), she was the first
while his father was engaged in restoring Ptolemy being that sprang from Chaos, and gave birth to
Auletes to the throne of Egypt.
while his father was engaged in restoring Ptolemy being that sprang from Chaos, and gave birth to
Auletes to the throne of Egypt.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
Jud.
I.
6.
) It was
such an agreement. When M. Brutus lent the perhaps on account of some of his successes in
Salaminii a sum of money, at interest of four per Judea that Gabinius made application to the sea
cent monthly, or forty-eight per cent yearly, and nate to be honoured with a supplicatio; but the
obtained a decree of the senate, dispensing with senate, in order to evince their hostility to him and
the law of Gabinius in his case, and directing “ ut his patron Pompey, slighted his letter, and rejected
jus diceretur er ista syngrapha," Cicero held that his suit-an atfront which had never before been
the decree of the senate did not give such force to offered, under similar circumstances, to any pro-
the agreement as to render valid the excess of in- consul (Ad Qu. Fr. ii. 8. ) As the refusal of the
terest above the legal rate. (Ad Atl. vi. 2. $ 5. ) senate occurred in the early part of the year B. C.
We read of another Lex Gabinia, by which the 56, Drumann (Gesch. Roms. vol iii. p. 47, n. 35)
senate was directed to give audience to ambas- thinks that it referred to some successes of Gabi-
sadors from the 1st of February to the 1st of nius over the Arabs, previous to his campaigns in
March. By a previous Lex Pupia the senate was Judea.
prohibited in general terms from assembling on Gabinius now sought for other enemies, against
comitial days. Under these laws arose the ques whom he might profitably turn his arms. Phraates,
tion whether the senate might be legally assembled king of Parthia, had been murdered by his two
on a comitial day, occurring in February, or whe- sons, Orodes and Mithridates, who afterwards
ther such days were not tacitly excepted from the contended between themselves for the crown.
Lex Gabinia. (Ad Qu. Fr. ii. 13. )
Mithridates, feeling bimself the weaker of the
In B. C. 61 Gabinius was praetor, and in B. C. two, by presents and promises engaged Gabinius
59 he and L. Piso were chosen consuls for the en- to undertake his cause, and the Roman general
suing year. In the interval between his tribunate had already crossed the Euphrates with his army,
and his praetorship he appears to have been en- when he was invited to return by the prospect of
gaged in military service in the East, and to have a richer and an easier prey.
accompanied M. Scaurus to Judea, where, in the Ptolemy the Piper (Auletes), having offended
contest between the Maccabees, he received a the Alexandrians by his exactions and pusilla
bribe of 300 talents from Aristobulus. (Joseph. nimity, had been driven from his kingdom. While
Ant. xiv. 2, 3, 4. )
he was absent, soliciting the senate of Rome to
The consuls, Gabinius and Piso, had previously assist in his restoration, the Alexandrians made
been gained over to the party of Clodius, who his daughter Berenice queen, and invited Seleucus
promised to use bis influence in procuring for Cibiosactes to marry her, and share her throne.
them lucrative governments. Piso was to get He accepted the proposal, notwithstanding the op
Macedonia, with Greece and Thessaly, and Ga- position of Gabinius, but was shortly afterwards
binius was to get Cilicia ; but, upon the remon- strangied by order of his wife, who thought him a
strance of Gabinius, Cilicia was exchanged for the mean-spirited man, and soon grew tired of his
richer government of Syria, which was erected into society. After the death of Cibiosactes, Archelaus
a proconsular province, on the ground of the in-(the son of that Archelaus who had commanded
cursions of the Arabs.
the army of Pontus against Sulla in the Mithridatic
I was during the consulship of Gabinius that I war) became ambitious to supply his place. Ar
5
mperium should erzad
erranean, and to su
fron its casts-ube
ney as he migót tas
$ and should have a
zed powers of rus
proposition was to7
int of the scaresse
ion of concer br
i it was equires
distrusted the as
was carried to sact
sed. Gabinis ra
ck of the sensters
siled br tie pat
crifced the need
hard no: Gais
odium and sever
world ise *
comitis far por
, Gabin:
3 to the air
VOL. IL
o
## p. 194 (#210) ############################################
194
GABINIUS.
