No More Learning

While he had been thus engaged Sher Khān, a
Turkish officer in his service, had captured Amreli in Kāthiāwār
and slain its raja, Chītā.
Muhammad III of the Deccan had broken the treaty of 1466
by tampering with the loyalty of Maqbul Khān, Mahmūd's governor
of Kherla, who transferred his allegiance to the southern kingdom
and surrendered the fortress to the son of the raja whom Mahmūd
had imprisoned. Mahmūd's sons, Tāj Khān and Ahmad Khān,
made a forced march to Kherla, defeated the raja's son, put him to
flight, and re-occupied the fortress. The Gonds with whom he took
refuge, on hearing that Tāj Khān was preparing to attack them, sent
the fugitive to him in chains. Mahmūd visited Kherla, and march-
ed thence to Sārangpur, where he received Khvāja Kamāl-ud-din
Astarābādī, an envoy from 'Tīmūr’s great-grandson, Sultān Abu-Sa'id,
king of Transoxiana, Khurāsān, and Balkh. When the envoy
departed he was accompanied by Shaikhzāda 'Alā-ud-din, whom
Mahmūd sent as his ennoy to Abu-Sa'id.
In 1468 the landholders of Kachwāra raided some of the
a


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360
[ CH.
THE KINGDOM OF MÅLWA
districts of Mālwa, and Mahmūd at once marched to punish them.
His son Ghiyās-ud-dīn built, in an incredibly short space of time,
a fortress which he named Jalālpur, on the border of Kachwāra,
which was occupied by a garrison which curbed the predatory ten-
dencies of the rebels.
In the same year Mahmud marched to Chanderi, and thence
sent Sher Khān and Fath Khān to capture the town of Karahra,
160 miles distant from his camp. They invested the place and
pushed forward their parallels until they were able to throw lighted
combustibles into one quarter of the town. The fire spread, and
destroyed 3000 houses, and the town was captured without difficulty,
no fewer than 7000 prisoners being taken. Mahmūd was informed
at Chanderi of the outbreak of the conflagration, and is said to
have ridden in one night from that town to Karahra in order to
witness the discomfiture of the unbelievers, but this is hardly
credible.
In the course of this expedition Mahmūd received, on February
20, 1469, Shaikhzāda Muhammad Qarmali Qutb Khān Lodi, and
K apúr Chand, son of Karī Singh, raja of Gwalior, who came as en-
voys from Buhlūl Lodi, king of Delhi, to seek his help against Husain
Shāh of Jaunpur, whose repeated attempts to gain possession of Delhi
gave its master no rest and appeared, at this time, to be certain of
success. Bayāna was held out as the bait, and Mahmūd promised,
in return for the cession of this district, to supply Buhlül with 6000
horse whenever he might have need of them.
After the dismissal of this mission Mahmud returned to Māndü,
exhausted with unceasing warfare. He was now sixty-eight years
of age, and during a reign of more than thirty-three years he had
preferred the song of the lark to the cheep of the mouse, and to be
worn out rather than rusted out. In the course of his return march
to his capital he suffered severely from the fierce heat of an Indian
summer, and on June 1, 1469, shortly after his arrival at Māndū, he
expired.
He was the greatest of the Muslim kings of Mālwa, which reached
its greatest extent during his reign. His ambition may be
measured by his attempts to conquer Delhi, Gujarāt, Chitor, and
the Deccan, in all of which he failed but against his failures must
be set his signal successes against the Rāna Kumbha and many minor
Rājput chieftains, his enlargement of the frontiers of his kingdom,
and the high estimation in which he was held by his con-
temporaries. His recognition by the phantom Caliph, worthless
though it was, proved, at least, that his fame had reached distant


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XIV)
GHIYĂS-UD-DÍN
361
Egypt, and the mission from Sultan Abu-Saʻīd conveyed to him the
more valuable regard of a king in fact as well as in name. He
earned a reputation as a builder, and one of his works was a column
of victory an Māndū, erected to commemorate his successes against
Rānā Kumbha of Chitor. The more famous column of victory at
Chitor is said to commemorate victories over Mahmūd of Gujarāt
and Mahmud of Mālwa. If this is so it, like some tall bully lifts
its head and lies. ' Mahmūd I failed to capture Chitor, but the
Rānā never gained any important victory over him. The successes
of the Gahlots against Mālwa were gained by Sangrama Singh, not
by Kumbha, against Mahmūd II, not Mahmūd I.
Mahmūd was a good Muslim. He substituted the unpractical
and inconvenient lunar calendar, sacred to Islam, for the solar
calendar in all public offices, he destroyed temples and idols and
slew or enslaved their worshippers, and he was so scrupulous about
meats that when he was besieging the citadel of Bidar he harassed
the saint Khalilullāh Butshikan, son of Shāh Ni'matullāh of Māhān,
with questions regarding a supply of lawful vegetables for his table.
The saint expressed surprise that one who was engaged in attacking
a brother Muslim and slaying his subjects should be so scrupulous
in the matter of his food. Mahmūd acknowledged, with some
embarrassment, the justice of the rebuke, but pleaded that the
laws of the faith had never suſliced to curb the ambition of kings.
Mahmud I was succeeded by his eldest son, Ghiyās ud-din, who
took his seat on the throne two days after his father's death. He
earned the gratitude of his servants by retaining in their posts all
those whom his father had appointed, and displayed a confidence
in the loyalty of his near relations rarely found in an eastern king.
His next brother, Tāj Khān, was confirmed in his fiefs and received
the title of 'Alā-ud-din, and his younger brother, Fidāi Khān, was
permitted to retain the government of Ranthambhor and other
districts. His declaration of policy resembled that of the Roman
emperor Augustus. His father, he said, had extended his sway
over the whole land of Mālwa, and it should be his care to hold
what had been acquired, not to molest his neighbours. So averse
was he from war that when Buhlūl Lodi raided Pālampur, near
Ranthambhor, he would not take the field himself, but ordered
Sher Khān, governor of Chanderī, to obtain satisfaction from the
invader, which task was sufficiently well performed, and when, in
1484, he marched from Māndū in response to an appeal from the
raja of Chāmpāner, who had sought his aid against Mahmūd Be.
garha, he was suddenly smitten with compunction, and consulted


## p. 362 (#408) ############################################

362
į ch.
THE KINGDOM OF MĀLWA
the doctors of the law on the legality of aiding an infidel against a
Muslim, and, on their delivering the opinion that such assistance
was unlawful, at once returned to Māndū.
At the beginning of his reign he conferred on his eldest son,
‘Abd-ul-Qadir, the title of Nāsir-ud-din Sultān, designated him as
his heir, and associated him with himself in the business of govern-
ment.
Ghiyās-ud-din found his own chief amusement in the administra-
tion of his harem, which it was his fancy to organise as a kingdom
in miniature, complete in itself. Its army consisted of two corps
of Amazons, of 500 each, one of African and one of Turkish slave
girls, who at public audiences were drawn up on either side of the
throne. The harem contained, besides these, 1600 women, who
were taught various arts and trades, and organised in departments.
Besides the musicians, singers, and dancers, usually found in a
royal seraglio there were goldsmiths, blacksmiths, shoemakers,
weavers, potters, tailors, makers of bows, arrows, and quivers, car-
penters, wrestlers, and jugglers, each, of whom received fixed wages.
their officers, also women being paid at higher rates, also women
who supervised the various craſts and administrative departments.
These women were recruited, at great trouble and expense, from
all parts of India, but a case in which one of his agents abducted a
girl from her parents led him to order the cessation of recruitment
in his own dominions. A replica in miniature of the great bazar
in the city was erected within the precincts of the palace, and was
filled with the artists, artisans and craftswomen of the harem.
The king himself regulated with meticulous nicety the pay and
allowances of all, even to the quantities of grain, fodder and meat
allotted to the various animals employed or domesticated within
the extensive premises set apart for the harem, decided disputes,
and generally wasted in these futile pursuits the time and energy
which should have been devoted to the administration of his
kingdom.
When not thus employed he devoted himself to the ceremonies
of his faith, and to inventing others, to add to the list of those with
which the daily life of a devout Muslim is encumbered. He insisted
on being aroused every night, shortly after midnight, even if force
should be necessary, for the recitation of the voluntary night
prayers, and he abstained, not only from all intoxicants, but from
all food of the legality of which there was the slightest doubt, and
from wearing clothes of materials not sanctioned by the law of
Islam.


