(Mysteries and to the United States in 1825, and settled at
Miseries of Philadelphia) and (The Empire Harrisburg, Pa.
Miseries of Philadelphia) and (The Empire Harrisburg, Pa.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v26 to v30 - Tur to Zor and Index
*
Lieber, Franz (lē'ber). An eminent Ameri-
can publicist; born at Berlin, Germany, March
18, 1800; died in New York, Oct. 2, 1872. He
volunteered as a soldier at 15, and was in
the battles of Ligny, Waterloo, and Namur. He
served also in the Greek war of independence,
recording his experiences in Journal in Greece)
(1823). He settled in the United States in
1827, and during the next five years was occu-
pied with the compilation of the "Encyclopædia
Americana) (13 vols. ). While professor of
history and political economy in South Caro-
lina College, he wrote the three great works
on which his fame mainly rests: (Manual of
Political Ethics) (1838); Legal and Political
Hermeneutics (1839); (Civil Liberty and Self-
Government (1853). In the beginning of the
Civil War he drew up by order of President
Lincoln the (Code of War for the Govern-
ment of the Armies of the United States in the
Field.
Liebig, Justus, Baron von (lē'big). A Ger-
man chemist; born at Darmstadt, May 12, 1803;
died at Munich, April 18, 1873. In 1826 he
was appointed professor of chemistry in the Uni-
versity of Giessen, and there set up the first
chemical laboratory for experimental instruction.
He was a very successful lecturer, and attracted
students from all over the world. His treatises
and memoirs on theoretical and practical chem-
istry are very numerous, and are of exceptional
value; and the term “Liebig's Extract is cer-
tainly a “household word. ” No other chemist
of great rank has so sedulously striven to make
the science a tender to practical utilities. Among
his writings on the chemistry of agriculture are :
(Principles of Agricultural Chemistry) (1855);
(Theory and Practice of Farming) (1856);(Sci-
entific Letters on Modern Farming' (1859).
Liebknecht, Wilhelm (lēb'necht). A Ger-
man socialist agitator; born at Giessen, Ma
29, 1826. He is editor-in-chief of the organ of
the Social Democratic party, Vorwärts; au-
thor of "The Fundamental Question) (1876);
(A Glance at the New World (1887), recount-
ing his observations during a visit to the United
States; (Robert Blum' (1890); (History of the
French Revolution) (1890); Robert Owen)
(1892). His work on “Woman' is widely
known.
Lieblein, Jens Daniel Carolus (lebʻlin). A
Norwegian Egyptologist; born at Christiania,
Dec. 23, 1827. He has written works on Egyp-
tology in French, German, Swedish, and Nor-
wegian; among them : Egyptian Chronology)
(1863); Dictionary of Hieroglyphic Names)
(1871-92); (Trade and Shipping in the Red
Sea in Ancient Times) (1887).
Liebrecht, Felix (lēb'recht). A noted Ger-
man mythologist; born at Namslau, Silesia,
March 13, 1812; died at St. Hubert, France,
Aug. 3, 1890. He made a study of the sagas
and legends of various countries. Among his
writings are : translations, with critical annota.
tions, of Giambattista Basile's (Pentamerone,
or the Story of Stories) (1846); of the (Baarlam
and Josaphat) of John of Damascus (1847);
and of Dunlop's History of Prose Poems.
Ligne, Charles Joseph, Prince de (lēn). A
Belgian soldier and miscellaneous writer; born
at Brussels, May 12, 1735; died Dec. 13, 1814.
He wrote : Military, Literary, and Sentimental
Miscellanies) (3 vols. , 1795-1811); Life of
Prince Eugene of Savoy' (2 vols. , 1809). From
his correspondence, journals, etc. , Mme. de Staël
compiled two volumes of "Letters and Thoughts)
(1809).
Liguori, Alfonso Maria de (lē-gwö'rē). An
Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church;
born at Naples, 1696; died Aug. I, 1787. While
bishop of Sant' Agata de' Goti, he founded the
religious congregation of Redemptorists. He
was beatified” in 1816; canonized in 1839;
proclaimed “Doctor of the Universal Church »
in 1871. He wrote Moral Theology) (ed. of
1881, 8 vols. ), and many books of devotion.
Liliencron, Detlev, Baron von (lēl'yen-
kron"). A German novelist and poet; born
at Kiel, June 3, 1844. He wrote: “The Adju-
tant's Rides, and Other Poems) (1883); (A
Summer Battle) (1886), a collection of stories;
“Work Ennobles) (1886); «The Merovingians,
a Tragedy) (1888); the novels (Under Flutter-
ing Banners) (1888), and Mæcenas) (1889);
and several volumes of collected poems.
Liliencron, Rochus, Baron von. A Ger-
man philologist ; born at Plön in Holstein, Dec.
8, 1820. He is author of (Runic Writing)
(1852); (Songs and Sayings from the Latest
Period of the Minnesingers) (1855); (Historic
Popular Ballads of Germany from the 13th to
the 16th Century) (4 vols. , 1864-69); (German
Life in the Folk-Song of the 16th Century. ?
Lillie, Mrs. Lucy Cecil (White). An Amer.
ican writer of juvenile literature; born in New
State in 1855. Among her most popular
works are : (Prudence) (1882); (Rolf House)
## p. 343 (#359) ############################################
LILLO - LINGG
343
(1886); (The Colonel's Money) (1888); (The
Squire's Daughter) (1891); (Alison's Advent-
ures) (1895).
Lillo, George. An eminent English drama-
tist; born at Moorfields, Feb. 4, 1693; died in
London, Sept. 3, 1739. The son of a Dutch
jeweler, he was brought up to his father's
trade, and was for several years in partnership
with him. "Silvia, or the Country Burial)
(1730), a ballad opera, was his first piece; and
was followed (1731) by the famous (London
Merchant, or the History of George Barnwell,
nowadays better known by its sub-title, which
made its author famous, and held the stage for
nearly a century. It had a marked influence
in its day, and may be regarded as a precursor
of the domestic drama. ” His other dramatic
productions include: Britannia, or the Royal
Lovers) (1734); ( Fatal Curiosity) (1736); (Arden
of Feversham,' an adaptation of an Elizabethan
play, revised or completed by John Hoadly
after Lillo's death.
Lilly, William Samuel. An English con-
troversial writer ; born at Fifehead, Dorsetshire,
1840. He is a champion of the Catholic point
of view in such works as (Ancient Religion
and Modern Thought) (1884), and (The Claims
of Christianity' (1894).
Limburg-Brouwer, Petrus van (lēm'börg-
brou'er). A Dutch scholar; born at Dordrecht,
Sept. 30, 1795; died at Groningen, June 21, 1847.
He wrote History of the Moral and Religious
Civilization of the Greeks) (3 vols. , 1833-42),
still highly valued; two fine historical novels
with the scene laid in ancient Greece,-(Chari-
cles and Euphorion (1831), and “Diophanes)
(1838); and a novel relating to his own time,
(The Reading Society) (1847).
Limburg-Brouwer, Petrus Abraham Sam-
uel van. A Dutch novelist, son of Petrus;
born at Liège, Nov. 15, 1829; died at The
Hague, Feb. 13, 1873. He wrote the Oriental
romance (Akbar) (1872), the work of a man of
poetic sensibility and most intimate knowledge
of Indian literature.