GABINIUS.
chelaus pretended to be a son of Mithridates the in to sustain their charge. He was now attacked
Great, and had joined the Roman army with the on all sides. Cicero, especially, goaded him so
intention of accompanying Gabinius into Parthia. sharply, that he was unable to contain himself,
Gabinius opposed the ambitious design of Arche- and, with a voice almost choked with passion,
laus, who, nevertheless, made his escape from the called Cicero an exile. An émeute succeeded. The
Roman army, reached Alexandria, married Bere senate to a man rose from their seats, pressed
nice, and was declared king. Dion Cassius thinks round Gabinius, and manifested their indignation
(xxxix. 57) that Gabinius, wishing to enhance the as clamorously as the warmest friend of Cicero
value of his own services by baving a general of could desire. (Ad Qu. Fr. iii. 2. )
some ability to contend against, connived at the Three accusations were brought against Gabi-
escape of Archelaus.
nius The first of these was for majestas, in leaving
Such was the state of affairs in Egypt when his province, and making war in favour of Ptolemy
Ptolemy came to Gabinius with recommendatory Auletes, in defance of the Sibyl, and the authority
letters from Pompey. Moreover, he promised to of the senate. In this accusation Cicero gare
pay Gabinius a large sum of money (10,000 ta evidence, but, at the instance of Pompey, did not
lents) if he were restored to his kingdom by the press severely upon Gabinius. Pompey prevailed
assistance of the proconsul. The enterprise was upon him not to be the prosecutor, but could noh,
displeasing to the greater part of the Roman offi- with the most urgent solicitation, induce him to
cers, since it was forbidden by a decree of the undertake the defence. The prosecutor was L.
senate, and by an oracle of the Sibyl; but Gabinius Lentulus, who was slow and backward. The
was encouraged in his plan of assisting Auletes by judges, by a majority of 38 to 32, acquitted Gabi-
M. Antony, the future triumvir, who commanded nius, on the ground that the words of the Sibyl
the Roman cavalry ; and he was supplied with applied to other times and another king. (Dion
money, arms, and provisions, by Antipater of Idus Cass. xxxix. 55. ) The majority who voted for
mea, who required the friendship of the Romans his acquittal were suspected of corruption, as was
to assist him in the subjugation of the Maccabees. Lentulus of prevarication. An inundation of the
M. Antony, who was sent forward with the ca- Tiber, which occurred about this time, was attri-
valry to seize the passes of Egyph was put in pos- buted to the anger of the gods at the escape of
session of Pelusium, the key of the kingdom. Gabinius. (Ad Q2. Fr. ii. 7. )
Archelaus was killed in action, and Gabinius re- The second prosecution was de repetundis ez lege
mained master of Alexandria. He now found the Julia, for the illegal receipt of 10,000 talents from
whole of Egypt at his disposal, and resigned the Ptolemy Auletes. Out of several candidates for
kingdom to Ptolemy, who not only put his daugh- the honour of conducting the accusation, M. Cato,
ter Berenice to death, but ordered the execution of the praetor, selected C. Memmius Cicero now
the richest of the Alexandrians, that with their could no longer resist the importunity of Pom-
spoils he might the better satisfy the engagements pey, and undertook the defence, though he felt
he had entered into with Gabinius.
that the part was sorely derogatory to his self-
Upon the return of Gabinius to Judea, he found respect, and to his reputation for consistency ; for
Alexander, the son of Aristobulus, again in arms, no one had laboured with greater assiduity than
and, after defeating him at Tabor, administered the he had, ever since his return from exile, to blacken
government of the country, in conformity with the the character of Gabinius. A fragment from the
counsels of Antipater. (Joseph. Ant. xiv. 6. ) notes of Cicero's speech for Gabinius has been pre-
Meanwhile a storm had been brewing at Rome, served by Hieronymus (Adv. Rufin. , ed. Paris,
where Gabinius knew that he would have to en- vol. iv. p. 351), but his advocacy was unsuccess-
counter not only the hostility of the optimates, but ful, notwithstanding the favourable testimony of
all the unpopularity which his personal enemies the Alexandrine deputies and of Pompey, backed
could excite against him. He had given umbrage by a letter from Caesar. Dion Cassins indeed
to the Romans in Syria, especially to the publicani (xlvi. 8) makes Q. Fufius Calenus hint that the
of the equestrian order, whose profits were dimi- success of the prosecution was due to the mode of
nished by the depredations of the pirates along conducting the defence. Gabinius went into exile,
the Syrian coast, which Gabinius had left un- and his goods were sold, to discharge the amount
guarded during his expedition to Egypt.
at which the damages were estimated. As the
The recal of Gabinius from his province had produce of the sale was not sufficient to cover the
been decreed in B. C. 55, but he did not depart estimated sum, a suit was instituted, under the
until his successor, M. Crassus, had actually made same Les Julia de repetundis, against C. Rabirius
his appearance, in B. c. 54. He lingered on the Postumus, who was liable to make up the defici-
road, and his gold travelled before him, to purchase ency, if it could be proved that the money illegally
favour or silence. To cover his disgrace, he gave received by Gabinius had come to his hands. Thus
out that he intended to demand a triumph, and he the cause of C. Rabirius Postumus (who was
remained some time without the city gates, but, also defended by Cicero) was a supplementary ap
finding delay useless, on the 28th of September, pendage to the cause of Gabinius (RABIRIUS
B. C. 54, he stole into the city by night, to avoid | POSTUMUS]
the insults of the populace. For ten days he did Upon the exile of Gabinius the third accusa-
not dare to present himself before the senate. tion dropped, which charged him with ambitus, or
When at length he came, and had made the usual illegal canvassing, and was entrusted to P. Sulla,
report as to the state of the Roman forces, and as as prosecutor, with the assistance of Caecilius and
to the troops of the enemy, he was about to go Memmius.
away, when he was detained by the consuls, In B. C. 49 he returned from exile, upon the call
L. Domitius Ahenobarbus and App. Claudius, to of Caesar, but he took no part in direct hostilities
answer the accusation of the publicani, who had against Pompey. After the battle of Pharsalia,
been in attendance at the doors, and were called he was despatched to Illyricum with the newly
## p. 195 (#211) ############################################
GADATAS.
