No More Learning

67 1. 59
3. 87228 4. 20 1. 62
4. 84 164 5. 08 1. 76 4. 03 847 3. 82
aThe following scales were used in the various forms:
Form 78: A-S Scale (12 items)
Form 60: Form 45: Form 40:
E Scale E Scale E Scale
(10 items) (10 items) (5 items)
in the various income levels provides another indication of the largely middle- class character of the total sample. The $5,ooo-$ro,ooo group was the largest, with 205 cases. The $z,ooo-$z,9oo and $3,ooo-$3,900 groups, which during 1944-46 would probably have been the largest in the general population, had 154 and r86 cases, respectively. A disproportionately large number, 55, were in the "$ro,ooo and above" group. The interpretation of these data is com- plicated by the fact that the father's income now may not b~ what it was
? 202
THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY TABlE 19 (V)
MEAN A-S OR E SCmESa F<Jt GROUPS WHOSE FATHERS HAD VARIOlE Il'? 0MES
Groups taking Form 78:
u. c. Public Speaking Class Women u. c. Public Speaking Class Men Extension Psychology Class Women Professional Women
Totals:
Groups taking Form 60:
University of Oregon Student Women
Univ. of Oregon and Univ. of California Student Women Univ. of Oregon and Univ. of California Student Men
Totals:
Groups taking Form 45:
Maritime School Men Psychiatric Clinic Men Psychiatric Clinic Women
Totals:
Groups taking Form 40:
George Washington University Student Women Maritime School Men
Middle-Class Women
Middle-Class. Men
Working-Class Men Totals:
Over-all totals:
$2,000- 2,900 N Mean
17 3. 35 6 3. 33 2 4. 25 6 2. 30
31 3. 20
7 3. 08
9 3. 17 11 3. 28
27 3. 19
26 4. 09 4 2. 88 4 3. 70
34 3. 90
7 3. 20 34 5. 48 9 3. 29 8 3. 35 4 5. 40
during the subject's childhood. It should also be noted that almost half of the subjects left this question blank; it is not possible to say how much this has influenced the results.
The E means in Table 19(V) do not vary c"onsistently in relation to father's income. They show negligible and unsystematic variations (from 3? 77 to 3. 92) among the various levels below $w,ooo. However, the group whose fathers earned $ro,ooo per year and above is significantly less ethno- centric than the combined lower income levels (means of 3? 35 and 3. 84
Below $2,000 N Mean
8 2. 94 2 5. 45 1 4. 20 2 5. 65
13 3. 84
5 3. 45 0
6 2. 60
11 2. 99
12 3. 88 6 3. 62 5 4. 36
23 3. 92
2 4. 80 6 5. 57 7 3. 46 3 2. 87 5 4. 00
23 4. 16
70 3. 84 154 3. 92
62 4. 62
? 28 2. 99 9 10 3. 18 5 7 3. 17 0 3 2. 40 0
48 3. 02 14
8 3. 17 0 93. 144 8 3. 17 5
25 3. 16 9
31 4. 48 12 6 3. 03 2 5 1. 66 2
42 3. 94 16
13. 4. 11 10 30 5. 01 14 10 3. 30 5
3. 83 45 3. 34 140
64. 63 5 12 4. 00 0
4. 89 164 3. 96 154 4. 00 69 3. 41 59
4. 08 578 3. 84 1332
5. 08 1. 76 3. 64 1. 96 3. 89 2. 08 3. 83 1. 72
4. 19 1. 90 3. 82
71 4. 40 34
POLITICO-ECONOMIC IDEOLOGY AND GROUP MEMBERSHIPS
203
$3,000- $4,000- $5,000- Above Blank OV er-all 3,900 4,900 10,000 $10,000
NMean NMean NMean NMean NMean N Mean
S. D.
1. 43 1. 48 1. 36 1. 37
1. 46
1. 38 1. 29 1. 25
1. 31
1. 60 1. 59 1. 60
1. 63
3. 97 22 3. 42 13 4 10
3. 77 49
10 3. 13 11 2. 56 8
2. 81 29
4. 68 28 3. 25 7 3. 95 6
4. 41 41
3. 64 35 4. 73 29 1. 84 9 4. 56 10
3 3. 96 86 186 3. 77 73 3. 88 205
3. 32 11 3. 39 5 2. 63 1 2. 23 5
3. 06 22
3. 03 1 3. 34 0 2. 66 2
3. 05 3
4. 68 8 2. 97 0 2. 75
4. 11 9
4. 14 7 5. 13 5 2. 64 5 4. 12 4 5. 67 0
4. 37 21 3. 82 55
3. 34 11 4. 70 27 2. 34 37
3. 42 120
5. 31 16 21 2. 49 17
3. 43 54
3. 54 6f 25 1. 60 48
3. 32 134
3. 97 58 4. 60 46 1. 72 109 2. 40 33
35 3. 29 281 3. 35 589
3. 03 52 3. 43 42 2. 59 63
3. 10 297
3. 80 47 3. 28 54 3. 01 57
3. 32 3. 34 3. 40 2. 57
3. 18
3. 42 3. 24 2. 93
3. 18
4. 36 3. 67 3. 65
4. .