Lincoln, Abraham. Sixteenth President of
the United States, the great “War President);
born in Hardin County, Ky. , Feb. 12, 1809;
died at Washington, April 15, 1865. His (Ad-
dress on the occasion of the dedication of the
National Cemetery at Gettysburg, Pa. , Nov. 19,
1863, is justly esteemed one of the most memo-
rable utterances of human eloquence; classic
also is his "Second Inaugural Address) of
March 4, 1865. *
Lindau, Paul (lin'dou). A German novelist
and literary critic; born at Magdeburg, June 3,
1839. He has written books of travel, including
(From Venice) (1864); (From Paris); works
of literary criticism, as (Harmless Letters of
a Provincial German) (2 vols. , 1870); Literary
Trivialities) (1871); Molière (1872); (Alfred
de Musset) (1877); (From Literary France)
(1880); and novels, -(Mr. and Mrs. Brewer)
(1882); (Berlin. )
Lindau, Rudolf. A German diplomat and
novelist; born at Gardelegen, Oct. 10, 1830.
He was for many years engaged in the consu-
lar and diplomatic service of Switzerland and
Germany. His principal novels are: (Robert
Ashton) (1877); Liquidated) (1877); (Good
Company' (1880); (The Flirt' (1894); (Silence)
(1895). Some of his stories are perfect works
of art; all of them mirror with rare fidelity
life in the four quarters of the globe, as seen
and studied by a man of very extensive travel.
Lindner, Albert (lind'ner). A German dram-
atist; born at Sulza in Saxe-Weimar, April 24,
1831 ; died at Berlin, Feb. 4, 1888. His tragedy
(Brutus and Collatinus) won him the Schiller
prize. (The Bloody Nuptials, or St. Bartholo.
mew's Eve) (1871) had extraordinary success
upon the stage He wrote several other trage-
dies: (Marino Faliero' (1875); “Don John of
Austria) (1875)); “The Reformer) (1883). He
wrote also (The Swan of Avon) (1881), and
(The Riddle of Woman's Soul (1881).
Lindner, Theodor. An Austrian historian;
born May 29, 1843. Among his numerous works
are: “The Vehm' (1887); German History un-
der the Hapsburgs and Luxemburgs) (1889-93);
and History of the German People) (1894).
Lindsay, Sir David of the Mount. A Scotch
poet; born about 1490; died before May 1555.
His satires in rhyme were noted for their ridi-
cule of the clergy. His works include : (The
Dreme) (1528); (Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis)
(1539); and ( Historie of Squier Meldrun (1548).
Lindsey, William. An American poet and
prose-writer ; born in Massachusetts in 1858.
His works are : (Apples of Istakhar) (1895), a
volume of poems; and (Cinder-Path Tales)
(1896), stories of athletic sports.
Linen, James. A Scottish poet; born 1808 ;
died in New York City, 1873. His dialect
poems appeared in the Knickerbocker Mag-
azine and the Scottish - American Journal; a
collection, (Songs of the Seasons, and Other
Poems,' was published in 1852; (The Golden
Gate) appeared in 1869.
Ling, Peter Henrik. A Swedish poet; born
at Ljunga, Nov. 15, 1776; died at Stockholm,
May 3, 1839. He founded Swedish gymnas-
tics, and wrote “The General Principles of
Gymnastics) (1840). He also produced sev-
eral spirited lyric poems, tragedies, and epics,
to inspire his countrymen to emulate the ex-
ploits of the ancient heroes of Scandinavia.
Ling8, Hermann (ling). A German poet ;
born at Lindau, Jan. 22, 1820. He published
(1853) a volume of (Poems of great originality,
and remarkable for wealth of imagery and
deep elegiac tone. (The Migration of Peoples)
(3 books, 1866-68) showed grandeur and epic
power. His dramas are less admirable; among
them are : (The Doge Candiano) (1873); “The
Sicilian Vespers); and (Catiline. Besides
(Patriotic Ballads) (1868), “Dark Powers,' and
several volumes of collected poems, he has
written Byzantine Tales) (1881); (From Forest
>
## p. 344 (#360) ############################################
344
LINGUET-LISTA Y ARAGON
and Lake,' five stories (1883); (Clytia, a Scene 1839. He wrote: (Animism in its Relations to
from Pompeii) (1883).
the Ancient Hebrew Religion (1880); Re-
ligions of the European Culture-Peoples) (1881);
Linguet, Simon Nicolas Henri (lan-gā'). A
(Christianism, Popular Beliefs, and Popular
French writer of history; born at Rheims, July
Usages) (1882); History of the Family) (1885);
14, 1736; died June 27, 1794. He won great
(History of Civilization in its Leading Feat-
fame by his (History of the Age of Alexander)
(1762), and his (Judiciary Memoirs) (7 vols. ).
ures' (1886); History of German Manners and
Morals) (1889).
Of his numerous works on laws, politics, science,
etc. , these may be mentioned : History of the
Lippincott, Sarah Jane (Clarke). (“Grace
Revolutions of the Roman Empire) (2 vols. );
Greenwood. ”] An American writer of prose
(Theory of the Civil Law) (1767); (Impartial and verse ; born in Pompey, N. Y. , Sept. 23, 1823.
History of the Jesuits) (1768); Memoirs on She was favorably known as an editor and con-
the Bastille) (1783).
tributor. (Ariadne) is one of her best poems.
She published: (Greenwood Leaves) (1850);
Linnæus, Carolus (lin-nē'us) – (Karl von
(Poems) (1851 ); Merrie England) (1855 );
Linné). A celebrated Swedish naturalist; born
(Records of Five Years) (1868); and New
at Råshult in Småland, May 13, 1707; died at
Life in New Lands) (1873).
Upsala, Jan. 10, 1778. Among his writings
are: "The System of Nature, or the Three Lippmann, Julie Mathilde. An American
Kingdoms of Nature Systematically Arranged' writer of verse and juvenile literature ; born in
(7 vols. , 1735); Foundations of Botany) (1736); Brooklyn, N. Y. , in 1864. She is the author of
Library of Botany) (1736); (Genera of Plants) (Through Slumbertown and Wakeland); Jock
(1737); “Classes of Plants) (1738); Philosophy
(
o' Dreams, a collection of short stories; and
of Botany) (1751); “System of Plants) (1779). * Miss Wildfire,' a novel for girls.
Linton, Eliza Lynn. An English novelist, Lipsius, Justus (lip'sē-us). [Properly Joest
wife of William J. ; born in Keswick, 1822.
Lips. ) A celebrated Dutch humanist; born at
Her first novel, (Azeth the Egyptian,' appeared Overyssche, Belgium, Oct. 18, 1547; died at Lou-
1846; since which she has published: (Witch
vain, March 23, 1606. His strength lay chiefly in
Stories) (1861); (The Lake Country) (1864);
the Latin historians and in Roman antiquities;
Patricia Kemble) (1874); (The World Well
his editions of Tacitus and of Seneca, with
Lost' (1877); (My Love) (1881); (The One commentaries, were prepared with extreme care,
Too Many) (1894); and other works.
and (especially Tacitus) finally determined the
genuine text in all essential particulars. In
Linton, William James. An English wood-
addition he wrote 48 separate treatises and es-
engraver, poet, and miscellaneous writer; born
says, among them: “The Amphitheatre) (1584);
in London, 1812; died Dec. 29, 1897. A
(On Politics (1589); “The Cross) (1593); (The
draughtsman of repute, and for a period an
Military System of the Romans) (1595); "Vesta
illustrator on the Illustrated London News, he
and the Vestal Virgins) (1603); "Introduction
removed to the United States in 1867 and
to the Stoic Philosophy) (1004); Natural Phi-
opened an engraving establishment at New
losophy of the Stoics) (1604).