195
GAEA.
levied troops, in order to reinforce Q. Corificius | Assyrian king ; but Cyrus hastened to his relief,
Fearing the feet of the Pompeiani, be went by land, and saved him and his forces at a very critical
and, on his march, was much harassed by the Dal moment. After this Gadatas, through fear of the
matians. In the neighbourhood of Salonae, after Assyrians, left his satrapy and joined the army of
having lost more than 2000 men in an engagement Cyrus, to whom he proved of great use, through
with the natives, he threw himself into the town his knowledge of the country. On the capture of
with the remainder of his forces, and for some time Babylon, the king was slain by Gadatas and Go-
defended himself bravely against M. Octavius, BRYAS. (Xen. Cyrop. v. 2. & 28, 3. SS 8—29,
but, in a few months, he was scized with a mortal | 4. SS 1-14, 29—40, vii. 5. SS 24–32. ) (E. E. ]
illness, and died about the end of the year B. C. GAEA or GE (raia or rñ), the personification
48, or the beginning of the following year. (Ap of the earth. She appears in the character of a
pian, Illyr. 12 and 27, Bell. Civ. ii. 59 ; Diou divine being as early as the Homeric poems, for wo
Cass. xlii. 11, 12. )
read in the Iliad (iii. 104) that black sheep were
(A. Rachenstein, Ueber A. Gabinius ein Pro sacrificed to her, and that she was invoked by per-
gramin. 8vo. Aarau. 1826 ; Drumann, Gesch. Roms. sons taking oaths. (iii. 278, xv. 36, xix. 259, od.
vol. iv. pp. 40–62, where all the authorities are col- v. 124. ) She is further called, in the Homeric
lected. )
poems, the mother of Erechtheus and Tithyus. (Il.
6. Á. GABINIUS SISENNA, the son of No. 5, by ii. 548, Od. vii. 324, xi. 576 ; comp. Apollon.
his wife Lollia, accompanied his father to Syria, Rhod. i. 762, iii. 716. ) According to the Thea-
and remained in that province, with a few troops, gony of Hesiod (117, 125, &c.
), she was the first
while his father was engaged in restoring Ptolemy being that sprang from Chaos, and gave birth to
Auletes to the throne of Egypt. When Memmius Uranus and Pontus. By Uranus she then becamo
was exciting the people against his father, he the mother of a series of beings, – Oceanus, Coeus,
fiung himself at the feet of Memmius, who treated Creius, Hyperion, Iapetus, Theia, Rheia, Themis,
him with indignity, and was not softened by his Mnemosyne, Phoebe, Thetys, Cronos, the Cyclopes,
supplicating posture. In classical writers be is Brontes, Steropes, Arges, Cottus, Briareus, and
never spoken of by any other name than Sisenna. Gyges. These children of Ge and Uranus were
(Val. Max. viii. 1. & 3; Dion Cass. xxxix. 56. ) hated by their father, and Ge therefore concealed
7. P. GABINIUS Capito was praetor in B. c. 89, them in the bosom of the earth ; but she made a
and afterwards propraetor in Achaia, where he was large iron sickle, gave it to her sons, and requested
guilty of extortion, for which, upon his return to them to take vengeance upon their father. Cronos
Rome, he was accused by L. Piso (whom the undertook the task, and mutilated Uranus. The
Achaei had selected as their patronus), and con drops of blood which fell from him upon the earth
demned. (Cic. pro Arch. 5, Div. in Caecil
. 20. ) (Ge), became the seeds of the Erinnyes, the Gi-
Lactantius (i. 6) mentions him as one of the three gantes, and the Melian nymphs. Subsequently Ge
deputies who were sent in B. C. 76 to Erythrae to became, by Pontus, the mother of Nereus, Thau-
collect Sibylline prophecies.
mas, Phorcys, Ceto, and Eurybia. (Hes. Theog.
8. P. GABINIUS CAPITO (perhaps a son of No. 7) 232, &c. ; Apollod. i. 1. $ 1, &c. ) Besides these,
was one of the most active of Catiline's accom- however, various other divinities and monsters
plices. When questioned by Cicero, who sent for sprang from her. As Ge was the source from which
him after the arrest of the Allobrogian deputies, he arose the vapours producing divine inspiration, she
at first boldly denied having had any communica- herself also was regarded as an oracular divinity,
tion with them. He was afterwards consigned to and it is well known that the oracle of Delphi was
the custody of M. Crassus, and executed. He believed to have at first been in her possession
seems to be the same as C. Gabinius Cimber. (Sall. (Aeschyl. Eum. 2 ; Paus. x. 5. & 3), and at Olympia,
Bell. Cat. 17, 40, 44, 47, 55 ; Cic. in Cat. iii. 3, 5, too, she had an oracle in early times. (Paus. v. 14.
