' Bibliography : Hultgren,
Observationes
metr.
Ovid - 1869 - Juvenile Works and Spondaic Period
The juvenile works of Ovid and the spondaic period of his metrical
art, by Professor Robert S. Radford . . .
Radford, Robert Somerville, b. 1869. [Hartford, 1920]
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? A,
)|
XI*
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? RM
Extracted from Transactions of the American Philological
Association, Vol. LI, 1920.
XI. The Juvenile Works of Ovid and the Spondaic Period of
His Metrical Art 1
BY PROFESSOR ROBERT S. JRADFORD
UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE
CO
GD I. Introduction. Ovid and the Messalla Collection
to IN his chapter on famous orators, Quintilian aptly observes
That, for later generations, Cicero had become not so much
name of a person as the designation of the art of oratory,
may apply a similar remark to the Latin poet Ovid. To
students of Roman literature Ovid means the perfected
^elegiac art, the supreme mastery of the technical side of
Latin verse, to which he contributed an unparalleled ele-
gance and grace. Yet it is certain that he was also a person,
and we know more of the actual details of his life than of the
I*-
? life of any other Roman, with the single exception of Cicero.
Every schoolboy is familiar with the charming picture which
^ he has given in the Tristia of his early devotion to the Muses,
^ in spite of the remonstrances of his father and the arguments
which the latter urged against unprofitable literary pursuits.
X. ' Bibliography : Hultgren, Observationes metr. in poetas elegiacos Gr. et Lat. ,
^ Leipzig, 1871; Kone, Sprache der ram. Epiker, Minister, 1840; Radford,
" Licensed Feet in Latin Verse," Studies in Honor of Maurice Bloom-field (New
. V Haven, 1920), 251-272; O. F. Gruppe, Rom. Elegie, Leipzig, 1838; Klee-
mann, De libri tertii carminibus quae Tibulli nom. circumferuntur, Strassburg,
^- 1876; Teuffel, Studien u. Charaktcristiken , Leipzig, 1871; Fuss, De elegiarum
^ libra quern Lygdami esse putant quidam, Miinster, 1867; Krafft, De artibus
^/ quas Tib. et Lygd. in versibus concinnandis adhibuerunt, Halle, 1874; Paroli,
De Tib. arte metr. cum Lygd. comparata, Brescia, 1899; Hartung, De pane-
u _ gyrico ad Messallam pseudo-Tib. , Halle, 1880; Ehrengruber, De panegyr.
O Messallae pseudo-Tib. , partes i-x, Kremsmiinster, 1889-1899; Knappe, De
3 Tib. libri quarti elegiis, Dud -stadt, 1880; Nemethy, Albii Tibulli carmina,
3 etc. , Budapest, 1905 ; Lygdami carmina, Budapest, 1906; K. F. Smith, Elegies
of Tibullus, New York, 19,13; Burman, Ovidii opera omnia, Amsterdam, 1756,
with Index Verborum; Eschenburg, Wie hat Ovid einzelne Warier u. Wort-
klassen im Verse iierwandt? , Lubeck, 1886; H. de la Ville de Mirmont, " Le
poete Lygdamus," Musee Beige, vm (1904), 339-403; Plessis, La poesie
latine (Paris, 1909), 361-376 ; Schanz, Gesch. d. rom. Lit. n 3 , i, 232 ff. ; Ullrich,
Studia Tib. : De libri n editione, Berlin, 1880.
^;<QJ/? O
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? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t45q4vr7s Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? Vol. li] The Juvenile Works of Ovid 147
He was one of the most precocious of Roman poets, and like
Cowley or like Pope he " lisped in numbers, for the numbers
came. " 2 According to his own account, when he first re-
cited his juvenile poems to a public audience, his " beard
had been shaved only once or twice. " 3 This plain statement
is usually misinterpreted, but clearly the natural meaning is
that when he first entered the circle of his patron, Messalla,
he was only fifteen or sixteen years of age. 1 Beginning to
write at so early a period, when the simpler and more natural
school of Catullus. Gallus, and Fropertius was still in the
ascendant, Ovid passed through a long period of apprentice-
ship and, after much wavering and much experimentation,
eventually abandoned the more natural manner with which
he had begun, and went over wholly to the more artistic and
more epigrammatic style of Tibullus, which he found better
suited to his own rhetorical training and to which he finally
gave an undisputed supremacy in the domain of Roman
elegy. It is true that a different opinion is usually held
today, and it is everywhere assumed that he devoted himself
from the first to the imitation of Tibullus and possessed from
the beginning the remarkable facility and skill which make
him easily the first of Roman metrical artists. This view-
seems to me wholly erroneous, and I shall begin in the present
study to trace the various stages by which Ovid, the -historical
person, the friend of Messalla, the disciple first of Catullus
and later of Tibullus, reached the acme of artistic perfection.
As is well known, the poet Ovid possessed brilliant powers
of description, and was both a natural story-teller and a
- Sponte sua carmen numeros veniebat ad aptos,
Et quod temptabam scribere (in prose), versus erat. Trlst. iv, 10, 2;.
Ub. 5 7-
4 There was no definite time fixed for the dcpositio barbac, but it usually-
coincided with the assumption of the toga 'drills (Suet. Calig. 10). Most
writers incorrectly make this statement refer to Ovid's twentieth or twenty-
second year, as Schanz, Gcsch. d. rom. Lit. n 3 , i, 293; J. Heuwes, De teni-
porc quo Of. A mores conscripti sint (Miinster, 1883), 14; Cruttwell, Rom.
Lit. 3c<>, etc.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t45q4vr7s Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? 148 Robert S. Radford [1920
highly trained rhetorician. He is noted for his " swift light-
ness of touch," his brief, snappy sentences, his sharp con-
trasts, and his terse and highly polished epigrams (cf.