Haven, Conn. Besides works on engraving he
wrote a Life of Thomas Watson (the Chart-
Lipsius, Marie. See La Mara.
ist leader), giving a history of the Chartist Lipsius, Richard Adelbert. A German the-
movement, in which he shared ardently; a ologian; born at Gera, Feb. 14, 1830; died at
Life of Thomas Paine); (Claribel and Other Jena, Aug. 19, 1892. Among his writings are :
Poems) (1865); (The Flower and the Star) (The Pauline Doctrine of Justification (1853);
( 1869 ); stories for children; edited (Rare (Gnosticism' (1860);"Chronology of the Bishops
Poems of the 16th and 17th Centuries) (1883); of Rome) (1869); (Sources of the Roman Fable
and was co-editor with R. H. Stoddard of of Peter) (1872); (Text-Book of Protestant
(English Verse) (1883).
Dogmatic Theology) (1876); Philosophy and
Lippard, George. An American story-writer;
Religion (1885); (Chief Heads of Christian
born at Yellow Springs, Pa. , April 10, 1822; died
Doctrine) (1889); Brief Commentary on the
New Testament' (2 vols. , 1891); (Luther's Doc-
at Philadelphia, Feb. 9, 1854. His most notori.
trine of Penance) (1892).
ous work was (The Quaker City) (1845), mod-
eled on Sue's Mysteries of Paris,' and imply- List, Friedrich (list). A German political
ing that Philadelphia was a modern Sodom, economist; born at Reutlingen, Aug. 6, 1789;
though he disclaimed the inference when threat- died at Kufstein, Nov. 30, 1846. He emigrated
ened with legal consequences.
(Mysteries and to the United States in 1825, and settled at
Miseries of Philadelphia) and (The Empire Harrisburg, Pa. There he wrote (Outlines of a
City: New York — Its Upper Ten and Lower New System of Political Economy) (1827). He
Million) were companion pieces. He wrote went to Leipsic (1833) as American consul, and
also (Paul Ardenheim,' a Rosicrucian romance; did not return to America. He published (1841)
(Legends of Mexico) and (Legends of the Vol. i. of (The National System of Political
Revolution) (1847); “Washington and his Gen- Economy) (7th ed. 1884).
erals); and others.
Lista y Aragon, Alberto (lēs'tä ē ä-rä-gon').
Lippert, Julius (lip'ert). A German his- A distinguished Spanish poet; born at Triana,
torian ; born at Braunau in Bohemia, April 12, near Seville, Oct. 15, 1775; died there, Oct. 5,
>
## p. 345 (#361) ############################################
LISTER-LIVINGSTONE
345
1848. He was one of the best lyric poets of
his time in Spain, with a rich fancy, deep
sensibility, and a philosophic mind. His
(Poems) were published in 2 vols. (2d ed.
1837). He wrote a (Course of Universal His-
tory,' an adaptation of Ségur's work; and
(Literary and Critical Essays) (2 vols. , 1884).
Lister, Sir Joseph. An eminent English
surgeon; born April 5, 1827. He first sug-
gested the antiseptic mode of treating surgical
cases. Among his writings are : 'Early Stages
of Inflammation (1859); "Ligature of Arteries
and the Antiseptic System (1869); (The Germ
Theory of Fermentative Changes) (1875); (Lac-
tic Fermentation and its Bearings on Pathol-
ogy) (1878).
Liszt, Franz (list). A great Hungarian
pianist and composer; born at Raiding, near
Odenburg, Oct. 22, 1811; died at Bayreuth, July
31, 1886. At 13 he composed the operetta (Don
Sancho,' which was successfully produced at
the Paris Grand Opera in 1825. His chief
contributions to the literature of music are :
(Wagner's Lohengrin) and (Tannhäuser))
(1851); (The Gipsies and their Music in Hun-
gary) (1859); (Robert Franz) (1872). There is
a collection of his "Letters) (3 vols. , 1892-93);
also of his correspondence with Richard Wag-
ner (2 vols. , 1887).
Litchfield, Grace Denio. An American
novelist; born in New York city, 1849. She has
lived in Europe for a number of years, and now
resides in Washington, D. C. Among her works
are : (Only an Incident) (1883); «The Knight
of the Black Forest) (1885); Criss Cross )
(1885); A Hard-Won Victory) (1888); “In the
Crucible.
Litta, Pompeo, Count (lēt'ä). An Italian
writer of history ; born at Milan, Sept. 27, 1781;
died Aug. 17, 1852. After his death, was pub-
lished in 183 parts his great work (Celebrated
Italian Families) (1819-82), containing memoirs
of 75 noble families.
Littledale, Richard Frederick. An Eng-
lish clergyman and religious writer ; born in
Dublin in 1833 ; died in 1890. He was curate
of St. Mary Virgin, London, from 1857 to 1861,
when he resigned on account of ill-health and
devoted himself to the study of religious sub-
jects, particularly the Anglican ritual. Among
a number of polemical, historical, exegetic, and
other publications, are: (The Catholic Ritual
in the Church of England) (1865); (Pharisaic
Proselytism' (1870); Plain Reasons against
Joining the Church of Rome) (1880); (A Short
History of the Council of Trent) (1888).
Littleton, Sir Thomas. An English jurist;
born in Frankley, Worcestershire, 1402 ; died
there, Aug. 23, 1481. He wrote a treatise on
tenures, known through Coke's Commentaries.
"Coke on Littleton) is a secondary course in
the bringing up of young lawyers.
Littré, Maximilien Paul Émile (lē-trā'). A
celebrated French philologist, philosopher, lexi-
cographer, and author; born at Paris, Feb. 1,
1801; died there, June 2, 1881. He was one of
the greatest linguists and scientists of the cen-
tury, best known for his celebrated Diction-
ary of the French Language) (1863-72). In
addition to his labors as a philologist he con-
tributed to various scientific and philosophical
journals, was active in politics, translated the
works of Hippocrates (10 vols. , 1839-61), which
admitted him to the Academy of Inscriptions,
and Pliny's (Natural History) (1848), and wrote
a "History of the French Language) (1862);
(Studies of the Barbarians and the Middle
Ages) (1867); Medicine and Physicians) (1872);
Literature and History) (1875); (The Estab-
lishment of the Third Republic) (1880); and
several treatises on Auguste Comte's positive
philosophy, of which he was an ardent advo-
cate. In 1871 he was elected to the French
Academy.
Littrow, Heinrich von (lit'trou). An Aus-
trian naval officer and writer on maritime af-
fairs; born at Vienna, Jan. 26, 1820; died April
25, 1895. He is author of a Maritime Dic-
tionary) (1851); (Manual of Seamanship’ (1859);
(From the Sea, a volume of verse (4th ed.
1876); (Karl Weyprecht, Austrian Polar Ex-
plorer) (1881); Pictures of Travel (4th ed.
1883).
Littrow, Josef Johann von. An Austrian
astronomer; born at Bischofsteinitz in Bohemia,
March 13, 1781; died Nov. 30, 1840. By his
writings and public lectures he contributed
largely to the diffusion of astronomical knowl.
edge in Austria. His chief works are :( Theoretic,
and Practical Astronomy) (2 vols. , 1821); 'Won.
ders of the Heavens) (1834; 8th ed. 1894);
(Atlas of the Starry Heavens) (1838; 3d ed.
1870).
Livermore, Mary Ashton (Rice). An Amer.
ican reformer and lecturer; born in Boston,
Dec. 19, 1821. In 1862 she was appointed agent
of the Northwestern branch of the United States
Sanitary Commission. Since the War she has
been conspicuous in her efforts to promote the
woman-suffrage and temperance movements.
Among her popular lectures are: (What Shall
We Do with Our Daughters? ) (Women of the
War); (The Moral Heroism of the Temper-
ance Reform. She is the author of (Pen Pict-
ures) (1865), (Thirty Years Too Late) (1878),
and a work setting forth her experiences dur-
ing the War.