6, iv. 6. )
(J. T. G. ) $ 8. ) That Ge belonged to the Seol xoiviol, re-
GA'BIUS API'CIUS. (Apicius, No. 2. ) quires no explanation, and hence she is frequently
GA'BIUS BASSUS. [Bassus. )
mentioned where they are invoked. (Philostr. Vit.
GA'BRIAS. [BABRIAS. ]
Apoll. vi. 39 ; Ov. Met. vii. 196. ) The surnames
GABRIEʻLIUS (raspinacos), prefect of By- and epithets given to Ge have more or less refer-
zantium, under the emperor Justinian. The ence to her character as the all-producing and all-
Greek Anthology contains an inscription for bis nourishing mother (mater omniparens et alma), and
statue, by Leontius (Brunck, Anal, vol. iii, p. 103; hence Servius (ad Aen. iv. 166 ) classes her together
Jacobs, Anth. Graec. vol. iv. p. 74), and one epi- with the divinities presiding over marriage. Her
grain by Gabriel himself. (Brunck, Anal. vol. jii. worship appears to have been universal among the
p. 7; Jacobs, Anth. Graec. vol. iii. p. 228. ) The Greeks, and she had temples or altars at Athens
astrological writer, Johannes Laurentius Lydus, Sparta, Delphi, Olympia, Bura, Tegea, Phlyus, and
inscribed three of his books to Gabriel. There other places. (Thuc. ii. 15; Paus. i. 22. $ 3, 24.
are several ecclesiastical writers of this name, but $ 3, 31. & 2, iii. 11. § 8, 12. & 7, v. 14. $ 8, vü.
they are of no inportance. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. 25. § 8, viii. 48. & 6. ) We have express state-
vol. iv. pp. 156, 475; Jacobs, Anth. Graec. vol. ments attesting the existence of statues of Ge in
xiii. pp. 895-6. )
[P. S. ] Greece, but none have come down to us. At Patrae
GA'DATAS (radátas), an Assyrian satrap, re- she was represented in a sitting attitude, in the
volted to Cyrus, according to Xenophon in the temple of Demeter (Paus, vii. 21. & 4), and at
Cyropaedeia, to revenge himself on the king of Athens, too, there was a statue of her. (i. 24. & 3. )
Assyria, who had had him made an eunuch be Servius (ad Aen. X. 252) remarks that she was re-
cause, being a handsome man, one of the royal presented with a key.
concubines had cast on him an eye of favour. At Rome the earth was worshipped under the
Having found means to betray to Cyrus an im- name of Tellus (which is only a variation of Terra).
portant fortress, his province was invaded by the There, too, she was regarded as an infernal divinity
1
o 2
## p. 196 (#212) ############################################
196
GAIUS.
GAIUS.
1
(96a xobvia), being mentioned in connection with power of Gamma Caius was always pronounced
Dis and the Manes, and when persons invoked Gaius, and was written in Greek rá. os, while in
them or Tellus they sank their arms downwards, other words, as Cicero, which was written in Greek
while in invoking Jupiter they raised them to Kiképwv, the initial C had a power distinct from
heaven. (Varro, de Re Rust. i. 1. 15; Macrob. Gamma It was in the beginning of the sixth
Sat. iii. 9 ; Liv, viii. 9, x. 29. ) The consul P. century of the city that the letter G was intro-
Sempronius Sophus, in B. c. 304, built a temple to duced into the Roman alphabet, by Spurius Car-
Tellus in consequence of an earthquake which had vilius (Plut. Prob. Rom. 54), and thenceforward
occurred during the war with the Picentians. This the difference of pronunciation began to be indi-
temple stood on the spot which had formerly been cated by a difference of notation; but in some cases,
occupied by the house of Sp. Cassius, in the street as Caius and Cneus, the change was slowly intro-
leading to the Carinae. (Flor. i. 19. & 2; Liv. ii. duced. Probably at the time when Gaius lived,
41; Val. Max. vi. 3. & 1 ; Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 6, and certainly in the time of Justinian, his name
14; Dionys. viii. 79. ) Her festival was celebrated was generally spelt, as it was pronounced, with a
on the 15th of April, immediately after that of G, although the initial nota C still continued in
Ceres, and was called Fordicidia or Hordicidia use. This appears from inscriptions, and from the
The sacrifice, consisting of cows, was offered up in best manuscripts. In the Florentine manuscript
the Capitol in the presence of the Vestals. A male of the Digest, the praenomen Gaius is always
divinity, to whom the pontiff prayed on that occa- spelt with a G, there being no difference whether
sion, was called Tellumo. (Hartung, Die Relig. der the word is used by itself, or as a praenomen, fol.