## p. 363 (#409) ############################################

XIV)
FOLLY OF GHIYĀS. UD. DİN
363
His folly and profusion were practised upon by rogues and im-
postors, whose fraudulent tricks needed but to be connected in
some way with professions of religion to receive unmerited rewards.
A beggar from Delhi picked up a handful of wheat from a heap
lying in the courtyard of the palace and carried it into the royal
presence. When asked the meaning of his action he explained that
he was one who had committed to memory the whole of the Koran,
which he had recited over each single grain of the wheat in his
hand, which he now offered to the king. Honours and favours were
showered upon him.
Another rogue brought to the king the hoof of an ass, which he
asserted to be a hoof of the ass on which our Lord had entered
Jerusalem. He received 50,000 tangas and was, of course, followed
by three other rogues, each bearing the hoof of an ass, of which he
told the same story and for which he received the same reward.
As though this were not enough, a fifth appeared, with a fifth hoof,
and the king co. nmanded that he likewise should receive 50,000
tangas. The courtiers protested against this folly, and asked their
master whether he believed that the Messiah's ass had five legs.
'Let him have the reward,' replied the crowned fool, 'perhaps he
is telling the truth and one of the others made a mistake. '
At such a court as this beggars of all classes of course abounded,
and the taxes wrung from a thrifty and industrious people were
squandered on rogues, vagabonds and idlers.
Ghiyās-ud-din's declining years were embittered by a violent
quarrel between his two sons, ‘Abud-ul-Qādir, Nāsir-ud-dīn and
Shujā'at Khan 'Alā-ud-din, whose mother, Rāni Khurshid, daughter
of the raja of Baglāna, favoured the cause of the younger. The
miserable king, whose naturally feeble intellect was now impaired
by old age, was incapable of composing the strife, and vacillated
between his heir and his wife's favourite. Murders were committed
on either side, and both appealed to arms. Nāsir-ud-din marched
.
out of the capital and assembled an army, and both his father and
his mother attempted to persuade him to return, the former that
the prince might resume the government of the kingdom, which
had latterly fallen entirely into his hands, and the latter that she
might find an opportunity of putting him to death. Nāsir ud-din's
first attempt to storm the capital was unsuccessful, but the greater
part of the nobles and the army was on his side, and he was
tually admitted by the Bālāpur gate.
He seized his mother and
brother, imprisoned the one and put the other to death, and on
October 22, 1500, ascended the throne with the consent of his
even-


## p. 364 (#410) ############################################

364
(CH.
THE KINGDOM OF MÁLWA
father. He caused those of the nobles who had opposed him to be
put to death and designated his second son, Miyān Manjhla, as his
heir, conferring on him the title of Shihāb-ud-din.
Many of the nobles in the provinces, including Sher Khān the
powerful governor of Chanderī, and Muqbil Khān, governor of
Mandasor, declined to believe that the new king had ascended the
throne with his father's conscent, and took up arms against him.
After one unsuccessful attempt to crush this rebellion, and another
attempt, equally unsuccessful, to conciliate the rebels, he took the
field against them, and assembled his army at Naʻlcha, leaving his
son Shihab-ud-din in charge of the capital. At Dhār he received
news of the death of his father, on February 28, 1501, from poison,
administered, as it was generally believed, by his orders. He en-
countered the rebels at Sārangpur and utterly defeated them.
Sher Khān fled to Chanderī, and thence to Erij and Bhānder',
and Nāsīr-ud-din occupied Chanderī, but discovered that a faction
in the town had invited Sher Khān to return and promised him
their active support. He sent a force against the rebel who was
advancing on Chanderi and who was defeated and so severely
wounded that he died in the course of his retreat.
The king
marched as far as the spot where the body had been buried, ex-
humed it, and carried it back to Chanderī, where it was exposed
on a gallows. He then appointed Bihajat Khān governor of Chan-
derī and returned to Māndū, when by deep drinking he aggravated
the natural ferocity of his disposition and by his violent and iras-
cible temper alienated his nobles.
In 1503 he led a marading expedition into the dominions of
the Rānā, and later in the year sent a force to the aid of Dāūd
Khān of Khāndesh, whose dominions had been invaded by Ahmad
Nizām Shāh of Ahmadnagar,
In 1510 Shihāb-ud-din, his son and heir apparent, rose in re-
bellion, and was joined by most of the nobles in the provinces and
many in the capital, who were disgusted by the king's tyranny.
Nāsir-ud-din marched against him and met him, with greatly
inferior numbers, at Dhār. Shihāb-ud-din, encouraged by his
numerical superiority, attacked his father, but was defeated and
fled to Chanderī, and, when he was pursued thither, to Sipri. His
father followed him, and having vainly attempted to persuade him
to return to his allegiance set o'it for Māndū, but died on his way
thither.
Of the manner of his death there are two accounts. According
1 In 24' 31'N. and 73' 45'E.


## p. 365 (#411) ############################################

XIV ]
MAHMUD II
365
to one he contracted a fever and insisted on bathing in cold water,
which so aggravated his illness that it terminated fatally. Accord-
ing to the other he gave expression to his suspicions of many of his
nobles, whom he believed to have been secretly in correspondence
with Shihāb-ud-din, and uttered menaces, until they beca me so
apprehensive that they poisoned him. Immediately after his death
they unanimo usly raised to the throne, on May 2, 1511, his son
'Alā-ud-din Mahmūd II, who was in the camp, and sent Nāsir-ud-
d'n's body to Māndū for burial.
Shihāb-ud-din, on hearing of his father's death, returned to
Mālwa and marched on Māndū, but Mahmūd II outstripped him
and arrived there first, and when Shihāb-ud-din reached the city
the gates were shut in his face. After attempting, without success,
to persuade the governor of the city, Muhāfiz Khān, to admit him,
he retired to the fortress of Asīr, in Khāndesh.
Mahmūd II confirmed in his post his father's minister, a Hindu
named Basant Rāi, but the Muslim nobles so resented his tenure
of his high place that they murdered him. The intrigues of
Muhāfiz Khān, governor of Māndü, drove Iqbāl Khān and Mukhtass
Khān, two of the leading nobles, into rebellion and they iled to
the Narbada and sent Nusrat Khān, the former's son to Asīr, to
summon Shihāb-ud-din to the throne of Mālwa. The prince was so
overjoyed that he set out at once, riding hard, in the great heart, to
join his adherents, but he succumbed, and on July 29, 1511, died
on the road. The rebels sent his body to Mandū for burial, pro-
claimed his son King under the title of Hūshang II, and marched
into the central districts of Mālwa. A force was sent against them
and defeated them, and Hüshang took refuge in Sehore, but the
leaders convinced the king that they were loyal at heart, and had
rebelled only in consequence of the intrigues of Muhāfiz Khān.
This officer had already angered the king by proposing that he
should put to death his eldest brother, Sāhib Khān, and the quarrel
became so acute that Muhāfiz Khān attacked the king in his
palace. He was defeated and driven off, and avenged himself by
proclaiming Sāhib Khān king under the title of Muhammad I11.
Mahmūi Il escaped from Māndū and withdrew to Ujjain, where
he was joined by Iqbāl Khān, Mukhtass Khān, and Dastur Khān.
Sāhib Khān advanced to Na'lcha and Mahmúd retired to Dipāl-
pur, where most of the nobles, whose wives and families were
in Māudū deserted him. He asked Bihjat Khān governor of
1 Muhammad Il reigned nominally from A. H. 917 to A. H. 921 (A. D. 1511—1516).
His extant coins bear the latter date,


