by that of
Sweynheym
and Pannartz, fol.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
It is clear
of any considerable fortune. His circumstances, from the introductory dedication and notices in
however, must have been at one tiine easy ; for he prose and verse, that the different books were col.
had a mansion in the city whose situation he de lected and published by the author, sometimes
scribes, and a suburban villa near Nomentum, to singly and sometimes several at one time. The
which he frequently alludes with pride. It is true “ Liber de Spectaculis” and the first nine books of
that Pliny, in the letter to which we have referred the regular series involve a great number of his-
above, states that he made Martial a pecuniary torical allusions, extending from the games of Titus
present to assist in defraying the expenses of his (A. D. 80) down to the return of Domitian from
journey (prosecutus eram viatico secedentem), but the Sarmatian expedition, in January, A. D. 94.
when he adds that the gift was presented as an The second book could not have been written until
acknowledgment for a complimentary address, he after the commencement of the Dacian war (ii. 2),
gives no hint that the poverty of the bard was such that is, not before A. D. 86, nor the sixth until after
as to render this aid an act of charity. The assertion the triumph over the Dacians and Germans (A. D.
that the father of Martial was named Fronto 91); the seventh was written while the Sarmatian
and his mother Flaccilla, rests upon a mistaken war, which began in A. D. 93, was still in progress,
interpretation of the epigram v. 34 ; and another and reaches to the end of that year. The eighth
curious delusion at one time prevailed with regard book opens in January, A. D. 94, the ninth also
to the name of Martial himself. In the biography refers to the same epoch, but may, as Clinton sup-
of Alexander Severus (c. 38) we find the twenty- poses, have been written in A. D. 95. The whole
ninth epigram of the fifth book quoted as “ Mar- of these were composed at Rome, except the third,
tialis Coci Epigramma," and hence Joannes of Salis- which was written during a tour in Gallia Togata.
bury (Curiul. Nugar. vii. 12, viii. 6, 13), Jacobus The tenth book was published twice: the first
Magnus of Toledo (Sopholog. passim), and 'Vin- edition was given hastily to the world ; the second,
centius of Beauvais (Specul. Doctr. iii. 37), suppose that which we now read (x. 2), celebrates the
Coquus to have been a cognomen of the poet, and arrival of Trajan at Rome, after his accession to
designate him by that appellation. The numerous the throne (x. 6, 7, 34, 72). Now, since this
corruptions which everywhere abound in the text event took place A. d. 99, and since the twenty-
of the Augustan historians, and the fact that the fourth epigram of this book was written in honour
word in question is altogether omitted in several of the author's fifty-seventh birthday, we are thus
MSS. and early editions, while we find etiam sub- supplied with the data requisite for fixing the
stituted for it in two of the Palatine codices, justify epoch of his birth ; and since at the close of the
us in concluding either that coci was foisted in by book (x. 10+) he had been thirty-four years at
the carelessness of a transcriber, or that the true Rome, we can thence calculate the time when he
reading is coce, i e. quoque, which will remove every left Spain. The eleventh book seems to have been
difficulty.
published at Rome, early in a. D. 100, and at the
The extant works of Martial consist of an close of the year he returned to Bilbilis. After
assemblage of short poems, all included under the keeping silence for three years (xii. prooem. ), the
general appellation Epigrammata, upwards of 1500 twelfth book was despatched from Bilbilis to Rome
in number, divided into fourteen books. Those (xii. 3, 18), and in this he refers (xii. 5) to the two
which form the two last books, usually distinguished preceding books, published, as we have seen, in A. D.
respectively as Xenia and Apophoreta, amounting 99 and 100. Allowing, therefore, for the interval
to 350, consist, with the exception of the intro- of repose, the twelfth book must be assigned to
ductions, entirely of distichs, descriptive of a vast A. D. 104. It must be observed, however, that if
variety of small objects, chiefly articles of food or the Parthenius, to whom book xi. is dedicated, and
clothing, such as were usually sent as presents who is again addressed in book xii. (ep. 11), be
among friends during the Saturnalia, and on other the “ Palatinus Parthenius," the chamberlain of
festive occasions. In addition to the above, nearly Domitian (iv. 45, v. 6, viii. 28 ; comp. Sueton.
all the printed copies include 33 epigrams, forming Domit. 16), and if the statement of Victor (Epit.
a book apart from the rest, which, ever since the 12), that this Parthenius was cruelly murdered by
time of Gruter, has been commonly known as Liber the soldiery (A. D. 97) soon after the elevation of
de Spectaculis, because the contents relate entirely Nerva, can be depended upon, it is evident that
to the shows exhibited by Titus and Domitian, but some pieces belonging to earlier years were included
there is no ancient authority for the title, and hence in the later books. It is not necessary, however,
the most recent editor restores the proper and to hold with Clinton, that Ep. xi. 4 is in honour
simple form Liber Epigrammaton. The "De Spec- of the third consulship of Nerva (A. D. 97), since
taculis” is altogether wanting in most of the best the words and the name Nerva are equally ap-
MSS. , and of those which embrace it two only, plicable to the third consulship of Trajan (A. D.
both derved from the same archetype, are older | 100). Books xii. and xiv. , the Xenia and A popho-
3 3
## p. 966 (#982) ############################################
966
MARTIALIS.
