The
victories
of Demaretus were empire.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
iïi.
Er.
1150.
p.
1331, &c.
, ed.
Lugd.
and so also are the works of Theophylact and Bat. ), J. Frederic Meyer (Chrysostomus Luthera-
Oecumenius, so much so that to those who wish to nus, Jena, 1680), with Hack's reply (S. J. Chry-
gain a knowledge of the results of his critical sostomus a Lutheranismo vindicatus, 1683), Cave
labours, the study of the two latter may be recom- (Script. Eccl. Hist. Litter. vol. i. ), Lardner (Credi-
mended as perfectly correct compilers from their bility of the Gospel Hist. part ií. vol. x. c. 118),
more prolix predecessor.
Tillemont (Mémoires Ecclésiastiques, vol. xi. pp. 1–
Of Chrysostom's powers as a preacher the best 405, &c. ), and Montfaucon, his principal editor.
evidence is contained in the history of his life; Gibbon's account (Decline and Fall, xxxii. ) is
there is no doubt that his eloquence produced the compiled from Palladius, Socrates, Sozomen, Theo-
deepest impression on his hearers, and while we doret, Tillemont, Erasmus, and Montfaucon. But
dissent from those who have ranked him with the best of all will be found in Neander (Kirchen-
Deinosthenes and Cicero, we cannot fail to admire gesch. ii. 3, p. 1440, &c. ), who has also published a
the power of his language in expressing moral in- separate life of Chrysostom.
dignation, and to sympathise with the ardent love Chrysostom's works were first published in Latin
of all that is good and noble, the fervent piety, and at Venice in 1303, Comment. impensa et studio
absorbing faith in the Christian revelation, which Bernardini Staynini Tridinensis et Gregorii de
pervade his writings. His faults are too great Gregoriis. Several editions followed at Basle, also
diffuseness and a love of metaphor and ornament. in Latin, and in 1523 the Homilies on Genesis were
He often repelled with indignation the applause translated there by Oecolampadius (Hauschein).
with which his sermons were greeted, exclaiming, In 1536 his works were published at Paris, but
“ The place where you are is no theatre, nor are the most famous edition which appeared in that
you now sitting to gaze upon actors. ” (Hom. xvii. city was cura Frontonis Ducaei, 1613, whose
Matt. vii. ) There are many respects in which he translation is much commended by Montfaucon.
shews the superiority of his understanding to the In Greek were first published at Verona, 1529,
general feelings of the age. We may cite as one the Honiilies on St. Paul's Epistles, edited by
example the fact, that although he had been a Gilbert Bishop of Verona, with a preface by Do-
monk, he was far from exalting monachism above natus, addressed to Pope Clement VII. In 1610-
the active duties of the Christian life. (See Hom. 13, the most complete collection of Chrysostom's
vii. in Heb. iv. ; Hom. vii. in Ephes. iv. ) “ How works which had yet appeared was publisbed
shall we conquer our enemies," he asks in one place, at Eton by Norton, the king's printer, under
“ if some do not busy themselves about goodness at the superintendence of Henry Savil, in 8 vols. :
all, while those who do withdraw from the battle? " this edition contained notes by Casaubon and
(Hom. vi. in 1 Cor. iv. ) Again, he was quite free others. In 1609, at Paris, F. Morell began to
from the view of inspiration which prevailed at publish the Greek text with the version of Ducaeus,
Alexandria, and which considered the Bible in a task which was completed by Charles Morell in
such a sense the word of God, as to overlook alto- 1633. Of this edition the text is compiled from
gether the human element in its composition, and that of Savil, and that of an edition of the Com-
the difference of mind and character in its authors. mentaries on the New Testament, published at
Variations in trifles he speaks of as proofs of truth Heidelberg by Commelin, 1591-1603. In 1718
(Hom. i. in Matth. ); so that he united the prin- -38 appeared, also at Paris, the editio optima by
cipal intellectual with the principal moral element Bernard de Montfaucon, in 13 vols. folio. He has
necessary for an interpretator of Scripture, a critical endeavoured to ascertain the date of the different
habit of mind with a real depth of Christian feel works, has prefixed to most of them a short dis-
ing. At the same time he was not always free sertation on the circumstances under which it was
2 z
## p. 706 (#726) ############################################
706
CHTHONIA.