Livingstone, David. A celebrated Scotch
traveler; born at Blantyre, March 19, 1813; died
in Central Africa, May 1, 1873. He first went
out to Africa in the service of the London Mis-
sionary Society, 1840. He discovered the Vic-
toria Falls of the Zambezi in 1855, and soon
afterward returned to England. He went back
to Africa in 1858, and continued his labors as
missionary and explorer till 1864; but after a
few months he was in the field again, and
there remained, without any communication
with Europe, till he was found by Stanley.
He continued his work in Africa till his death.
His works are: Missionary Travels and Re.
)
## p. 346 (#362) ############################################
346
LIVIUS-LOCKHART
searches in South Africa) (2 vols. , 1857); (Nar-
rative of an Expedition to the Zambezi and its
Tributaries) (1865); (Last Journals of David
Livingstone in Central Africa, from 1865 to his
Death' (1874).
Livius Andronicus. See Andronicus.
Livy - Titus Livius. A great Roman his-
torian; born at Patavium (Padua), 59 B. C. ;
died there, 17 A. D. He wrote the History of
Rome from the Founding of the City) in 142
(books, of which only 35 have come down to
us - books 1-10, reaching to the year 293 B. C. ,
and books 21-45, covering the years 218-167
B. C. ; of the lost books some fragments remain. *
Ljunggren, Gustaf Hakon Jordan (lyöng'-
gren). A Swedish writer on ästhetics; born
at Lund, March 6, 1823. He wrote: (Winckel-
mann and Ehrensvärd Compared as Philoso-
phers of Art) (1856); (The Leading Systems
of Æsthetics) (2 vols. , 1856); (The Swedish
Drama' (1864); (Swedish Literature since Gus-
tavus III. (5 vols. , 1873-95); History of the
Swedish Academy) (2 vols. , 1886).
Llorente, Juan Antonio Don (lyö-rān'tā).
A Spanish writer of history; born at Rincon
de Soto in Andalusia, March 30, 1756; died
at Madrid, Feb. 5, 1823. He was ordained
priest in 1770; was commissary of the Inquisi-
tion at Logroño in 1785, and general secretary
of the Inquisition at Madrid in 1789. He was
commissioned in 1793 to draw up plans for a
general reform of the procedure of the court.
His greatest work is the celebrated (Critical
History of the Spanish Inquisition) (4 vols. ,
1815-17). He wrote also Political Portraits of
the Popes); (Memoirs Relating to the History
of the Spanish Revolution' (3 vols. , 1815-19).
Lloyd, David Demarest. An American jour-
nalist and playwright; born in New York city,
1851; died at Weehawken, N. J. , 1889. He
graduated at the College of New York, and
soon after was attached to the staff of the
New York Tribune. As a correspondent at
Albany in 1875 he was prominent in exposing
the canal ring. Besides contributions to maga-
zines, he wrote four plays : For Congress)
(1883); (The Woman Hater) (1885); (The Dom-
inie's Daughter (1887); “The Senator) (1889).
Lloyd, Henry Demarest. An American
writer on economics, brother of David; born
in New York State in 1847. He received his
education at Columbia College, and shortly
after graduating joined the editorial staff of
the Chicago Tribune. At present he resides
in Winnetka, Ill. His chief work is the nota-
ble book (Wealth Against Commonwealth. '
He has also written (A Strike of Millionaires
against Miners, or the Story of Spring Valley. ?
Lobo, Francisco Rodrigues (lö'bo). A Por-
tuguese poet; died about 1623. Practically
nothing is known of his life. He is one of
the most admired of Portuguese poets, among
his popular works being : (Romances) (1596);
(Eclogues) (1605); (Court in the Country)
(1610), long deemed his masterpiece; and va.
rious others.
Locke, David Ross. [“ Petroleum V. Nasby. ”]
An American satirist; born in Vestal, N. Y. ,
Sept. 20, 1833; died in Toledo, O. , Feb. 15,
1888. He gained celebrity as the author of
the widely known Nasby Letters) on politics,
and produced many pamphlets on literary, po-
litical, and social topics. Among his publica.
tions are: (The Moral History of America's
Life Struggle); (The Morals of Abou ben Ad.
hem, or Eastern Fruit in Western Dishes.
Locke, Jane Ermina. An American writer
of prose and verse ; born in Worthington, Mass. ,
April 25, 1805; died in Ashburnham, Mass. ,
March 8, 1859. Her contributions appeared in
the Ladies' American Magazine. (Poems) was
published in 1842; (The Recalled, or Voices
of the Past,' 1855; a (Eulogy on the Death
of Webster,' in rhyme, 1855.
Locke, John. A celebrated English philos-
opher; born at Wrington, near Bristol, Aug.
29, 1632; died at Oates (Essex), Oct. 28, 1704.
Among his philosophical writings the first place
is held by the Essay concerning Human Un-
derstanding' (1690). In the field of political
science he wrote : An Epistle on Tolerance
( 1689); a second letter (1690); a third (1092);
and (Two Treatises on Government) (1690).
On the subject of religious beliefs he wrote:
(The Reasonableness of Christianity as deliv-
ered in the Scriptures) (1695), and a first and
second (Vindication of the same (1695-97).
On education he wrote (Some Thoughts on
Education (1693), and (Some Thoughts con-
cerning Reading and Study) (1706). Among
his miscellaneous writings are (The Funda-
mental Constitutions of Carolina' (1706), and
(Elements of Natural Philosophy' (1706). *
Locke, John Staples. An American writer;
born in 1836. He is a resident of Saco, Me.
Among his works are: Picture Rhymes for
Happy Times) (1886); (A Brave Struggle, a
novel (1887); (Shores of Saco Bay); (Histor-
ical Sketches of Old Orchard. '
Locker-Lampson, Frederick. An English
poet; born at Greenwich, 1821; died 1895. He
wrote several volumes of society verses) ;
among them : (London Lyrics) (1857); (Lyra
Elegantiarum (1867); Patchwork) (1879). *
Lockhart, John Gibson. A Scotch biogra.
pher and poet, son-in-law of Sir Walter Scott;
born at Cambusnethan, Lanark, 1794; died at
Abbotsford, Nov. 25, 1854. His writings are :
(Peter's Letters to his Kinsfolk) (1819); the
novels Valerius) (1821), Adam Blair) (1822).
(Reginald Dalton' (1823), Matthew Wald
(1824); a volume of translations of Ancient
Spanish Ballads) (1823); "Life of Robert Burns)
(1828); Life of Sir Walter Scott (7 vols. , 1839-
41), his most celebrated work. *
Lockhart, Laurence William Maxwell, A
British novelist, nephew of J. G. ; born in
Lanarkshire, 1831 ; died at Mentone, March 23.
## p. 347 (#363) ############################################
LOCKROY — LÖHER
347
on antiquarian subjects he successfully combines
the qualities of learning and picturesqueness,
particularly in (Round About London (1877;
4th ed. 1880); (Memorials of the Savoy) (1879);
(A History of London) (1883); Authorized
Guide to the Tower of London (1886); (The
Cathedral Churches of England (1892); (Inns
of Court and Chancery) (1894).
Logan, Cornelius Ambrosius, An Ameri-
can dramatist; born in Baltimore, Md. , 1806;
died near Wheeling, Va. , 1853. He made a
vigorous reply to Lyman Beecher's attack upon
the stage from the pulpit. He wrote successful
plays: (Yankee Land) (1834); A Hundred
Years Hence,' a burlesque. He also wrote tales
and poems.
:
>
1882. Among his novels are: Double and
Quits); (Fair to See); and (Mine Is Thine.
Lockroy, Édouard Étienne Antoine Simon
(lok-rwä'). A French journalist and states-
man; born in Paris, July 18, 1838. He was
prominent as a journalist before and after the
war with Germany, and suffered several months'
imprisonment for his radical articles published
in Figaro, The Recall, and The Sovereign Peo-
ple,-a popular political journal, of which he
was editor.