## p. 366 (#412) ############################################

366
[CH.
THE KINGDOM OF MĀLWA
an
>
Chanderi, to give him an asylum in that fortress, bui Bihjat Khān
replied that he was the servant of the king who held Māndū.
Mahmūd knew not where to turn, and remained irresolute for some
days, until he bethought himself of Medni Rāi the Purbiya, a
Rājput of eastern Hindústān, who held the military government
of a small district in Malwa and was noted for his valour, He
responded to the king's call, and came to his aid, and his accession
induced Bihjat Khān of Chanderi to change his attitude, so that he
sent his son Shiddat Khān to the king with offers of service.
Mahmūd, thus reinforced, marched to meet his brother, who
advanced from Māndü. The armies met in the evening, and while
they were encamped for the night Afzal Khan deserted the prince,
taking half of the army with him to Mahmūd's camp and Mu-
hammad fled without fighting. Mahmūd at once marched on
Māndū, being joined on the way by the remnant of Shihāb-ud-din's
supporters from Schore, and on November 28 found his brother,
who had assembled a number of troops, barring his way to the
capital. Muhammad was defeated, and fled into the fortress, and
Mahmūd, after inffectual attempt to induce him to submit,
opened the siege of the palace. On January 6, 1512 he was admitted
into the fortress, by some of his partisans and Muhammad and
Muhafiz Khān fled, with such jewels and treasure as they could
collect and carry with them, and threw themselves on the protec-
tion of Muzaffar II of Gujarat, who was then encamped at Baroda.
The course of Muhammad's subsequent wanderings has been traced
in the preceding chapter. He found a home, for a time in Berar,
under the protection of 'Alā-ud-din 'Imād Shāh.
Mahmūd was now established at Māndū, and soon had occasion
to repent of having summoned the Purbiya Rājputs to his aid.
Medni Rai assumed the office of minister, dismissed from their
posts all the old nobles of the kingdom, in whose places he ap.
pointed men of his own faith and race, and induced the king to
sanction the assassination of Afzal Khān and Iqābl Khān, whom
he accused of entering in correspondence with Muhammad. The
Muslim nobles viewed with mingled disgust and apprehension the
supremacy of the idolators in the state, and Sikandar Khān,
governor of Satwās and one of the most important of the great
fief-holders, raised the standard of revolt. Bihjat Khān of Chanderi
excused himself from obeying his sovereign's command to march
against the rebel, and Mansūr Khān of Bhilsa, who obeyed the
royal summons, was so ill supported that he abandoned the attempt
to crush the rebellion, and joined Bihjat Khān at Chanderi. Medni


## p. 367 (#413) ############################################

XIV ]
PREDOMINANCE OF THE RĀJPUTS
367
Rāi reduced Sikandar Khān to obedience, and by confirming him
in his fiefs induced him to renew his allegiance to Mahmūd.
Bihjat Khān of Chanderſ was still contumacious, and when
Mahmūd marched in person to Āgar sent letters to Sāhib Khān, or
Muhammad Shāh, in Berar, and to Sikandar Shāh Lodi of Delhi,
begging the former to join him and received the crown of Mālwa,
and seeking the assistance of the latter against a king who was
dominated by infidels.
While Mahmūd was awaiting the return of a mission which he
had sent to Bihjat Khān for the purpose of recalling him to his
obedience, he was perturbed by the news of a revolt in his capital,
and of the invasion of his kingdom by Muzaffar II of Gujarāt, but
the revolt was immediately suppressed and Muzaffar was recalled
to Gujarāt by domestic disturbances. No sooner had Mahmūd
been reassured by this news than he learnt that Sikandar Khān
was again in rebellion, and had defeated and slain a loyal officer
who had endeavoured to reduce him to obedience. At the same
time he learnt that his brother had reached Chanderī and had been
proclaimed king by Bihjat Khān and Mansür Khān. He retired to
Bhilsa and remained for some time in that neighbourhood. His
inaction encouraged the rebels to send a force to Sārangpur, but
the governor of that district defeated them, and the news that a
contingent sent to their help by Sikandar Shāh Lodi had retired
restored Mahmūd's spirits, and disheartened, in a corresponding
degree, his enemies. An attempt of Mubāfiz Khān to return to
Māndū was defeated, and the rebels were ready to come to terms,
The king was no less weary of the conflict, which, as he now under-
stood, was being prolonged only in the interest of the Purbiya
Rājputs, and ceded to his brother the districts of Rāisen Bhilsa, and
Dhamonī, besides remitting to hiin a substantial sum for his imme.
diate needs. The retention of the money by Bihjat Khān excited the
apprehensions of Muhammad, who believed that he was about to be
betrayed to his brother, and fled to the protection of Sikandar Shāh
Lodī, thus enabling his host to make an unqualified submission to
Mahmud, who, on December 18, 1513, was received at Chanderi by
Bihjat Khān, who endeavoured, without success, to free him from
his subservience to Medni Rāi.
Early in 1514 thc king returned to Māndū, where he fell
entirely under the influence of the Rājput minister, and at his
instigation put many of the old Muslim nobles of the kingdom to
death. The rest left the court, and even menial servants were dis-
missed, until the king was entirely in their power. He made an


## p. 368 (#414) ############################################

368
[CH.
THE KINGDOM OF MĀLWA
effort to free himself by dismissing Medni Rāi, but the minister
refused to accept his dismissal, and the Rājputs were restrained
from violence only by prudential considerations, and promised in
future to abstain from what was their greatest offence in the eyes
of Muslims -- the keeping of Muslim women as concubines. One of
their leaders, Sālibāhan, refused to make this promise, and the
offence thus continued. Mahmūd then attempted to remove Medni
Rāi and Salibāhan by assassination, and succeeded in the case of
the latter, but the former was only wounded, and the Rājputs
attacked the king's small bodyguard of Muslims, but were defeated,
chiefly owing to their fear of provoking the intervention of Muzaffar
II of Gujarāt by proceeding to extremities.
In 1517 Mahmūd lost patience with his Hindu masters, and,
leaving Māndū on the pretext of hunting eluded his Rājput escort
and fled to the frontier of Gejarāt, where he sought aid of Muzaf-
far II, whose ready response to the appeal, and the capture of
Māndū, the terrible massacre of the Rājputs, and Mahmūd's re-
storation to his throne have already been described in the preceding
chapter.
The Rājputs had not all been in Māndū when it was taken by
Muzaffar, and Medni Rāi had established himself in the northren
and eastern districts of the kingdom : his officers held Chanderi
and Gāgraun, and his brother, Silahdi, Rāisen, Bhilsa, and Sarang-
pur.
Mahmūd recalled all his old Muslim nobles and their troops,
and by the advice of Asaf Khān of Gujarāt, who had been left,
with 10,000 horse, by Muzaffar II to assist him against his enemies,
marched first to Gāgraun, which was held by Hemkaran for Medni
Rāi.
Medni Rai was himself with Rānā Sangrama, and, on hearing
that Mahmūd had opened the siege of Gāgraun, implored the Rānā
a town which contained all that was most precious to him.
Sangrama responded to the appeal, and marched with a large army
towards Gāgraun, and Mahmūd, on hearing of his advance, aban.
doned the siege and marched with great rapidity to meet him. His
army encamped within fourteen miles of Sangrama, who, having
ascertained that it was exhausted by its long march, attacked it at
once. On his approach the Muslims took the field in small bodies,
each division falling in as soon as it could arm and mount. The
whole army was thus cut to pieces in detail and utterly defeated.
Mahmūd himself was wounded and was captured, fighting valiantly,
for he lacked not physical courage, and carried before Sangrama,
to save