CHUMNUS.
tom.
written, with an inquiry into its authenticity, and Hymn. 70. 1), but especially of Demeter. (Herod.
has added very much hitherto unpublished, to ii. 123; Orph. 11ymui. 39. 12; Artemid. ii. 35 ;
gether with the principal ancient lives of Chrysos- Apollon. Rhod. iv. 987. ) Although the name, in
Montfaucon was a Benedictine monk, and the case of Demeter, scarcely requires explanation,
was assisted by others of his order. Of separate yet mythology relates two stories to account for it.
works of Chrysostom the editions and translations According to one of them, Clymenus and Chthonia,
are almost innumerable, Erasmus translated some the children of Phoroneus, founded at Hermione a
of the homilies and commentaries; and the edition sanctuary of Demeter, and called her Chthonia
of two homilies (those on 1 Cor. and 1 Thess. iv. ) from the name of one of the founders. (Paus. ii.
“Gr. Lat. interprete Joanne Cheko, Cantabrigiensi, 35. $ 3. ) According to an Argive legend, Demeter
Londini, ap. Reyner Vuolfuin. 1543” is interest- on her wanderings came to Argolis, where she was
ing as the first book printed with Greek types in ill-received by Colontas. Chthonia, his daughter,
England. Some of the homilies are translated in was dissatisfied with her father's conduct, and,
the Library of the Fathers now publishing at Ox- when Colontas and his house were burnt by the
ford, and those on St. Matthew have been re- goddess, Chthonia was carried off by hier to Her-
cently edited by the Rev. F. Field, Fellow of mone, where she built a sanctuary to Demeter
Trin. Coll. Cambridge. The number of MSS. of Chthonia, and instituted the festival of the Chtho-
Chrysostom is also immense : the principal of these nia in her honour. (Paus. ii. 35. & 3; Dict. of Ant.
are in the royal library at Paris, the imperial s. v. Xbóvia. ) A third mythical personage of this
library at Vienna (to which collection two of great name occurs in Apollodorus (iii. 15. § 1). (L. S. ]
value were added by Maria Theresa), and that of CHTHO'NIUS (XBovios) has the same meaning
St. Mark at Venice.
[G. E. L. C. ) as Chthonia, and is therefore applied to the gods of
CHRYSOʻSTOMUS, DION. [Dion. ] the lower world, or the shades (Hom. Il. ix. 457 ;
CHRYSOʻTHEMIS (Xpuoóbeuis). There are Hesiod. Op. 435; Orph. Ilymn. 17. 3, 69. 2, Ar-
four mythical females of this name (Hygin. Fab. gon. 973), and to beings that are considered as
170, Poet. Astr. ii. 25; Diod. v. 22; Hom. I. ix. earth-born. (Apollod. iii. 4. § 1; Apollon. Rhod.
287), and one male, a son of Carmanor, the priest iv. 1398. ) It is also used in the sense of “ gods
of Apollo at Tarrha in Crete. He is said to have of the land,” or “native divinities. " (Apollon.
been a poet, and to have won the first victory in Rhod. iv. 1322. ) There are also several mythical
the Pythian games by a hymn on Apollo. (Paus. personages of the name of Chthonius. (Apollod. ii.
x. 7. § 2. )
(L. S. ) 1. § 5, m. 4. SS 1, 5; Ov. Met. xii. 441; Diod.
CHRYSOʻTHEMIS (Xpuoboeuis) and EUTE- v. 53 ; Paus. ix. 5. § 1; Hygin. Fab. 178. ) (L. S. )
LIDAS (Eutenidas), statuaries of Argos, made in CHUMNUS, GEORGIUS, a native of Can-
bronze the statues of Damaretus and his son Theo- dace or Chandace, in the island of Crete, lived
pompus, who were each twice victorious in the most probably during the later period of the Greek
Olympic games.
The victories of Demaretus were empire. He wrote a history in verse, beginning
in the 65th and 66th Olympiads, and the artists with the creation of the world and going down to
of course lived at the same time (B. C. 520 and on- the reign of David and Solomon, kings of Judaea,
wards). Pausanias describes one of the statues, which is extant in MS. in the imperial library at
and quotes the inscription, which contained the Vienna, and was formerly in the library of John
names of the artists, and which described them as Suzzo (Susius) at Constantinople. (Fabric. Bibl.
