In the first place, if on
suspicion of a letter written but never sent, the Ten had thought fit to
recall him, it by no means followed that they would have granted him an
interview with his wife and family; and, secondly, the fact that there
were letters in cypher found in his possession, and that a direct
invitation to the Sultan to rescue him by force was among the impounded
documents ("Quod requirebat dictum Teucrum ut mitteret ex galeis suis ad
accipiendum et levandum eum de dicto loco"), proves that the appeal to
the Duke of Milan was _bona fide_, and not a mere act of desperation.
suspicion of a letter written but never sent, the Ten had thought fit to
recall him, it by no means followed that they would have granted him an
interview with his wife and family; and, secondly, the fact that there
were letters in cypher found in his possession, and that a direct
invitation to the Sultan to rescue him by force was among the impounded
documents ("Quod requirebat dictum Teucrum ut mitteret ex galeis suis ad
accipiendum et levandum eum de dicto loco"), proves that the appeal to
the Duke of Milan was _bona fide_, and not a mere act of desperation.
Byron
[bu]
_Lor. _ Why so?
_Doge_. 'Tis said that our Venetian crystal has
Such pure antipathy to poisons as
To burst, if aught of venom touches it.
You bore this goblet, and it is not broken.
_Lor. _ Well, sir!
_Doge_. Then it is false, or you are true.
For my own part, I credit neither; 'tis
An idle legend.
_Mar. _ You talk wildly, and 300
Had better now be seated, nor as yet
Depart. Ah! now you look as looked my husband!
_Bar. _ He sinks! --support him! --quick--a chair--support him!
_Doge_. The bell tolls on! --let's hence--my brain's on fire!
_Bar. _ I do beseech you, lean upon us!
_Doge_. No!
A Sovereign should die standing. My poor boy!
Off with your arms! --_That bell! _[80]
[_The_ DOGE _drops down and dies_.
_Mar. _ My God! My God!
_Bar. _ (_to Lor. _). Behold! your work's completed!
_Chief of the Ten_. Is there then
No aid? Call in assistance!
_Att. _ 'Tis all over.
_Chief of the Ten_. If it be so, at least his obsequies 310
Shall be such as befits his name and nation,
His rank and his devotion to the duties
Of the realm, while his age permitted him
To do himself and them full justice. Brethren,
Say, shall it not be so?
_Bar. _ He has not had
The misery to die a subject where[bv]
He reigned: then let his funeral rites be princely. [81]
_Chief of the Ten_. We are agreed, then?
_All, except Lor. , answer,_ Yes.
_Chief of the Ten_. Heaven's peace be with him!
_Mar. _ Signers, your pardon: this is mockery. 320
Juggle no more with that poor remnant, which,
A moment since, while yet it had a soul,
(A soul by whom you have increased your Empire,
And made your power as proud as was his glory),
You banished from his palace and tore down
From his high place, with such relentless coldness;
And now, when he can neither know these honours,
Nor would accept them if he could, you, Signors,
Purpose, with idle and superfluous pomp,
To make a pageant over what you trampled. 330
A princely funeral will be your reproach,
And not his honour.
_Chief of the Ten_. Lady, we revoke not
Our purposes so readily.
_Mar. _ I know it,
As far as touches torturing the living.
I thought the dead had been beyond even _you_,
Though (some, no doubt) consigned to powers which may
Resemble that you exercise on earth.
Leave him to me; you would have done so for
His dregs of life, which you have kindly shortened:
It is my last of duties, and may prove 340
A dreary comfort in my desolation. [bw]
Grief is fantastical, and loves the dead,
And the apparel of the grave.
_Chief of the Ten_. Do you
Pretend still to this office?
_Mar. _ I do, Signor.
Though his possessions have been all consumed
In the State's service, I have still my dowry,
Which shall be consecrated to his rites,
And those of---- [_She stops with agitation_.
_Chief of the Ten_. Best retain it for your children.
_Mar. _ Aye, they are fatherless, I thank you.
_Chief of the Ten_. We
Cannot comply with your request. His relics 350
Shall be exposed with wonted pomp, and followed
Unto their home by the new Doge, not clad
As _Doge_, but simply as a senator.
_Mar. _ I have heard of murderers, who have interred
Their victims; but ne'er heard, until this hour,
Of so much splendour in hypocrisy
O'er those they slew. [82] I've heard of widows' tears--
Alas! I have shed some--always thanks to you!
I've heard of _heirs_ in sables--you have left none
To the deceased, so you would act the part 360
Of such. Well, sirs, your will be done! as one day,
I trust, Heaven's will be done too! [bx]
_Chief of the Ten_. Know you, Lady,
To whom ye speak, and perils of such speech?
_Mar. _ I know the former better than yourselves;
The latter--like yourselves; and can face both.
Wish you more funerals?
_Bar. _ Heed not her rash words;
Her circumstances must excuse her bearing.
_Chief of the Ten_. We will not note them down.
_Bar. _ (_turning to Lor. , who is writing upon his tablets_).
What art thou writing,
With such an earnest brow, upon thy tablets?
_Lor. _ (_pointing to the Doge's body_). That _he_ has paid me! [83]
_Chief of the Ten_. What debt did he owe you? 370
_Lor. _ A long and just one; Nature's debt and _mine_. [84]
[_Curtain falls_[85]
FOOTNOTES:
[34] {113}[The MS. of _The Two Foscari_ is now in the possession of
H. R. H. the Princess of Wales. ]
[35] [Begun June the 12th, completed July the 9th, Ravenna,
1821. --_Byron MS_. ]
[36] [_Gov. _ "_The father softens--but the governor is fixed_. "
_Dingle_. "Aye that antithesis of persons is a most established
figure. "--_Critic_, act ii. sc. 2.