## p. 369 (#415) ############################################

XIV )
MÁLWA ANNEXED TO GUJARAT
369
who received him with the chivalrous courtesy which the Rājput
knows how to show to a defeated foe, but compelled him to sur-
render all his crown jewels.
The Rānā was now in a position to annex Mālwa, but prudently
refrained from a measure which would have raised against him
every Muslim ruler in India, and, making a virtue of necessity,
supplied Mahmūd with an escort which conducted him back to
Māndů and replaced him on his throne.
Asaf Khān's contingent of 10,000 cavarly fought in this battle,
and shared the disaster which befell the army of Mālwa, and for
this reason Sangrama's success is always represented in Hindu
annals as a victory over the combined armies of Mālwa and
Gujarāt.
Mahmūd's authority now extended only to the neighbourhood
of his capital. The northern and eastern districts of the kingdoms
remained, as already mentioned, in the hands of the Purbiya Rāj-
puts, and Satwās and the southern districts in those of Sikandar
Khān. A victory over Silahdi reduced him temporarily to obedi-
ence, but its effect was fleeting.
A few years later Mahmūd behaved with incomprehensible folly
and ingratitude. When Bahādur Shāh, in July, 1526, ascended
the throne of Gujarāt, his younger brother, Chānd Khān, fled to
Māndū, and Mahmūd not only received him, but encouraged him
to hope for assistance in ousting his brother from his kingdom.
Three years later, having heard of the death of Rānā Sangrama, he
raided the territories of Chitor and provoked Sangrama's successor,
Ratan Singh, who invaded Mālwa and advanced as far as Sārangpur
and Ujjain, to reprisals. He reaped the fruits of his ingratitude
towards the king of Gujarāt as described in the preceding chapter.
On March 17, 1531, Māndū was captured by Bahādur Shāh, and
the Khalji dynasty was extinguished. Bahādur's operations in
Mālwa during the next two years, his defeat by Humāyān, and the
latter's capture of Māndū in 1535 have been described in the
account of his reign. Humāyūn lingered in Mālwa until August,
1535, when he would have been better einployed elsewhere, and
was suddenly roused to activity by the rebellion of his brother
'Askari. After his departure Mallū Khān, formerly an officer of the
Khaljī kings, who had been permitted to retain the fief of Sārang-
pur and had received the title of Qadir Khān, reduced to obedience
other fief-holders in Mālwa, from Bhilsa to the Narbada, and,
having established himself at Māndū, assumed the title of Qādir
Shāh. When Sher Khān, hard pressed by Humāyūn in Bengal,
24
C. . H. I. III.


## p. 370 (#416) ############################################

370
( ch.
THE KINGDOM OF MĀLWA
demanded in language too peremptory for the occasion, assistance
from Qādir Shāh, the latter returned an insolent reply, which was
not forgotten, and Sher Shāh, now king of Delhi, invaded Mālwa
in 1542. Qādir, who was not strong enough to oppose him, made
his submission to him at Sārangpur, and was well received and
appointed to the government of Bengal instead of that of Mālwa,
but shortly afterwards, being apprehensive of Sher Shāh's intentions
towards him, fled from his camp. The king imprisoned Sikandar
Khān of Satwās, lest he should follow Qādir's example, and retired
from Mālwa, leaving behind him as viceroy Hāji Khān, with
Shujā'at Khān as governor of Satwās.
Nasir Khān of Satwās attacked the new governor with the
object of seizing his person and holding him as a hostage for his
father, Sikandar Khān, but was defeated, though Shujā‘at Khão
was severely wounded in the battle. He had not recovered from
his wounds when he was sum noned by Hāji Khān to assist hi'n
against Qādir Shāh, who, having assembled an army in Bānswāra,
was marching to attack him. Shujā'at Khān responded to the
appeal, and Qadir was defeated, and fled to Gujarāt The credit of
the victory rested with Shujā‘at Khān, and Hāji Khān was recalled
and Shujā‘at Khān was appointed to succeed him as viceroy of Mālwa.
Puran Mal, the son of Silahdi, still retained possession of the
fortress and district of Rāisen, and had recently, after occupying
the town of Chanderī, massacred most of its inhabitants, and
collected in his harem 2000 women, Muslims as well as Hindus. In
1543 Sher Shāh marched from Āgra against him and besieged him
in Rāisen. He was induced by delusive pronises to surrender, and
Sher Shāh, when he had him in his power, attacked him and his
followers with his elephants. The Rājputs performed the rite of
jauhar, and, fighting bravely, were trampled to death.
Shujā‘at Khān was on bad terms with Islām Shāh, Sher Shāh's
son and successor, and in 1547 an Afghān, whom he had punished
with mutilation for drunkenness and disorderly conduct, attempted,
with the king's implied approval, to assassinate him. He was
wounded, and so resented his master's behaviour that he fled from
his camp at Gwalior.
Islām Shāh treated him as a rebel, and invaded Mālwa, but the
viceroy would not fight against his king, and withdrew into Bān-
swāra. Islām Shāh was called to Lahore by the rebellion of the
Niyāzis, and at the instance of his favourite, Daulat Khan Ajyāra,
who was Shujā'at Khān's adopted son, pardoned and reinstated the
recalcitrant viceroy.


## p. 371 (#417) ############################################

XIV)
MĀLWA ANNEXED BY AKBAR
371
When Humāyūn recovered his throne in 1555 Shujā'at Khān?
abstained from acknowledging him, and demeaned himself in all
respects as an independent sovereign. Later in the same year he
died, and was succeeded by his son Miyān Bāyazid, known as Bāz
Bahādur, whose pretensions were opposed by his father's adopted
son, Daulat Khān Ajyūra. Bäz Bahādur, having lulled his rival's
suspicions by assenting to an arrangement by which Mālwa was
partitioned, seized him and put him to death, and assumed the
royal title. He then expelled his own younger brother, Malik
Mustafā, from Räisen, and captured Kelwāra from the Miyāna
Afghāns. His next exploit was an expedition against the famous
Rāni Durgāvati, qucen of the Gonds of Garha-Katanga, who de-
ſeated him and drove him back into his own country, where he
forgot his disgrace in the arms of his famous mistress, Rūpmati.
He sank into the condition of a mere voluptuary, and when Mālwa
was invaded, in 1561, by the officers of the emperor Akbar, he was
driven from his kingdom, which became a province of the Mughul
empire.
1 Shujā‘at Khān was vulgarly known as Sazāval or Sajāval Khān.
24-2