τέχναν ειδότες εκ προτέρων, which appears to Graec. xii. p. 43; Cave, Hist. Lit. vol. ji. D. p.
mean that, like the early artists in general, they 13. )
(W. P. )
each belonged to a family in which art was here CHUMNUS, MICHAEL, a Graeco-Roman
ditary. (x. 6. & 2. )
[P. S. ) jurist and canonist, who was nomophylax, and
CHRYSUS (Xpvoós), the fourteenth (or thir. afterwards metropolitan of Thessalonică. He is
teenth) of the family of the Asclepiadae, was the said by Pohl (ad Suares. Nolit. Basil. p. 138, n.
youngest son of Nebrus, the brother of Gnosidicus, [2. ]) to have lived in the 13th century, in the
and the father of Elaphus; and lived in the sixth time of Nicephorus Blemmydas, patriarch of Con-
century B. c. in the island of Cos. During the stantinople, and to have been the author of va-
Crissaean war, while the Amphyctions were be- rious works. He is cited by Mat. Blastares
sieging the town of Crissa in Phocis, the plague (Leunc. J. G. R. i. pp. 482, 487), and is known
broke out among their army. Having consulted by a short treatise on the degrees of relation-
the oracle of Delphi in consequence, they were ship (περί των βαλσαμών [qu. βαθμών της συγ-
directed to fetch from Cos“ the young of a stag, yevelas), inserted in the collection of Leuncla-
together with gold,” which was interpreted to vius (i. p. 519). By Suarez (who erroneously
mean Nebrus and Chrysus. They accordingly identifies Chumnus and Domnus), Chumnus is
persuaded them both to join the camp, where mentioned among the scholiasts upon the Basilica
Chrysus was the first person to mount the wall at (Notit. Basil. $ 42), but this seems to be an error.
the time of the general assault, but was at the (Böcking, Institutionen, Bonn, 1843, i. p. 108, n.
same time mortally wounded, B. C. 591.
48; Heimbach, de Basil. Orio. p. 87. ) (J. T. G. ]
buried in the hippodrome at Delphi, and worship- CHUMNUS, NICE’PHORUS, renowned as
ped by the inhabitants as a hero (évayišw). (Thes- a statesman, a philosopher, and a divine, lived in
sali Oratio, in Hippocr. Operu, vol. i. p. 836, the latter part of the 13th and in the beginning of
&c. )
(W. A. G. ) the 14th century. He was probably a native of
CHTHO’NIA (XBovia), may mean the subter- Constantinople, and belonged undoubtedly to one
raneous, or the goddess of the earth, that is, the of the first families in the Greek empire. Enjoy-
protectress of the fields, whence it is used as a ing the confidence and friendship of the emperor
surname of infernal divinities, such as Hecate Andronicus Palaeologus the elder, he was succes-
(Apollon. Rhod. iv. 148 ; Orph. Hymn. 35. 9), sively appointed praefect of the Canicleus, keeper
Nyx (Orph. Hymn. 2. 8), and Melinoë (Orph. I of the imperial scal-ring, and magnus stratope-
He was
## p. 707 (#727) ############################################
CHUMNUS.
707
CICERO.
the younger.
darchn, and his merits were so great, that as early and a great number of letters on various subjects,
as 1295 Andronicus asked the hand of his daugh- several of which seem to be of great interest for
ter, Irene, for one of his sons, John Palneologus, history, while others, as well as the works cited
to whom she was married in the same year. above, appear to be of considerable importance for
During the unfortunate civil contest between An- | the history of Greek civilization in the middle
dronicus the elder and his grandson, Andronicus ages. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. vii. pp. 675, 676;
the younger, Chumnus remained faithful to his Cave, Hist. Liter. vol. ii. p. 494, ad an. 1320 ;
imperial patron, and for some time defended the Nicephorus Gregoras, lib. vii. p. 168, ed. Paris ;
town of Thessalonica, of which he was praefect, Cantacuzenus, lib. i. p. 45, ed. Paris. ) (W. P. ]
against the troops of Andronicus the younger, C. CICEREIUS, the secretary (scriba) of the
whom he compelled to raise the siege. It seems elder Scipio Africanus, was a candidate for the
that Chumnus had more influence and did more for praetorship in B. c. 174 along with Scipio's son,
the support of Andronicns the elder, than any but when he saw that he was obtaining more votes
other of the ministers of this unfortunate emperor. than the latter, he resigned in his favour. (Val.
