therein lay the secret
of her strength and weakness. Her spring of action was love, or
rather gallantry; and the interest of the man she loved became
for the time being her main object in life. This accounts for
the wonderful sagacity, subtlety and energy she expended in the
pursuit of a chimerical aim which constantly eluded her grasp,
and which seemed to charm her by the spell of its difficulty and
danger. La Rochefoucauld accuses her of bringing misfortune
upon all who loved her. It were more just to say that all whom
she loved drew her into foolhardy enterprises.
Richelieu and Mazarin left no stone unturned to attach
Madame de Chevreuse to their interests. Richelieu considered
her an enemy worthy of his steel; he exiled her several times,
and when after his death the doors of France were opened to
the men he had proscribed, the Cardinal's implacable resentment
survived in the soul of the dying Louis XIII. , who closed them
to her.
If you turn to Mazarin's confidential letters you will see what
intense anxiety this beautiful conspirator caused him in 1643.
During the Fronde, he had reason to congratulate himself on
having effected a reconciliation with her and followed her wise.
advice. In 1660, when the victorious Mazarin signed the treaties.
of Westphalia and the Pyrenees, and Don Luis de Haro con-
gratulated him on the peace which was about to succeed to years
of storms, the Cardinal answered that peace was not possible in
a country where even women were to be feared. "You Span-
iards can speak lightly of such matters, since your women are
interested in love alone; but things are different in France, where
there are three women quite capable of upsetting the greatest
kingdom in the world; namely, the Duchess of Longueville, the
Princess Palatine, and the Duchess of Chevreuse. "


## p. 4088 (#462) ###########################################

4088
VICTOR COUSIN
COMPARISON BETWEEN MADAME DE HAUTEFORT AND
MADAME DE CHEVREUSE
From the Life of Madame de Chevreuse
F^
ATE placed them both in the same century, in the same party
and in the midst of the same events; but far from resem
bling each other, they illustrate opposite poles of the char-
acter and destiny of women. Both were ravishingly beautiful,
brilliantly intelligent, unflinchingly courageous: but one was as
as she was beautiful, uniting grace with majesty and inspir-
ing respect as well as love. The favorite of a king, not a sus-
picion touched her; proud to haughtiness with the great and
powerful, sweet and compassionate to the oppressed; loving
greatness and prizing virtue above the esteem of the world;
combining the wit of a précieuse, the daintiness of a fashionable
beauty, with the intrepidity of a heroine and the dignity of a
great lady, she left an odor of sanctity behind her.
The other possessed even greater powers of fascination and
an irresistible charm. Witty but ignorant; thrown into the
midst of party excesses and thinking but little of religion; too
great a lady to submit to restraint; bowing only to the dictates
of honor; abandoned to gallantry and making light of all else;
despising danger and public opinion for the sake of the man.
she loved; restless rather than ambitious, freely risking her life
and that of others; and after spending her youth in intrigues
and plots, and strewing her path with victims, traveling through
Europe as captive and conqueror and turning the heads of kings;
having seen Chalais ascend the scaffold, Châteauneuf dismissed
from the ministry, the Duc de Lorraine stripped of his possess-
ions, Buckingham assassinated, the King of Spain launched upon
a disastrous war, Queen Anne humiliated, and Richelieu trium-
phant; defiant to the last, always ready to play a part in that
game of politics which had become a passion with her, to descend
to the lowest intrigues or to take the most reckless course of
action; seeing the weakness of her enemy, and daring enough
to undertake his ruin: Madame de Chevreuse was
a devoted
friend, an implacable enemy, the most redoubtable adversary of
both Richelieu and Mazarin.
-