K. F. Smith, op. ciL Introd. 103 ff. ). Since we seek, how-
ever, to trace an actual historical development, it may be
worth while to return for a moment to ' Ovid ' in the mean-
ing of the perfected art of elegy, and to picture clearly the
numerous refinements which his finished technique embraces.
These rules include the breaking up of the long sentence and
the restriction of the thought to a single distich, the avoid-
ance of elision, especially in the latter half of both the hex-
ameter and the pentameter, the marked preference given in
the hexameter to the favorite masculine caesura (the semi-
quinaria), the ending of the pentameter with a dissyllable,
which should not be an adjective, but either a noun or a
verb, and above all the preponderance of dactyls in the
distich in direct opposition to the original and native char-
acter of the language. Through the observance of these
complex requirements the elegiac couplet gains an incom-
parable elegance and precision, at the same moment that it
loses its larger variety, freedom, and ease. Tibullus himself
had narrowed the sphere of Roman elegy by rejecting the
natural period and restricting the thought within the mini-
mum space of two lines. This limitation, which is unknown
to Catullus and Propertius, is undoubtedly a serious mistake,
and it finds little justification of any kind in the previous
history of the elegy. Yet, although he gave an artificial
form to the distich, Tibullus, through the expression of simple
and natural emotion, invariably retained its proper content,
and he could not foresee perhaps that the more brilliant but
more wayward Ovid would too often, through the absence
of sincere and genuine feeling, merge the elegy in the epigram
and make both form and content unduly artificial. Both
Tibullus and Ovid then were consummate artists, but both
yielded too much to the prevailing tendency of the Augustan
age in restricting the liberty and the spontaneity of their
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t45q4vr7s Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? Vol. li] The Juvenile Works of Ovid 149
verse. Tibullus is excessively rhetorical in form, Ovid is
excessively rhetorical in both form and thought. (See also
some just observations in Sellar, Horace and the Elegiac
Poets, 307. )
Even more characteristic of our poet, however, than the
unity of the distich and the tyrannis of the dissyllabic close
is the dactylic preponderance. We may say that Ovid is the
poet, par excellence, of the dactylic virtuosity, which appears
alike in his epic and his elegiac verse. While the Greek lan-
guage is twice as rich in dactyls as in spondees, in Latin this
relation is reversed, and the Roman language has almost
twice as many spondees as dactyls. In all the other poets
of Rome (with the exception only of Valerius Flaccus and a
few genuine elegies of Tibullus' second book) the spondees
considerably exceed the dactyls; Ovid alone has known -
like the Medea or the Circe of his own exuberant fancy -
how to transform, by the magic of his art, the slow but stately
spondees of his native speech into the light and graceful
dactyls of Hellenic verse. Through this supreme refinement
he has brought to fulfillment the mission which Ennius, the
hardy pioneer, had vaguely dreamed of nearly two centuries
before, and has banished from Latium the last trace of Italian
rusticity (cf. Hor. Epist. n, i, 160). He is the greatest artist
in verse that Rome produced, the supreme master both in
the elegy and in the epos. It is no wonder then that Lucian
Miiller exclaims in ecstatic admiration (De re metrica-, 522) :
" Hunc igitur virum, qui principatum haud dubie tenet artis
Latinae, veneremur, hunc imitemur. hie sciat se plurimum
profecisse, cui plurimum probetur Ovidius. huius quot sunt
versus, totidem sunt artificia, quovis Phidiae ilia vel Praxitelis
opere nonminora. " 6 Our chief metrical scholars have carried
their worship and adoration so far that they have ended by
creating a veritable ' Ovid myth. ' Ovid is Rome's one white
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t45q4vr7s Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? 150 Robert S. Radford [1920
crow and he was always white. His art is free from the
trammels of place and time, and knows no process of growth,
no stage of development, but the Fates conferred upon the
divine man 7 at his birth a faculty that was miraculously
complete. Hence Lucian Miiller, op. oil. 346, pronounces a
passage in the Amores, which contains several elisions, inter-
polated, and declares those Epistles of the Heroines, which
show one or two polysyllabic closes, to be spurious (ib. 29 ff. ,
259). Hultgren, op. cit. 26 ff. , insists that the comparative
lack of virtuosity in the de Medicamine fragment is not the
result of immature art, but of pure accident, and asserts
that to attribute to Ovid any work actually lacking the
virtuosity would be to " place the head of Thersites upon
the body of Agamemnon " (ib. 32).
' Bibliography : Hultgren, Observationes metr. in poetas elegiacos Gr. et Lat. ,
^ Leipzig, 1871; Kone, Sprache der ram. Epiker, Minister, 1840; Radford,
" Licensed Feet in Latin Verse," Studies in Honor of Maurice Bloom-field (New
. V Haven, 1920), 251-272; O. F. Gruppe, Rom. Elegie, Leipzig, 1838; Klee-
mann, De libri tertii carminibus quae Tibulli nom. circumferuntur, Strassburg,
^- 1876; Teuffel, Studien u. Charaktcristiken , Leipzig, 1871; Fuss, De elegiarum
^ libra quern Lygdami esse putant quidam, Miinster, 1867; Krafft, De artibus
^/ quas Tib. et Lygd. in versibus concinnandis adhibuerunt, Halle, 1874; Paroli,
De Tib. arte metr. cum Lygd. comparata, Brescia, 1899; Hartung, De pane-
u _ gyrico ad Messallam pseudo-Tib. , Halle, 1880; Ehrengruber, De panegyr.