07
aThe following scales were used in the varions forms: Form 78: A-S Scale (10 items)
Form 60: Form 45: Form 40:
E Scale (12 items) E Scale (10 items) E Scale ( 5 items)
3. 35
4. 40
4. 18
3. 92 71
4. 19 299
158
178 50
4. 12 132 4. 04 1. 58
? THE AUTHOlUT AlUAN PERSONALITY
respectively). Whether this lower mean holds for all individuals whose fathers are in this income group, or only for those individuals who get into organized groups such as those tested, is not clear. Further study may reveal that the lower E mean characterizes those individuals who were born in wealthier families but who tend-presumably for emotionally important reasons-to gravitate toward middle- or working-class groups, occupations, and ideologies. We are led to suspect, on the basis of results in numerous areas, that upward class mobility and identification with the status quo cor- relate positively with ethnocentrism, and that downward class mobility and
identification go with anti-ethnocentrism.
A final "socioeconomic background" factor studied was father's occupa-
tion. Table 2o(V) gives the mean E score for various groups based on occupation of father. The most common occupations (N = 136-169) were: Labor (skilled and unskilled), white collar, and big business-managerial. Small business and professional groups were next in size (N = 95 and 90), and in order of decreasing size we find farmers, engineers, government offi- cials, and religious (ministers, etc. ). With regard toE mean, there are only three groups which deviate more than o. 3 points from the over-all mean of 3. 86. The offspring of engineers are significantly above average, with a mean of 4. 36. On the other hand, the offspring of fathers with religious or govern- ment occupations are well below average (3. 20 and 3. 25). For all other occu- pations differences are minor and even smaller than the differences from sample to sample for any one occupation. No occupational grouping is con- sistently high or consistently low in every sample. Even in the case of fathers with big business and managerial occupations, the E mean varies considerably; it is sometimes below, sometimes above that for the test group from which it was taken. Thus, we find particularly low E means for this occupational group in the Extension Psychology Class and Professional Women, and a relatively high mean for the George Washington University Women (rela- tive to the other occupational groupings in each sample). These variations suggest, as do the data above, that ethnocentrism in the individual is not significantly correlated with many of the socioeconomic groupings which
are commonly assumed (by many social scientists as well as by laymen) to be direct, immediate determinants of ethnocentrism. It is the meaning of the group to the individual rather than membership per se, that helps us to predict his stand on ethnocentrism and other issues.
On the basis of the group membership data presented in this section (Tables 12 (V)-20(V) ), certain hypotheses can tentatively be drawn. Per- haps the first lesson to be learned concerns the danger of stereotyped think-
ing about groups. No broad grouping in this study showed anything approaching ideological homogeneity. This is not presented as a startling discovery but rather as a sober reminder to those who assume a close relation
? Groups
i""". S . ! l~. o
N Mean N Mean N Mean N Mean N Mean
"'
N Mean
N Mean
N Mean
N Mean
N Mean
N Mean
N Mean S. D. 0 I
Groups td ing Fora 78:
u. c. Public Speaking Class Women u. C. Public ftleaking Class Men Extension Psychology Class Women ProfessionalWomen
~
Totals:
46 3. 19 50 2. 92 30
3. 22 0
-? -- 41
3. 40 0 ----297
3. 18 1. 46
Groups t d i. ng Fora 60:
Univ. of Oregon Student Women
uitiv. of Oregon and Univ. of California Student Women 1 2. 32 14 3. 45 4 univ. of Oregon and univ. of California Student Men 8 3. 24 7 3. 69 6
s~ (U
Totals:
W Ln ~ L~ ~
L~ ~ Ln 2. 66113. 06 21. 95 33
3. 25 0
. . . . . . . . . . . 26
3 . 2 7 0 . . . . . . . . . . 158
-< 3. 18 L31 ~
Group& tdinJ Fora 45: Maritime School Men
48 4. 16 ~ 4. ~ 17
4. 32 9 4. 82 1 6. 30 9 4. 08 5 5. 22 18
4. 58 0
---- 30
4. 45 12 4. 08 178
4. 36 I. 60
~
Groups td inJ Fora 40:
George Washington university Student Women Maritime School Men
M L~ ~ 4. ~ 10 47 5. 22 16 4. 76 25
4. ~ I 2. ro 1 6. 40 25 4. 03 9 3. 78 18 5. 01 10 5. 72 0 . . . . . . . . . 10 5. 30 l2 5. 18 7
4. 79 12 3. 25 18 5. 00 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3. 71 4 3. 95132 5. 09 11 4. ~ 164
4. 04 1. 58 5. 08 L76
~ ~
Totals:
61 4. 90 36 4. 49 35
4. 82 11 5. 40 1 6. 40 35 4. 39 21 4. 58 25
4. 85 12 3. 25 44
4. 53 15 4. 13 296
4. 61 1. 78 ~
Over. . . all totals:
&. rbe following scales were used in the various forms:
169 4. 07144 3. 70 95
3. 95 61. 3. 81 11 3. ~ 90 3. 62 43 4. 36136
3. 71 12 3. 25141
3;95 27 4. 11929
3. 86
~
Form 78: Form 60: Form 45: Form 40. !
A? S SCale ( 10 items) E Scale (12 items) E Seale (10 items) E Scale (5 items)
. . . . . 0
TABLE :D {V)
MEAN A? S OR E S(l)RESa FOR GROUPS YIHOSE FA'l'ltmS HAVE VARIOUS OCCUPATIONS
-~~
~'l! 8'Si
~ ~~
~t1 <>IJ i= li
1i. . 'il ! :iii . . . . ~~"tig ~ ~~
>1:1
. . ? ~~! ~ita j~ ~s~ '"1li
J e J! ~l
~~
>~ ~~~~ ~
t""
23 2. 93 25 3. 16 12 3. 76 9 3. 08 3 2.