## p. 4089 (#463) ###########################################

4089
ABRAHAM COWLEY
(1618-1667)
BY THOMAS R. LOUNSBURY
BRAHAM COWLEY, the posthumous son of a citizen and stationer
of London, was born in that city in the latter half of 1618.
His early education was received at Westminster school.
In 1637 he became a scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge, where in
1639 he took the degree of B. A. , and in 1642 that of M. A. During
the civil commotions that followed, he was ejected from Cambridge
University and withdrew to Oxford, which had become for the time
being the headquarters of the royalist party. While there he not
only continued his studies, but was present
and in service in several of King Charles's
journeys and expeditions. He finally be-
came secretary to Lord Jermyn, who at the
Restoration was created Earl of St. Albans.
In this capacity he followed to France the
Queen Henrietta Maria, who had left Eng-
land for that country in 1644, and was
there busily engaged in political intrigues
to aid the cause of her husband. In her
service Cowley was diligently employed.
and was dispatched on missions to Jersey,
Scotland, Flanders, and Holland. His prin-
cipal and most absorbing occupation, how-
ever, was carrying on the cipher correspondence that took place
between the King and the Queen. This, and duties allied to this,
were so engrossing that according to Sprat, his intimate friend and
first biographer, they "for some years together took up all his days
and two or three nights every week. "
ABRAHAM COWLEY
After the execution of Charles, Cowley remained in France until
1656. Then he returned to England, practically to play the part of a
spy, if the testimony of the authority already quoted can be trusted.
Once there, he was arrested and imprisoned, but subsequently was
allowed to go at liberty on bail. After the death of Cromwell he
went back to France. He returned at the Restoration, only to meet
with the neglect which was incurred by all the followers of the
exiled monarch who made the mistake of combining an objectionable



## p. 4090 (#464) ###########################################

4090
ABRAHAM COWLEY
sobriety and decency of life with loyalty to the house of Stuart.
Furthermore, certain things he had done had made him an object of
pretended suspicion. He had been created in 1657 a Doctor of Medi-
cine by the University of Oxford, in obedience to an order of the
government. There were passages also in the preface prefixed to the
edition of his works published in 1656, which were taken to imply
submissive acquiescence on his part in the new order of things.
These were satisfactory pretexts for disregarding claims which the
self-sacrificing service of years had established. The mastership of
the Savoy, which he expected and which he had a right to expect,
was given to another. But at last, more fortunate than many of his
fellow-sufferers, he received through the influence of the Earl of St.
Albans and the Duke of Buckingham a provision sufficient to main-
tain him in comfort. Withdrawing entirely from public life, he lived
successively at Barn Elms and at Chertsey in Sussex. At the latter
place he died on July 18th, 1667, and was buried in Westminster
Abbey.
Such is a brief outline of the career of the man who during his
lifetime was the most popular of English poets. In spite of occa-
sional intervals of good fortune, it is on the whole a melancholy
story. Such it seemed to Cowley himself. In the essay entitled
'Of Myself,' quoted below, and in The Complaint,' we get not only
further details of the author's personal fortunes, but an insight into
the feelings of disappointment and dejection which came over him,
as he contrasted the difference between what he had hoped and
expected and what he had succeeded in achieving or gaining. We
learn from the preface to the volume published in 1656, that long
before that time he had been eager to withdraw from the harassing
occupations in which much of his time had already been wasted, and
to spend the remainder of his days in seclusion and study. "My
desire," he then wrote, "has been for some years past (though the
execution has been accidentally diverted), and does still vehemently
continue, to retire myself to some of our American plantations; not
to seek for gold or to enrich myself with the traffic of those parts,
which is the end of most men that travel thither, . . . but to
forsake this world forever, with all the vanities and vexations of it,
and to bury myself in some obscure retreat there, but not without
the consolations of letters and philosophy. "
There seems no reason to doubt the genuineness of the feeling
thus expressed, and there is little difficulty in tracing it to its cause.
Unquestionably the political situation had a good deal to do with its
manifestation at that particular time; but the source of his dejection
lay deeper than any temporary overthrow of the side with which he
sympathized. Cowley's career, however successful, had not fulfilled