## p. 372 (#418) ############################################

CHAPTER XV
THE KINGDOM OF THE DECCAN, 1347-1490
The revolt of the centurions and the establishment by 'Alā-
ud-din Bahman Shāh of the kingdom of the Deccan, not wholly
recovered by Delhi for 340 years, have already been described in
Chapter vi.
This kingdom was not conterminous with the southern provinces
of Muhammad Tughluq's great empire, for the Hindus of the south
had not failed to profit by the dissensions of their enemies. Kān-
hayya Nāik of eastern Telingāna, who claimed to represent the
Kākatiya dynasty, had readily assisted the rebels against the king
of Delhi, but was not prepared to acknowledge Bahman Shāh as
his master. Vīra Ballāla III of Dvāravatīpura had established his
independence when the Muslim officers in the Deccan rose in rebel-
lion, and having thrown off the yoke of Delhi was in no mood to
bow his neck to that of Gulbarga. He pushed his frontier north-
ward to the Tungabhadra river, which remained the extreme
southern limit of Bahman's dominions, nor did his successors in-
variably sncceed in retaining even this frontier, for the great
kingdom of Vijayanagar, which rose on the ruins of Dvāravatipura,
claimed the Djāb between the Krishna and the Tungabhadra, with
its two strong fortresses, Rāichūr and Mudgal, and this tract re-
mained a debatable land while Bahman's dynasty endured.
Ibn Batūtah, in his account of his voyage down the western
coast of India, mentions petty rulers of ports and their adjacent
districts owning allegiance and paying tribute to Muhammad
Tughluq, but this allegiance was withheld from Bahman Shāh, and
only gradually recovered by his successors, whose authority over
the Hindus of the Western Ghāts was always precarious.
The new kingdom included the province of Berar, which marched
on the north-west and north with the small state of Khāndesh and
the kingdom of Mālwa, and it was separated from Gujarāt by the
small hilly state of Baglāna (Bāglān), which retained a degree of
independence under a dynasty of native Rājput chieftains.
'Alā ud-din Hasan claimed descent from the hero Bahman, son
of Isfandiyār, and his assumption of the title Bahman Shāh was an
assertion of his claim. Firishta relates an absurd legend con-
necting the title with the name of the priestly caste of the Hindus,
13. A. S. B. Part I, vol. LxxIII, extra number, 1904.
a
1


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Xv ]
BAHMAN SHĀH
373
but this story is disproved by the evidence of inscriptions and
legends on coins, and the name Kankū, which frequently occurs in
conjunction with that of Bahman, and is said by Firishta to repre-
sent Gangū, the name of the king's former Brāhman master, is
more credibly explained by Maulavi 'Abd-ul-Wali' as a scribe's
corruption of Kaikāūs, which was the name of Bahman's father as
given in two extant genealogies.
The lesser Hindu chieftains of the Deccan, who had been bound
only by the loosest of feudal ties to their overlord in distant Delhi,
had followed the example of Dvāravatipura and Warangal, and
Bahman was engaged during his reign of eleven years in estab-
lishing his authority in the kingdom which he had carved out of
Muhammad's empire. He first captured the forts of Bhokardhan
and Māhūr from the Hindu chieſtains who held them, and then
dispatched his officers into various districts of the Deccan to reduce
the unruly to obedience. 'Imád-ul-Mulk and Mubārak Khān ad-
vanced to the Tāpti and secured the northern provinces, and Husain
Gurshāsp received the submission of the remnants of Muhammad's
army which had been left to continue the siege of Daulatābād,
and which submitted readily on learning that Bahman Shāh was
prepared to pardon their activity in the cause of the master to
whom they had owed allegiance. Qutb-ul-Mulk captured the towns
-
of Bhūm, Akalkot, and Mundargi, and pacified, in accordance with
the principle approved by his master, the districts dependent on
them. Landholders who submitted and undertook to pay the taxes
assessed on their estates were accepted as loyal subjects, without
too rigorous a scrutiny of their past conduct, but the contumacious
were put to death, and their lands and goods were confiscated.
Qambar Khān reduced, after a siege of fifty days, the strong fort-
ress of Kaliyāni, and Sikandar Khān, who was sent into the Bīdar
district, marched as far south as Mālkhed, receiving the submission
of the inhabitants of the country through which he passed, and
compelled Kānhayya Nāik of Warangal to cede the fortress of
Kaulās and to pay tribute for the territory which he was permitted
to retain.
Bahman had rewarded Ismāʻīl Mukh, who had resigned to him
the throne, with the title of Amir-ul-Umarā, the nominal command
of the army, and the first place at court, but afterwards transferred
this last honour to Saif-ud-din Ghūrī, father-in-law of Prince Mu-
hammad, the heir-apparent, and the old Afghān, bitterly resenting
1. Journal and Proceedings, A. S. B. , vol. v. p. 463.
2. Preserved by Firishta and the author of the Burhān-i-Ma'āsir,


## p. 374 (#420) ############################################

374
(cu.
THE KINGDOM OF THE DECCAN
his supersession, conspired to assassinate the king, and paid the
penalty of his crime, but Bahman was so sensible of his indebted.
ness to him that he appointed his eldest son, Bahādur Khān, to the
post rendered vacant by his father's death.
Bahman was as yet far from being secure in his new kingdom
and a pretence of loyalty to Delhi furnished Nārāyan, a Hindu who
possessed the tract between the Krishna and Ghātprabhā rivers,
and Mu'in-ud-din, a Muslim who held a fief in the same neighbour-
hood, with a pretext for withholding tribute from a king who had
renounced his allegiance to his former lord. Khvāja Jahān from
Miraj and Qutb-ul-Mulk from Mundargi besieged the rebels in
Gulbarga, their chief stronghold, which was captured and occupied
by the former, whose politic leniency immediately conciliated the
inhabitants of the surrounding country. Khvāja Jahān, while he
was at Gulbarga, received news of the mutiny of an army which
had been sent to besiege Kanbari, one of Nārāyan's fortresses near
Bījāpur. The troops, suspecting their leader of trafficking with
the enemy, rose and slew him, and then, intoxicated by success,
and by possession of the treasure chest, marched to Sāgar, expelled
the officers employed in that district and occupied the fortress.
The news of the death of Muhammad Tughluq in Sind deprived
the mutineers of a pretext for rebellion; and Bahman, who marched
10 Sāgar in person, received their submission. He then captured
Kalabgūr, Kanbari, and Mudhol, pardoned Nārāyan, who surren-
dered to him, and marched to Miraj, which he had formerly held
as a fief from his old master, Muhammad Tughluq. Here he halted
for some time, and after establishing his authority in the neighbour-
hood, returned to Gulbarga, which he made his capital, renaming it
Ahsanābād. His leisure here was interrupted only by a rebellion of
two Muslim officers at Kohir and Kaliyāni.
After the suppression of this revolt he devoted himself to the
adornment of his capital with suitable buildings and to the estab-
lishment of a system of provincial government in his kingdom,
which he divided into four provinces, each of which was known as
a taraf. The first, Gulbarga, extended on the west to the Ghāts,
and later to the sea, on the north to the eighteenth parallel of
latitude, on the south to the Tungabhadra, and on the east to the
Banāthorā and a line drawn from its confluence with the Bhima
to the confluence of the Krishna and the Tungabhadra. To the
north of Gulbarga lay the province of Daulatābād, bounded on
the north and north-east by the petty state of Baglāna, Khāndesh,
and the southern Pūrna river ; and north-east of this lay Berar,