MARTINIANUS.
bizwe to the
wiose fate be s
A me coin in
tions beaning a
ARG. , Lich
Argutu; an
from the verd
pure l'ALESS
Veild. 25, 28,
2002. F?
MARTIS
the year 316
tatis part of
Constant.
De
in the army
he had obtain
closely to Hi
Tetanned to
esererting h
santipe be
the Arians,
but after thi
away mo
about 360 a
founded as
reta, were written chiefly under Domitian (xiii. 4. examination of a very large number of MSS. His
74, xiv. 1. 179, 213), although the composition prolegomena contain a full and highly valuable
may have been spread over the holidays of many account of these and other codices, of the places
years.
where they are at present deposited, and of their
It is well known that the word Epigram, which relative value. No ancient author stands more in
originally denoted simply an inscription, was, in need of an ample and learned commentary, but
process of time, applied to any brief metrical none has yet appeared which will satisfy all the
effusion, whatever the subject might be, or what- wants of the student. The most useful, upon the
ever the form under which it was presented, and whole, is that which is attached to the edition of
in this sense the heterogeneous mass which con- Lemaire, 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1825, but Schneide-
stitutes the Greek anthology, and all the lighter winn has promised to publish the notes of Fr.
effusions of Catullus, are called epigrams. In many Schmieder, the preceptor of C. O. Müller, of which
of these, it is true, the sentiinents are pithily he speaks in high praise, and expresses a hope that
worded, and a certain degree of emphasis is re- he may be able to add the remarks compiled by
served for the conclusion ; but Martial first placed Böttiger, which passed after his death into the
the epigram upon the narrow basis which it now hands of Weichert.
occupies, and from his time the term has been in a A great number of translations from Martial
great measure restricted to denoto a short poem, will be found dispersed in the works of the English
in which all the thoughts and expressions converge poets, and numerous selections have been given to
to one sharp point, which forms the termination of the world from time to time, such as those by
the piece. li is impossible not to be amazed by Thomas May, 8vo. Lond. 1629; by Fletcher, 8vo.
the singular fertility of imagination, the prodigious Lond. 1656 ; by J. Hughes, in his Miscellanies,
flow of wit, and the delicate felicity of language 8vo. Lond. 1737 ; by W. Hay, 12mo. Lond. 1754 ;
everywhere developed in this extraordinary col- by Wright, along with the distichs of Cato, 12mo.
lection, and from no source do we derive more Lond. 1763 ; by Rogers, in his poems, 12mo.
copious information on the national customs and Lond. 1782 ; and finally a complete version of the
social habits of the Romans during the first century whole by Elphinstone, 4to. Lond. 1782, a singular
of the empire. But however much we may admire monument of dulness and folly. In French we
the genius of the author, we feel no respect for the have complete translations into verse, by Marolles,
character of the man. The inconceivable servility 4to. Paris, 1675, a translation into prose having
of adulation (e. g. ix. 4, v. 8) with which he loads been published previously (1655) by the same
Domitian, proves that he was a courtier of the author ; by Volland, 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1807 ; and
lowest class, and his name is crushed by a load of by E. T. Simon, 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1819. Julius
cold-blooded filth spread ostentatiously over the Scaliger rendered a considerable number of the
whole surface of his writings, too clearly denoting epigrams into Greek, and these translations will
habitual impurity of thought, combined with habi- be found placed under the original text in the
tual impurity of expression.
edition of Lemaire. (Plin. Ep. iii. 20. al. 21 ;
Three very early impressions of Martial have Spartian. Ael. Ver. 2 ; Lamprid. Alcx. Sever. 38 ;
been described by bibliographers, all of them in Sidon. Apoll
. Carm. ix. 33 ; Martial, i. 1, 2, 3, 62,
4to. , all in Roman characters, and all without date 101, 117, ii. 92, iïi. 95, iv. 10, 72, v. 13, 16, 23,
and without name of place or of printer. One of vi. 43, 61, 64, 82, vii. 11, 17, 51, 88, 93, viii. 3,
these, by many considered as the Editio Princeps, 61, ix. 84, 98, 1. 24, 92, 94, 100, 103, 104, xi. 3,
is supposed by Dibdin (Bibl. Spencer. vol. iv. p. 24, xii. 21, 31, xii. 3, 119. An account of the
532) to have been the work of Ulric Han. The celebrated MS. of Martial preserved in the Advo-
first edition which bears a date, and which contests cates' Library, Fdinburgh, will be found in Dalyell,
the honour of being the Princeps, is that which “Some account of an ancient MS. of Martial," &c. ,
appeared at Ferrara, 4to. 1471 (Dibdin, Bibl. Spen- 8vo. Edin. 1812. )
[W. R. ]
cer. vol. ii. p. 169), and which does not contain MARTIA'NÚS. (MARCIANUS. ]
the “Liber de Spectaculis. " It was followed by MARTI'NA, a woman in Syria, celebrated for
the edition of Vindelin de Spira, 4to. Venet. , her skill in poisoning, and a favourite Plancina,
without date, but probably executed about 1472; the wife of Cn. Piso, was sent to Italy by Cn.
by that of Sweynheym and Pannartz, fol. Rom. Sentius, the governor of Syria, that she might be
1473 ; that of Joannes de Colonia, fol. Venet. brought to trial, but she died suddenly upon her
1475; and that of Philippus de Lavania, fol. Me arrival at Brundisium, A. D. 20. (Tac. Ann. ii. 74,
diol. 1478, the two last being merely reprints iii. 7. )
from Spira. The text, which was gradually im- MARTI'NA. [Heraclius, p. 405, b. )
proved by the diligence of Calderinus, fol. Venet.