## p. 4091 (#465) ###########################################

ABRAHAM COWLEY
4091
the extraordinary promise of his youth. He made his appearance as
a man of letters long before he became a man. Of all authors in
our own tongue, perhaps in any tongue, he was the most precocious.
This is not to say that others have not written as early as he, but
that no one who wrote so early has written so well. In 1633, when
he was but fifteen years old, he brought out a little volume contain-
ing over a thousand lines and entitled 'Poetical Blossomes. ' It was
made up mainly of two productions, entitled respectively Constantia
and Philautus' and 'Pyramus and Thisbe. ' Of this work a second
edition appeared in 1636, with a number of additional poems. In
the epistle prefixed to this impression, he states that Pyramus and
Thisbe' was composed at ten years of age and Constantia and
Philautus' at thirteen. But much more important than either, ap-
peared in this volume of 1636 a poem entitled 'A Vote. ' It consists
of eleven stanzas, the last three of which, with a few slight verbal
alterations, were cited by Cowley in his essay upon himself. This
poetry, which he never surpassed, he there tells us was written when
he was thirteen years old. The early date given to its composition.
may have been due to a slip of memory; at any rate it was not
until 1636 that the piece appeared in print. But even were it not
written till the very year in which it was published, it must be re-
garded as a marvelous production for a boy, not alone for the poetic
ability displayed in it, but for the philosophic view it takes of life.
A third edition of 'Poetical Blossomes' appeared in 1637. In 1638
came out a pastoral comedy, written while he was king's scholar in
Westminster School, and called 'Love's Riddle. ' During that same
year a Latin comedy entitled 'Naufragium Joculare' had been acted
by the students of Trini College, and a little later was published.
All the works mentioned, it will be seen, had been produced by him
before he had completed, and most of them in fact before he had
reached, his twentieth year. For one further dramatic production he
is also responsible at a very early age. In 1641, when the King's
son Charles (afterwards Charles II. ) passed through Cambridge, Cow-
ley "made extempore," as he says, a comedy which was acted, for
the entertainment of the Prince, at Trinity College on March 12th.
It was called 'The Guardian,' and in 1650 it was published.
At a
later period it was rewritten by the author, and in 1661 was brought
out at the theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields with a fair degree of suc-
cess. It was then entitled 'Cutter of Coleman Street. '
From the time of leaving Cambridge, though he did not cease
writing, nothing of his was published for a long while, at least un-
der his own name. In 1647 appeared a volume entitled 'The Mis-
tress'; but even this the publisher professed to bring out wholly on
his own responsibility. The work consisted entirely of love poems,


## p. 4092 (#466) ###########################################

4092
ABRAHAM COWLEY
and the very doubtful assertion is steadily repeated in all notices of
Cowley's life that they became the favorite ones of the age.
If so,
the age must have been peculiarly frigid in its feelings. Whatever
excellences these pieces possess, they are not the excellences that
characterize love poetry. It is hardly possible to speak of them as
the transcript of any personal experiences. They are rather aca-
demic exercises, intellectual disquisitions upon the general subject of
love, than the impassioned utterances of a man whose feelings have
ever been profoundly stirred. The Greek scholar Joshua Barnes,
who flourished a little later, declared that in spite of the sentiments
expressed in these pieces, and in a subsequent poem called 'The
Chronicle,' Cowley was never in love but once in his life. It could
not be proved on the evidence of the verses contained in The Mis-
tress that he was ever in love at all. Still, if the poems lack
fervor, they often exhibit ingenuity and grace.
On his return to England during the Protectorate he brought out
a collected edition of his works in folio. It was published in 1656,
and amongst the matter which then appeared for the first time were
the odes written in professed imitation of Pindar. The composition
of these set a literary fashion which did not die out till the latter
half of the next century. To write so-called Pindaric odes became
one of the regular duties of all who were in doubt about their poetic
inspiration, and felt called upon to convince others as well as them-
selves of their possession of it. But Cowley introduced the term and
not the thing. He seems to have fancied that to produce lines with
a different number of feet, and stanzas with a different number of
lines, was the proper method of representing the measure. But Pin-
dar's verse, if it can be called irregular at all, was regularly irregular.
Cowley's imitation was irregular and nothing else. Still, so great
was his influence, that a plentiful crop of these spurious reproduc-
tions of an imaginary metrical form sprang up in the literature of the
hundred years following the Restoration. Among them can occasion-
ally be found genuine imitations of Pindar's measure, such as are the
odes of Congreve and of Gray; but of the countless number of all
kinds produced, those of the last-named author are the only ones
that can be said still to survive.
Another production that made its first appearance in the folio of
1656 was part of an epic poem, which Cowley had begun while he
was at the university. Its subject was the life and exploits of King
David, and his intention was to complete it in the orthodox number
of twelve books. It would appear from his preface that the theme
was chosen from a sense of duty as well as from inclination. Poetry,
he there tells us, should no longer be pressed into the service of
fable. The Devil had stolen it and alienated it from the service of
"