Röm. vol.
such an agreement. When M. Brutus lent the perhaps on account of some of his successes in
Salaminii a sum of money, at interest of four per Judea that Gabinius made application to the sea
cent monthly, or forty-eight per cent yearly, and nate to be honoured with a supplicatio; but the
obtained a decree of the senate, dispensing with senate, in order to evince their hostility to him and
the law of Gabinius in his case, and directing “ ut his patron Pompey, slighted his letter, and rejected
jus diceretur er ista syngrapha," Cicero held that his suit-an atfront which had never before been
the decree of the senate did not give such force to offered, under similar circumstances, to any pro-
the agreement as to render valid the excess of in- consul (Ad Qu. Fr. ii. 8. ) As the refusal of the
terest above the legal rate. (Ad Atl. vi. 2. $ 5. ) senate occurred in the early part of the year B. C.
We read of another Lex Gabinia, by which the 56, Drumann (Gesch. Roms. vol iii. p. 47, n. 35)
senate was directed to give audience to ambas- thinks that it referred to some successes of Gabi-
sadors from the 1st of February to the 1st of nius over the Arabs, previous to his campaigns in
March. By a previous Lex Pupia the senate was Judea.
prohibited in general terms from assembling on Gabinius now sought for other enemies, against
comitial days. Under these laws arose the ques whom he might profitably turn his arms. Phraates,
tion whether the senate might be legally assembled king of Parthia, had been murdered by his two
on a comitial day, occurring in February, or whe- sons, Orodes and Mithridates, who afterwards
ther such days were not tacitly excepted from the contended between themselves for the crown.
Lex Gabinia. (Ad Qu. Fr. ii. 13. )
Mithridates, feeling bimself the weaker of the
In B. C. 61 Gabinius was praetor, and in B. C. two, by presents and promises engaged Gabinius
59 he and L. Piso were chosen consuls for the en- to undertake his cause, and the Roman general
suing year. In the interval between his tribunate had already crossed the Euphrates with his army,
and his praetorship he appears to have been en- when he was invited to return by the prospect of
gaged in military service in the East, and to have a richer and an easier prey.
accompanied M. Scaurus to Judea, where, in the Ptolemy the Piper (Auletes), having offended
contest between the Maccabees, he received a the Alexandrians by his exactions and pusilla
bribe of 300 talents from Aristobulus. (Joseph. nimity, had been driven from his kingdom. While
Ant. xiv. 2, 3, 4. )
he was absent, soliciting the senate of Rome to
The consuls, Gabinius and Piso, had previously assist in his restoration, the Alexandrians made
been gained over to the party of Clodius, who his daughter Berenice queen, and invited Seleucus
promised to use bis influence in procuring for Cibiosactes to marry her, and share her throne.
them lucrative governments. Piso was to get He accepted the proposal, notwithstanding the op
Macedonia, with Greece and Thessaly, and Ga- position of Gabinius, but was shortly afterwards
binius was to get Cilicia ; but, upon the remon- strangied by order of his wife, who thought him a
strance of Gabinius, Cilicia was exchanged for the mean-spirited man, and soon grew tired of his
richer government of Syria, which was erected into society. After the death of Cibiosactes, Archelaus
a proconsular province, on the ground of the in-(the son of that Archelaus who had commanded
cursions of the Arabs.
the army of Pontus against Sulla in the Mithridatic
I was during the consulship of Gabinius that I war) became ambitious to supply his place. Ar
5
mperium should erzad
erranean, and to su
fron its casts-ube
ney as he migót tas
$ and should have a
zed powers of rus
proposition was to7
int of the scaresse
ion of concer br
i it was equires
distrusted the as
was carried to sact
sed. Gabinis ra
ck of the sensters
siled br tie pat
crifced the need
hard no: Gais
odium and sever
world ise *
comitis far por
, Gabin:
3 to the air
VOL. IL
o
## p. 194 (#210) ############################################
194
GABINIUS.
GABINIUS.
chelaus pretended to be a son of Mithridates the in to sustain their charge. He was now attacked
Great, and had joined the Roman army with the on all sides. Cicero, especially, goaded him so
intention of accompanying Gabinius into Parthia. sharply, that he was unable to contain himself,
Gabinius opposed the ambitious design of Arche- and, with a voice almost choked with passion,
laus, who, nevertheless, made his escape from the called Cicero an exile. An émeute succeeded. The
Roman army, reached Alexandria, married Bere senate to a man rose from their seats, pressed
nice, and was declared king. Dion Cassius thinks round Gabinius, and manifested their indignation
(xxxix. 57) that Gabinius, wishing to enhance the as clamorously as the warmest friend of Cicero
value of his own services by baving a general of could desire. (Ad Qu. Fr. iii. 2. )
some ability to contend against, connived at the Three accusations were brought against Gabi-
escape of Archelaus.