O Messallae pseudo-Tib. , partes i-x, Kremsmiinster, 1889-1899; Knappe, De
3 Tib. libri quarti elegiis, Dud -stadt, 1880; Nemethy, Albii Tibulli carmina,
3 etc. , Budapest, 1905 ; Lygdami carmina, Budapest, 1906; K. F. Smith, Elegies
of Tibullus, New York, 19,13; Burman, Ovidii opera omnia, Amsterdam, 1756,
with Index Verborum; Eschenburg, Wie hat Ovid einzelne Warier u. Wort-
klassen im Verse iierwandt? , Lubeck, 1886; H. de la Ville de Mirmont, " Le
poete Lygdamus," Musee Beige, vm (1904), 339-403; Plessis, La poesie
latine (Paris, 1909), 361-376 ; Schanz, Gesch. d. rom. Lit. n 3 , i, 232 ff. ; Ullrich,
Studia Tib. : De libri n editione, Berlin, 1880.
^;<QJ/? O
< ^oHK>w
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t45q4vr7s Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? Vol. li] The Juvenile Works of Ovid 147
He was one of the most precocious of Roman poets, and like
Cowley or like Pope he " lisped in numbers, for the numbers
came. " 2 According to his own account, when he first re-
cited his juvenile poems to a public audience, his " beard
had been shaved only once or twice. " 3 This plain statement
is usually misinterpreted, but clearly the natural meaning is
that when he first entered the circle of his patron, Messalla,
he was only fifteen or sixteen years of age. 1 Beginning to
write at so early a period, when the simpler and more natural
school of Catullus. Gallus, and Fropertius was still in the
ascendant, Ovid passed through a long period of apprentice-
ship and, after much wavering and much experimentation,
eventually abandoned the more natural manner with which
he had begun, and went over wholly to the more artistic and
more epigrammatic style of Tibullus, which he found better
suited to his own rhetorical training and to which he finally
gave an undisputed supremacy in the domain of Roman
elegy. It is true that a different opinion is usually held
today, and it is everywhere assumed that he devoted himself
from the first to the imitation of Tibullus and possessed from
the beginning the remarkable facility and skill which make
him easily the first of Roman metrical artists. This view-
seems to me wholly erroneous, and I shall begin in the present
study to trace the various stages by which Ovid, the -historical
person, the friend of Messalla, the disciple first of Catullus
and later of Tibullus, reached the acme of artistic perfection.
As is well known, the poet Ovid possessed brilliant powers
of description, and was both a natural story-teller and a
- Sponte sua carmen numeros veniebat ad aptos,
Et quod temptabam scribere (in prose), versus erat. Trlst. iv, 10, 2;.
Ub. 5 7-
4 There was no definite time fixed for the dcpositio barbac, but it usually-
coincided with the assumption of the toga 'drills (Suet. Calig. 10). Most
writers incorrectly make this statement refer to Ovid's twentieth or twenty-
second year, as Schanz, Gcsch. d. rom. Lit. n 3 , i, 293; J. Heuwes, De teni-
porc quo Of. A mores conscripti sint (Miinster, 1883), 14; Cruttwell, Rom.
Lit. 3c<>, etc.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t45q4vr7s Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? 148 Robert S. Radford [1920
highly trained rhetorician. He is noted for his " swift light-
ness of touch," his brief, snappy sentences, his sharp con-
trasts, and his terse and highly polished epigrams (cf.
K. F. Smith, op. ciL Introd. 103 ff. ). Since we seek, how-
ever, to trace an actual historical development, it may be
worth while to return for a moment to ' Ovid ' in the mean-
ing of the perfected art of elegy, and to picture clearly the
numerous refinements which his finished technique embraces.
These rules include the breaking up of the long sentence and
the restriction of the thought to a single distich, the avoid-
ance of elision, especially in the latter half of both the hex-
ameter and the pentameter, the marked preference given in
the hexameter to the favorite masculine caesura (the semi-
quinaria), the ending of the pentameter with a dissyllable,
which should not be an adjective, but either a noun or a
verb, and above all the preponderance of dactyls in the
distich in direct opposition to the original and native char-
acter of the language. Through the observance of these
complex requirements the elegiac couplet gains an incom-
parable elegance and precision, at the same moment that it
loses its larger variety, freedom, and ease. Tibullus himself
had narrowed the sphere of Roman elegy by rejecting the
natural period and restricting the thought within the mini-
mum space of two lines. This limitation, which is unknown
to Catullus and Propertius, is undoubtedly a serious mistake,
and it finds little justification of any kind in the previous
history of the elegy. Yet, although he gave an artificial
form to the distich, Tibullus, through the expression of simple
and natural emotion, invariably retained its proper content,
and he could not foresee perhaps that the more brilliant but
more wayward Ovid would too often, through the absence
of sincere and genuine feeling, merge the elegy in the epigram
and make both form and content unduly artificial. Both
Tibullus and Ovid then were consummate artists, but both
yielded too much to the prevailing tendency of the Augustan
age in restricting the liberty and the spontaneity of their
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t45q4vr7s Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? Vol. li] The Juvenile Works of Ovid 149
verse. Tibullus is excessively rhetorical in form, Ovid is
excessively rhetorical in both form and thought. (See also
some just observations in Sellar, Horace and the Elegiac
Poets, 307. )
Even more characteristic of our poet, however, than the
unity of the distich and the tyrannis of the dissyllabic close
is the dactylic preponderance. We may say that Ovid is the
poet, par excellence, of the dactylic virtuosity, which appears
alike in his epic and his elegiac verse. While the Greek lan-
guage is twice as rich in dactyls as in spondees, in Latin this
relation is reversed, and the Roman language has almost
twice as many spondees as dactyls. In all the other poets
of Rome (with the exception only of Valerius Flaccus and a
few genuine elegies of Tibullus' second book) the spondees
considerably exceed the dactyls; Ovid alone has known -
like the Medea or the Circe of his own exuberant fancy -
how to transform, by the magic of his art, the slow but stately