Lieber, Franz (lē'ber). An eminent Ameri-
can publicist; born at Berlin, Germany, March
18, 1800; died in New York, Oct. 2, 1872. He
volunteered as a soldier at 15, and was in
the battles of Ligny, Waterloo, and Namur. He
served also in the Greek war of independence,
recording his experiences in Journal in Greece)
(1823). He settled in the United States in
1827, and during the next five years was occu-
pied with the compilation of the "Encyclopædia
Americana) (13 vols. ). While professor of
history and political economy in South Caro-
lina College, he wrote the three great works
on which his fame mainly rests: (Manual of
Political Ethics) (1838); Legal and Political
Hermeneutics (1839); (Civil Liberty and Self-
Government (1853). In the beginning of the
Civil War he drew up by order of President
Lincoln the (Code of War for the Govern-
ment of the Armies of the United States in the
Field.
Liebig, Justus, Baron von (lē'big). A Ger-
man chemist; born at Darmstadt, May 12, 1803;
died at Munich, April 18, 1873. In 1826 he
was appointed professor of chemistry in the Uni-
versity of Giessen, and there set up the first
chemical laboratory for experimental instruction.
He was a very successful lecturer, and attracted
students from all over the world. His treatises
and memoirs on theoretical and practical chem-
istry are very numerous, and are of exceptional
value; and the term “Liebig's Extract is cer-
tainly a “household word. ” No other chemist
of great rank has so sedulously striven to make
the science a tender to practical utilities. Among
his writings on the chemistry of agriculture are :
(Principles of Agricultural Chemistry) (1855);
(Theory and Practice of Farming) (1856);(Sci-
entific Letters on Modern Farming' (1859).
Liebknecht, Wilhelm (lēb'necht). A Ger-
man socialist agitator; born at Giessen, Ma
29, 1826. He is editor-in-chief of the organ of
the Social Democratic party, Vorwärts; au-
thor of "The Fundamental Question) (1876);
(A Glance at the New World (1887), recount-
ing his observations during a visit to the United
States; (Robert Blum' (1890); (History of the
French Revolution) (1890); Robert Owen)
(1892). His work on “Woman' is widely
known.
Lieblein, Jens Daniel Carolus (lebʻlin). A
Norwegian Egyptologist; born at Christiania,
Dec. 23, 1827. He has written works on Egyp-
tology in French, German, Swedish, and Nor-
wegian; among them : Egyptian Chronology)
(1863); Dictionary of Hieroglyphic Names)
(1871-92); (Trade and Shipping in the Red
Sea in Ancient Times) (1887).
Liebrecht, Felix (lēb'recht). A noted Ger-
man mythologist; born at Namslau, Silesia,
March 13, 1812; died at St. Hubert, France,
Aug. 3, 1890. He made a study of the sagas
and legends of various countries. Among his
writings are : translations, with critical annota.
tions, of Giambattista Basile's (Pentamerone,
or the Story of Stories) (1846); of the (Baarlam
and Josaphat) of John of Damascus (1847);
and of Dunlop's History of Prose Poems.
Ligne, Charles Joseph, Prince de (lēn). A
Belgian soldier and miscellaneous writer; born
at Brussels, May 12, 1735; died Dec. 13, 1814.
He wrote : Military, Literary, and Sentimental
Miscellanies) (3 vols. , 1795-1811); Life of
Prince Eugene of Savoy' (2 vols. , 1809). From
his correspondence, journals, etc. , Mme. de Staël
compiled two volumes of "Letters and Thoughts)
(1809).
Liguori, Alfonso Maria de (lē-gwö'rē). An
Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church;
born at Naples, 1696; died Aug. I, 1787. While
bishop of Sant' Agata de' Goti, he founded the
religious congregation of Redemptorists. He
was beatified” in 1816; canonized in 1839;
proclaimed “Doctor of the Universal Church »
in 1871. He wrote Moral Theology) (ed. of
1881, 8 vols. ), and many books of devotion.
Liliencron, Detlev, Baron von (lēl'yen-
kron"). A German novelist and poet; born
at Kiel, June 3, 1844. He wrote: “The Adju-
tant's Rides, and Other Poems) (1883); (A
Summer Battle) (1886), a collection of stories;
“Work Ennobles) (1886); «The Merovingians,
a Tragedy) (1888); the novels (Under Flutter-
ing Banners) (1888), and Mæcenas) (1889);
and several volumes of collected poems.
Liliencron, Rochus, Baron von. A Ger-
man philologist ; born at Plön in Holstein, Dec.
8, 1820. He is author of (Runic Writing)
(1852); (Songs and Sayings from the Latest
Period of the Minnesingers) (1855); (Historic
Popular Ballads of Germany from the 13th to
the 16th Century) (4 vols. , 1864-69); (German
Life in the Folk-Song of the 16th Century. ?
Lillie, Mrs. Lucy Cecil (White). An Amer.
ican writer of juvenile literature; born in New
State in 1855. Among her most popular
works are : (Prudence) (1882); (Rolf House)
## p. 343 (#359) ############################################
LILLO - LINGG
343
(1886); (The Colonel's Money) (1888); (The
Squire's Daughter) (1891); (Alison's Advent-
ures) (1895).
Lillo, George. An eminent English drama-
tist; born at Moorfields, Feb. 4, 1693; died in
London, Sept. 3, 1739. The son of a Dutch
jeweler, he was brought up to his father's
trade, and was for several years in partnership
with him. "Silvia, or the Country Burial)
(1730), a ballad opera, was his first piece; and
was followed (1731) by the famous (London
Merchant, or the History of George Barnwell,
nowadays better known by its sub-title, which
made its author famous, and held the stage for
nearly a century. It had a marked influence
in its day, and may be regarded as a precursor
of the domestic drama. ” His other dramatic
productions include: Britannia, or the Royal
Lovers) (1734); ( Fatal Curiosity) (1736); (Arden
of Feversham,' an adaptation of an Elizabethan
play, revised or completed by John Hoadly
after Lillo's death.
Lilly, William Samuel. An English con-
troversial writer ; born at Fifehead, Dorsetshire,
1840. He is a champion of the Catholic point
of view in such works as (Ancient Religion
and Modern Thought) (1884), and (The Claims
of Christianity' (1894).
Limburg-Brouwer, Petrus van (lēm'börg-
brou'er). A Dutch scholar; born at Dordrecht,
Sept. 30, 1795; died at Groningen, June 21, 1847.
He wrote History of the Moral and Religious
Civilization of the Greeks) (3 vols. , 1833-42),
still highly valued; two fine historical novels
with the scene laid in ancient Greece,-(Chari-
cles and Euphorion (1831), and “Diophanes)
(1838); and a novel relating to his own time,
(The Reading Society) (1847).
Limburg-Brouwer, Petrus Abraham Sam-
uel van. A Dutch novelist, son of Petrus;
born at Liège, Nov. 15, 1829; died at The
Hague, Feb. 13, 1873. He wrote the Oriental
romance (Akbar) (1872), the work of a man of
poetic sensibility and most intimate knowledge
of Indian literature.
Lincoln, Abraham. Sixteenth President of
the United States, the great “War President);
born in Hardin County, Ky. , Feb. 12, 1809;
died at Washington, April 15, 1865. His (Ad-
dress on the occasion of the dedication of the
National Cemetery at Gettysburg, Pa. , Nov. 19,
1863, is justly esteemed one of the most memo-
rable utterances of human eloquence; classic
also is his "Second Inaugural Address) of
March 4, 1865. *
Lindau, Paul (lin'dou). A German novelist
and literary critic; born at Magdeburg, June 3,
1839. He has written books of travel, including
(From Venice) (1864); (From Paris); works
of literary criticism, as (Harmless Letters of
a Provincial German) (2 vols. , 1870); Literary
Trivialities) (1871); Molière (1872); (Alfred
de Musset) (1877); (From Literary France)
(1880); and novels, -(Mr. and Mrs. Brewer)
(1882); (Berlin. )
Lindau, Rudolf. A German diplomat and
novelist; born at Gardelegen, Oct. 10, 1830.