Byron may have guessed that this passage would be quoted against him,
and, by taking it as a motto, hoped to anticipate or disarm ridicule; or
he may have selected it out of bravado, as though, forsooth, the public
were too stupid to find him out. ]
[at] ----_too soon repeated_. --[MS. erased. ]
[37] {121}[It is a moot point whether Jacopo Foscari was placed on the
rack on the occasion of his third trial. The original document of the X.
(July 23, 1456) runs thus: "Si videtur vobis per ea quae dicta et lecta
sunt, quod _procedatur_ contra Ser Jacobum Foscari;" and it is argued
(see F. Berlan, _I due Foscari, etc. _, 1852, p. 57), (1) that the word
_procedatur_ is not a euphemism for "tortured," but should be rendered
"judgment be given against;" (2) that if the X had decreed torture,
torture would have been expressly enjoined; and (3) that as the decrees
of the Council were not divulged, there was no motive for ambiguity. S.
Romanin (_Storia Documentata, etc. _, 1853, iv. 284) and R. Senger (_Die
beiden Foscari_, 1878, p. 116) take the same view. On the other hand,
Miss A. Wiel (_Two Doges of Venice_, 1891, p. 107) points out that,
according to the _Dolfin Cronaca_, which Berlan did not consult, Jacopo
was in a "mutilated" condition when the trial was over, and he was
permitted to take a last farewell of his wife and children in
Torricella. Goethe (_Conversations_, 1874, pp. 264, 265) did not share
Eckermann's astonishment that Byron "could dwell so long on this
torturing subject. " "He was always a self-tormentor, and hence such
subjects were his darling theme. "]
[38] {122}[It is extremely improbable that Francesco Foscari was present
in person at the third or two preceding trials of his son. As may be
gathered from the _parte_ of the Council of Ten relating to the first
trial, there was a law which prescribed the contrary: "In ipsius Domini
Ducis praesentia de rebus ad ipsum, vel ad filios suos tangentibus non
tractetur, loquatur vel consulatur, sicut non potest (_fieri_) quando
tractatur de rebus tangentibus ad attinentes Domini Ducis. " The fact
that "Nos Franciscus Foscari," etc. , stood at the commencement of the
decree of exile may have given rise to the tradition that the Doge, like
a Roman father, tried and condemned his son. (See Berlan's _I due
Foscari_, p. 13. )]
[39] {123}[Pietro Loredano, admiral of the Venetian fleet, died November
11, 1438. His death was sudden and suspicious, for he was taken with
violent pains and spasms after presiding at a banquet in honour of his
victories over the Milanese; and, when his illness ended fatally, it was
remembered that the Doge had publicly declared that so long as the
admiral lived he would never be _de facto_ Prince of the Republic.
Jacopo Loredano chose to put his own interpretation on this outburst of
impatience, and inscribed on his father's monument in the Church of the
Monastery of Sant' Elena, in the Isola della Santa Lena, the words, "Per
insidias hostium veneno sublatus. " (See _Ecclesiae Venetae_, by Flaminio
Cornaro, 1749, ix. 193, 194; see, too, Cicogna's _Inscrizioni
Veneziane_, 1830, iii. 381. )
Not long afterwards Marco Loredano, the admiral's brother, met with a
somewhat similar fate. He had been despatched by the X. to Legnano, to
investigate the conduct of Andrea Donate, the Doge's brother-in-law, who
was suspected of having embezzled the public moneys. His report was
unfavourable to Donato, and, shortly after, he too fell sick and died.
It is most improbable that the Doge was directly or indirectly
responsible for the death of either brother; but there was an hereditary
feud, and the libellous epitaph was a move in the game. ]
[40] {124}[Daru gives Palazzi's _Fasti Ducales_ and _L'Histoire
Venitienne_ of Vianolo as his authorities for this story. ]
[au]4
----_checked by nought_
_The vessel that creaks_----. --[MS. M. erased. ]
[av] {125} ----_much pity_. --[MS. M. erased. ]
[41] ["This whole episode in the private life of the Foscari family is
valuable chiefly for the light it throws upon the internal history of
Venice. We are clearly in an atmosphere unknown before. The Council of
Ten is all-powerful; it even usurps functions which do not belong to it
by the constitution. The air is charged with plots, suspicion,
assassination, denunciation, spies,--all the paraphernalia which went to
confirm the popular legend as to the terrible nature of the
_Dieci_. "--_Venice, etc. _, by Horatio F. Brown, 1893, p. 305. ]
[aw] {126} _In this brief colloquy, and must redeem it_. --[MS. M. ]
[42] [Compare--
"And I have loved thee, Ocean! and my joy
Of youthful sports was on thy breast to be
Borne, like thy bubbles, onward: from a boy
I wantoned with thy breakers. "
_Childe Harold_, Canto IV. stanza clxxxiv. lines 1-4,
_Poetical Works_, 1899, ii. 461, note 2. ]
[43] {127}[The climate of Crete is genial and healthy; but the town of
Candia is exposed to winds from the north and north-west. ]
[ax] _I see your colour comes_. --[MS. M. ]
[44] {130}["She was a Contarini (her name was Lucrezia, not Marina)--
'A daughter of the house that now among
Its ancestors in monumental brass
Numbers eight Doges. '
On the occasion of her marriage the Bucentaur came out in its splendour;
and a bridge of boats was thrown across the Canal Grande for the
bridegroom and his retinue of three hundred horse. "--_Foscari_, by
Samuel Rogers, _Poems_, 1852, ii. 93, note.