MARTINIANUS, magister officiorum to the
1474, 1475, 1480, &c. , of Aldus, 8vo. Venet. emperor Licinius, by whom he was elevated to the
1501, and Junius, 8vo. Basil
, 1559, first assumed dignity of Caesar, when active preparations were in
a satisfactory form in the hands of Gruterus, 16mo. progress for the last great struggle against Constan-
Francf. 1602, who boasted, not without reason, tine.
Martinianus was compelled to surrender
that he had introduced more than a thousand cor-
rections, and was still further purified by Scriverius,
Lug. Bat. 12mo. 1619, Amst. 12mo. 1621, 16mo.
1629, and by Raderus, fol. Mogunt. 1627, Colon.
1628. Schrevelius, in the 8vo Variorum of 1670,
exhibited very judiciously the results of the toils
of his predecessors, and no important improve-
ments were made from that time until 1842, when
Schneidewinn published a new recension (8vo. 2
vols. Grem. 1842 founded upon a most careful
and speed l
bis sanctio
to avoid th
Bogat refu
ever this b
place in hi
of the fourt
written by
puerile fab
man total
fanaticism
Teason; as
tererence
considered
bergarly
čignitars:
a very sh
the anthe
found in
and counc
TOL. vii. p.
hann, B
MARU
plets, B. o
colleague
had been
and atten
had salute
sequences
of the
from the
B. C. ii.
68; Sue
MART
tus (Ana
62, must
TREVODI
that year
Fasti. (F
HRB
MASC
llegados
governor
COIN OF MARTINIANUS
with a
efforts of
san espe
## p. 967 (#983) ############################################
MASCAMES.
967
MASINISSA
&
>
himself to the conqueror, along with his patron, him with annual presents, as a reward for his
whose fate he shared towards thr. end of a. D. 323. faithful service, - a mark of approbation which
A rare coin in third brass is found in some collec- Artaxerxes continued to his descendants. (Herod.
tions bearing the legend D. N. MARTINIANUS P. F. vii, 105, 106. )
[E. E. )
AUG. , which would indicate that he was created MASCEZEL. (Gildo. )
Augustus ; and this conclusion might be drawn MA'SGABA, a Numidian, son of Masinissa,
from the words of Victor. (De Cues. 41. ) [Com- was sent to Rome by his father as ambassador in
pare VALENS, AURELIUS Valerius. ) (Excerpta B. C. 168. He was received with the utmost dis
Vales. 25, 28, 29; Victor, de Cues. 41, Epit. 41; tinction, one of the qunestors being sent to meet
Zosim. ii. 25, 26, 28. )
[W. R. ) him at Puteoli, and attend him from thence to
MARTI'NUS, bishop of Tours, hence desig- Rome. (Liv. xlv. 13, 14. ) (E. H. B. )
nated Turonensis, was born in Pannonia, about MASINISSA (Maoraváo ons), king of the
the ycar 316, was educated at Pavia, and in the Numidians, celebrated for the conspicuous part he
early part of his life served as a soldier, first under bore in the wars between the Romans and Car-
Constantine, afterwards under Julian. While yet thaginians. He was the son of Gala, king of the
in the army he embraced the true faith ; and after Massylians, the easternmost of the two great tribes
he had obtained his discharge, attached himself into which the Numidians were at that time di-
closely to Hilarius of Poitiers, by whose advice he vided, but was brought up at Carthage, where he ap-
returned to his native country, for the purpose of pears to have received an education superior to that
converting his kindred. During the sway of Con- usual among his countrymen. (Liv. xxiv. 49; Appian,
stantine he was exposed to bitter persecution from Pun. 10, 37. ) He was still quite a young man*, but
the Arians, whose doctrines he steadfastly assailed ; had already given proofs of great ability and energy
but after this storm had in some measure passed of character, when in B. C. 213 the Carthaginians
away from the church, he returned to Gaul; and persuaded Gala to declare war against Syphax,
about 360 again sought the society of Hilarius, and king of the neighbouring tribe of the Massaesylians,
founded a monastery. From thence he was reluc- who had lately entered into an alliance with Roine.
tantly dragged in 371, to occupy the see of Tours, Masinissa was appointed by his father to command
and speedily attained such celebrity on account of the invading force, with which he attacked and
his sanctity and power of working miracles, that, totally defeated Syphax, whom he drove to take
to avoid the multitudes attracted by his fame, he refuge in Mauritania, and following him thither
sought refuge in a neighbouring monastery; and carried on the war with unabated vigour, so as
over this he presided until his death, which took effectually to prevent him from crossing into Spain
place in his eightieth year, towards the very close to the assistance of the Romans in that country.