Towards the end of his life Chumnus took orders Max. iv. 5. $ 3, in. 5. & 2. ) Cicereius was, how-
and retired into a convent, where he lived under ever, elected practor in the following year (B. C.
the name of Nathanael, and occupied himself with 173), and he obtained the province of Sardinia,
literary pursuits. The time of his death has not but was ordered by the senate to go to Corsica
been ascertained, but we must presume that he first, in order to conduct the war against the in-
died after 1330, during the reign of Andronicus habitants of that island. After defeating the
Corsicans in battle, he granted them peace on the
Nicephorus Chumnus is the author of numerous payment of 200,000 pounds of wax, and then
works and treatises on philosophical, religious, passed over to Sardinia. On his return to Rome
ecclesiastical, rhetorical, and legal subjects, none of next year (B. c. 172) he sued for a triumph on ac-
which have ever been printed; they are extant in count of his victory in Corsica, and when this was
MS. in the principal libraries of Rome, Venice, refused by the senate, he celebrated on his own
and Paris. We give the titles of some of them as authority a triumph on the Alban mount, a practice
they stand in Latin in the catalogues of those li- which had now become not unfrequent. In the
braries : “ Confutatio Dogmatis de Processione same year he was one of the three ambassadors
Spiritus Sancti ;” “Sermo in Christi Transfigura- sent to the Illyrian king, Gentius; and in B. C.
tionem;" "Symbuleuticus de Justitia ad Thessalo-167 he was again despatched on the same mission.
nicenses, et Urbis Encomium ;" * Ex Imperatoris In the year before (B. C. 168) he dedicated on the
Decreto, ut Judices jurejurando obligentur, ad Alban mount the temple to Juno Moneta, which
Munus sancte obeundum ; " " Encomium ad Impe- he had rowed in his battle with the Corsicans five
(Andronicum II. ); “Querela adversus years before. (Liv. xli. 33, xlii. 1, 7, 21, 26
Niphonem ob male administratam Patriarchatus xlv. 17, 15. )
sui Provinciam ;" “ Oratio funebris in Theoleptum CI'CERO, the name of a family, little distin-
Metropolitam Philadelphiae ;" " Ad Imperatorem guished in history, belonging to the plebeian Clau-
de Obitu Despotae et Filii ejus," a letter to Andro- dia gens, the only member of which mentioned
nicus II. the elder, on the death of his son, the is C. Claudius Cicero, tribune of the plebs in B. C.
despot John, who had married Irene, the daughter 454. (Lir. ii. 31. ) The word seems to be con-
of Chumnus ; " De Charitate, erga Proximum, et nected with cicer, and may have been originally
omnia reliquenda ut Christum sequamur, &c. ;" applied by way of distinction to some individual
" De Mundi Natura ;” “ De Primis et Simplicibus celebrated for his skill in raising that kind of
Corporibus ;” “ Quod Terra quum in Medio sit, pulse, by whom the epithet would be transmitted
infra se nihil habeat ;" “ Quod neque Materia ante to his descendants. Thus the designation will
Corpora, neque Formae seorsim, sed haec ipsa be precisely analogous to Bulbus, Fabius, Lentulus,
simul constent;" “Contra Plotinum de Anima Piso, Tubero, and the like.
(W. R. ]
rationali Quaestiones variae, ubi de Metempsychosi, CI'CERO, the name of a family of the Tullii.
de Belluis, utrum Intellectu praeditae sint, nec ne, The Tullii Cicerones had from time immemorial
de Corporum Resurrectione, et aliis disseritur ;" been settled at Arpinum, which received the full
“ De Anima sensitiva et vegetiva ;" “Quod non franchise in B. c. 188; but they never aspired
impossibile sit, etiam secundum physices Rationes, to any political distinction until the stock was
collocatam esse Aquam in Firmamento, tum, quum raised by the great orator from that obscurity
Orbis Terrarum creatus sit, eamque ibi esse et into which it quickly relapsed after his death.
perpetuo manere,” &c. There are also extant | His genealogy, so far as it can be traced, is repre-
“Oratio in Laudem Imperaturis Andronici Senioris," sented in the following table.
1. M. Tullius Cicero. Married Gratidia.
1
ratorem
3
79
3. L. Tullius Cicero.
2. M. Tullius Cicero.
Married Helvia.
4. L. Tullius Cicero.
6. Q. Tullius Cicero.
Married Pomponia.
6. M. Tullius Cicero,
the orator.
Married. 1. Terentia.
2. Publilia.
2 2 2
## p. 708 (#728) ############################################
708
CICERO.