spondees of his native speech into the light and graceful
dactyls of Hellenic verse. Through this supreme refinement
he has brought to fulfillment the mission which Ennius, the
hardy pioneer, had vaguely dreamed of nearly two centuries
before, and has banished from Latium the last trace of Italian
rusticity (cf. Hor. Epist. n, i, 160). He is the greatest artist
in verse that Rome produced, the supreme master both in
the elegy and in the epos. It is no wonder then that Lucian
Miiller exclaims in ecstatic admiration (De re metrica-, 522) :
" Hunc igitur virum, qui principatum haud dubie tenet artis
Latinae, veneremur, hunc imitemur. hie sciat se plurimum
profecisse, cui plurimum probetur Ovidius. huius quot sunt
versus, totidem sunt artificia, quovis Phidiae ilia vel Praxitelis
opere nonminora. " 6 Our chief metrical scholars have carried
their worship and adoration so far that they have ended by
creating a veritable ' Ovid myth. ' Ovid is Rome's one white
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t45q4vr7s Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? 150 Robert S. Radford [1920
crow and he was always white. His art is free from the
trammels of place and time, and knows no process of growth,
no stage of development, but the Fates conferred upon the
divine man 7 at his birth a faculty that was miraculously
complete. Hence Lucian Miiller, op. oil. 346, pronounces a
passage in the Amores, which contains several elisions, inter-
polated, and declares those Epistles of the Heroines, which
show one or two polysyllabic closes, to be spurious (ib. 29 ff. ,
259). Hultgren, op. cit. 26 ff. , insists that the comparative
lack of virtuosity in the de Medicamine fragment is not the
result of immature art, but of pure accident, and asserts
that to attribute to Ovid any work actually lacking the
virtuosity would be to " place the head of Thersites upon
the body of Agamemnon " (ib. 32). Ehrengruber, who has
computed or collected the percentages of so many Latin
poets, announces the rule that each author has his definite
dactylic proportion from which he never greatly departs
(op. cit. x, 12 ff. ). Even such a master of statistics as Dro-
bisch, when he acutely observes that " the Amores of Ovid,
especially in the hexameter, fall short by a little more than
2% of the virtuosity attained in the Ars " (Ber. sacks. Ge-
sellsch. xxin [1871], 33), does not seem to have grasped the
full truth ; for he apparently thought of the decline in the
virtuosity as evenly distributed over the entire Amores.
In point of fact, nothing could be more erroneous than these
views. Thus Quintilian, ix, 3, 70, had before him a collection
of Ovidian epigrams quite similar to the Priapea and con-
taining rather frequent polysyllabic closes ; he actually
quotes the line, Cur ego non dicam, Furia, te ftiriam ?
In order to determine the whole question definitely, I have
carefully examined the three books of the Amores which we
now possess and which were not published before 2 B. C. ,
when the poet was forty-one. It is well known that there
was an earlier edition in five books, published in 14 B. C. ,
when the poet was already twenty-nine. According to my
7 Cf. Cic. Arch. 7, 16 : hunc dii'iiuim hominem, Africanum.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t45q4vr7s Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? Vol. li] The Juvenile Works of Ovid 151
results, nearly one-fourth of the poems in our present Amores
have been retained from the first edition with little change,
and still show the original spondaic form which they pos-
sessed at their first publication. The mature works of Ovid,
such as the Ars, show 57% of dactyls in the distich, while
the first edition of the Amores, according to my reconstruc-
tion, did not greatly exceed 48. 5%. The remaining three-
fourths of our present edition consists of poems which have
either been fully revised or newly written, and if the spondaic
fourth be subtracted, their percentage rises to more than $6 r , .
In other words, the remaining poems show practically the
same virtuosity as the mature works. In the second section
of this paper I shall exhibit these results more fully and in
tabular form. It is evident therefore that Ovid first com-
posed in spondees, which is precisely what we should expect
on a priori grounds. For, Latin being a highly spondaic
language, it seems just about as possible for a youthful poet
to lisp in Chinese or in Choctaw as in Latin dactyls. We
may go further, however, and assert that even if Ovid, on
his first appearance in 27 B. C. , had possessed all the miraculous
gifts with which he has been credited, he would not have
actually composed in dactyls. It is true that even at this
early date Tibullus was highly esteemed, 8 yet the memory
of the free republic was still cherished, and the more natural
school of Catullus was still preferred. Hence, in all proba-
bility, even if the youthful Ovid had possessed the dactylic
faculty, he would have lacked the will to virtuosity, since
the latter implies also a willingness to sacrifice the larger
perspicuity of expression and the normal descriptive word
orders. Furthermore, two of the three highly dactylic elegies
of Tibullus' second book were not composed until 22 B. C. ,
five years later, as is shown by their imitation of Propertius
(Xemethy. op. cii. . ^S).
The importance of the reconstruction of the first edition
* . . . Leunturque Tibullus
Kt placet, et iam Ir (xc. A Honshu prhiripe notus erat. Trist. n, 464.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t45q4vr7s Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? 152 Robert S. Radford [1920
of the Amores and of the consequent recovery of the youthful
or ' spondaic ' Ovid cannot easily be overestimated. Freed
from fanciful and unwarranted presuppositions, we are at
liberty to restore the actual, historical Ovid, and we shall be
able to show in the sequel, as I believe, that this great artistic
genius, beginning, just like Catullus, with simple nature and
therefore in some cases with only 37% of dactyls in the distich,
has made in less than twenty years an unparalleled develop-
ment in his art, and, by veritably creating a new language,
such as Ennius and his eager successors achieved only in
part, has been able, in the works of his full maturity, com-
posed after the age of thirty-five, to rise to 57% of dactyls
in the distich.
art, by Professor Robert S. Radford . . .