of the fourth century. We possess a life of the saint (Liv. xxiv. 49. ) of the farther progress of this
written by Sulpicius Severus, filled with the most war in Africa we hear nothing ; but the next year
puerile fables, from which we gather that he was a (B. c. 212) we find Masinissa in Spain, supporting
man totally devoid of mental culture, whose wild the Carthaginian generals there with a large body
fanaticism and austerities seriously affected his of Numidian horse ; and it appears probable that,
reason ; and that, although an object of awe and though only occasionally mentioned, he continued
to the crowd, sober-minded persons to hold the same post during the subsequent years
considered his sordid apparel, dishevelled hair, and of the war in that country. In 210, indeed, he is
beggarly aspect, as unbecoming in a Christian mentioned as being at Carthage, but apparently
dignitary. Under the name of Martinus we possess only for the purpose of obtaining reinforcements
a very short Confessio Fidei de Sancta Trinitate for the army in Spain, in which country we again
the authenticity of which is doubtful. It will be find him in the following year (209), at the time
found in almost all the large collections of fathers that Hasdrubal set out on his march into Italy.
and councils, and under its best form in Galland, In 206 he is mentioned as present at Silpia, where
vol. vii. p. 599 ; Proleg. c. xviii. p. xxvi. (Schöne- he shared with Hasdrubal, Gisco, and Mago in
mann, Biblioth. Patr. Lat. vol. i. § 19. ) (W. R. ] their total defeat by Scipio. (Liv. xxv. 31, xxvii.
MARULLUS, C. EPI'DIUS, tribune of the 5, 20, xxviii. 13 ; Polyb. xi. 21; Appian, Hisp.
plebs, B. C. 44, removed, in conjunction with his 25, 27. ) But the reverse then sustained by the
colleague L. Caesetius Flavus, the diadem which Carthaginian arms proved too much for the fidelity
had been placed upon the statue of C. Julius Caesar, of Masinissa : shortly after the battle he made
and attempted to bring to trial the persons who secret overtures to Silanus, the lieutenant of Scipio,
had saluted the dictator as king. Caesar, in con- which, however, led to no immediate result, the
sequence, deprived him of the tribunate, by help Numidian chief being desirous to treat with Scipio
of the tribune Helvius Cinna, and expelled him in person, an opportunity for which did not for
from the senate. (Dion Cass. xliv. 9, 10 ; Appian, some time present itself. At length, however, the
B. C. ii. 108, 122 ; Plut. Caes. 61 ; Vell. Pat. ii. desired interview took place, and Masinissa pledged
68 ; Suet. Caes. 79, 80 ; Cic. Philipp. xiii. 15. ) himself to support the Romans with all the forces
MARULLUS, JU'NIUS, mentioned by Taci- at his command as soon as they should carry an
tus (Ann. xiv. 48), as consul designatus in A. D. army into Africa. (Liv. xxviii. 16, 35. ) In ad-
62, must have been one of the consules suffecti in
that year, though his name does not occur in the * Livy indeed states (xxiv. 49) that he was at
Fasti. (Pighius, Annal. vol. iii. p. 595. )
this time only seventeen years old ; but this is
MASCÄMES (Maokáums), a Persian, son of inconsistent with the statement of Polybius (xxxvii.
Megadostes or Megalostes, was made by Xerxes 3), which is followed by Livy himself in another
governor of Doriscus in Thrace, which he kept passage (Epit. 1. ), that Masinissa was ninety years
with great vigour and fidelity, defying all the old at the time of his death, B. c. 148. According
efforts of the Greeks, after the failure of the Per to this account, he would be at this time about
sian expedition, to expel him. Xerxes honoured | twenty-five years of age.
reverence
3 94
## p. 968 (#984) ############################################
968
MASINISSA.
MASINISSA.
borse which Has
persone them
retuned to the
Lacin in the
the main body
w now foreza
coses with hi
facititas that
csalt ekranu
II, 4, 5, 9,
Apran, Pana
Beration on
dition to the effect produced by the success of the soon as bis wound was partially healed he once
Roman arms, and the great personal influence of more re-appeared among the Massylians, and
Scipio-an influence increased in this case by his quickly gathered around his standard an army of
generous conduct towards Massiva, a nephew of 10,000 men. Syphax now took the field against
Masinissa (MASSIVA]— the Numidian prince is him in person, and again obtained a decisive vic-
said to have been actuated by resentment against tory, Masinissa, with a small body of horsemen,
Hasdrubal, who had previously betrothed to him with difficulty cutting his way through the enemy's
his beautiful daughter Sophonisba, but violated his forces. He, however, effected his escape to the
engagement, in order to bestow her hand upon sea-coast, and there hovered about, at the head of
Syphax. (Appian, Pun. 10; Zonar. ix. 11, p. 436. ) a mere predatory band, until the landing of Scipio
The chronology of these events is, however, very in Africa B. C. 204, when he instantly joined him
uncertain : according to Livy, it was not till some with such a force as he had been able to collech
time after this that the betrothal of Sophonisba (Liv. xxix. 31–33 ; Appian, Pun. 10–13. ).