CICERO
a
8. Q.
and so also are the works of Theophylact and Bat. ), J. Frederic Meyer (Chrysostomus Luthera-
Oecumenius, so much so that to those who wish to nus, Jena, 1680), with Hack's reply (S. J. Chry-
gain a knowledge of the results of his critical sostomus a Lutheranismo vindicatus, 1683), Cave
labours, the study of the two latter may be recom- (Script. Eccl. Hist. Litter. vol. i. ), Lardner (Credi-
mended as perfectly correct compilers from their bility of the Gospel Hist. part ií. vol. x. c. 118),
more prolix predecessor.
Tillemont (Mémoires Ecclésiastiques, vol. xi. pp. 1–
Of Chrysostom's powers as a preacher the best 405, &c. ), and Montfaucon, his principal editor.
evidence is contained in the history of his life; Gibbon's account (Decline and Fall, xxxii. ) is
there is no doubt that his eloquence produced the compiled from Palladius, Socrates, Sozomen, Theo-
deepest impression on his hearers, and while we doret, Tillemont, Erasmus, and Montfaucon. But
dissent from those who have ranked him with the best of all will be found in Neander (Kirchen-
Deinosthenes and Cicero, we cannot fail to admire gesch. ii. 3, p. 1440, &c. ), who has also published a
the power of his language in expressing moral in- separate life of Chrysostom.
dignation, and to sympathise with the ardent love Chrysostom's works were first published in Latin
of all that is good and noble, the fervent piety, and at Venice in 1303, Comment. impensa et studio
absorbing faith in the Christian revelation, which Bernardini Staynini Tridinensis et Gregorii de
pervade his writings. His faults are too great Gregoriis. Several editions followed at Basle, also
diffuseness and a love of metaphor and ornament. in Latin, and in 1523 the Homilies on Genesis were
He often repelled with indignation the applause translated there by Oecolampadius (Hauschein).
with which his sermons were greeted, exclaiming, In 1536 his works were published at Paris, but
“ The place where you are is no theatre, nor are the most famous edition which appeared in that
you now sitting to gaze upon actors. ” (Hom. xvii. city was cura Frontonis Ducaei, 1613, whose
Matt. vii. ) There are many respects in which he translation is much commended by Montfaucon.
shews the superiority of his understanding to the In Greek were first published at Verona, 1529,
general feelings of the age. We may cite as one the Honiilies on St. Paul's Epistles, edited by
example the fact, that although he had been a Gilbert Bishop of Verona, with a preface by Do-
monk, he was far from exalting monachism above natus, addressed to Pope Clement VII. In 1610-
the active duties of the Christian life. (See Hom. 13, the most complete collection of Chrysostom's
vii. in Heb. iv. ; Hom. vii. in Ephes. iv. ) “ How works which had yet appeared was publisbed
shall we conquer our enemies," he asks in one place, at Eton by Norton, the king's printer, under
“ if some do not busy themselves about goodness at the superintendence of Henry Savil, in 8 vols. :
all, while those who do withdraw from the battle? " this edition contained notes by Casaubon and
(Hom. vi. in 1 Cor. iv. ) Again, he was quite free others. In 1609, at Paris, F. Morell began to
from the view of inspiration which prevailed at publish the Greek text with the version of Ducaeus,
Alexandria, and which considered the Bible in a task which was completed by Charles Morell in
such a sense the word of God, as to overlook alto- 1633. Of this edition the text is compiled from
gether the human element in its composition, and that of Savil, and that of an edition of the Com-
the difference of mind and character in its authors. mentaries on the New Testament, published at
Variations in trifles he speaks of as proofs of truth Heidelberg by Commelin, 1591-1603. In 1718
(Hom. i. in Matth. ); so that he united the prin- -38 appeared, also at Paris, the editio optima by
cipal intellectual with the principal moral element Bernard de Montfaucon, in 13 vols. folio. He has
necessary for an interpretator of Scripture, a critical endeavoured to ascertain the date of the different
habit of mind with a real depth of Christian feel works, has prefixed to most of them a short dis-
ing. At the same time he was not always free sertation on the circumstances under which it was
2 z
## p. 706 (#726) ############################################
706
CHTHONIA.