Radford, Robert Somerville, b. 1869. [Hartford, 1920]
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? RM
Extracted from Transactions of the American Philological
Association, Vol. LI, 1920.
XI. The Juvenile Works of Ovid and the Spondaic Period of
His Metrical Art 1
BY PROFESSOR ROBERT S. JRADFORD
UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE
CO
GD I. Introduction. Ovid and the Messalla Collection
to IN his chapter on famous orators, Quintilian aptly observes
That, for later generations, Cicero had become not so much
name of a person as the designation of the art of oratory,
may apply a similar remark to the Latin poet Ovid. To
students of Roman literature Ovid means the perfected
^elegiac art, the supreme mastery of the technical side of
Latin verse, to which he contributed an unparalleled ele-
gance and grace. Yet it is certain that he was also a person,
and we know more of the actual details of his life than of the
I*-
? life of any other Roman, with the single exception of Cicero.
Every schoolboy is familiar with the charming picture which
^ he has given in the Tristia of his early devotion to the Muses,
^ in spite of the remonstrances of his father and the arguments
which the latter urged against unprofitable literary pursuits.
X. ' Bibliography : Hultgren, Observationes metr. in poetas elegiacos Gr. et Lat. ,
^ Leipzig, 1871; Kone, Sprache der ram. Epiker, Minister, 1840; Radford,
" Licensed Feet in Latin Verse," Studies in Honor of Maurice Bloom-field (New
. V Haven, 1920), 251-272; O. F. Gruppe, Rom. Elegie, Leipzig, 1838; Klee-
mann, De libri tertii carminibus quae Tibulli nom. circumferuntur, Strassburg,
^- 1876; Teuffel, Studien u. Charaktcristiken , Leipzig, 1871; Fuss, De elegiarum
^ libra quern Lygdami esse putant quidam, Miinster, 1867; Krafft, De artibus
^/ quas Tib. et Lygd. in versibus concinnandis adhibuerunt, Halle, 1874; Paroli,
De Tib. arte metr. cum Lygd. comparata, Brescia, 1899; Hartung, De pane-
u _ gyrico ad Messallam pseudo-Tib. , Halle, 1880; Ehrengruber, De panegyr.
O Messallae pseudo-Tib. , partes i-x, Kremsmiinster, 1889-1899; Knappe, De
3 Tib. libri quarti elegiis, Dud -stadt, 1880; Nemethy, Albii Tibulli carmina,
3 etc. , Budapest, 1905 ; Lygdami carmina, Budapest, 1906; K. F. Smith, Elegies
of Tibullus, New York, 19,13; Burman, Ovidii opera omnia, Amsterdam, 1756,
with Index Verborum; Eschenburg, Wie hat Ovid einzelne Warier u. Wort-
klassen im Verse iierwandt? , Lubeck, 1886; H. de la Ville de Mirmont, " Le
poete Lygdamus," Musee Beige, vm (1904), 339-403; Plessis, La poesie
latine (Paris, 1909), 361-376 ; Schanz, Gesch. d. rom. Lit. n 3 , i, 232 ff. ; Ullrich,
Studia Tib. : De libri n editione, Berlin, 1880.
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? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t45q4vr7s Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? Vol. li] The Juvenile Works of Ovid 147
He was one of the most precocious of Roman poets, and like
Cowley or like Pope he " lisped in numbers, for the numbers
came. " 2 According to his own account, when he first re-
cited his juvenile poems to a public audience, his " beard
had been shaved only once or twice. " 3 This plain statement
is usually misinterpreted, but clearly the natural meaning is
that when he first entered the circle of his patron, Messalla,
he was only fifteen or sixteen years of age. 1 Beginning to
write at so early a period, when the simpler and more natural
school of Catullus. Gallus, and Fropertius was still in the
ascendant, Ovid passed through a long period of apprentice-
ship and, after much wavering and much experimentation,
eventually abandoned the more natural manner with which
he had begun, and went over wholly to the more artistic and
more epigrammatic style of Tibullus, which he found better
suited to his own rhetorical training and to which he finally
gave an undisputed supremacy in the domain of Roman
elegy. It is true that a different opinion is usually held
today, and it is everywhere assumed that he devoted himself
from the first to the imitation of Tibullus and possessed from
the beginning the remarkable facility and skill which make
him easily the first of Roman metrical artists. This view-
seems to me wholly erroneous, and I shall begin in the present
study to trace the various stages by which Ovid, the -historical
person, the friend of Messalla, the disciple first of Catullus
and later of Tibullus, reached the acme of artistic perfection.
As is well known, the poet Ovid possessed brilliant powers
of description, and was both a natural story-teller and a
- Sponte sua carmen numeros veniebat ad aptos,
Et quod temptabam scribere (in prose), versus erat. Trlst. iv, 10, 2;.
Ub. 5 7-
4 There was no definite time fixed for the dcpositio barbac, but it usually-
coincided with the assumption of the toga 'drills (Suet. Calig. 10). Most
writers incorrectly make this statement refer to Ovid's twentieth or twenty-
second year, as Schanz, Gcsch. d. rom. Lit. n 3 , i, 293; J. Heuwes, De teni-
porc quo Of. A mores conscripti sint (Miinster, 1883), 14; Cruttwell, Rom.
Lit. 3c<>, etc.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t45q4vr7s Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? 148 Robert S. Radford [1920
highly trained rhetorician. He is noted for his " swift light-
ness of touch," his brief, snappy sentences, his sharp con-
trasts, and his terse and highly polished epigrams (cf.