He was for many years engaged in the consu-
lar and diplomatic service of Switzerland and
Germany. His principal novels are: (Robert
Ashton) (1877); Liquidated) (1877); (Good
Company' (1880); (The Flirt' (1894); (Silence)
(1895). Some of his stories are perfect works
of art; all of them mirror with rare fidelity
life in the four quarters of the globe, as seen
and studied by a man of very extensive travel.
Lindner, Albert (lind'ner). A German dram-
atist; born at Sulza in Saxe-Weimar, April 24,
1831 ; died at Berlin, Feb. 4, 1888. His tragedy
(Brutus and Collatinus) won him the Schiller
prize. (The Bloody Nuptials, or St. Bartholo.
mew's Eve) (1871) had extraordinary success
upon the stage He wrote several other trage-
dies: (Marino Faliero' (1875); “Don John of
Austria) (1875)); “The Reformer) (1883). He
wrote also (The Swan of Avon) (1881), and
(The Riddle of Woman's Soul (1881).
Lindner, Theodor. An Austrian historian;
born May 29, 1843. Among his numerous works
are: “The Vehm' (1887); German History un-
der the Hapsburgs and Luxemburgs) (1889-93);
and History of the German People) (1894).
Lindsay, Sir David of the Mount. A Scotch
poet; born about 1490; died before May 1555.
His satires in rhyme were noted for their ridi-
cule of the clergy. His works include : (The
Dreme) (1528); (Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis)
(1539); and ( Historie of Squier Meldrun (1548).
Lindsey, William. An American poet and
prose-writer ; born in Massachusetts in 1858.
His works are : (Apples of Istakhar) (1895), a
volume of poems; and (Cinder-Path Tales)
(1896), stories of athletic sports.
Linen, James. A Scottish poet; born 1808 ;
died in New York City, 1873. His dialect
poems appeared in the Knickerbocker Mag-
azine and the Scottish - American Journal; a
collection, (Songs of the Seasons, and Other
Poems,' was published in 1852; (The Golden
Gate) appeared in 1869.
Ling, Peter Henrik. A Swedish poet; born
at Ljunga, Nov. 15, 1776; died at Stockholm,
May 3, 1839. He founded Swedish gymnas-
tics, and wrote “The General Principles of
Gymnastics) (1840). He also produced sev-
eral spirited lyric poems, tragedies, and epics,
to inspire his countrymen to emulate the ex-
ploits of the ancient heroes of Scandinavia.
Ling8, Hermann (ling). A German poet ;
born at Lindau, Jan. 22, 1820. He published
(1853) a volume of (Poems of great originality,
and remarkable for wealth of imagery and
deep elegiac tone. (The Migration of Peoples)
(3 books, 1866-68) showed grandeur and epic
power. His dramas are less admirable; among
them are : (The Doge Candiano) (1873); “The
Sicilian Vespers); and (Catiline. Besides
(Patriotic Ballads) (1868), “Dark Powers,' and
several volumes of collected poems, he has
written Byzantine Tales) (1881); (From Forest
>
## p. 344 (#360) ############################################
344
LINGUET-LISTA Y ARAGON
and Lake,' five stories (1883); (Clytia, a Scene 1839. He wrote: (Animism in its Relations to
from Pompeii) (1883).
the Ancient Hebrew Religion (1880); Re-
ligions of the European Culture-Peoples) (1881);
Linguet, Simon Nicolas Henri (lan-gā'). A
(Christianism, Popular Beliefs, and Popular
French writer of history; born at Rheims, July
Usages) (1882); History of the Family) (1885);
14, 1736; died June 27, 1794. He won great
(History of Civilization in its Leading Feat-
fame by his (History of the Age of Alexander)
(1762), and his (Judiciary Memoirs) (7 vols. ).
ures' (1886); History of German Manners and
Morals) (1889).
Of his numerous works on laws, politics, science,
etc. , these may be mentioned : History of the
Lippincott, Sarah Jane (Clarke). (“Grace
Revolutions of the Roman Empire) (2 vols. );
Greenwood. ”] An American writer of prose
(Theory of the Civil Law) (1767); (Impartial and verse ; born in Pompey, N. Y. , Sept. 23, 1823.
History of the Jesuits) (1768); Memoirs on She was favorably known as an editor and con-
the Bastille) (1783).
tributor. (Ariadne) is one of her best poems.
She published: (Greenwood Leaves) (1850);
Linnæus, Carolus (lin-nē'us) – (Karl von
(Poems) (1851 ); Merrie England) (1855 );
Linné). A celebrated Swedish naturalist; born
(Records of Five Years) (1868); and New
at Råshult in Småland, May 13, 1707; died at
Life in New Lands) (1873).
Upsala, Jan. 10, 1778. Among his writings
are: "The System of Nature, or the Three Lippmann, Julie Mathilde. An American
Kingdoms of Nature Systematically Arranged' writer of verse and juvenile literature ; born in
(7 vols. , 1735); Foundations of Botany) (1736); Brooklyn, N. Y. , in 1864. She is the author of
Library of Botany) (1736); (Genera of Plants) (Through Slumbertown and Wakeland); Jock
(1737); “Classes of Plants) (1738); Philosophy
(
o' Dreams, a collection of short stories; and
of Botany) (1751); “System of Plants) (1779). * Miss Wildfire,' a novel for girls.
Linton, Eliza Lynn. An English novelist, Lipsius, Justus (lip'sē-us). [Properly Joest
wife of William J. ; born in Keswick, 1822.
Lips. ) A celebrated Dutch humanist; born at
Her first novel, (Azeth the Egyptian,' appeared Overyssche, Belgium, Oct. 18, 1547; died at Lou-
1846; since which she has published: (Witch
vain, March 23, 1606. His strength lay chiefly in
Stories) (1861); (The Lake Country) (1864);
the Latin historians and in Roman antiquities;
Patricia Kemble) (1874); (The World Well
his editions of Tacitus and of Seneca, with
Lost' (1877); (My Love) (1881); (The One commentaries, were prepared with extreme care,
Too Many) (1894); and other works.
and (especially Tacitus) finally determined the
genuine text in all essential particulars. In
Linton, William James. An English wood-
addition he wrote 48 separate treatises and es-
engraver, poet, and miscellaneous writer; born
says, among them: “The Amphitheatre) (1584);
in London, 1812; died Dec. 29, 1897. A
(On Politics (1589); “The Cross) (1593); (The
draughtsman of repute, and for a period an
Military System of the Romans) (1595); "Vesta
illustrator on the Illustrated London News, he
and the Vestal Virgins) (1603); "Introduction
removed to the United States in 1867 and
to the Stoic Philosophy) (1004); Natural Phi-
opened an engraving establishment at New
losophy of the Stoics) (1604).
Haven, Conn. Besides works on engraving he
wrote a Life of Thomas Watson (the Chart-
Lipsius, Marie. See La Mara.
ist leader), giving a history of the Chartist Lipsius, Richard Adelbert. A German the-
movement, in which he shared ardently; a ologian; born at Gera, Feb. 14, 1830; died at
Life of Thomas Paine); (Claribel and Other Jena, Aug. 19, 1892. Among his writings are :
Poems) (1865); (The Flower and the Star) (The Pauline Doctrine of Justification (1853);
( 1869 ); stories for children; edited (Rare (Gnosticism' (1860);"Chronology of the Bishops
Poems of the 16th and 17th Centuries) (1883); of Rome) (1869); (Sources of the Roman Fable
and was co-editor with R. H. Stoddard of of Peter) (1872); (Text-Book of Protestant
(English Verse) (1883).