nius The first of these was for majestas, in leaving
Such was the state of affairs in Egypt when his province, and making war in favour of Ptolemy
Ptolemy came to Gabinius with recommendatory Auletes, in defance of the Sibyl, and the authority
letters from Pompey. Moreover, he promised to of the senate. In this accusation Cicero gare
pay Gabinius a large sum of money (10,000 ta evidence, but, at the instance of Pompey, did not
lents) if he were restored to his kingdom by the press severely upon Gabinius. Pompey prevailed
assistance of the proconsul. The enterprise was upon him not to be the prosecutor, but could noh,
displeasing to the greater part of the Roman offi- with the most urgent solicitation, induce him to
cers, since it was forbidden by a decree of the undertake the defence. The prosecutor was L.
senate, and by an oracle of the Sibyl; but Gabinius Lentulus, who was slow and backward. The
was encouraged in his plan of assisting Auletes by judges, by a majority of 38 to 32, acquitted Gabi-
M. Antony, the future triumvir, who commanded nius, on the ground that the words of the Sibyl
the Roman cavalry ; and he was supplied with applied to other times and another king. (Dion
money, arms, and provisions, by Antipater of Idus Cass. xxxix. 55. ) The majority who voted for
mea, who required the friendship of the Romans his acquittal were suspected of corruption, as was
to assist him in the subjugation of the Maccabees. Lentulus of prevarication. An inundation of the
M. Antony, who was sent forward with the ca- Tiber, which occurred about this time, was attri-
valry to seize the passes of Egyph was put in pos- buted to the anger of the gods at the escape of
session of Pelusium, the key of the kingdom. Gabinius. (Ad Q2. Fr. ii. 7. )
Archelaus was killed in action, and Gabinius re- The second prosecution was de repetundis ez lege
mained master of Alexandria. He now found the Julia, for the illegal receipt of 10,000 talents from
whole of Egypt at his disposal, and resigned the Ptolemy Auletes. Out of several candidates for
kingdom to Ptolemy, who not only put his daugh- the honour of conducting the accusation, M. Cato,
ter Berenice to death, but ordered the execution of the praetor, selected C. Memmius Cicero now
the richest of the Alexandrians, that with their could no longer resist the importunity of Pom-
spoils he might the better satisfy the engagements pey, and undertook the defence, though he felt
he had entered into with Gabinius.
that the part was sorely derogatory to his self-
Upon the return of Gabinius to Judea, he found respect, and to his reputation for consistency ; for
Alexander, the son of Aristobulus, again in arms, no one had laboured with greater assiduity than
and, after defeating him at Tabor, administered the he had, ever since his return from exile, to blacken
government of the country, in conformity with the the character of Gabinius. A fragment from the
counsels of Antipater. (Joseph. Ant. xiv. 6. ) notes of Cicero's speech for Gabinius has been pre-
Meanwhile a storm had been brewing at Rome, served by Hieronymus (Adv. Rufin. , ed. Paris,
where Gabinius knew that he would have to en- vol. iv. p. 351), but his advocacy was unsuccess-
counter not only the hostility of the optimates, but ful, notwithstanding the favourable testimony of
all the unpopularity which his personal enemies the Alexandrine deputies and of Pompey, backed
could excite against him. He had given umbrage by a letter from Caesar. Dion Cassins indeed
to the Romans in Syria, especially to the publicani (xlvi. 8) makes Q. Fufius Calenus hint that the
of the equestrian order, whose profits were dimi- success of the prosecution was due to the mode of
nished by the depredations of the pirates along conducting the defence. Gabinius went into exile,
the Syrian coast, which Gabinius had left un- and his goods were sold, to discharge the amount
guarded during his expedition to Egypt.
at which the damages were estimated. As the
The recal of Gabinius from his province had produce of the sale was not sufficient to cover the
been decreed in B. C. 55, but he did not depart estimated sum, a suit was instituted, under the
until his successor, M. Crassus, had actually made same Les Julia de repetundis, against C. Rabirius
his appearance, in B. c. 54. He lingered on the Postumus, who was liable to make up the defici-
road, and his gold travelled before him, to purchase ency, if it could be proved that the money illegally
favour or silence. To cover his disgrace, he gave received by Gabinius had come to his hands. Thus
out that he intended to demand a triumph, and he the cause of C. Rabirius Postumus (who was
remained some time without the city gates, but, also defended by Cicero) was a supplementary ap
finding delay useless, on the 28th of September, pendage to the cause of Gabinius (RABIRIUS
B. C. 54, he stole into the city by night, to avoid | POSTUMUS]
the insults of the populace. For ten days he did Upon the exile of Gabinius the third accusa-
not dare to present himself before the senate. tion dropped, which charged him with ambitus, or
When at length he came, and had made the usual illegal canvassing, and was entrusted to P. Sulla,
report as to the state of the Roman forces, and as as prosecutor, with the assistance of Caecilius and
to the troops of the enemy, he was about to go Memmius.
away, when he was detained by the consuls, In B. C. 49 he returned from exile, upon the call
L. Domitius Ahenobarbus and App. Claudius, to of Caesar, but he took no part in direct hostilities
answer the accusation of the publicani, who had against Pompey. After the battle of Pharsalia,
been in attendance at the doors, and were called he was despatched to Illyricum with the newly
## p. 195 (#211) ############################################
GADATAS.