K. F. Smith, op. ciL Introd. 103 ff. ). Since we seek, how-
ever, to trace an actual historical development, it may be
worth while to return for a moment to ' Ovid ' in the mean-
ing of the perfected art of elegy, and to picture clearly the
numerous refinements which his finished technique embraces.
These rules include the breaking up of the long sentence and
the restriction of the thought to a single distich, the avoid-
ance of elision, especially in the latter half of both the hex-
ameter and the pentameter, the marked preference given in
the hexameter to the favorite masculine caesura (the semi-
quinaria), the ending of the pentameter with a dissyllable,
which should not be an adjective, but either a noun or a
verb, and above all the preponderance of dactyls in the
distich in direct opposition to the original and native char-
acter of the language. Through the observance of these
complex requirements the elegiac couplet gains an incom-
parable elegance and precision, at the same moment that it
loses its larger variety, freedom, and ease. Tibullus himself
had narrowed the sphere of Roman elegy by rejecting the
natural period and restricting the thought within the mini-
mum space of two lines. This limitation, which is unknown
to Catullus and Propertius, is undoubtedly a serious mistake,
and it finds little justification of any kind in the previous
history of the elegy. Yet, although he gave an artificial
form to the distich, Tibullus, through the expression of simple
and natural emotion, invariably retained its proper content,
and he could not foresee perhaps that the more brilliant but
more wayward Ovid would too often, through the absence
of sincere and genuine feeling, merge the elegy in the epigram
and make both form and content unduly artificial. Both
Tibullus and Ovid then were consummate artists, but both
yielded too much to the prevailing tendency of the Augustan
age in restricting the liberty and the spontaneity of their
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t45q4vr7s Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? Vol. li] The Juvenile Works of Ovid 149
verse. Tibullus is excessively rhetorical in form, Ovid is
excessively rhetorical in both form and thought. (See also
some just observations in Sellar, Horace and the Elegiac
Poets, 307. )
Even more characteristic of our poet, however, than the
unity of the distich and the tyrannis of the dissyllabic close
is the dactylic preponderance. We may say that Ovid is the
poet, par excellence, of the dactylic virtuosity, which appears
alike in his epic and his elegiac verse. While the Greek lan-
guage is twice as rich in dactyls as in spondees, in Latin this
relation is reversed, and the Roman language has almost
twice as many spondees as dactyls. In all the other poets
of Rome (with the exception only of Valerius Flaccus and a
few genuine elegies of Tibullus' second book) the spondees
considerably exceed the dactyls; Ovid alone has known -
like the Medea or the Circe of his own exuberant fancy -
how to transform, by the magic of his art, the slow but stately
spondees of his native speech into the light and graceful
dactyls of Hellenic verse. Through this supreme refinement
he has brought to fulfillment the mission which Ennius, the
hardy pioneer, had vaguely dreamed of nearly two centuries
before, and has banished from Latium the last trace of Italian
rusticity (cf. Hor. Epist. n, i, 160). He is the greatest artist
in verse that Rome produced, the supreme master both in
the elegy and in the epos. It is no wonder then that Lucian
Miiller exclaims in ecstatic admiration (De re metrica-, 522) :
" Hunc igitur virum, qui principatum haud dubie tenet artis
Latinae, veneremur, hunc imitemur. hie sciat se plurimum
profecisse, cui plurimum probetur Ovidius. huius quot sunt
versus, totidem sunt artificia, quovis Phidiae ilia vel Praxitelis
opere nonminora. " 6 Our chief metrical scholars have carried
their worship and adoration so far that they have ended by
creating a veritable ' Ovid myth. ' Ovid is Rome's one white
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t45q4vr7s Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? 150 Robert S. Radford [1920
crow and he was always white. His art is free from the
trammels of place and time, and knows no process of growth,
no stage of development, but the Fates conferred upon the
divine man 7 at his birth a faculty that was miraculously
complete. Hence Lucian Miiller, op. oil. 346, pronounces a
passage in the Amores, which contains several elisions, inter-
polated, and declares those Epistles of the Heroines, which
show one or two polysyllabic closes, to be spurious (ib. 29 ff. ,
259). Hultgren, op. cit. 26 ff. , insists that the comparative
lack of virtuosity in the de Medicamine fragment is not the
result of immature art, but of pure accident, and asserts
that to attribute to Ovid any work actually lacking the
virtuosity would be to " place the head of Thersites upon
the body of Agamemnon " (ib. 32).
' Bibliography : Hultgren, Observationes metr. in poetas elegiacos Gr. et Lat. ,
^ Leipzig, 1871; Kone, Sprache der ram. Epiker, Minister, 1840; Radford,
" Licensed Feet in Latin Verse," Studies in Honor of Maurice Bloom-field (New
. V Haven, 1920), 251-272; O. F. Gruppe, Rom. Elegie, Leipzig, 1838; Klee-
mann, De libri tertii carminibus quae Tibulli nom. circumferuntur, Strassburg,
^- 1876; Teuffel, Studien u. Charaktcristiken , Leipzig, 1871; Fuss, De elegiarum
^ libra quern Lygdami esse putant quidam, Miinster, 1867; Krafft, De artibus
^/ quas Tib. et Lygd. in versibus concinnandis adhibuerunt, Halle, 1874; Paroli,
De Tib. arte metr. cum Lygd. comparata, Brescia, 1899; Hartung, De pane-
u _ gyrico ad Messallam pseudo-Tib. , Halle, 1880; Ehrengruber, De panegyr.