of any considerable fortune. His circumstances, from the introductory dedication and notices in
however, must have been at one tiine easy ; for he prose and verse, that the different books were col.
had a mansion in the city whose situation he de lected and published by the author, sometimes
scribes, and a suburban villa near Nomentum, to singly and sometimes several at one time. The
which he frequently alludes with pride. It is true “ Liber de Spectaculis” and the first nine books of
that Pliny, in the letter to which we have referred the regular series involve a great number of his-
above, states that he made Martial a pecuniary torical allusions, extending from the games of Titus
present to assist in defraying the expenses of his (A. D. 80) down to the return of Domitian from
journey (prosecutus eram viatico secedentem), but the Sarmatian expedition, in January, A. D. 94.
when he adds that the gift was presented as an The second book could not have been written until
acknowledgment for a complimentary address, he after the commencement of the Dacian war (ii. 2),
gives no hint that the poverty of the bard was such that is, not before A. D. 86, nor the sixth until after
as to render this aid an act of charity. The assertion the triumph over the Dacians and Germans (A. D.
that the father of Martial was named Fronto 91); the seventh was written while the Sarmatian
and his mother Flaccilla, rests upon a mistaken war, which began in A. D. 93, was still in progress,
interpretation of the epigram v. 34 ; and another and reaches to the end of that year. The eighth
curious delusion at one time prevailed with regard book opens in January, A. D. 94, the ninth also
to the name of Martial himself. In the biography refers to the same epoch, but may, as Clinton sup-
of Alexander Severus (c. 38) we find the twenty- poses, have been written in A. D. 95. The whole
ninth epigram of the fifth book quoted as “ Mar- of these were composed at Rome, except the third,
tialis Coci Epigramma," and hence Joannes of Salis- which was written during a tour in Gallia Togata.
bury (Curiul. Nugar. vii. 12, viii. 6, 13), Jacobus The tenth book was published twice: the first
Magnus of Toledo (Sopholog. passim), and 'Vin- edition was given hastily to the world ; the second,
centius of Beauvais (Specul. Doctr. iii. 37), suppose that which we now read (x. 2), celebrates the
Coquus to have been a cognomen of the poet, and arrival of Trajan at Rome, after his accession to
designate him by that appellation. The numerous the throne (x. 6, 7, 34, 72). Now, since this
corruptions which everywhere abound in the text event took place A. d. 99, and since the twenty-
of the Augustan historians, and the fact that the fourth epigram of this book was written in honour
word in question is altogether omitted in several of the author's fifty-seventh birthday, we are thus
MSS. and early editions, while we find etiam sub- supplied with the data requisite for fixing the
stituted for it in two of the Palatine codices, justify epoch of his birth ; and since at the close of the
us in concluding either that coci was foisted in by book (x. 10+) he had been thirty-four years at
the carelessness of a transcriber, or that the true Rome, we can thence calculate the time when he
reading is coce, i e. quoque, which will remove every left Spain. The eleventh book seems to have been
difficulty.
published at Rome, early in a. D. 100, and at the
The extant works of Martial consist of an close of the year he returned to Bilbilis. After
assemblage of short poems, all included under the keeping silence for three years (xii. prooem. ), the
general appellation Epigrammata, upwards of 1500 twelfth book was despatched from Bilbilis to Rome
in number, divided into fourteen books. Those (xii. 3, 18), and in this he refers (xii. 5) to the two
which form the two last books, usually distinguished preceding books, published, as we have seen, in A. D.
respectively as Xenia and Apophoreta, amounting 99 and 100. Allowing, therefore, for the interval
to 350, consist, with the exception of the intro- of repose, the twelfth book must be assigned to
ductions, entirely of distichs, descriptive of a vast A. D. 104. It must be observed, however, that if
variety of small objects, chiefly articles of food or the Parthenius, to whom book xi. is dedicated, and
clothing, such as were usually sent as presents who is again addressed in book xii. (ep. 11), be
among friends during the Saturnalia, and on other the “ Palatinus Parthenius," the chamberlain of
festive occasions. In addition to the above, nearly Domitian (iv. 45, v. 6, viii. 28 ; comp. Sueton.
all the printed copies include 33 epigrams, forming Domit. 16), and if the statement of Victor (Epit.
a book apart from the rest, which, ever since the 12), that this Parthenius was cruelly murdered by
time of Gruter, has been commonly known as Liber the soldiery (A. D. 97) soon after the elevation of
de Spectaculis, because the contents relate entirely Nerva, can be depended upon, it is evident that
to the shows exhibited by Titus and Domitian, but some pieces belonging to earlier years were included
there is no ancient authority for the title, and hence in the later books. It is not necessary, however,
the most recent editor restores the proper and to hold with Clinton, that Ep. xi. 4 is in honour
simple form Liber Epigrammaton. The "De Spec- of the third consulship of Nerva (A. D. 97), since
taculis” is altogether wanting in most of the best the words and the name Nerva are equally ap-
MSS. , and of those which embrace it two only, plicable to the third consulship of Trajan (A. D.
both derved from the same archetype, are older | 100). Books xii. and xiv. , the Xenia and A popho-
3 3
## p. 966 (#982) ############################################
966
MARTIALIS.