Dogmatic Theology) (1876); Philosophy and
Lippard, George. An American story-writer;
Religion (1885); (Chief Heads of Christian
born at Yellow Springs, Pa. , April 10, 1822; died
Doctrine) (1889); Brief Commentary on the
New Testament' (2 vols. , 1891); (Luther's Doc-
at Philadelphia, Feb. 9, 1854. His most notori.
trine of Penance) (1892).
ous work was (The Quaker City) (1845), mod-
eled on Sue's Mysteries of Paris,' and imply- List, Friedrich (list). A German political
ing that Philadelphia was a modern Sodom, economist; born at Reutlingen, Aug. 6, 1789;
though he disclaimed the inference when threat- died at Kufstein, Nov. 30, 1846. He emigrated
ened with legal consequences.
(Mysteries and to the United States in 1825, and settled at
Miseries of Philadelphia) and (The Empire Harrisburg, Pa. There he wrote (Outlines of a
City: New York — Its Upper Ten and Lower New System of Political Economy) (1827). He
Million) were companion pieces. He wrote went to Leipsic (1833) as American consul, and
also (Paul Ardenheim,' a Rosicrucian romance; did not return to America. He published (1841)
(Legends of Mexico) and (Legends of the Vol. i. of (The National System of Political
Revolution) (1847); “Washington and his Gen- Economy) (7th ed. 1884).
erals); and others.
Lista y Aragon, Alberto (lēs'tä ē ä-rä-gon').
Lippert, Julius (lip'ert). A German his- A distinguished Spanish poet; born at Triana,
torian ; born at Braunau in Bohemia, April 12, near Seville, Oct. 15, 1775; died there, Oct. 5,
>
## p. 345 (#361) ############################################
LISTER-LIVINGSTONE
345
1848. He was one of the best lyric poets of
his time in Spain, with a rich fancy, deep
sensibility, and a philosophic mind. His
(Poems) were published in 2 vols. (2d ed.
1837). He wrote a (Course of Universal His-
tory,' an adaptation of Ségur's work; and
(Literary and Critical Essays) (2 vols. , 1884).
Lister, Sir Joseph. An eminent English
surgeon; born April 5, 1827. He first sug-
gested the antiseptic mode of treating surgical
cases. Among his writings are : 'Early Stages
of Inflammation (1859); "Ligature of Arteries
and the Antiseptic System (1869); (The Germ
Theory of Fermentative Changes) (1875); (Lac-
tic Fermentation and its Bearings on Pathol-
ogy) (1878).
Liszt, Franz (list). A great Hungarian
pianist and composer; born at Raiding, near
Odenburg, Oct. 22, 1811; died at Bayreuth, July
31, 1886. At 13 he composed the operetta (Don
Sancho,' which was successfully produced at
the Paris Grand Opera in 1825. His chief
contributions to the literature of music are :
(Wagner's Lohengrin) and (Tannhäuser))
(1851); (The Gipsies and their Music in Hun-
gary) (1859); (Robert Franz) (1872). There is
a collection of his "Letters) (3 vols. , 1892-93);
also of his correspondence with Richard Wag-
ner (2 vols. , 1887).
Litchfield, Grace Denio. An American
novelist; born in New York city, 1849. She has
lived in Europe for a number of years, and now
resides in Washington, D. C. Among her works
are : (Only an Incident) (1883); «The Knight
of the Black Forest) (1885); Criss Cross )
(1885); A Hard-Won Victory) (1888); “In the
Crucible.
Litta, Pompeo, Count (lēt'ä). An Italian
writer of history ; born at Milan, Sept. 27, 1781;
died Aug. 17, 1852. After his death, was pub-
lished in 183 parts his great work (Celebrated
Italian Families) (1819-82), containing memoirs
of 75 noble families.
Littledale, Richard Frederick. An Eng-
lish clergyman and religious writer ; born in
Dublin in 1833 ; died in 1890. He was curate
of St. Mary Virgin, London, from 1857 to 1861,
when he resigned on account of ill-health and
devoted himself to the study of religious sub-
jects, particularly the Anglican ritual. Among
a number of polemical, historical, exegetic, and
other publications, are: (The Catholic Ritual
in the Church of England) (1865); (Pharisaic
Proselytism' (1870); Plain Reasons against
Joining the Church of Rome) (1880); (A Short
History of the Council of Trent) (1888).
Littleton, Sir Thomas. An English jurist;
born in Frankley, Worcestershire, 1402 ; died
there, Aug. 23, 1481. He wrote a treatise on
tenures, known through Coke's Commentaries.
"Coke on Littleton) is a secondary course in
the bringing up of young lawyers.
Littré, Maximilien Paul Émile (lē-trā'). A
celebrated French philologist, philosopher, lexi-
cographer, and author; born at Paris, Feb. 1,
1801; died there, June 2, 1881. He was one of
the greatest linguists and scientists of the cen-
tury, best known for his celebrated Diction-
ary of the French Language) (1863-72). In
addition to his labors as a philologist he con-
tributed to various scientific and philosophical
journals, was active in politics, translated the
works of Hippocrates (10 vols. , 1839-61), which
admitted him to the Academy of Inscriptions,
and Pliny's (Natural History) (1848), and wrote
a "History of the French Language) (1862);
(Studies of the Barbarians and the Middle
Ages) (1867); Medicine and Physicians) (1872);
Literature and History) (1875); (The Estab-
lishment of the Third Republic) (1880); and
several treatises on Auguste Comte's positive
philosophy, of which he was an ardent advo-
cate. In 1871 he was elected to the French
Academy.
Littrow, Heinrich von (lit'trou). An Aus-
trian naval officer and writer on maritime af-
fairs; born at Vienna, Jan. 26, 1820; died April
25, 1895. He is author of a Maritime Dic-
tionary) (1851); (Manual of Seamanship’ (1859);
(From the Sea, a volume of verse (4th ed.
1876); (Karl Weyprecht, Austrian Polar Ex-
plorer) (1881); Pictures of Travel (4th ed.
1883).
Littrow, Josef Johann von. An Austrian
astronomer; born at Bischofsteinitz in Bohemia,
March 13, 1781; died Nov. 30, 1840. By his
writings and public lectures he contributed
largely to the diffusion of astronomical knowl.
edge in Austria. His chief works are :( Theoretic,
and Practical Astronomy) (2 vols. , 1821); 'Won.
ders of the Heavens) (1834; 8th ed. 1894);
(Atlas of the Starry Heavens) (1838; 3d ed.
1870).
Livermore, Mary Ashton (Rice). An Amer.
ican reformer and lecturer; born in Boston,
Dec. 19, 1821. In 1862 she was appointed agent
of the Northwestern branch of the United States
Sanitary Commission. Since the War she has
been conspicuous in her efforts to promote the
woman-suffrage and temperance movements.
Among her popular lectures are: (What Shall
We Do with Our Daughters? ) (Women of the
War); (The Moral Heroism of the Temper-
ance Reform. She is the author of (Pen Pict-
ures) (1865), (Thirty Years Too Late) (1878),
and a work setting forth her experiences dur-
ing the War.
Livingstone, David. A celebrated Scotch
traveler; born at Blantyre, March 19, 1813; died
in Central Africa, May 1, 1873. He first went
out to Africa in the service of the London Mis-
sionary Society, 1840. He discovered the Vic-
toria Falls of the Zambezi in 1855, and soon
afterward returned to England. He went back
to Africa in 1858, and continued his labors as
missionary and explorer till 1864; but after a
few months he was in the field again, and
there remained, without any communication
with Europe, till he was found by Stanley.