## p. 375 (#421) ############################################

Xv]
THE FOUR PROVINCES
375
>
which, east of Burhānpur, was bounded on the north by the Tāpti
and on the east by the Wardha and Pranhitā rivers, and extended
on the south to the southern Pūrna and Godavri rivers and on
the west approximately to its present limits. The fourth province
was Bidar, or Muhammadan Telingāna, which included the towns
and districts of Bīdar, Kandhār, Indūr, Kaulās, Kotāgir, Medak,
and as much of Telingana as was comprised in the Bahmani king-
dom, extended eastward, at the end of Bahman's reign, as far as
Bhongir ; but the eastern border of this province, like the southern
border of Gulbarga, where the Hindus of Vijayanagar often occu-
pied the Raichūr Doāb, varied with the power of the Muslim
kings to resist the encroachments or overcome the defence of the
Hindus of Telingāna. The governors first appointed to these pro-
vinces were Saif-ud-din Ghūri to Gulbarga ; the king's nephew
Muhammad entitled Bāhram Khān, to Daulatābād ; Saſdar Khān
Sīstāni, to Berar ; and Saif-ud-din's son, who bore the title of
A'zam-i-Humāyān, to Bidar. Muhmmad, the king's eldest son,
received his father's former title of Zafar Khān, and the districts
of Hūkeri, Belgaum, and Miraj, which Bahman had formerly held
of Muhammad Tughluq.
Rebellion never again raised its head during Bahman's reign,
and having thus provided for the administration of his kingdom he
was at leisure to extend its frontiers. He marched first into the
Konkan where having captured the port of Goa, he marched
northward along the coast, and took Dābhol, returning to his
capital by way of Karhād and Kolhāpur, both of which towns he
took from their Hindu rulers. After a period of repose at Gulbarga
he led an expedition into Telingāna, captured Bhongir, and re-
mained in its neighbourhood for nearly a year, during which time
he completely subjugated the country between it and Kohir.
During one of his periods of repose the king, intoxicated with
success in war and pride of race, indulged in extravagant dreams
of conquest, similar to those which had once deluded 'Alā-ud-din
Khalji and Muhammad Tughluq, and imitated the former by as-
suming, in the legends on his coins the vain-glorious title of "the
Second Alexander. ' He proposed to inaugurate his career of con-
quest by attacking the Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagar, which had
suddenly risen to power, and carrying his arms to Cape Comorin,
but, like his prototype, was recalled to sanity by the sober counsels of
a faithful servant, the shrewd Saif-ud-din Ghūrī, who reminded him
that there was work nearer home, and that there still remained in the
northern Carnatic Hindu chieftains who had not acknowledged


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376
[CH.
THE KINGDOM OF THE DECCAN
his sovereignty. Against these he dispatched an expedition, the
success of which may be measured by its booty, which included
200,000 golden ashrafis of ‘Alā-ud-din Khalji, large quantities of
jewels, 200 elephants and 1000 singing and dancing girls, murlis
from Hindu temples.
Bahman next turned his eyes towards the southern provinces
of the kingdom of Delhi, lying on the northern frontier of his
kingdom, and set out for Mālwa with an army of 50,000 horse, but
before he had traversed the hilly country of Southern Berar was
persuaded by Raja Haran the Vāghelā, son of that Raja Karan of
Gujarāt who had been expelled from his kingdom in the reign of
‘Ala-ud-din Khalji and had found an asylum with the Rāhtor raja
of Baglāna, to attempt first the invasion of Gujarāt, which the
raja promised, if restored, to hold as a fief of the kingdom of the
Deccan. Bahman marched into that kingdom, but at Navsārī fell
sick of fever and dysentery, brought on by his exertions in the
chase and by excessive indulgence in wine and venison, and was
compelled to abandon his enterprise. As soon as he had recovered
sufficiently to travel he returned to Gulbarga, where he lay sick
for six months and died on February 11, 13581. He left four sons,
Muhammad, Dāūd, Ahmad, and Mahmūd, the eldest of whom suc-
ceeded him.
Immediately after the accession of Muhammad I his mother
performed the pilgrimage to Mecca and either visited or commu-
nicated with al-Mu'tadid, the puppet Caliph in Egypt, from whom,
on her return to India in 1361, she brought a patent recognising
her son as king of the Deccan, in consequence of which he assumed
on his coins the title “Protector of the People of the Prophet of
the Merciful God. ' His father before him seems to have sought
and obtained this coveted recognition, for in 1356 the Caliph's
envoy to Firūz Tughluq of Delhi had desired him to recognise and
respect the Muslim king of the Deccan.
Muhammad I was a diligent and methodical administrator, and
on ascending the throne carefully organised his ministry, his house-
hold troops, and the provincial administration which his father
had inaugurated. His institutions demand more than passing notice,
for they not only endured as long as the kingdom of his successors
1 Rabi'ul-awwal 1, A. H. 759. This is the date given by Firishta. According to the
Tazkirat-ul-Mulūk Bahman died in A. H. 761 (A. D. 1360). A coin of his, dated A. 4.
760, exists, but is perhaps posthumous, although no coin of Muhammad I of an
earlier date than A. H. 760 has been discovered. J. A. S. B. , new series, xiv, 475.
2 3. 4. S. B. , vol. LXXIII, extra number, 1904, pp. 4–6.


## p. 377 (#423) ############################################

xv )
RISE OF VIJAYANAGAR
377.
on its
but were closely imitated in the smaller states which rose
ruins. The ministers were eight in number :
(1) Vakīl-us-Saltanah, the Lieutenant of the Kingdom ;
(2) Vazir-i-Kull, the Superintending Minister ;
(3) Amir-i. Jumlah, the Minister of Finance ;
(4) Vazīr-i-Ashraf, the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Master
of the Ceremonies;
(5) Nāzir, the Assistant Minister of Finance ;
(6) Pīshvā, who was associated with the Lieutenant of the King-
dom, and whose office was in later times almost invariably
amalgamated with his ;
(7) Kotwal, the Chief of Police and City Magistrate in the
capital ; and
(8) Sadr-i-Jahān, the Chief Justice and Minister of Religion and
Endowments.
The guards were commanded by officers known as Tavājī, many
of whom acted as aides-de-camp to the king and gentlemen ushers
at court, in which capacity they were styled Bārdār. The whole
bodyguard, known as Khāss-Khail, consisted of 200 esquires to
the king (Aslihadār) and 4000 gentlemen troopers (Yaka-Javān),
and was divided into four reliefs (Naubat), each consisting of
50 esquires and 1000 troopers, and commanded by one of the great
nobles at the capital, with the title of Sar-Naubat. The tour of
duty of each relief was four days, and the whole force was com-
manded by one of the ministers, entitled, as commander of the
guards, Sarkhail, who performed his ordinary military duties by
deputy.
The Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagar has already been mentioned.
The founder of the dynasty which ruled it from 1339 to 1483 was
Sangama I, a petty chieftain of Anagundi, on the north bank of
the Tungabhadra and near the site of Vijayanagar. Sangama had
never submitted to Muhammad Tughluq, but had maintained a
rude independence in his stronghold, and was at first probably
little more than a brigand chief ; but the subjection of the Kāka-
tiyas of Warangal, the destruction of the kingdom of Dvāravatīpura
by the Sayyid sultan of Madura, and the rebellion in the Deccan,
which left the Peninsula free from Muslim aggression, were the
opportunity of Sangama and his successors, and there are few
examples in history of a large and powerful state being established
by adventurers in the short time which sufficed for the establish-
ment of the kingdom of Vijayanagar. Unfortunately we lack the
means of tracing the process by which the insignificant chieftains