MARTINIANUS.
bizwe to the
wiose fate be s
A me coin in
tions beaning a
ARG. , Lich
Argutu; an
from the verd
pure l'ALESS
Veild. 25, 28,
2002. F?
MARTIS
the year 316
tatis part of
Constant.
De
in the army
he had obtain
closely to Hi
Tetanned to
esererting h
santipe be
the Arians,
but after thi
away mo
about 360 a
founded as
reta, were written chiefly under Domitian (xiii. 4. examination of a very large number of MSS. His
74, xiv. 1. 179, 213), although the composition prolegomena contain a full and highly valuable
may have been spread over the holidays of many account of these and other codices, of the places
years.
where they are at present deposited, and of their
It is well known that the word Epigram, which relative value. No ancient author stands more in
originally denoted simply an inscription, was, in need of an ample and learned commentary, but
process of time, applied to any brief metrical none has yet appeared which will satisfy all the
effusion, whatever the subject might be, or what- wants of the student. The most useful, upon the
ever the form under which it was presented, and whole, is that which is attached to the edition of
in this sense the heterogeneous mass which con- Lemaire, 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1825, but Schneide-
stitutes the Greek anthology, and all the lighter winn has promised to publish the notes of Fr.
effusions of Catullus, are called epigrams. In many Schmieder, the preceptor of C. O. Müller, of which
of these, it is true, the sentiinents are pithily he speaks in high praise, and expresses a hope that
worded, and a certain degree of emphasis is re- he may be able to add the remarks compiled by
served for the conclusion ; but Martial first placed Böttiger, which passed after his death into the
the epigram upon the narrow basis which it now hands of Weichert.
occupies, and from his time the term has been in a A great number of translations from Martial
great measure restricted to denoto a short poem, will be found dispersed in the works of the English
in which all the thoughts and expressions converge poets, and numerous selections have been given to
to one sharp point, which forms the termination of the world from time to time, such as those by
the piece. li is impossible not to be amazed by Thomas May, 8vo. Lond. 1629; by Fletcher, 8vo.
the singular fertility of imagination, the prodigious Lond. 1656 ; by J. Hughes, in his Miscellanies,
flow of wit, and the delicate felicity of language 8vo. Lond. 1737 ; by W. Hay, 12mo. Lond. 1754 ;
everywhere developed in this extraordinary col- by Wright, along with the distichs of Cato, 12mo.
lection, and from no source do we derive more Lond. 1763 ; by Rogers, in his poems, 12mo.
copious information on the national customs and Lond. 1782 ; and finally a complete version of the
social habits of the Romans during the first century whole by Elphinstone, 4to. Lond. 1782, a singular
of the empire. But however much we may admire monument of dulness and folly. In French we
the genius of the author, we feel no respect for the have complete translations into verse, by Marolles,
character of the man. The inconceivable servility 4to. Paris, 1675, a translation into prose having
of adulation (e. g. ix. 4, v. 8) with which he loads been published previously (1655) by the same
Domitian, proves that he was a courtier of the author ; by Volland, 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1807 ; and
lowest class, and his name is crushed by a load of by E. T. Simon, 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1819. Julius
cold-blooded filth spread ostentatiously over the Scaliger rendered a considerable number of the
whole surface of his writings, too clearly denoting epigrams into Greek, and these translations will
habitual impurity of thought, combined with habi- be found placed under the original text in the
tual impurity of expression.
edition of Lemaire. (Plin. Ep. iii. 20. al. 21 ;
Three very early impressions of Martial have Spartian. Ael. Ver. 2 ; Lamprid. Alcx. Sever. 38 ;
been described by bibliographers, all of them in Sidon. Apoll
. Carm. ix. 33 ; Martial, i. 1, 2, 3, 62,
4to. , all in Roman characters, and all without date 101, 117, ii. 92, iïi. 95, iv. 10, 72, v. 13, 16, 23,
and without name of place or of printer. One of vi. 43, 61, 64, 82, vii. 11, 17, 51, 88, 93, viii. 3,
these, by many considered as the Editio Princeps, 61, ix. 84, 98, 1. 24, 92, 94, 100, 103, 104, xi. 3,
is supposed by Dibdin (Bibl. Spencer. vol. iv. p. 24, xii. 21, 31, xii. 3, 119. An account of the
532) to have been the work of Ulric Han. The celebrated MS. of Martial preserved in the Advo-
first edition which bears a date, and which contests cates' Library, Fdinburgh, will be found in Dalyell,
the honour of being the Princeps, is that which “Some account of an ancient MS. of Martial," &c. ,
appeared at Ferrara, 4to. 1471 (Dibdin, Bibl. Spen- 8vo. Edin. 1812. )
[W. R. ]
cer. vol. ii. p. 169), and which does not contain MARTIA'NÚS. (MARCIANUS. ]
the “Liber de Spectaculis. " It was followed by MARTI'NA, a woman in Syria, celebrated for
the edition of Vindelin de Spira, 4to. Venet. , her skill in poisoning, and a favourite Plancina,
without date, but probably executed about 1472; the wife of Cn. Piso, was sent to Italy by Cn.
by that of Sweynheym and Pannartz, fol. Rom. Sentius, the governor of Syria, that she might be
1473 ; that of Joannes de Colonia, fol. Venet. brought to trial, but she died suddenly upon her
1475; and that of Philippus de Lavania, fol. Me arrival at Brundisium, A. D. 20. (Tac. Ann. ii. 74,
diol. 1478, the two last being merely reprints iii. 7. )
from Spira. The text, which was gradually im- MARTI'NA. [Heraclius, p. 405, b. )
proved by the diligence of Calderinus, fol. Venet.