He continued his work in Africa till his death.
His works are: Missionary Travels and Re.
)
## p. 346 (#362) ############################################
346
LIVIUS-LOCKHART
searches in South Africa) (2 vols. , 1857); (Nar-
rative of an Expedition to the Zambezi and its
Tributaries) (1865); (Last Journals of David
Livingstone in Central Africa, from 1865 to his
Death' (1874).
Livius Andronicus. See Andronicus.
Livy - Titus Livius. A great Roman his-
torian; born at Patavium (Padua), 59 B. C. ;
died there, 17 A. D. He wrote the History of
Rome from the Founding of the City) in 142
(books, of which only 35 have come down to
us - books 1-10, reaching to the year 293 B. C. ,
and books 21-45, covering the years 218-167
B. C. ; of the lost books some fragments remain. *
Ljunggren, Gustaf Hakon Jordan (lyöng'-
gren). A Swedish writer on ästhetics; born
at Lund, March 6, 1823. He wrote: (Winckel-
mann and Ehrensvärd Compared as Philoso-
phers of Art) (1856); (The Leading Systems
of Æsthetics) (2 vols. , 1856); (The Swedish
Drama' (1864); (Swedish Literature since Gus-
tavus III. (5 vols. , 1873-95); History of the
Swedish Academy) (2 vols. , 1886).
Llorente, Juan Antonio Don (lyö-rān'tā).
A Spanish writer of history; born at Rincon
de Soto in Andalusia, March 30, 1756; died
at Madrid, Feb. 5, 1823. He was ordained
priest in 1770; was commissary of the Inquisi-
tion at Logroño in 1785, and general secretary
of the Inquisition at Madrid in 1789. He was
commissioned in 1793 to draw up plans for a
general reform of the procedure of the court.
His greatest work is the celebrated (Critical
History of the Spanish Inquisition) (4 vols. ,
1815-17). He wrote also Political Portraits of
the Popes); (Memoirs Relating to the History
of the Spanish Revolution' (3 vols. , 1815-19).
Lloyd, David Demarest. An American jour-
nalist and playwright; born in New York city,
1851; died at Weehawken, N. J. , 1889. He
graduated at the College of New York, and
soon after was attached to the staff of the
New York Tribune. As a correspondent at
Albany in 1875 he was prominent in exposing
the canal ring. Besides contributions to maga-
zines, he wrote four plays : For Congress)
(1883); (The Woman Hater) (1885); (The Dom-
inie's Daughter (1887); “The Senator) (1889).
Lloyd, Henry Demarest. An American
writer on economics, brother of David; born
in New York State in 1847. He received his
education at Columbia College, and shortly
after graduating joined the editorial staff of
the Chicago Tribune. At present he resides
in Winnetka, Ill. His chief work is the nota-
ble book (Wealth Against Commonwealth. '
He has also written (A Strike of Millionaires
against Miners, or the Story of Spring Valley. ?
Lobo, Francisco Rodrigues (lö'bo). A Por-
tuguese poet; died about 1623. Practically
nothing is known of his life. He is one of
the most admired of Portuguese poets, among
his popular works being : (Romances) (1596);
(Eclogues) (1605); (Court in the Country)
(1610), long deemed his masterpiece; and va.
rious others.
Locke, David Ross. [“ Petroleum V. Nasby. ”]
An American satirist; born in Vestal, N. Y. ,
Sept. 20, 1833; died in Toledo, O. , Feb. 15,
1888. He gained celebrity as the author of
the widely known Nasby Letters) on politics,
and produced many pamphlets on literary, po-
litical, and social topics. Among his publica.
tions are: (The Moral History of America's
Life Struggle); (The Morals of Abou ben Ad.
hem, or Eastern Fruit in Western Dishes.
Locke, Jane Ermina. An American writer
of prose and verse ; born in Worthington, Mass. ,
April 25, 1805; died in Ashburnham, Mass. ,
March 8, 1859. Her contributions appeared in
the Ladies' American Magazine. (Poems) was
published in 1842; (The Recalled, or Voices
of the Past,' 1855; a (Eulogy on the Death
of Webster,' in rhyme, 1855.
Locke, John. A celebrated English philos-
opher; born at Wrington, near Bristol, Aug.
29, 1632; died at Oates (Essex), Oct. 28, 1704.
Among his philosophical writings the first place
is held by the Essay concerning Human Un-
derstanding' (1690). In the field of political
science he wrote : An Epistle on Tolerance
( 1689); a second letter (1690); a third (1092);
and (Two Treatises on Government) (1690).
On the subject of religious beliefs he wrote:
(The Reasonableness of Christianity as deliv-
ered in the Scriptures) (1695), and a first and
second (Vindication of the same (1695-97).
On education he wrote (Some Thoughts on
Education (1693), and (Some Thoughts con-
cerning Reading and Study) (1706). Among
his miscellaneous writings are (The Funda-
mental Constitutions of Carolina' (1706), and
(Elements of Natural Philosophy' (1706). *
Locke, John Staples. An American writer;
born in 1836. He is a resident of Saco, Me.
Among his works are: Picture Rhymes for
Happy Times) (1886); (A Brave Struggle, a
novel (1887); (Shores of Saco Bay); (Histor-
ical Sketches of Old Orchard. '
Locker-Lampson, Frederick. An English
poet; born at Greenwich, 1821; died 1895. He
wrote several volumes of society verses) ;
among them : (London Lyrics) (1857); (Lyra
Elegantiarum (1867); Patchwork) (1879). *
Lockhart, John Gibson. A Scotch biogra.
pher and poet, son-in-law of Sir Walter Scott;
born at Cambusnethan, Lanark, 1794; died at
Abbotsford, Nov. 25, 1854. His writings are :
(Peter's Letters to his Kinsfolk) (1819); the
novels Valerius) (1821), Adam Blair) (1822).
(Reginald Dalton' (1823), Matthew Wald
(1824); a volume of translations of Ancient
Spanish Ballads) (1823); "Life of Robert Burns)
(1828); Life of Sir Walter Scott (7 vols. , 1839-
41), his most celebrated work. *
Lockhart, Laurence William Maxwell, A
British novelist, nephew of J. G. ; born in
Lanarkshire, 1831 ; died at Mentone, March 23.
## p. 347 (#363) ############################################
LOCKROY — LÖHER
347
on antiquarian subjects he successfully combines
the qualities of learning and picturesqueness,
particularly in (Round About London (1877;
4th ed. 1880); (Memorials of the Savoy) (1879);
(A History of London) (1883); Authorized
Guide to the Tower of London (1886); (The
Cathedral Churches of England (1892); (Inns
of Court and Chancery) (1894).
Logan, Cornelius Ambrosius, An Ameri-
can dramatist; born in Baltimore, Md. , 1806;
died near Wheeling, Va. , 1853. He made a
vigorous reply to Lyman Beecher's attack upon
the stage from the pulpit. He wrote successful
plays: (Yankee Land) (1834); A Hundred
Years Hence,' a burlesque. He also wrote tales
and poems.
:
>
1882. Among his novels are: Double and
Quits); (Fair to See); and (Mine Is Thine.
Lockroy, Édouard Étienne Antoine Simon
(lok-rwä'). A French journalist and states-
man; born in Paris, July 18, 1838. He was
prominent as a journalist before and after the
war with Germany, and suffered several months'
imprisonment for his radical articles published
in Figaro, The Recall, and The Sovereign Peo-
ple,-a popular political journal, of which he
was editor.