CHUMNUS.
tom.
written, with an inquiry into its authenticity, and Hymn. 70. 1), but especially of Demeter. (Herod.
has added very much hitherto unpublished, to ii. 123; Orph. 11ymui. 39. 12; Artemid. ii. 35 ;
gether with the principal ancient lives of Chrysos- Apollon. Rhod. iv. 987. ) Although the name, in
Montfaucon was a Benedictine monk, and the case of Demeter, scarcely requires explanation,
was assisted by others of his order. Of separate yet mythology relates two stories to account for it.
works of Chrysostom the editions and translations According to one of them, Clymenus and Chthonia,
are almost innumerable, Erasmus translated some the children of Phoroneus, founded at Hermione a
of the homilies and commentaries; and the edition sanctuary of Demeter, and called her Chthonia
of two homilies (those on 1 Cor. and 1 Thess. iv. ) from the name of one of the founders. (Paus. ii.
“Gr. Lat. interprete Joanne Cheko, Cantabrigiensi, 35. $ 3. ) According to an Argive legend, Demeter
Londini, ap. Reyner Vuolfuin. 1543” is interest- on her wanderings came to Argolis, where she was
ing as the first book printed with Greek types in ill-received by Colontas. Chthonia, his daughter,
England. Some of the homilies are translated in was dissatisfied with her father's conduct, and,
the Library of the Fathers now publishing at Ox- when Colontas and his house were burnt by the
ford, and those on St. Matthew have been re- goddess, Chthonia was carried off by hier to Her-
cently edited by the Rev. F. Field, Fellow of mone, where she built a sanctuary to Demeter
Trin. Coll. Cambridge. The number of MSS. of Chthonia, and instituted the festival of the Chtho-
Chrysostom is also immense : the principal of these nia in her honour. (Paus. ii. 35. & 3; Dict. of Ant.
are in the royal library at Paris, the imperial s. v. Xbóvia. ) A third mythical personage of this
library at Vienna (to which collection two of great name occurs in Apollodorus (iii. 15. § 1). (L. S. ]
value were added by Maria Theresa), and that of CHTHO'NIUS (XBovios) has the same meaning
St. Mark at Venice.
[G. E. L. C. ) as Chthonia, and is therefore applied to the gods of
CHRYSOʻSTOMUS, DION. [Dion. ] the lower world, or the shades (Hom. Il. ix. 457 ;
CHRYSOʻTHEMIS (Xpuoóbeuis). There are Hesiod. Op. 435; Orph. Ilymn. 17. 3, 69. 2, Ar-
four mythical females of this name (Hygin. Fab. gon. 973), and to beings that are considered as
170, Poet. Astr. ii. 25; Diod. v. 22; Hom. I. ix. earth-born. (Apollod. iii. 4. § 1; Apollon. Rhod.
287), and one male, a son of Carmanor, the priest iv. 1398. ) It is also used in the sense of “ gods
of Apollo at Tarrha in Crete. He is said to have of the land,” or “native divinities. " (Apollon.
been a poet, and to have won the first victory in Rhod. iv. 1322. ) There are also several mythical
the Pythian games by a hymn on Apollo. (Paus. personages of the name of Chthonius. (Apollod. ii.
x. 7. § 2. )
(L. S. ) 1. § 5, m. 4. SS 1, 5; Ov. Met. xii. 441; Diod.
CHRYSOʻTHEMIS (Xpuoboeuis) and EUTE- v. 53 ; Paus. ix. 5. § 1; Hygin. Fab. 178. ) (L. S. )
LIDAS (Eutenidas), statuaries of Argos, made in CHUMNUS, GEORGIUS, a native of Can-
bronze the statues of Damaretus and his son Theo- dace or Chandace, in the island of Crete, lived
pompus, who were each twice victorious in the most probably during the later period of the Greek
Olympic games.
The victories of Demaretus were empire. He wrote a history in verse, beginning
in the 65th and 66th Olympiads, and the artists with the creation of the world and going down to
of course lived at the same time (B. C. 520 and on- the reign of David and Solomon, kings of Judaea,
wards). Pausanias describes one of the statues, which is extant in MS. in the imperial library at
and quotes the inscription, which contained the Vienna, and was formerly in the library of John
names of the artists, and which described them as Suzzo (Susius) at Constantinople. (Fabric. Bibl.