MARTINIANUS, magister officiorum to the
1474, 1475, 1480, &c. , of Aldus, 8vo. Venet. emperor Licinius, by whom he was elevated to the
1501, and Junius, 8vo. Basil
, 1559, first assumed dignity of Caesar, when active preparations were in
a satisfactory form in the hands of Gruterus, 16mo. progress for the last great struggle against Constan-
Francf. 1602, who boasted, not without reason, tine.
Martinianus was compelled to surrender
that he had introduced more than a thousand cor-
rections, and was still further purified by Scriverius,
Lug. Bat. 12mo. 1619, Amst. 12mo. 1621, 16mo.
1629, and by Raderus, fol. Mogunt. 1627, Colon.
1628. Schrevelius, in the 8vo Variorum of 1670,
exhibited very judiciously the results of the toils
of his predecessors, and no important improve-
ments were made from that time until 1842, when
Schneidewinn published a new recension (8vo. 2
vols. Grem. 1842 founded upon a most careful
and speed l
bis sanctio
to avoid th
Bogat refu
ever this b
place in hi
of the fourt
written by
puerile fab
man total
fanaticism
Teason; as
tererence
considered
bergarly
čignitars:
a very sh
the anthe
found in
and counc
TOL. vii. p.
hann, B
MARU
plets, B. o
colleague
had been
and atten
had salute
sequences
of the
from the
B. C. ii.
68; Sue
MART
tus (Ana
62, must
TREVODI
that year
Fasti. (F
HRB
MASC
llegados
governor
COIN OF MARTINIANUS
with a
efforts of
san espe
## p. 967 (#983) ############################################
MASCAMES.
967
MASINISSA
&
>
himself to the conqueror, along with his patron, him with annual presents, as a reward for his
whose fate he shared towards thr. end of a. D. 323. faithful service, - a mark of approbation which
A rare coin in third brass is found in some collec- Artaxerxes continued to his descendants. (Herod.
tions bearing the legend D. N. MARTINIANUS P. F. vii, 105, 106. )
[E. E. )
AUG. , which would indicate that he was created MASCEZEL. (Gildo. )
Augustus ; and this conclusion might be drawn MA'SGABA, a Numidian, son of Masinissa,
from the words of Victor. (De Cues. 41. ) [Com- was sent to Rome by his father as ambassador in
pare VALENS, AURELIUS Valerius. ) (Excerpta B. C. 168. He was received with the utmost dis
Vales. 25, 28, 29; Victor, de Cues. 41, Epit. 41; tinction, one of the qunestors being sent to meet
Zosim. ii. 25, 26, 28. )
[W. R. ) him at Puteoli, and attend him from thence to
MARTI'NUS, bishop of Tours, hence desig- Rome. (Liv. xlv. 13, 14. ) (E. H. B. )
nated Turonensis, was born in Pannonia, about MASINISSA (Maoraváo ons), king of the
the ycar 316, was educated at Pavia, and in the Numidians, celebrated for the conspicuous part he
early part of his life served as a soldier, first under bore in the wars between the Romans and Car-
Constantine, afterwards under Julian. While yet thaginians. He was the son of Gala, king of the
in the army he embraced the true faith ; and after Massylians, the easternmost of the two great tribes
he had obtained his discharge, attached himself into which the Numidians were at that time di-
closely to Hilarius of Poitiers, by whose advice he vided, but was brought up at Carthage, where he ap-
returned to his native country, for the purpose of pears to have received an education superior to that
converting his kindred. During the sway of Con- usual among his countrymen. (Liv. xxiv. 49; Appian,
stantine he was exposed to bitter persecution from Pun. 10, 37. ) He was still quite a young man*, but
the Arians, whose doctrines he steadfastly assailed ; had already given proofs of great ability and energy
but after this storm had in some measure passed of character, when in B. C. 213 the Carthaginians
away from the church, he returned to Gaul; and persuaded Gala to declare war against Syphax,
about 360 again sought the society of Hilarius, and king of the neighbouring tribe of the Massaesylians,
founded a monastery. From thence he was reluc- who had lately entered into an alliance with Roine.
tantly dragged in 371, to occupy the see of Tours, Masinissa was appointed by his father to command
and speedily attained such celebrity on account of the invading force, with which he attacked and
his sanctity and power of working miracles, that, totally defeated Syphax, whom he drove to take
to avoid the multitudes attracted by his fame, he refuge in Mauritania, and following him thither
sought refuge in a neighbouring monastery; and carried on the war with unabated vigour, so as
over this he presided until his death, which took effectually to prevent him from crossing into Spain
place in his eightieth year, towards the very close to the assistance of the Romans in that country.