According to another footnote (_ibid_. , p. 90), "this story (_Foscari_)
and the tragedy of the _Two Foscari_ were published within a few days of
each other, in November, 1821. " The first edition of _Italy_ was
published anonymously in 1822. According to the announcement of a
corrected and enlarged edition, which appeared in the _Morning
Chronicle_, April 11, 1823, "a few copies of this poem were printed off
the winter before last, while the author was abroad. "]
[ay] {132} _Do not deem so_. --[MS. M. ]
[45] {133}[Jacopo's plea, that the letter to the Duke of Milan was
written for the express purpose of being recalled to Venice, is
inadmissible for more reasons than one.
In the first place, if on
suspicion of a letter written but never sent, the Ten had thought fit to
recall him, it by no means followed that they would have granted him an
interview with his wife and family; and, secondly, the fact that there
were letters in cypher found in his possession, and that a direct
invitation to the Sultan to rescue him by force was among the impounded
documents ("Quod requirebat dictum Teucrum ut mitteret ex galeis suis ad
accipiendum et levandum eum de dicto loco"), proves that the appeal to
the Duke of Milan was _bona fide_, and not a mere act of desperation.
(See _The Two Doges_, pp. 101, 102, and Berlan's _I due Poscari_, p. 53,
etc. )]
[46] {134}[There is no documentary evidence for this "confession," which
rests on a mere tradition. (_Vide_ Sanudo, _Vita Ducum Venetorum_,
_apud_ Muratori, _Rerum Ital. Script_. , 1733, xxii. col. 1139; see, too,
Berlan, _I due Foscari_, p. 37. ) Moreover, Almoro Donato was not chief
of the "Ten" at the date of his murder. The three "Capi" for November,
1450, were Ermolao Vallaresso, Giovanni Giustiniani, and Andrea Marcello
(_vide ibid. _, p. 25). ]
[47] {135}["Examination by torture: 'Such presumption is only sufficient
to put the person to the rack or torture' (Ayliffe's _Parergon_). "--_Cent.
Dict. _, art. "Question. "]
[48] [Shakespeare, Milton, Thompson, and others, use "shook" for
"shaken. "]
[az] _As was proved on him_----. --[MS. M. ]
[49] [The inarticulate mutterings are probably an echo of the
"incantation and magic words" ("incantationem et verba quas sibi reperta
sunt de quibus ad funem utitur . . . quoniam in fune aliquam nec vocem nec
gemitum emittit sed solum inter dentes ipse videtur et auditur loqui"
[_Die beiden Foscari_, pp. 160, 161]), which, according to the decree of
the Council of Ten, dated March 26, 1451, Jacopo let fall "while under
torture" during his second trial. ]
[ba] {137} _I'll hence and follow Loredano home_. --[MS. M. ]
[bb] _That I had dipped the pen too heedlessly_. --[MS. M. ]
[bc] {138} _Mistress of Lombardy--'tis some comfort to me_. --[MS. M. ]
[50] [Compare "Ce fut l'epoque, ou Venise etendit son empire sur
Brescia, Bergame, Ravenne, et Creme; ou elle fonda sa domination de
Lombardie," etc. (Sismondi's _Histoire des Republiques_, x. 38). Brescia
fell to the Venetians, October, 1426; Bergamo, in April, 1428; Ravenna,
in August, 1440; and Crema, in 1453. ]
[51] {139}[The Bridge of Sighs was not built till the end of the
sixteenth century. (_Vide ante, Marino Faliero_, act i. sc. 2, line 508,
_Poetical Works_, 1901, iv. 363, note 2; see, too, _Childe Harold_,
Canto IV. stanza i. line 1, _et post_, act iv. sc. 1, line 75. )]
[bd] {141} _To tears save those of dotage_----. --[MS. M. ]
[52] {143}[Five sons were born to the Doge, of whom four died of the
plague (_Two Doges, etc. _, by A. Wiel, 1891, p. 77). ]
[53] {144}[The Doge offered to abdicate in June, 1433, in June, 1442,
and again in 1446 (see Romanin, _Storia, etc. _, 1855, iv. 170, 171,
note 1). ]
[54] [_Vide ante_, p. 123. ]
[55] {148}[For the _Pozzi_ and _Piombi_, see _Marino Faliero_, act i.
sc. 2, _Poetical Works_, 1901, iv. 363, note 2. ]
[be] _Keep this for them_----. --[MS. M. ]
[bf] {149} _The blackest leaf, his heart, and blankest, his
brain_. --[MS. M. ]
[bg] ----_and best in humblest stations_. --[MS. M. ]
[bh]
_Where hunger swallows all--where ever was_
_The monarch who could bear a three days' fast? _--[MS. M. ]
[bi] _Their disposition_----. --[MS. M. ]
[56] [It would seem that Byron's "not ourselves" by no means "made for"
righteousness. ]
[bj]
----_the will itself dependent_
_Upon a storm, a straw, and both alike_
_Leading to death_----. --[MS. M. ]
[57] [Compare--"The boldest steer but where their ports invite. " _Childe
Harold_, Canto III. stanza lxx. lines 7-9; and Canto IV. stanza xxxiv. ,
_Poetical Works_, 1899, ii. 260, 353, and 74, note 1. ]
[58] {152}[Compare--
"Our voices took a dreary tone,
An echo of the dungeon stone. "
_Prisoner of Chillon_, lines 63, 64.
Compare, too--
"----prisoned solitude.