τέχναν ειδότες εκ προτέρων, which appears to Graec. xii. p. 43; Cave, Hist. Lit. vol. ji. D. p.
mean that, like the early artists in general, they 13. )
(W. P. )
each belonged to a family in which art was here CHUMNUS, MICHAEL, a Graeco-Roman
ditary. (x. 6. & 2. )
[P. S. ) jurist and canonist, who was nomophylax, and
CHRYSUS (Xpvoós), the fourteenth (or thir. afterwards metropolitan of Thessalonică. He is
teenth) of the family of the Asclepiadae, was the said by Pohl (ad Suares. Nolit. Basil. p. 138, n.
youngest son of Nebrus, the brother of Gnosidicus, [2. ]) to have lived in the 13th century, in the
and the father of Elaphus; and lived in the sixth time of Nicephorus Blemmydas, patriarch of Con-
century B. c. in the island of Cos. During the stantinople, and to have been the author of va-
Crissaean war, while the Amphyctions were be- rious works. He is cited by Mat. Blastares
sieging the town of Crissa in Phocis, the plague (Leunc. J. G. R. i. pp. 482, 487), and is known
broke out among their army. Having consulted by a short treatise on the degrees of relation-
the oracle of Delphi in consequence, they were ship (περί των βαλσαμών [qu. βαθμών της συγ-
directed to fetch from Cos“ the young of a stag, yevelas), inserted in the collection of Leuncla-
together with gold,” which was interpreted to vius (i. p. 519). By Suarez (who erroneously
mean Nebrus and Chrysus. They accordingly identifies Chumnus and Domnus), Chumnus is
persuaded them both to join the camp, where mentioned among the scholiasts upon the Basilica
Chrysus was the first person to mount the wall at (Notit. Basil. $ 42), but this seems to be an error.
the time of the general assault, but was at the (Böcking, Institutionen, Bonn, 1843, i. p. 108, n.
same time mortally wounded, B. C. 591.
48; Heimbach, de Basil. Orio. p. 87. ) (J. T. G. ]
buried in the hippodrome at Delphi, and worship- CHUMNUS, NICE’PHORUS, renowned as
ped by the inhabitants as a hero (évayišw). (Thes- a statesman, a philosopher, and a divine, lived in
sali Oratio, in Hippocr. Operu, vol. i. p. 836, the latter part of the 13th and in the beginning of
&c. )
(W. A. G. ) the 14th century. He was probably a native of
CHTHO’NIA (XBovia), may mean the subter- Constantinople, and belonged undoubtedly to one
raneous, or the goddess of the earth, that is, the of the first families in the Greek empire. Enjoy-
protectress of the fields, whence it is used as a ing the confidence and friendship of the emperor
surname of infernal divinities, such as Hecate Andronicus Palaeologus the elder, he was succes-
(Apollon. Rhod. iv. 148 ; Orph. Hymn. 35. 9), sively appointed praefect of the Canicleus, keeper
Nyx (Orph. Hymn. 2. 8), and Melinoë (Orph. I of the imperial scal-ring, and magnus stratope-
He was
## p. 707 (#727) ############################################
CHUMNUS.
707
CICERO.
the younger.
darchn, and his merits were so great, that as early and a great number of letters on various subjects,
as 1295 Andronicus asked the hand of his daugh- several of which seem to be of great interest for
ter, Irene, for one of his sons, John Palneologus, history, while others, as well as the works cited
to whom she was married in the same year. above, appear to be of considerable importance for
During the unfortunate civil contest between An- | the history of Greek civilization in the middle
dronicus the elder and his grandson, Andronicus ages. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. vii. pp. 675, 676;
the younger, Chumnus remained faithful to his Cave, Hist. Liter. vol. ii. p. 494, ad an. 1320 ;
imperial patron, and for some time defended the Nicephorus Gregoras, lib. vii. p. 168, ed. Paris ;
town of Thessalonica, of which he was praefect, Cantacuzenus, lib. i. p. 45, ed. Paris. ) (W. P. ]
against the troops of Andronicus the younger, C. CICEREIUS, the secretary (scriba) of the
whom he compelled to raise the siege. It seems elder Scipio Africanus, was a candidate for the
that Chumnus had more influence and did more for praetorship in B. c. 174 along with Scipio's son,
the support of Andronicns the elder, than any but when he saw that he was obtaining more votes
other of the ministers of this unfortunate emperor. than the latter, he resigned in his favour. (Val.