of the fourth century. We possess a life of the saint (Liv. xxiv. 49. ) of the farther progress of this
written by Sulpicius Severus, filled with the most war in Africa we hear nothing ; but the next year
puerile fables, from which we gather that he was a (B. c. 212) we find Masinissa in Spain, supporting
man totally devoid of mental culture, whose wild the Carthaginian generals there with a large body
fanaticism and austerities seriously affected his of Numidian horse ; and it appears probable that,
reason ; and that, although an object of awe and though only occasionally mentioned, he continued
to the crowd, sober-minded persons to hold the same post during the subsequent years
considered his sordid apparel, dishevelled hair, and of the war in that country. In 210, indeed, he is
beggarly aspect, as unbecoming in a Christian mentioned as being at Carthage, but apparently
dignitary. Under the name of Martinus we possess only for the purpose of obtaining reinforcements
a very short Confessio Fidei de Sancta Trinitate for the army in Spain, in which country we again
the authenticity of which is doubtful. It will be find him in the following year (209), at the time
found in almost all the large collections of fathers that Hasdrubal set out on his march into Italy.
and councils, and under its best form in Galland, In 206 he is mentioned as present at Silpia, where
vol. vii. p. 599 ; Proleg. c. xviii. p. xxvi. (Schöne- he shared with Hasdrubal, Gisco, and Mago in
mann, Biblioth. Patr. Lat. vol. i. § 19. ) (W. R. ] their total defeat by Scipio. (Liv. xxv. 31, xxvii.
MARULLUS, C. EPI'DIUS, tribune of the 5, 20, xxviii. 13 ; Polyb. xi. 21; Appian, Hisp.
plebs, B. C. 44, removed, in conjunction with his 25, 27. ) But the reverse then sustained by the
colleague L. Caesetius Flavus, the diadem which Carthaginian arms proved too much for the fidelity
had been placed upon the statue of C. Julius Caesar, of Masinissa : shortly after the battle he made
and attempted to bring to trial the persons who secret overtures to Silanus, the lieutenant of Scipio,
had saluted the dictator as king. Caesar, in con- which, however, led to no immediate result, the
sequence, deprived him of the tribunate, by help Numidian chief being desirous to treat with Scipio
of the tribune Helvius Cinna, and expelled him in person, an opportunity for which did not for
from the senate. (Dion Cass. xliv. 9, 10 ; Appian, some time present itself. At length, however, the
B. C. ii. 108, 122 ; Plut. Caes. 61 ; Vell. Pat. ii. desired interview took place, and Masinissa pledged
68 ; Suet. Caes. 79, 80 ; Cic. Philipp. xiii. 15. ) himself to support the Romans with all the forces
MARULLUS, JU'NIUS, mentioned by Taci- at his command as soon as they should carry an
tus (Ann. xiv. 48), as consul designatus in A. D. army into Africa. (Liv. xxviii. 16, 35. ) In ad-
62, must have been one of the consules suffecti in
that year, though his name does not occur in the * Livy indeed states (xxiv. 49) that he was at
Fasti. (Pighius, Annal. vol. iii. p. 595. )
this time only seventeen years old ; but this is
MASCÄMES (Maokáums), a Persian, son of inconsistent with the statement of Polybius (xxxvii.
Megadostes or Megalostes, was made by Xerxes 3), which is followed by Livy himself in another
governor of Doriscus in Thrace, which he kept passage (Epit. 1. ), that Masinissa was ninety years
with great vigour and fidelity, defying all the old at the time of his death, B. c. 148. According
efforts of the Greeks, after the failure of the Per to this account, he would be at this time about
sian expedition, to expel him. Xerxes honoured | twenty-five years of age.
reverence
3 94
## p. 968 (#984) ############################################
968
MASINISSA.
MASINISSA.
borse which Has
persone them
retuned to the
Lacin in the
the main body
w now foreza
coses with hi
facititas that
csalt ekranu
II, 4, 5, 9,
Apran, Pana
Beration on
dition to the effect produced by the success of the soon as bis wound was partially healed he once
Roman arms, and the great personal influence of more re-appeared among the Massylians, and
Scipio-an influence increased in this case by his quickly gathered around his standard an army of
generous conduct towards Massiva, a nephew of 10,000 men. Syphax now took the field against
Masinissa (MASSIVA]— the Numidian prince is him in person, and again obtained a decisive vic-
said to have been actuated by resentment against tory, Masinissa, with a small body of horsemen,
Hasdrubal, who had previously betrothed to him with difficulty cutting his way through the enemy's
his beautiful daughter Sophonisba, but violated his forces. He, however, effected his escape to the
engagement, in order to bestow her hand upon sea-coast, and there hovered about, at the head of
Syphax. (Appian, Pun. 10; Zonar. ix. 11, p. 436. ) a mere predatory band, until the landing of Scipio
The chronology of these events is, however, very in Africa B. C. 204, when he instantly joined him
uncertain : according to Livy, it was not till some with such a force as he had been able to collech
time after this that the betrothal of Sophonisba (Liv. xxix. 31–33 ; Appian, Pun. 10–13. ).