## p. 4093 (#467) ###########################################

ABRAHAM COWLEY
4093
the Deity; and it was time to recover it out of the tyrant's power
and restore it to the kingdom of God. If this doctrine be true, it
must be conceded that Cowley's hands were not the ones to effect
the restoration. From what he did towards bringing about the result
he deemed desirable, it looks rather as if the craft of the great
Adversary of mankind had been put forth to defeat the end in view
by instigating this particular poet to undertake this particular task.
The 'Davideis' is written in rhymed heroic verse, of which Cowley
never gained the full mastery. There is nothing in the matter to
make amends for the versification, which is rarely well finished and
is not unfrequently rough and inharmonious. In truth, the dis-
tinguishing characteristic of the work as a whole is its well-sustained
tediousness. Fortunately it was not completed beyond the fourth
book; it would not have lessened Cowley's reputation if the first had
never been begun.
Cowley continued to write after this volume was published; but a
good deal of his later production was in the Latin tongue, and has
in consequence been condemned to perpetual obscurity. Interest in
that could be least expected to survive the general decay of interest
which gradually overtook his writings. His fame stood highest in
his own century, and he is perhaps as much underestimated now as
he was overestimated then. His collected works passed through
edition after edition, and by 1681 had reached the seventh.
Such a
sale in those days of mighty folios and comparatively few readers
indicated great and general popularity. But by the end of the cen-
tury his influence had begun to decline. Dryden at the outset of his
literary career had been one of his most fervent admirers; but in the
preface to his last book, which appeared in 1700, he censured his
faults severely, and declared that he had so sunk in his reputation.
that for ten impressions which his works had had in so many suc-
cessive years, scarcely a hundred copies were purchased during a
twelvemonth at the time of his writing. This statement reflected
more the feelings of the critic than it represented the actual facts,
for between 1699 and 1721 four editions of Cowley's works appeared.
Still it is none the less true that Cowley's reputation was then
steadily sinking, and was destined to sink still lower. In 1737 Pope
directly referred to the fact in the following lines, which have been
repeatedly quoted in connection with it:-
"Who now reads Cowley? If he pleases yet,
It is his moral pleases, not his wit;
Forgot his epic, nay, Pindaric art,
But still I love the language of his heart. "