O Messallae pseudo-Tib. , partes i-x, Kremsmiinster, 1889-1899; Knappe, De
3 Tib. libri quarti elegiis, Dud -stadt, 1880; Nemethy, Albii Tibulli carmina,
3 etc. , Budapest, 1905 ; Lygdami carmina, Budapest, 1906; K. F. Smith, Elegies
of Tibullus, New York, 19,13; Burman, Ovidii opera omnia, Amsterdam, 1756,
with Index Verborum; Eschenburg, Wie hat Ovid einzelne Warier u. Wort-
klassen im Verse iierwandt? , Lubeck, 1886; H. de la Ville de Mirmont, " Le
poete Lygdamus," Musee Beige, vm (1904), 339-403; Plessis, La poesie
latine (Paris, 1909), 361-376 ; Schanz, Gesch. d. rom. Lit. n 3 , i, 232 ff. ; Ullrich,
Studia Tib. : De libri n editione, Berlin, 1880.
^;<QJ/? O
< ^oHK>w
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t45q4vr7s Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? Vol. li] The Juvenile Works of Ovid 147
He was one of the most precocious of Roman poets, and like
Cowley or like Pope he " lisped in numbers, for the numbers
came. " 2 According to his own account, when he first re-
cited his juvenile poems to a public audience, his " beard
had been shaved only once or twice. " 3 This plain statement
is usually misinterpreted, but clearly the natural meaning is
that when he first entered the circle of his patron, Messalla,
he was only fifteen or sixteen years of age. 1 Beginning to
write at so early a period, when the simpler and more natural
school of Catullus. Gallus, and Fropertius was still in the
ascendant, Ovid passed through a long period of apprentice-
ship and, after much wavering and much experimentation,
eventually abandoned the more natural manner with which
he had begun, and went over wholly to the more artistic and
more epigrammatic style of Tibullus, which he found better
suited to his own rhetorical training and to which he finally
gave an undisputed supremacy in the domain of Roman
elegy. It is true that a different opinion is usually held
today, and it is everywhere assumed that he devoted himself
from the first to the imitation of Tibullus and possessed from
the beginning the remarkable facility and skill which make
him easily the first of Roman metrical artists. This view-
seems to me wholly erroneous, and I shall begin in the present
study to trace the various stages by which Ovid, the -historical
person, the friend of Messalla, the disciple first of Catullus
and later of Tibullus, reached the acme of artistic perfection.
As is well known, the poet Ovid possessed brilliant powers
of description, and was both a natural story-teller and a
- Sponte sua carmen numeros veniebat ad aptos,
Et quod temptabam scribere (in prose), versus erat. Trlst. iv, 10, 2;.
Ub. 5 7-
4 There was no definite time fixed for the dcpositio barbac, but it usually-
coincided with the assumption of the toga 'drills (Suet. Calig. 10). Most
writers incorrectly make this statement refer to Ovid's twentieth or twenty-
second year, as Schanz, Gcsch. d. rom. Lit. n 3 , i, 293; J. Heuwes, De teni-
porc quo Of. A mores conscripti sint (Miinster, 1883), 14; Cruttwell, Rom.
Lit. 3c<>, etc.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t45q4vr7s Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? 148 Robert S. Radford [1920
highly trained rhetorician. He is noted for his " swift light-
ness of touch," his brief, snappy sentences, his sharp con-
trasts, and his terse and highly polished epigrams (cf.
K. F. Smith, op. ciL Introd. 103 ff. ). Since we seek, how-
ever, to trace an actual historical development, it may be
worth while to return for a moment to ' Ovid ' in the mean-
ing of the perfected art of elegy, and to picture clearly the
numerous refinements which his finished technique embraces.
These rules include the breaking up of the long sentence and
the restriction of the thought to a single distich, the avoid-
ance of elision, especially in the latter half of both the hex-
ameter and the pentameter, the marked preference given in
the hexameter to the favorite masculine caesura (the semi-
quinaria), the ending of the pentameter with a dissyllable,
which should not be an adjective, but either a noun or a
verb, and above all the preponderance of dactyls in the
distich in direct opposition to the original and native char-
acter of the language. Through the observance of these
complex requirements the elegiac couplet gains an incom-
parable elegance and precision, at the same moment that it
loses its larger variety, freedom, and ease. Tibullus himself
had narrowed the sphere of Roman elegy by rejecting the
natural period and restricting the thought within the mini-
mum space of two lines. This limitation, which is unknown
to Catullus and Propertius, is undoubtedly a serious mistake,
and it finds little justification of any kind in the previous
history of the elegy. Yet, although he gave an artificial
form to the distich, Tibullus, through the expression of simple
and natural emotion, invariably retained its proper content,
and he could not foresee perhaps that the more brilliant but
more wayward Ovid would too often, through the absence
of sincere and genuine feeling, merge the elegy in the epigram
and make both form and content unduly artificial. Both
Tibullus and Ovid then were consummate artists, but both
yielded too much to the prevailing tendency of the Augustan
age in restricting the liberty and the spontaneity of their
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t45q4vr7s Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? Vol. li] The Juvenile Works of Ovid 149
verse. Tibullus is excessively rhetorical in form, Ovid is
excessively rhetorical in both form and thought. (See also
some just observations in Sellar, Horace and the Elegiac
Poets, 307. )
Even more characteristic of our poet, however, than the
unity of the distich and the tyrannis of the dissyllabic close
is the dactylic preponderance. We may say that Ovid is the
poet, par excellence, of the dactylic virtuosity, which appears
alike in his epic and his elegiac verse. While the Greek lan-
guage is twice as rich in dactyls as in spondees, in Latin this
relation is reversed, and the Roman language has almost
twice as many spondees as dactyls. In all the other poets
of Rome (with the exception only of Valerius Flaccus and a
few genuine elegies of Tibullus' second book) the spondees
considerably exceed the dactyls; Ovid alone has known -
like the Medea or the Circe of his own exuberant fancy -
how to transform, by the magic of his art, the slow but stately