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378
[CH
THE KINGDOM OF THE DECCAN
of Anagundi became, within the short space of thirty years, the
unquestioned rulers of this great and wealthy kingdom, but we
may form some idea of the course of events by imagining a great
Hindu population exasperated by the sacrilegious oppression of
foreign warriors with whom they had been powerless to cope, de-
prived of their hereditary rulers, and suddenly relieved of the
hostile yoke by the intestine feuds of their enemies, joyfully ac-
claiming a national hero.
Sangama I was succeeded, in 1339, by his son, Harihara I, who
again was succeeded, in 1354, by his brother, Bukka I. It cannot
be determined what share each of these rulers had in establishing
the kingdom, but before 1357 it was so powerful that the sagest
counsellor of Bahman Shāh dissuaded him from molesting it. Mu-
hammad I came into conflict with this great power in consequence
of a measure of domestic policy, adopted in no spirit of aggression.
His father had minted few or no gold coins, but Muhammad, who
objected both on religious and political grounds to the circulation
of Hirdu money in his dominions, coined gold in considerable
quantities. Bukka I and Kānhayya of Warangal, without any justi-
fication, resented this measure as tending to limit the circulation
of their gold, and received support from the bankers and money-
changers in Muhammad's dominions, native Hindus of the Deccan,
who melted down all his gold coin falling into their hands, and
either hoarded the metal, which was purer than that of the Hindu
coins, or supplied it to the mints of Vijayanagar and Warangal.
Repeated warnings were disregarded, and on one day in May or
June, 1360, the Hindu bankers and money. changers in all towns
of the kingdom were, by royal decree, put to death. Their place
was taken by Hindus of the Khatri caste of northern India, who
had accompanied the various armies which had invaded the Deccan,
and now enjoyed a monopoly of the business of banking and money.
changing until, in the reign of Fīrūz Shāh Bahmani (1397-1422),
the descendants of the slaughtered men were permitted, on pay-
ment of a large sum of money, to resume the business of their
forefathers.
The rajas of Vijayanagar and Warangal feigned to regard Mu-
hammad's determination to establish his own gold currency as an
assertion of suzerainty, and, knowing that his treasury had been
depleted by the profusion customary at the beginning of a new
reign, addressed arrogant and provocative messages to him, Bukka
demanded the cession of the Rāichūr Doab, and threatened, failing
compliance, to concert measures with the king of Delhi for a com-


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Xv ]
WAR WITH WARANGAL
379
bined attack on the Deccan. Kānhayya of Warangal demanded
the retroeession of Kaulās, and threatened war. Muhammad, on
one pretext and another, detained the bearers of these insolent
demands for eighteen months, by which time his preparations were
complete, and, with an effrontery surpassing that of his enemies,
haughtily inquired why his vassals, the rajas of Vijayanagar and
Warangal, had not made the customary offerings on his accession,
and demanded that they should atone for their negligence by im-
mediately sending to him all the elephants fit for work in their
dominions, laden with gold, jewels, and precious stuffs. Kānhayya's
reply to this insult was the dispatch of an army under his son
Venāyek Deva against Kaulās, and Bukka supplied a contingent
of 20,000 horse for the enterprise. The armies of Berar and Bidar
under Bahādur Khān defeated and dispersed the invaders, and
while Bukka's contingent fled southwards Venāyek Deva took
refuge in his fief of Vailampallam, on the sea coast. Bahādur
Khān marched to the gates of Warangal, forced Kānhayya to
ransom his capital by the payment of 100,000 gold hūnsand the
surrender of twenty-six elephants, and returned to Gulbarga.
These hostilities permanently disturbed the friendly relations
between Warangal and Gulbarga. In 1362 a caravan of horse-
dealers arrived at Gulbarga, and to the king's complaint that they
had no horse in their stock fit for his stable, replied that on their
way through Vailampallam Venāyek Deva had compelled them to
sell to him all their best horses, despite their protest that they
were reserved for the king of the Deccan. Muhammad set out in
person to avenge this insult, and led 4000 horse on a sudden raid
to Vailampallam, performing a month's journey in a week, and
arriving at his destination with only a quarter of his original force ;
but his arrival was unexpected, and, having gained admission to
the town by a stratagem, he captured Venāyek Deva as he at-
tempted to flee from the citadel. Exasperated by the foul abuse
which his captive uttered, he caused his tongue to be torn out, and
hurled him from a balista set up on the ramparts into a fire kindled
below.
He was gradually joined by the complement of his original
force, but imprudently lingered too long at Vailampallam, and in
the course of his long retreat was so harassed by the Hindus that
he was forced to abandon all his baggage and camp equipage, and
lost nearly two thirds of his men. Reinforcements which joined
1 The hūn was the coin former by known by the British in southern India as the
pagoda, and was worth four rupees.


## p. 380 (#426) ############################################

380
[CH.
THE KINGDOM OF THE DECCAN
him at Kaulās not only checked the pursuit, but carried the war
into the enemy's country, and devastated the western districts of
Telingāna.
During the king's absence his cousin, Bahrām Khān Māzan-
darānī, governor of Daulatābād, had rebelled, and had sought the
assistance of Firūz Tughluq of Delhi'. His mission, which was
accompanied by envoys from Kānhayya of Warangal, failed to ac-
complish its object, and Muhammad sent an army to suppress the
rebellion in Daulatābād and marched in person into Telingāna to
avenge his recent discomfiture. One force was sent against Gol-
conda and another against Warangal, whence Kānhayya fled into
the hills and jungles and vainly sued for peace. Muhammad re-
mained for two years in Telingāna, ravaging and laying waste
the country, while his troops continued to besiege Warangal and
Golconda. Kānhayya at length succeeded in obtaining peace by
swearing fealty, paying an indemnity of 1,300,000 hūns, surrendering
300 elephants, and ceding Golconda. To these concessions he added
a throne studed with turquoises, which had originally been prepared
as an offering to Muhammad Tughluq, but was now included in the
regalia of the kingdom of the Deccan, where it was known as the
Takht-i-Firūza, or turquoise throne.
On March 21, 1365, Muhammad took his seat on this throne at
Gulbarga and made himself merry with wine, dance, and song. The
singers and dancers had to be suitably rewarded, and the king,
flushed with wine and success, ordered that they should be paid by
a draft on the treasury of Vijayanagar. His ministers hesitated to
execute an order issued, as they were persuaded, under the in-
fluence of strong drink, but the king was in earnest, and insisted
on obedience. The order, delivered to Bukka by an accredited
envoy, incensed the powerful raja beyond measure, its bearer was
ridden round the city on an ass and ignominiously expelled, and
Bukka crossed the Tungabhadra and besieged Mudgal, a fortress
then held by no more than 800 Muslim troops. The place fell, and
its garrison was massacred before relief could reach it, and Mu-
hammad set out for the Doāb with no more than thirty elephants,
crossed the flooded Krishna, and marched towards Bukka's great
army of 30,000 horse and 900,000 foot', vowing that he would not
1 Sce Chapter VII.
2 The vast numbers of infantry led into the field by the rajas of Vijayanagar will
frequently be noticed. They suggest a suspicion of delibcrate cxaggeration by
Muslim historians for the purpuse of magnifying the expliots of Muslim warriors but
the suspicion is unjust “Abd-ur-Razzāq, an unprejudiced observer, who visited
Vijayanagar in 1412, when the kingdom was at peace, says that the army
consisted of 1,100,000 men. The Hindu infantry was of very poor fighting