195
GAEA.
levied troops, in order to reinforce Q. Corificius | Assyrian king ; but Cyrus hastened to his relief,
Fearing the feet of the Pompeiani, be went by land, and saved him and his forces at a very critical
and, on his march, was much harassed by the Dal moment. After this Gadatas, through fear of the
matians. In the neighbourhood of Salonae, after Assyrians, left his satrapy and joined the army of
having lost more than 2000 men in an engagement Cyrus, to whom he proved of great use, through
with the natives, he threw himself into the town his knowledge of the country. On the capture of
with the remainder of his forces, and for some time Babylon, the king was slain by Gadatas and Go-
defended himself bravely against M. Octavius, BRYAS. (Xen. Cyrop. v. 2. & 28, 3. SS 8—29,
but, in a few months, he was scized with a mortal | 4. SS 1-14, 29—40, vii. 5. SS 24–32. ) (E. E. ]
illness, and died about the end of the year B. C. GAEA or GE (raia or rñ), the personification
48, or the beginning of the following year. (Ap of the earth. She appears in the character of a
pian, Illyr. 12 and 27, Bell. Civ. ii. 59 ; Diou divine being as early as the Homeric poems, for wo
Cass. xlii. 11, 12. )
read in the Iliad (iii. 104) that black sheep were
(A. Rachenstein, Ueber A. Gabinius ein Pro sacrificed to her, and that she was invoked by per-
gramin. 8vo. Aarau. 1826 ; Drumann, Gesch. Roms. sons taking oaths. (iii. 278, xv. 36, xix. 259, od.
vol. iv. pp. 40–62, where all the authorities are col- v. 124. ) She is further called, in the Homeric
lected. )
poems, the mother of Erechtheus and Tithyus. (Il.
6. Á. GABINIUS SISENNA, the son of No. 5, by ii. 548, Od. vii. 324, xi. 576 ; comp. Apollon.
his wife Lollia, accompanied his father to Syria, Rhod. i. 762, iii. 716. ) According to the Thea-
and remained in that province, with a few troops, gony of Hesiod (117, 125, &c.
), she was the first
while his father was engaged in restoring Ptolemy being that sprang from Chaos, and gave birth to
Auletes to the throne of Egypt. When Memmius Uranus and Pontus. By Uranus she then becamo
was exciting the people against his father, he the mother of a series of beings, – Oceanus, Coeus,
fiung himself at the feet of Memmius, who treated Creius, Hyperion, Iapetus, Theia, Rheia, Themis,
him with indignity, and was not softened by his Mnemosyne, Phoebe, Thetys, Cronos, the Cyclopes,
supplicating posture. In classical writers be is Brontes, Steropes, Arges, Cottus, Briareus, and
never spoken of by any other name than Sisenna. Gyges. These children of Ge and Uranus were
(Val. Max. viii. 1. & 3; Dion Cass. xxxix. 56. ) hated by their father, and Ge therefore concealed
7. P. GABINIUS Capito was praetor in B. c. 89, them in the bosom of the earth ; but she made a
and afterwards propraetor in Achaia, where he was large iron sickle, gave it to her sons, and requested
guilty of extortion, for which, upon his return to them to take vengeance upon their father. Cronos
Rome, he was accused by L. Piso (whom the undertook the task, and mutilated Uranus. The
Achaei had selected as their patronus), and con drops of blood which fell from him upon the earth
demned. (Cic. pro Arch. 5, Div. in Caecil
. 20. ) (Ge), became the seeds of the Erinnyes, the Gi-
Lactantius (i. 6) mentions him as one of the three gantes, and the Melian nymphs. Subsequently Ge
deputies who were sent in B. C. 76 to Erythrae to became, by Pontus, the mother of Nereus, Thau-
collect Sibylline prophecies.
mas, Phorcys, Ceto, and Eurybia. (Hes. Theog.
8. P. GABINIUS CAPITO (perhaps a son of No. 7) 232, &c. ; Apollod. i. 1. $ 1, &c. ) Besides these,
was one of the most active of Catiline's accom- however, various other divinities and monsters
plices. When questioned by Cicero, who sent for sprang from her. As Ge was the source from which
him after the arrest of the Allobrogian deputies, he arose the vapours producing divine inspiration, she
at first boldly denied having had any communica- herself also was regarded as an oracular divinity,
tion with them. He was afterwards consigned to and it is well known that the oracle of Delphi was
the custody of M. Crassus, and executed. He believed to have at first been in her possession
seems to be the same as C. Gabinius Cimber. (Sall. (Aeschyl. Eum. 2 ; Paus. x. 5. & 3), and at Olympia,
Bell. Cat. 17, 40, 44, 47, 55 ; Cic. in Cat. iii. 3, 5, too, she had an oracle in early times. (Paus. v. 14.