spondees of his native speech into the light and graceful
dactyls of Hellenic verse. Through this supreme refinement
he has brought to fulfillment the mission which Ennius, the
hardy pioneer, had vaguely dreamed of nearly two centuries
before, and has banished from Latium the last trace of Italian
rusticity (cf. Hor. Epist. n, i, 160). He is the greatest artist
in verse that Rome produced, the supreme master both in
the elegy and in the epos. It is no wonder then that Lucian
Miiller exclaims in ecstatic admiration (De re metrica-, 522) :
" Hunc igitur virum, qui principatum haud dubie tenet artis
Latinae, veneremur, hunc imitemur. hie sciat se plurimum
profecisse, cui plurimum probetur Ovidius. huius quot sunt
versus, totidem sunt artificia, quovis Phidiae ilia vel Praxitelis
opere nonminora. " 6 Our chief metrical scholars have carried
their worship and adoration so far that they have ended by
creating a veritable ' Ovid myth. ' Ovid is Rome's one white
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t45q4vr7s Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? 150 Robert S. Radford [1920
crow and he was always white. His art is free from the
trammels of place and time, and knows no process of growth,
no stage of development, but the Fates conferred upon the
divine man 7 at his birth a faculty that was miraculously
complete. Hence Lucian Miiller, op. oil. 346, pronounces a
passage in the Amores, which contains several elisions, inter-
polated, and declares those Epistles of the Heroines, which
show one or two polysyllabic closes, to be spurious (ib. 29 ff. ,
259). Hultgren, op. cit. 26 ff. , insists that the comparative
lack of virtuosity in the de Medicamine fragment is not the
result of immature art, but of pure accident, and asserts
that to attribute to Ovid any work actually lacking the
virtuosity would be to " place the head of Thersites upon
the body of Agamemnon " (ib. 32). Ehrengruber, who has
computed or collected the percentages of so many Latin
poets, announces the rule that each author has his definite
dactylic proportion from which he never greatly departs
(op. cit. x, 12 ff. ). Even such a master of statistics as Dro-
bisch, when he acutely observes that " the Amores of Ovid,
especially in the hexameter, fall short by a little more than
2% of the virtuosity attained in the Ars " (Ber. sacks. Ge-
sellsch. xxin [1871], 33), does not seem to have grasped the
full truth ; for he apparently thought of the decline in the
virtuosity as evenly distributed over the entire Amores.
In point of fact, nothing could be more erroneous than these
views. Thus Quintilian, ix, 3, 70, had before him a collection
of Ovidian epigrams quite similar to the Priapea and con-
taining rather frequent polysyllabic closes ; he actually
quotes the line, Cur ego non dicam, Furia, te ftiriam ?
In order to determine the whole question definitely, I have
carefully examined the three books of the Amores which we
now possess and which were not published before 2 B. C. ,
when the poet was forty-one. It is well known that there
was an earlier edition in five books, published in 14 B. C. ,
when the poet was already twenty-nine. According to my
7 Cf. Cic. Arch. 7, 16 : hunc dii'iiuim hominem, Africanum.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t45q4vr7s Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? Vol. li] The Juvenile Works of Ovid 151
results, nearly one-fourth of the poems in our present Amores
have been retained from the first edition with little change,
and still show the original spondaic form which they pos-
sessed at their first publication. The mature works of Ovid,
such as the Ars, show 57% of dactyls in the distich, while
the first edition of the Amores, according to my reconstruc-
tion, did not greatly exceed 48. 5%. The remaining three-
fourths of our present edition consists of poems which have
either been fully revised or newly written, and if the spondaic
fourth be subtracted, their percentage rises to more than $6 r , .
In other words, the remaining poems show practically the
same virtuosity as the mature works. In the second section
of this paper I shall exhibit these results more fully and in
tabular form. It is evident therefore that Ovid first com-
posed in spondees, which is precisely what we should expect
on a priori grounds. For, Latin being a highly spondaic
language, it seems just about as possible for a youthful poet
to lisp in Chinese or in Choctaw as in Latin dactyls. We
may go further, however, and assert that even if Ovid, on
his first appearance in 27 B. C. , had possessed all the miraculous
gifts with which he has been credited, he would not have
actually composed in dactyls. It is true that even at this
early date Tibullus was highly esteemed, 8 yet the memory
of the free republic was still cherished, and the more natural
school of Catullus was still preferred. Hence, in all proba-
bility, even if the youthful Ovid had possessed the dactylic
faculty, he would have lacked the will to virtuosity, since
the latter implies also a willingness to sacrifice the larger
perspicuity of expression and the normal descriptive word
orders. Furthermore, two of the three highly dactylic elegies
of Tibullus' second book were not composed until 22 B. C. ,
five years later, as is shown by their imitation of Propertius
(Xemethy. op. cii. . ^S).
The importance of the reconstruction of the first edition
* . . . Leunturque Tibullus
Kt placet, et iam Ir (xc. A Honshu prhiripe notus erat. Trist. n, 464.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t45q4vr7s Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? 152 Robert S. Radford [1920
of the Amores and of the consequent recovery of the youthful
or ' spondaic ' Ovid cannot easily be overestimated. Freed
from fanciful and unwarranted presuppositions, we are at
liberty to restore the actual, historical Ovid, and we shall be
able to show in the sequel, as I believe, that this great artistic
genius, beginning, just like Catullus, with simple nature and
therefore in some cases with only 37% of dactyls in the distich,
has made in less than twenty years an unparalleled develop-
ment in his art, and, by veritably creating a new language,
such as Ennius and his eager successors achieved only in
part, has been able, in the works of his full maturity, com-
posed after the age of thirty-five, to rise to 57% of dactyls
in the distich.