And the Mind's canker in its savage mood,
When the impatient thirst of light and air
Parches the heart. "
_Lament of Tasso_, lines 4-7. ]
[59] {153}[For inscriptions on the walls of the _Pozzi_, see note 1 to
_Childe Harold's Pilgrimage_, Canto IV. , _Poetical Works_, 1899, ii.
465-467. Hobhouse transferred these "scratchings" to his pocket-books,
and thence to his _Historical Notes_; but even as prison inscriptions
they lack both point and style. ]
[60] [Compare--
"Run, run, Orlando; carve on every tree
The fair, the chaste and unexpressive she. "
_As You Like It_, act iii. sc. 2, lines 9, 10. ]
[bk]
_Which never can be read but, as 'twas written,_
_By wretched beings_. --[MS. ]
[bl] {154}
_Of the familiar's torch, which seems to love_
_Darkness far more than light_. --[MS. ]
[61] {157}[Compare--
"Once more upon the waters! yet once more!
And the waves bound beneath me as a steed
That knows his rider. "
_Childe Harold_, Canto III. stanza ii. lines 1-3,
_Poetical Works_, 1899, ii. 217, note 1. ]
[bm] _At once by briefer means and better_. --[MS. ]
[62] {158} In Lady Morgan's fearless and excellent work upon Italy, I
perceive the expression of "Rome of the Ocean" applied to Venice. The
same phrase occurs in the "Two Foscari. " My publisher can vouch for me,
that the tragedy was written and sent to England some time before I had
seen Lady Morgan's work, which I only received on the 16th of August. I
hasten, however, to notice the coincidence, and to yield the originality
of the phrase to her who first placed it before the public.
[Byron calls Lady Morgan's _Italy_ "fearless" on account of her
strictures on the behaviour of Great Britain to Genoa in 1814. "England
personally stood pledged to Genoa. . . . When the British officers rode
into their gates bearing the white flag consecrated by the holy word of
'_independence_,' the people . . . '_kissed their garments_. '. . . Every
heart was open. . . . Lord William Bentinck's flag of '_Independenza_' was
taken down from the steeples and high places at sunrise; before noon the
arms of Sardinia blazoned in their stead; and yet the Genoese did not
rise _en masse_ and massacre the English" (_Italy_, 1821, i. 245, 246).
The passage which Byron feared might be quoted to his disparagement runs
as follows: "As the bark glides on, as the shore recedes, and the city
of waves, the Rome of the ocean, rises on the horizon, the spirits
rally; . . . and as the spires and cupolas of Venice come forth in the
lustre of the mid-day sun, and its palaces, half-veiled in the aerial
tints of distance, gradually assume their superb proportions, then the
dream of many a youthful vigil is realized" (_ibid_. , ii. 449). ]
[63] [Compare _Marino Faliero_, act ii. sc. 2, line 110, _Poetical
Works_, 901, iv. 386, note 3. ]
[64] {159} The Calenture. --[From the Spanish _Calentura_, a fever
peculiar to sailors within the tropics--
"So, by a calenture misled,
The mariner with rapture sees,
On the smooth ocean's azure bed,
Enamelled fields and verdant trees:
With eager haste he longs to rove
In that fantastic scene, and thinks
It must be some enchanted grove;
And in he leaps, and down he sinks. "
Swift, _The South-Sea Project_, 1721, ed. 1824, xiv. 147. ]
[65] Alluding to the Swiss air and its effects. --[The _Ranz des Vaches_,
played upon the bag-pipe by the young cowkeepers on the mountains:--"An
air," says Rousseau, "so dear to the Swiss, that it was forbidden, under
the pain of death, to play it to the troops, as it immediately drew
tears from them, and made those who heard it desert, or die of what is
called _la maladie du pais_, so ardent a desire did it excite to return
to their country. It is in vain to seek in this air for energetic
accents capable of producing such astonishing effects, for which
strangers are unable to account from the music, which is in itself
uncouth and wild. But it is from habit, recollections, and a thousand
circumstances, retraced in this tune by those natives who hear it, and
reminding them of their country, former pleasures of their youth, and
all their ways of living, which occasion a bitter reflection at having
lost them. " Compare Byron's Swiss "Journal" for September 19, 1816,
_Letters_, 1899, ii. 355. ]
[bn] _That malady, which_----. --[MS. M. ]
[66] [Compare _Don Juan_, Canto XVI. stanza xlvi. lines 6, 7--
"The calentures of music which o'ercome
The mountaineers with dreams that they are highlands. "]
[bo] {160} ----_upon your native towers_. --[MS. M. ]
[bp] {162} _Come you here to insult us_----. --[MS. M. ]
[67] {163}[For "steeds of brass," compare _Childe Harold_, Canto IV.
stanza xiii. line I, _Poetical Works_, 1899, ii. 338, and 336, note 1. ]
[68] [The first and all subsequent editions read "skimmed the coasts. "
Byron wrote "skirred," a word borrowed from Shakespeare. Compare _Siege
of Corinth_, line 692, _Poetical Works_, 1900, iii. 480, note 4. ]
[bq] {165} ----_which this noble lady worst_,--[MS. M. ]
[69] {169}[According to the law, it rested with the six councillors of
the Doge and a majority of the Grand Council to insist upon the
abdication of a Doge. The action of the Ten was an usurpation of powers
to which they were not entitled by the terms of the Constitution. ]
[70] {170}[A touching incident is told concerning an interview between
the Doge and Jacopo Memmo, head of the Forty. The Doge had just learnt
(October 21, 1457) the decision of the Ten with regard to his
abdication, and noticed that Memmo watched him attentively. "Foscari
called to him, and, touching his hand, asked him whose son he was. He
answered, 'I am the son of Messer Marin Memmo. '--' He is my dear
friend,' said the Doge; 'tell him from me that it would be pleasing to
me if he would come and see me, so that we might go at our leisure in
our boats to visit the monasteries'" (_The Two Doges_, by A. Weil, 1891,
p. 124; see, too, Romanin, _Storia, etc. _, 1855, iv. 291). ]
[71] {171}[_Vide ante_, p. 139, note 1. ]
[br] _Decemvirs, it is surely_----. --[MS. M. ]
[72] {172}[Romanin (_Storia, etc.