6, iv. 6. )
(J. T. G. ) $ 8. ) That Ge belonged to the Seol xoiviol, re-
GA'BIUS API'CIUS. (Apicius, No. 2. ) quires no explanation, and hence she is frequently
GA'BIUS BASSUS. [Bassus. )
mentioned where they are invoked. (Philostr. Vit.
GA'BRIAS. [BABRIAS. ]
Apoll. vi. 39 ; Ov. Met. vii. 196. ) The surnames
GABRIEʻLIUS (raspinacos), prefect of By- and epithets given to Ge have more or less refer-
zantium, under the emperor Justinian. The ence to her character as the all-producing and all-
Greek Anthology contains an inscription for bis nourishing mother (mater omniparens et alma), and
statue, by Leontius (Brunck, Anal, vol. iii, p. 103; hence Servius (ad Aen. iv. 166 ) classes her together
Jacobs, Anth. Graec. vol. iv. p. 74), and one epi- with the divinities presiding over marriage. Her
grain by Gabriel himself. (Brunck, Anal. vol. jii. worship appears to have been universal among the
p. 7; Jacobs, Anth. Graec. vol. iii. p. 228. ) The Greeks, and she had temples or altars at Athens
astrological writer, Johannes Laurentius Lydus, Sparta, Delphi, Olympia, Bura, Tegea, Phlyus, and
inscribed three of his books to Gabriel. There other places. (Thuc. ii. 15; Paus. i. 22. $ 3, 24.
are several ecclesiastical writers of this name, but $ 3, 31. & 2, iii. 11. § 8, 12. & 7, v. 14. $ 8, vü.
they are of no inportance. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. 25. § 8, viii. 48. & 6. ) We have express state-
vol. iv. pp. 156, 475; Jacobs, Anth. Graec. vol. ments attesting the existence of statues of Ge in
xiii. pp. 895-6. )
[P. S. ] Greece, but none have come down to us. At Patrae
GA'DATAS (radátas), an Assyrian satrap, re- she was represented in a sitting attitude, in the
volted to Cyrus, according to Xenophon in the temple of Demeter (Paus, vii. 21. & 4), and at
Cyropaedeia, to revenge himself on the king of Athens, too, there was a statue of her. (i. 24. & 3. )
Assyria, who had had him made an eunuch be Servius (ad Aen. X. 252) remarks that she was re-
cause, being a handsome man, one of the royal presented with a key.
concubines had cast on him an eye of favour. At Rome the earth was worshipped under the
Having found means to betray to Cyrus an im- name of Tellus (which is only a variation of Terra).
portant fortress, his province was invaded by the There, too, she was regarded as an infernal divinity
1
o 2
## p. 196 (#212) ############################################
196
GAIUS.
GAIUS.
1
(96a xobvia), being mentioned in connection with power of Gamma Caius was always pronounced
Dis and the Manes, and when persons invoked Gaius, and was written in Greek rá. os, while in
them or Tellus they sank their arms downwards, other words, as Cicero, which was written in Greek
while in invoking Jupiter they raised them to Kiképwv, the initial C had a power distinct from
heaven. (Varro, de Re Rust. i. 1. 15; Macrob. Gamma It was in the beginning of the sixth
Sat. iii. 9 ; Liv, viii. 9, x. 29. ) The consul P. century of the city that the letter G was intro-
Sempronius Sophus, in B. c. 304, built a temple to duced into the Roman alphabet, by Spurius Car-
Tellus in consequence of an earthquake which had vilius (Plut. Prob. Rom. 54), and thenceforward
occurred during the war with the Picentians. This the difference of pronunciation began to be indi-
temple stood on the spot which had formerly been cated by a difference of notation; but in some cases,
occupied by the house of Sp. Cassius, in the street as Caius and Cneus, the change was slowly intro-
leading to the Carinae. (Flor. i. 19. & 2; Liv. ii. duced. Probably at the time when Gaius lived,
41; Val. Max. vi. 3. & 1 ; Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 6, and certainly in the time of Justinian, his name
14; Dionys. viii. 79. ) Her festival was celebrated was generally spelt, as it was pronounced, with a
on the 15th of April, immediately after that of G, although the initial nota C still continued in
Ceres, and was called Fordicidia or Hordicidia use. This appears from inscriptions, and from the
The sacrifice, consisting of cows, was offered up in best manuscripts. In the Florentine manuscript
the Capitol in the presence of the Vestals. A male of the Digest, the praenomen Gaius is always
divinity, to whom the pontiff prayed on that occa- spelt with a G, there being no difference whether
sion, was called Tellumo. (Hartung, Die Relig. der the word is used by itself, or as a praenomen, fol.
Röm. vol.