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Xv ]
FIRST WAR WITH VIJAYANAGAR
381
sheathe the sword until he had avenged the massacre of the garrison
of Mudgal by the slaughter of a hundred thousand misbelievers.
His impetuosity terrified Bukka, who fled with his cavalry
towards Adonī, leaving the infantry, followers, and baggage animals
to follow as best they could. The Muslims plundered the Hindu
camp, taking a vast quantity of booty, and Muhammad, after
slaughtering 70,000 Hindus of both sexes and all ages, retired for
the rest of the rainy season into the fortress of Mudgal where he
was joined by reinforcements from Daulatābād. He sent orders to
all the forts in his kingdom, demanding a detachment of artillery
from each, and sent the elephants which he had captured to Gul-
barga, for the conveyance of the guns! At the close of the rainy
.
season he advanced towards Adonī, while Bukka retired, leaving
his sister's son in command of that fortress.
Bukka reassembled his scattered army, and Muhammad, cross-
ing the Tungabhadra at Siruguppa, advanced to meet him. Bukka
detached an officer, Mallināth, with the flower of his army, con-
sisting of 40,000 horse and 500,000 foot, to attack the Muslims, and
Muhammad sent against him his cousin, Khān Muhammad, with
10,000 horse, 30,000 foot, and all the artillery, and followed him
with the remainder of his army. Early in 1367 the forces net near
Kauthal, and the first great battle between the Hindus of the
Carnatic and the Muslims of the Deccan was fought. It raged with
great fury from dawn until four o'clock in the afternoon, the com-
manders of the wings of the Muslim army were slain and their
troops put to flight but the centre stood fast, encouraged by the
news of the near approach of the king, and, by a timely discharge
of the artillery, worked by European and Ottoman Turkish gunners,
shook the Hindu ranks, and completed their discomfiture by a
cavalry charge which prevented their artillery from coming into
quality and probably consisted of a host of lightly armed and half-trained
rustics, of whom almost any number might have been collected.
1 With reference to this statement, and the mention of guns as part of Bukka's
armament, Firishta remarks that this was the first occasion on which the Muslims
used guns in warfare in the Deccan. It is quite possible that a knowledge of the use
of gunpowder in war had by this time reached southern India, for Ismā Il b. Faraj,
king of Granada, used artillery at the siege of Baza, in 1325, and cannon of brass, with
iron balls, were made at Florence in 1326. Who the Europeans and Ottoman Turks,
mentioned by Firishta as serving with the artillery, can have been, is not clear, for
the Portugese did not reach India until more than 130 years after this time. It is
not, however, improbable that Europeans from the Eastern Empire and Venice
occasionally found their way to India by way of Egypt and Red Sea, or overland,
either as independent adventurers or as the slaves of Muhammadan merchants.
Both Europeans and Ottoman Turks were in great 'request at a later period, as
gunners and artillerists.


## p. 382 (#428) ############################################

382
ch.
THE KINGDOM OF THE DECCAN
action, and in which Mallināth was mortally wounded. His army
broke and fled, and Muhammad Shāh arrived on the field in time
to direct the pursuit, in the course of which the victors slaughtered
every living soul whom they overtook, sparing neither women nor
sucklings. Muhammad marched in pursuit of Bukka, who, after
eluding him for three months, contrived to throw himself into
Vijayanagar, which the Muslims were not strong enough to besiege,
but Muhammad, by feigning sickness and ordering a retreat, enticed
him from the fortress, and, having led the Hindus to a distance
attacked their camp by night, slew 10,000 men, and again captured
their treasure and elephants. Bukka again fled to Vijayanagar
and Muhammad, without attempting to besiege him, ordered a
general massacre of the inhabitants of the surrounding country.
Bukka, urged by his courtiers, sent envoys to sue for peace, and
,
even the Muslim officers were moved to beg that the slaughter
might cease, but Muhammad replied that although he had slain
four times the number of Hindus which he had sworn to slay, he
would not desist until his draft on Bukka's treasury was honoured.
To this the envoys consented, the draft was honoured, and the war
ended. The Hindus, horrified by the massacre of 400,000 of their
race, including 10,000 of the priestly caste, proposed that both
parties should agree to spare non-combatants in future. Muhammad
consented, and the agreement, though sometimes violated, miti.
gated to some extent the horrors of the long period of intermittent
warfare between the two states.
Bahrām Khān and his confederate, Kondba Deva the Marāthā,
were now stronger than ever in Daulatābād. The failure of their
missions to Delhi had been more than counterbalanced by the
withdrawal of the royal troops for the campaign in the south, and
Bahrām was enriched by the accumulation of several years' revenue
of the province and strengthened by the support of a numerous
and well-equipped army, by an alliance with the raja of Baglāna,
and by the adhesion of many of the fief-holders of southern Berar.
To a letter from Muhammad promising him forgiveness if he would
return to his allegiance he vouchsafed no reply, and Khān Mu-
hammad was reappointed to Daultatābād and sent against him, the
king following with the remainder of the army.
Bahrām and his allies advanced as far as Paithan on the Godā.
varī, and Khān Muhammad halted at Shivgaon, only thirteen miles
distant, and begged his master, who was hunting in the neighbour-
hood of Bir, to come to his assistance. On the news of the king's
approach the rebels dispersed and fled, evacuating even the fortress


## p. 383 (#429) ############################################

xvi
ACCESSION OF MUJĀHID
383
of Daulatābād and were pursued to the frontiers of Gujarāt, in
which province they took refuge.
After some stay at Daulatābād Muhammad I returned to Gul-
barga, and devoted himself to the demestic affairs of his kingdom
which enjoyed peace for the remainder of his reign. Highway
robbery had for some time been riſe, and he exerted himself to
suppress it, with such success that within six or seven months the
heads of 20,000 brigands were sent to the capital.
The provincial governors enjoyed great power. They collected
the revenue, raised and commanded the army, and made all ap.
pointments, both civil and military, in their provinces, under
a strong king, and as long as the practice, now inaugurated by
Muhammad, of annual royal progresses through the provinces was
continued, this system of decentralisation worked tolerably well,
but as the limits of the kingdom extended and the personal
authority of the monarch waned its defects became apparent, and
an attempt to modify it in the reign of Muhammad III led in-
directly to the dismemberment of the state.
It was in 1367 that Muhammad I completed the great mosque
of Gulbarga, which differs from other mosques in India in having
the space which is usually left as an open courtyard roofed in. The
late Colonel Meadows Taylor was mistaken in the idea that it was
an imitation of the great mosque, now the cathedral, of Cordova,
for it differs from it in the style of its architecture, but it is a noble
building, impressive in its massive solidity.
In the spring or early summer of 1377 Muhammad I died, and
was succeeded by his elder son, Mujāhid, remarkable for his per-
sonal beauty, his great physical strength, and his headstrong dis.
position. One of his earliest acts as king was to demand from
Bukka I the cession of the extensive tract bounded on the north
by the Ghātprabhā and on the south by the Tungabhadra, and
stretching eastward nearly as far as Mudgal and westward to the
sea. Bukka replied by demanding the return of the elephants cap-
tured in the previous reign, and Mujāhid at once invaded his
dominions. Sending a force under Safdar Khān Sistani to besiege
Adonī, he marched in person against Bukka, who was encamped
on the bank of the Tungabhadra, near Gangāwati, and retreated
southward on his approach. For five or six months Mujāhid fol-
lowed him through the jungles of the Carnatic, without succeeding
in forcing a battle, and in the end Bukka eluded him and shut
himself up in Vijayanagar. Mujāhid followed him, penetrated
beyond the outer defences of the city, and defeated successive


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384
[CH.
THE KINGDOM OF THE DECCAN
forces of Hindus sent against him. The failure of his uncle, Dāūd
Khān, to hold a defile, the defence of which had been entrusted
to him, imperilled his retreat, but he forced his way through the
defile and retired at this leisure towards Adoni with sixty or seventy
thousand captives, whose lives were spared under the pact into
which his father had entered. Bukka feared to follow, and Mujāhid
besieged Adoni for nine months, and was on the point of receiving
its surrender when the rainy season began, replenished the water
supply of the garrison, and caused much distress in the besiegers'
camp. Saif-ud-din Ghūrī persuaded him to raise the seige, peace
was made with Bukka, and Mujāhid set out for his capital
His uncle, Dāūd Khān', had taken grave offence at the rebuke
which he had received for his desertion of his post at the battle of
Vijayanagar, and entered into a conspiracy to destroy him. An
opportunity occurred when Dāūl Khān's turn to mount guard over
the royal tent came, and on the night of April 15, 1378, the con-
spirators entered Mujāhid's sleeping tent and slew him, and Dāūd
was proclaimed king.
Safdar Khān, governor of Berar, and Aʻzam-i. Humāyūn, the
new governor of Daulātābād, both partisans of Mujāhid, had pre-
ceded the army to the capital, and on learning of the success of
the conspirators took possession of the royal elephants and returned
to their provinces without waiting to tender their allegiance to
the new king.