Towards the end of his life Chumnus took orders Max. iv. 5. $ 3, in. 5. & 2. ) Cicereius was, how-
and retired into a convent, where he lived under ever, elected practor in the following year (B. C.
the name of Nathanael, and occupied himself with 173), and he obtained the province of Sardinia,
literary pursuits. The time of his death has not but was ordered by the senate to go to Corsica
been ascertained, but we must presume that he first, in order to conduct the war against the in-
died after 1330, during the reign of Andronicus habitants of that island. After defeating the
Corsicans in battle, he granted them peace on the
Nicephorus Chumnus is the author of numerous payment of 200,000 pounds of wax, and then
works and treatises on philosophical, religious, passed over to Sardinia. On his return to Rome
ecclesiastical, rhetorical, and legal subjects, none of next year (B. c. 172) he sued for a triumph on ac-
which have ever been printed; they are extant in count of his victory in Corsica, and when this was
MS. in the principal libraries of Rome, Venice, refused by the senate, he celebrated on his own
and Paris. We give the titles of some of them as authority a triumph on the Alban mount, a practice
they stand in Latin in the catalogues of those li- which had now become not unfrequent. In the
braries : “ Confutatio Dogmatis de Processione same year he was one of the three ambassadors
Spiritus Sancti ;” “Sermo in Christi Transfigura- sent to the Illyrian king, Gentius; and in B. C.
tionem;" "Symbuleuticus de Justitia ad Thessalo-167 he was again despatched on the same mission.
nicenses, et Urbis Encomium ;" * Ex Imperatoris In the year before (B. C. 168) he dedicated on the
Decreto, ut Judices jurejurando obligentur, ad Alban mount the temple to Juno Moneta, which
Munus sancte obeundum ; " " Encomium ad Impe- he had rowed in his battle with the Corsicans five
(Andronicum II. ); “Querela adversus years before. (Liv. xli. 33, xlii. 1, 7, 21, 26
Niphonem ob male administratam Patriarchatus xlv. 17, 15. )
sui Provinciam ;" “ Oratio funebris in Theoleptum CI'CERO, the name of a family, little distin-
Metropolitam Philadelphiae ;" " Ad Imperatorem guished in history, belonging to the plebeian Clau-
de Obitu Despotae et Filii ejus," a letter to Andro- dia gens, the only member of which mentioned
nicus II. the elder, on the death of his son, the is C. Claudius Cicero, tribune of the plebs in B. C.
despot John, who had married Irene, the daughter 454. (Lir. ii. 31. ) The word seems to be con-
of Chumnus ; " De Charitate, erga Proximum, et nected with cicer, and may have been originally
omnia reliquenda ut Christum sequamur, &c. ;" applied by way of distinction to some individual
" De Mundi Natura ;” “ De Primis et Simplicibus celebrated for his skill in raising that kind of
Corporibus ;” “ Quod Terra quum in Medio sit, pulse, by whom the epithet would be transmitted
infra se nihil habeat ;" “ Quod neque Materia ante to his descendants. Thus the designation will
Corpora, neque Formae seorsim, sed haec ipsa be precisely analogous to Bulbus, Fabius, Lentulus,
simul constent;" “Contra Plotinum de Anima Piso, Tubero, and the like.
(W. R. ]
rationali Quaestiones variae, ubi de Metempsychosi, CI'CERO, the name of a family of the Tullii.
de Belluis, utrum Intellectu praeditae sint, nec ne, The Tullii Cicerones had from time immemorial
de Corporum Resurrectione, et aliis disseritur ;" been settled at Arpinum, which received the full
“ De Anima sensitiva et vegetiva ;" “Quod non franchise in B. c. 188; but they never aspired
impossibile sit, etiam secundum physices Rationes, to any political distinction until the stock was
collocatam esse Aquam in Firmamento, tum, quum raised by the great orator from that obscurity
Orbis Terrarum creatus sit, eamque ibi esse et into which it quickly relapsed after his death.
perpetuo manere,” &c. There are also extant | His genealogy, so far as it can be traced, is repre-
“Oratio in Laudem Imperaturis Andronici Senioris," sented in the following table.
1. M. Tullius Cicero. Married Gratidia.
1
ratorem
3
79
3. L. Tullius Cicero.
2. M. Tullius Cicero.
Married Helvia.
4. L. Tullius Cicero.
6. Q. Tullius Cicero.
Married Pomponia.
6. M. Tullius Cicero,
the orator.
Married. 1. Terentia.
2. Publilia.
2 2 2
## p. 708 (#728) ############################################
708
CICERO.
CICERO
a
8. Q.