_Lor. _ Why so?
_Doge_. 'Tis said that our Venetian crystal has
Such pure antipathy to poisons as
To burst, if aught of venom touches it.
You bore this goblet, and it is not broken.
_Lor. _ Well, sir!
_Doge_. Then it is false, or you are true.
For my own part, I credit neither; 'tis
An idle legend.
_Mar. _ You talk wildly, and 300
Had better now be seated, nor as yet
Depart. Ah! now you look as looked my husband!
_Bar. _ He sinks! --support him! --quick--a chair--support him!
_Doge_. The bell tolls on! --let's hence--my brain's on fire!
_Bar. _ I do beseech you, lean upon us!
_Doge_. No!
A Sovereign should die standing. My poor boy!
Off with your arms! --_That bell! _[80]
[_The_ DOGE _drops down and dies_.
_Mar. _ My God! My God!
_Bar. _ (_to Lor. _). Behold! your work's completed!
_Chief of the Ten_. Is there then
No aid? Call in assistance!
_Att. _ 'Tis all over.
_Chief of the Ten_. If it be so, at least his obsequies 310
Shall be such as befits his name and nation,
His rank and his devotion to the duties
Of the realm, while his age permitted him
To do himself and them full justice. Brethren,
Say, shall it not be so?
_Bar. _ He has not had
The misery to die a subject where[bv]
He reigned: then let his funeral rites be princely. [81]
_Chief of the Ten_. We are agreed, then?
_All, except Lor. , answer,_ Yes.
_Chief of the Ten_. Heaven's peace be with him!
_Mar. _ Signers, your pardon: this is mockery. 320
Juggle no more with that poor remnant, which,
A moment since, while yet it had a soul,
(A soul by whom you have increased your Empire,
And made your power as proud as was his glory),
You banished from his palace and tore down
From his high place, with such relentless coldness;
And now, when he can neither know these honours,
Nor would accept them if he could, you, Signors,
Purpose, with idle and superfluous pomp,
To make a pageant over what you trampled. 330
A princely funeral will be your reproach,
And not his honour.
_Chief of the Ten_. Lady, we revoke not
Our purposes so readily.
_Mar. _ I know it,
As far as touches torturing the living.
I thought the dead had been beyond even _you_,
Though (some, no doubt) consigned to powers which may
Resemble that you exercise on earth.
Leave him to me; you would have done so for
His dregs of life, which you have kindly shortened:
It is my last of duties, and may prove 340
A dreary comfort in my desolation. [bw]
Grief is fantastical, and loves the dead,
And the apparel of the grave.
_Chief of the Ten_. Do you
Pretend still to this office?
_Mar. _ I do, Signor.
Though his possessions have been all consumed
In the State's service, I have still my dowry,
Which shall be consecrated to his rites,
And those of---- [_She stops with agitation_.
_Chief of the Ten_. Best retain it for your children.
_Mar. _ Aye, they are fatherless, I thank you.
_Chief of the Ten_. We
Cannot comply with your request. His relics 350
Shall be exposed with wonted pomp, and followed
Unto their home by the new Doge, not clad
As _Doge_, but simply as a senator.
_Mar. _ I have heard of murderers, who have interred
Their victims; but ne'er heard, until this hour,
Of so much splendour in hypocrisy
O'er those they slew. [82] I've heard of widows' tears--
Alas! I have shed some--always thanks to you!
I've heard of _heirs_ in sables--you have left none
To the deceased, so you would act the part 360
Of such. Well, sirs, your will be done! as one day,
I trust, Heaven's will be done too! [bx]
_Chief of the Ten_. Know you, Lady,
To whom ye speak, and perils of such speech?
_Mar. _ I know the former better than yourselves;
The latter--like yourselves; and can face both.
Wish you more funerals?
_Bar. _ Heed not her rash words;
Her circumstances must excuse her bearing.
_Chief of the Ten_. We will not note them down.
_Bar. _ (_turning to Lor. , who is writing upon his tablets_).
What art thou writing,
With such an earnest brow, upon thy tablets?
_Lor. _ (_pointing to the Doge's body_). That _he_ has paid me! [83]
_Chief of the Ten_. What debt did he owe you? 370
_Lor. _ A long and just one; Nature's debt and _mine_. [84]
[_Curtain falls_[85]
FOOTNOTES:
[34] {113}[The MS. of _The Two Foscari_ is now in the possession of
H. R. H. the Princess of Wales. ]
[35] [Begun June the 12th, completed July the 9th, Ravenna,
1821. --_Byron MS_. ]
[36] [_Gov. _ "_The father softens--but the governor is fixed_. "
_Dingle_. "Aye that antithesis of persons is a most established
figure. "--_Critic_, act ii. sc. 2.
Byron may have guessed that this passage would be quoted against him,
and, by taking it as a motto, hoped to anticipate or disarm ridicule; or
he may have selected it out of bravado, as though, forsooth, the public
were too stupid to find him out. ]
[at] ----_too soon repeated_. --[MS. erased. ]
[37] {121}[It is a moot point whether Jacopo Foscari was placed on the
rack on the occasion of his third trial. The original document of the X.