## p. 4094 (#468) ###########################################

ABRAHAM COWLEY
4094
Between 1721 indeed and 1802 not a single separate edition of his
works was published; though selections were edited by Bishop Hurd
in the interval, and of course his poems were included in the great
collections of the booksellers, and of Anderson and Chalmers. In
1881 an edition limited to one hundred copies of his works in verse
and prose, for the first time completely collected, was brought out
by Grosart as a part of the Chertsey Worthies' Library.
The reasons for the decay of Cowley's reputation are not hard to
find. It was due to what Pope called his wit, or what more specifi-
cally was criticized by Addison in No. 62 of the Spectator as his
false wit. "He could never," says Dryden, << forgive any conceit
which came in his way, but swept like a drag-net great and small. ”
There are accordingly but few poems of his that can be read with
unmixed pleasure. Even when the piece as a whole is admirable, the
reader is always in danger of finding somewhat to jar upon his taste
in details. A passage containing lofty thoughts nobly expressed is
liable to be followed by another, in which forced and unnatural
images or far-fetched conceits utterly destroy the impression wrought
by the majestic simplicity of what has preceded. This inequality
began early to lower him in general esteem. Even as far back as
the seventeenth century, Lord Rochester is reported by Dryden as
having said of him very pertinently, if somewhat profanely, that
"Not being of God, he could not stand. "
From this censure, which is too applicable to most of his work,
there are portions that are absolutely free. These are his transla-
tions and his prose pieces. In the former - especially in his versions
of Anacreon - the necessity of adhering to his original rendered it
impracticable for him to go straying after these meretricious beauties
of style. But for them in the latter he seems never to have had the
least inclination. Here his expression never suffered from the per-
version of his taste. He preceded Dryden in introducing into our
language that simple structure, that easy natural mode of expression
which is peculiarly adapted to the genius of our tongue, and forms.
the greatest possible contrast to the Latinized diction, the involved
constructions, the sometimes stately but frequently cumbrous sen-
tences of the men of the former age, like Hooker and Milton.
Cowley was in fact the first regular writer of modern prose. In
certain particulars his work in that line has rarely been surpassed.
It is simple and straightforward, never sinking into commonplace
when treating of the common, never lacking in dignity when occa-
sion demands it to rise. The longest and most important of these
prose pieces nearly all of which are interspersed with poetry-is
the one entitled 'A Discourse concerning the Government of Oliver
Cromwell. It was written shortly after the Protector's death, though


## p. 4095 (#469) ###########################################

ABRAHAM COWLEY
4095
not published until 1661. In spite of the fact that it is mainly an
elaborate attack upon that great ruler, the opening pages prove how
profound had been the impression produced upon Cowley by the per-
sonality of the man.
Cowley is perhaps the chief of the poets who for some inexplica-
ble reason have been termed metaphysical. The peculiarities of
style which led to this school being so designated, were exemplified
in passages taken from his works, in the elaborate criticism given of
him by Dr. Johnson in the biography he prepared. To most persons
that account is now better known than the productions of the man
who was its subject. It is not to be expected indeed that Cowley
will ever again be a popular author. But he will always be a favor-
ite to a certain extent of a small body of cultivated men, who will
overlook his faults for the sake of the lofty morality couched in
lofty diction that is scattered through his writings, and even more
for that undertone of plaintive tenderness which Pope aptly styled
"the language of his heart. " In literary history he will have a place
of his own, as having founded in the so-called Pindaric odes a tem-
porary fashion of wr
g; and a more exalted position for having
been the pioneer in the production of our present prose style.
Thomas R. Lounsbury.
OF MYSELF
I
T is a hard and nice subject for a man to write of himself; it
grates his own heart to say anything of disparagement, and
the reader's ears to hear anything of praise from him. There
is no danger from me of offending him in this kind: neither my
mind nor my body nor my fortune allow me any materials for
that vanity. It is sufficient for my own contentment that they
have preserved me from being scandalous or remarkable on the
defective side. But besides that, I shall here speak of myself
only in relation to the subject of these precedent discourses, and
shall be likelier thereby to fall into the contempt than rise up to
the estimation of most people.
As far as my memory can return back into my past life,
before I knew, or was capable of guessing, what the world or
the glories or business of it were, the natural affections of my soul
gave me a secret bent of aversion from them, as some plants
are said to turn away from others by an antipathy imperceptible


## p. 4096 (#470) ###########################################

4096
ABRAHAM COWLEY
to themselves and inscrutable to man's understanding. Even
when I was a very young boy at school, instead of running
about on holy-days and playing with my fellows, I was wont to
steal from them and walk into the fields, either alone with a
book, or with some one companion if I could find any of the
same temper. I was then too so much an enemy to all con-
straint, that my masters could never prevail on me, by any per-
suasions or encouragements, to learn without book the common
rules of grammar; in which they dispensed with me alone,
because they found I made a shift to do the usual exercise out
of my own reading and observation.