(July 23, 1456) runs thus: "Si videtur vobis per ea quae dicta et lecta
sunt, quod _procedatur_ contra Ser Jacobum Foscari;" and it is argued
(see F. Berlan, _I due Foscari, etc. _, 1852, p. 57), (1) that the word
_procedatur_ is not a euphemism for "tortured," but should be rendered
"judgment be given against;" (2) that if the X had decreed torture,
torture would have been expressly enjoined; and (3) that as the decrees
of the Council were not divulged, there was no motive for ambiguity. S.
Romanin (_Storia Documentata, etc. _, 1853, iv. 284) and R. Senger (_Die
beiden Foscari_, 1878, p. 116) take the same view. On the other hand,
Miss A. Wiel (_Two Doges of Venice_, 1891, p. 107) points out that,
according to the _Dolfin Cronaca_, which Berlan did not consult, Jacopo
was in a "mutilated" condition when the trial was over, and he was
permitted to take a last farewell of his wife and children in
Torricella. Goethe (_Conversations_, 1874, pp. 264, 265) did not share
Eckermann's astonishment that Byron "could dwell so long on this
torturing subject. " "He was always a self-tormentor, and hence such
subjects were his darling theme. "]
[38] {122}[It is extremely improbable that Francesco Foscari was present
in person at the third or two preceding trials of his son. As may be
gathered from the _parte_ of the Council of Ten relating to the first
trial, there was a law which prescribed the contrary: "In ipsius Domini
Ducis praesentia de rebus ad ipsum, vel ad filios suos tangentibus non
tractetur, loquatur vel consulatur, sicut non potest (_fieri_) quando
tractatur de rebus tangentibus ad attinentes Domini Ducis. " The fact
that "Nos Franciscus Foscari," etc. , stood at the commencement of the
decree of exile may have given rise to the tradition that the Doge, like
a Roman father, tried and condemned his son. (See Berlan's _I due
Foscari_, p. 13. )]
[39] {123}[Pietro Loredano, admiral of the Venetian fleet, died November
11, 1438. His death was sudden and suspicious, for he was taken with
violent pains and spasms after presiding at a banquet in honour of his
victories over the Milanese; and, when his illness ended fatally, it was
remembered that the Doge had publicly declared that so long as the
admiral lived he would never be _de facto_ Prince of the Republic.
Jacopo Loredano chose to put his own interpretation on this outburst of
impatience, and inscribed on his father's monument in the Church of the
Monastery of Sant' Elena, in the Isola della Santa Lena, the words, "Per
insidias hostium veneno sublatus. " (See _Ecclesiae Venetae_, by Flaminio
Cornaro, 1749, ix. 193, 194; see, too, Cicogna's _Inscrizioni
Veneziane_, 1830, iii. 381. )
Not long afterwards Marco Loredano, the admiral's brother, met with a
somewhat similar fate. He had been despatched by the X. to Legnano, to
investigate the conduct of Andrea Donate, the Doge's brother-in-law, who
was suspected of having embezzled the public moneys. His report was
unfavourable to Donato, and, shortly after, he too fell sick and died.
It is most improbable that the Doge was directly or indirectly
responsible for the death of either brother; but there was an hereditary
feud, and the libellous epitaph was a move in the game. ]
[40] {124}[Daru gives Palazzi's _Fasti Ducales_ and _L'Histoire
Venitienne_ of Vianolo as his authorities for this story. ]
[au]4
----_checked by nought_
_The vessel that creaks_----. --[MS. M. erased. ]
[av] {125} ----_much pity_. --[MS. M. erased. ]
[41] ["This whole episode in the private life of the Foscari family is
valuable chiefly for the light it throws upon the internal history of
Venice. We are clearly in an atmosphere unknown before. The Council of
Ten is all-powerful; it even usurps functions which do not belong to it
by the constitution. The air is charged with plots, suspicion,
assassination, denunciation, spies,--all the paraphernalia which went to
confirm the popular legend as to the terrible nature of the
_Dieci_. "--_Venice, etc. _, by Horatio F. Brown, 1893, p. 305. ]
[aw] {126} _In this brief colloquy, and must redeem it_. --[MS. M. ]
[42] [Compare--
"And I have loved thee, Ocean! and my joy
Of youthful sports was on thy breast to be
Borne, like thy bubbles, onward: from a boy
I wantoned with thy breakers. "
_Childe Harold_, Canto IV. stanza clxxxiv. lines 1-4,
_Poetical Works_, 1899, ii. 461, note 2. ]
[43] {127}[The climate of Crete is genial and healthy; but the town of
Candia is exposed to winds from the north and north-west. ]
[ax] _I see your colour comes_. --[MS. M. ]
[44] {130}["She was a Contarini (her name was Lucrezia, not Marina)--
'A daughter of the house that now among
Its ancestors in monumental brass
Numbers eight Doges. '
On the occasion of her marriage the Bucentaur came out in its splendour;
and a bridge of boats was thrown across the Canal Grande for the
bridegroom and his retinue of three hundred horse. "--_Foscari_, by
Samuel Rogers, _Poems_, 1852, ii. 93, note.
According to another footnote (_ibid_. , p. 90), "this story (_Foscari_)
and the tragedy of the _Two Foscari_ were published within a few days of
each other, in November, 1821. " The first edition of _Italy_ was
published anonymously in 1822. According to the announcement of a
corrected and enlarged edition, which appeared in the _Morning
Chronicle_, April 11, 1823, "a few copies of this poem were printed off
the winter before last, while the author was abroad. "]
[ay] {132} _Do not deem so_. --[MS. M. ]
[45] {133}[Jacopo's plea, that the letter to the Duke of Milan was
written for the express purpose of being recalled to Venice, is
inadmissible for more reasons than one.
In the first place, if on
suspicion of a letter written but never sent, the Ten had thought fit to
recall him, it by no means followed that they would have granted him an
interview with his wife and family; and, secondly, the fact that there
were letters in cypher found in his possession, and that a direct
invitation to the Sultan to rescue him by force was among the impounded
documents ("Quod requirebat dictum Teucrum ut mitteret ex galeis suis ad
accipiendum et levandum eum de dicto loco"), proves that the appeal to
the Duke of Milan was _bona fide_, and not a mere act of desperation.
(See _The Two Doges_, pp. 101, 102, and Berlan's _I due Poscari_, p. 53,
etc. )]
[46] {134}[There is no documentary evidence for this "confession," which
rests on a mere tradition. (_Vide_ Sanudo, _Vita Ducum Venetorum_,
_apud_ Muratori, _Rerum Ital. Script_. , 1733, xxii. col. 1139; see, too,
Berlan, _I due Foscari_, p. 37. ) Moreover, Almoro Donato was not chief
of the "Ten" at the date of his murder. The three "Capi" for November,
1450, were Ermolao Vallaresso, Giovanni Giustiniani, and Andrea Marcello
(_vide ibid. _, p. 25). ]
[47] {135}["Examination by torture: 'Such presumption is only sufficient
to put the person to the rack or torture' (Ayliffe's _Parergon_). "--_Cent.
Dict. _, art. "Question. "]
[48] [Shakespeare, Milton, Thompson, and others, use "shook" for
"shaken. "]
[az] _As was proved on him_----. --[MS. M. ]
[49] [The inarticulate mutterings are probably an echo of the
"incantation and magic words" ("incantationem et verba quas sibi reperta
sunt de quibus ad funem utitur . . . quoniam in fune aliquam nec vocem nec
gemitum emittit sed solum inter dentes ipse videtur et auditur loqui"
[_Die beiden Foscari_, pp. 160, 161]), which, according to the decree of
the Council of Ten, dated March 26, 1451, Jacopo let fall "while under
torture" during his second trial. ]
[ba] {137} _I'll hence and follow Loredano home_. --[MS. M. ]
[bb] _That I had dipped the pen too heedlessly_. --[MS. M. ]
[bc] {138} _Mistress of Lombardy--'tis some comfort to me_. --[MS. M. ]
[50] [Compare "Ce fut l'epoque, ou Venise etendit son empire sur
Brescia, Bergame, Ravenne, et Creme; ou elle fonda sa domination de
Lombardie," etc. (Sismondi's _Histoire des Republiques_, x. 38). Brescia
fell to the Venetians, October, 1426; Bergamo, in April, 1428; Ravenna,
in August, 1440; and Crema, in 1453. ]
[51] {139}[The Bridge of Sighs was not built till the end of the
sixteenth century. (_Vide ante, Marino Faliero_, act i. sc. 2, line 508,
_Poetical Works_, 1901, iv. 363, note 2; see, too, _Childe Harold_,
Canto IV. stanza i. line 1, _et post_, act iv. sc. 1, line 75. )]
[bd] {141} _To tears save those of dotage_----. --[MS. M. ]
[52] {143}[Five sons were born to the Doge, of whom four died of the
plague (_Two Doges, etc. _, by A. Wiel, 1891, p. 77). ]
[53] {144}[The Doge offered to abdicate in June, 1433, in June, 1442,
and again in 1446 (see Romanin, _Storia, etc. _, 1855, iv. 170, 171,
note 1). ]
[54] [_Vide ante_, p. 123. ]
[55] {148}[For the _Pozzi_ and _Piombi_, see _Marino Faliero_, act i.
sc. 2, _Poetical Works_, 1901, iv. 363, note 2. ]
[be] _Keep this for them_----. --[MS. M. ]
[bf] {149} _The blackest leaf, his heart, and blankest, his
brain_. --[MS. M. ]
[bg] ----_and best in humblest stations_. --[MS. M. ]
[bh]
_Where hunger swallows all--where ever was_
_The monarch who could bear a three days' fast? _--[MS. M. ]
[bi] _Their disposition_----. --[MS. M. ]
[56] [It would seem that Byron's "not ourselves" by no means "made for"
righteousness. ]
[bj]
----_the will itself dependent_
_Upon a storm, a straw, and both alike_
_Leading to death_----. --[MS. M. ]
[57] [Compare--"The boldest steer but where their ports invite. " _Childe
Harold_, Canto III. stanza lxx. lines 7-9; and Canto IV. stanza xxxiv. ,
_Poetical Works_, 1899, ii. 260, 353, and 74, note 1. ]
[58] {152}[Compare--
"Our voices took a dreary tone,
An echo of the dungeon stone. "
_Prisoner of Chillon_, lines 63, 64.
Compare, too--
"----prisoned solitude.
And the Mind's canker in its savage mood,
When the impatient thirst of light and air
Parches the heart. "
_Lament of Tasso_, lines 4-7. ]
[59] {153}[For inscriptions on the walls of the _Pozzi_, see note 1 to
_Childe Harold's Pilgrimage_, Canto IV. , _Poetical Works_, 1899, ii.
465-467. Hobhouse transferred these "scratchings" to his pocket-books,
and thence to his _Historical Notes_; but even as prison inscriptions
they lack both point and style. ]
[60] [Compare--
"Run, run, Orlando; carve on every tree
The fair, the chaste and unexpressive she. "
_As You Like It_, act iii. sc. 2, lines 9, 10. ]
[bk]
_Which never can be read but, as 'twas written,_
_By wretched beings_. --[MS. ]
[bl] {154}
_Of the familiar's torch, which seems to love_
_Darkness far more than light_. --[MS. ]
[61] {157}[Compare--
"Once more upon the waters! yet once more!
And the waves bound beneath me as a steed
That knows his rider. "
_Childe Harold_, Canto III. stanza ii. lines 1-3,
_Poetical Works_, 1899, ii. 217, note 1. ]
[bm] _At once by briefer means and better_. --[MS. ]
[62] {158} In Lady Morgan's fearless and excellent work upon Italy, I
perceive the expression of "Rome of the Ocean" applied to Venice. The
same phrase occurs in the "Two Foscari. " My publisher can vouch for me,
that the tragedy was written and sent to England some time before I had
seen Lady Morgan's work, which I only received on the 16th of August. I
hasten, however, to notice the coincidence, and to yield the originality
of the phrase to her who first placed it before the public.
[Byron calls Lady Morgan's _Italy_ "fearless" on account of her
strictures on the behaviour of Great Britain to Genoa in 1814. "England
personally stood pledged to Genoa. . . . When the British officers rode
into their gates bearing the white flag consecrated by the holy word of
'_independence_,' the people . . . '_kissed their garments_. '. . . Every
heart was open. . . . Lord William Bentinck's flag of '_Independenza_' was
taken down from the steeples and high places at sunrise; before noon the
arms of Sardinia blazoned in their stead; and yet the Genoese did not
rise _en masse_ and massacre the English" (_Italy_, 1821, i. 245, 246).
The passage which Byron feared might be quoted to his disparagement runs
as follows: "As the bark glides on, as the shore recedes, and the city
of waves, the Rome of the ocean, rises on the horizon, the spirits
rally; . . . and as the spires and cupolas of Venice come forth in the
lustre of the mid-day sun, and its palaces, half-veiled in the aerial
tints of distance, gradually assume their superb proportions, then the
dream of many a youthful vigil is realized" (_ibid_. , ii. 449). ]
[63] [Compare _Marino Faliero_, act ii. sc. 2, line 110, _Poetical
Works_, 901, iv. 386, note 3. ]
[64] {159} The Calenture. --[From the Spanish _Calentura_, a fever
peculiar to sailors within the tropics--
"So, by a calenture misled,
The mariner with rapture sees,
On the smooth ocean's azure bed,
Enamelled fields and verdant trees:
With eager haste he longs to rove
In that fantastic scene, and thinks
It must be some enchanted grove;
And in he leaps, and down he sinks. "
Swift, _The South-Sea Project_, 1721, ed. 1824, xiv. 147. ]
[65] Alluding to the Swiss air and its effects. --[The _Ranz des Vaches_,
played upon the bag-pipe by the young cowkeepers on the mountains:--"An
air," says Rousseau, "so dear to the Swiss, that it was forbidden, under
the pain of death, to play it to the troops, as it immediately drew
tears from them, and made those who heard it desert, or die of what is
called _la maladie du pais_, so ardent a desire did it excite to return
to their country. It is in vain to seek in this air for energetic
accents capable of producing such astonishing effects, for which
strangers are unable to account from the music, which is in itself
uncouth and wild. But it is from habit, recollections, and a thousand
circumstances, retraced in this tune by those natives who hear it, and
reminding them of their country, former pleasures of their youth, and
all their ways of living, which occasion a bitter reflection at having
lost them. " Compare Byron's Swiss "Journal" for September 19, 1816,
_Letters_, 1899, ii. 355. ]
[bn] _That malady, which_----. --[MS. M. ]
[66] [Compare _Don Juan_, Canto XVI. stanza xlvi. lines 6, 7--
"The calentures of music which o'ercome
The mountaineers with dreams that they are highlands. "]
[bo] {160} ----_upon your native towers_. --[MS. M. ]
[bp] {162} _Come you here to insult us_----. --[MS. M. ]
[67] {163}[For "steeds of brass," compare _Childe Harold_, Canto IV.
stanza xiii. line I, _Poetical Works_, 1899, ii. 338, and 336, note 1. ]
[68] [The first and all subsequent editions read "skimmed the coasts. "
Byron wrote "skirred," a word borrowed from Shakespeare. Compare _Siege
of Corinth_, line 692, _Poetical Works_, 1900, iii. 480, note 4. ]
[bq] {165} ----_which this noble lady worst_,--[MS. M. ]
[69] {169}[According to the law, it rested with the six councillors of
the Doge and a majority of the Grand Council to insist upon the
abdication of a Doge. The action of the Ten was an usurpation of powers
to which they were not entitled by the terms of the Constitution. ]
[70] {170}[A touching incident is told concerning an interview between
the Doge and Jacopo Memmo, head of the Forty. The Doge had just learnt
(October 21, 1457) the decision of the Ten with regard to his
abdication, and noticed that Memmo watched him attentively. "Foscari
called to him, and, touching his hand, asked him whose son he was. He
answered, 'I am the son of Messer Marin Memmo. '--' He is my dear
friend,' said the Doge; 'tell him from me that it would be pleasing to
me if he would come and see me, so that we might go at our leisure in
our boats to visit the monasteries'" (_The Two Doges_, by A. Weil, 1891,
p. 124; see, too, Romanin, _Storia, etc. _, 1855, iv. 291). ]
[71] {171}[_Vide ante_, p. 139, note 1. ]
[br] _Decemvirs, it is surely_----. --[MS. M. ]
[72] {172}[Romanin (_Storia, etc.
