The centre of
Asia resembles a terrace supported on all sides by
chains of mountains.
Asia resembles a terrace supported on all sides by
chains of mountains.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
These, by the permission of
the people, Tarquinius adopted as the insignia of king-
ly power; and, with the exception of the crown and
4f -he embroidered robe, they remained as such both
to his successors on the throne and to the consuls, un-
less on the days when they went in public triumph to
the Capitol. Such were the military exploits ascribed
to Tarquinius; and there is nothing so improbable in
them as-to startle our belief. It is, indeed, manifest
from other indications, that about the period assumed
as the reign of Tarquinius Friscus, as he is called for
sake of distinction, the dominions of Rome must have
comprised nearly all the territory which he is said
to have conquered, and also that the city must have
risen to great wealth and power. The latter point is
proved by the great public works which all accounts
agree in ascribing to him. He built the cloaca maxi-
ma, or great sewers, to drain off the water from be-
tween the Palatine and Capitolinc, and the Palatine
and Aventine Hills. This vast drain was constructed
of huge blocks of hewn stone, triply arched, and of
such dimensions that a barge could float along in it
beneath the very streets of the city. Earthquakes
have shaken the city and the adjacent hills; but the
cloaca maxima remains to this day unimpaired, an en-
during monument of the power and skill of the king
and the people by whom it was constructed. The
Circus Maximus, or great racecourse, was also a work
of this monarch, intended for the display of what were
Called the great, or Roman games. The forum, with
Hs rows of shops, was also the work of Tarquinius;
and he began to surround the city "with a wall of
? ? masiv hewn stones. He likewise made preparation
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? TARQUINIUS
atorj of the Tarquins, and necessitates siilY more f j_-
silirjiimis than they themselves had any notion of, in
order to restore even a scantling of sense and unity. "
(Xiebuhr, Rom. Hist, vol. 1, p. 320. -- Compare, in
opposition to this, however, the dissertation of Valla,
Prtef. , not. in Lin. )--According to the ordinary ac-
count, Servius Tullius had given his two daughters in
marriage to Tarquinius and his brother Aruns. Now
it happened that these daughters were of very unlike
tempers, as were also their husbands. The elder
Tullia was of a gentle disposition; her younger sister
fierce, imperious, and ambitious. Aruns Tarquinius
was of a mild and quiet character; his brother Lucius
proud, restless, and domineering. To counteract these
tempers, Servius had given the gentle princess to the
ambitious prince, and made the haughty damsel wife
to the mild husband. But this dissimilarity of temper
did not produce the effect which he had expected.
The fiery tempered of each couple became dissatisfied
with the one of gentler nature; the milder wife and
husband perished by the crimes of their aspiring mates,
who were speedily united in a second shameless mar-
riage. Then did the aspiring temper of the one urge
on the haughty and ambitious heart of the other, till
they resolved to make way to the throne by the mur-
der of the good old man, their king and father. To
this attempt Lucius was encouraged by the unconceal-
ed dissatisfaction of the patricians with the influence
obtained by the plebeians in the new constitution.
Their dissatisfaction was increased by a rumour that
Servius intended to abolish the monarchical form alto-
gether, and divide the sway between the two consuls,
one to be chosen from the patrician, and one from the
plebeian body. -- Having formed a strong faction among
the patricians^Tarquinius went to the senate-house,
Mated himself in the royal chair, and summoned the
senators to meet King Tarquinius. Servius, having
heard the(rumour, hastened to the senate-house, ac-
cused Tarquinius of treason, and laid hold of him to
remove him from the royal chair. The usurper in-
? tantly seized the old man, dragged him to the dnor,
and threw him with great force down the steps. There
he lay for a few moments, stunned and bleeding with
the fall; then, rising slowly, staggered away towards
his palace. Some ruffians employed by Tarquinius
pursued, overtook, and killed him, leaving the body
lying bleeding in the street. Meantime, tidings of
what was going on had reached Tullia, who immedi-
ately mounted her chariot, drove to the senate-house,
and saluted Tarquinius as king. He bade her with-
draw from such a tumult; and she, on her return, drove
her chariot over the body of her newly-murdered fa-
ther. (Vid. Tullia. ^ Tarquinius,having thus obtain-
ed the forcible possession of the throne, declined to
submit to the form of an election, or to make the cus-
tomary appeals to the comitia curiata for the ratifica-
tion of his kingly power. He seized the crown as if
it were hereditary, and seemed resolved to rule without
. the concurrence of any of the great assemblies. But
as he had been raised to the throne by the aid of the
patricians, his first act was to gratify them by repeal-
ing the privileges which Servius had granted to the
plebeians. He suppressed the institution of the comi-
tia centuriata, and even prohibited the meetings of the
country tribes at the pagahalia. But this was only the
beginning of his tyranny. He depressed the commons
or plebeians; but he had no intention to permit the
power of the patricians to become too strong, espe-
? ? cially as he was himself but too well aware of their
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? TAB
TAR
tiueretia. (Vid. Coltatinue. )--IV. Sextua, eldest son
of Tarquinius Superbus according to Dionysius of
Halicarnassus (4, 55), hot, according to Livy (1, 53),
the youngest. His name is celebrated in the old le-
gend for the stratagem by which he placed the city of
Gabii in the power of his father. Having played the
part of an insurgent against his parent, the king, for
whose anger his wanton insolence afforded a specious
provocation, condemned him to a disgraceful punish-
ment, as if he had been the meanest of his subjects.
Sextus thereupon came to the Gabines, to all appear-
a. ice a fugitive: the bloody marks of his ill-treatment,
and, above all, the infatuation which comes over such
as are doomed to perish, gained him belief and good-
will: at first he led volunteers, then troops were in-
trusted to his charge; every enterprise succeeded; for
booty and soldiers were thrown into his way at certain
appointed places: the deluded citizens raised the man,
under whose command they promised themselves the
pleasures of a successful war, to the dictatorship.
The last step of his treachery was yet to come: where
the troops were not hirelings, it was a hazardous ven-
ture to open a gate. Sextus sent a confidential 6lave
. to demand of his father in what way he should deliver
up Gabii into his hands. Tarquinius was in his gar-
den when he admitted the messenger into his presence:
he walked along in silence, striking off the heads of
the tallest poppies with his staff, anil dismissed the man
without an answer. On this hint Sextus put to death,
or, by means of false charges, banished such of the Ga-
bines as were able to oppose him: the distribution of
their fortunes purchased him partisans among the low-
est class; and, possessing himself of the uncontested
rule, he brought the city to acknowledge his father's
supremacy. (Lin, 1,53. --Dion. Hal. , 4, 55. ) This
story, as Niebuhr well observes, is patched up from
the well-known two in Herodotus (3, 154; 5, 92. --
Vid Zopyrus, and Periander). Besides, it is quite
Impossible that Gabii should have fallen into the hands
'if the Roman king by treachery: had such been the
case, no one would have granted the Roman franchise
to he Gabines, and have spared them all chastisement
by . lit" scourge of war, as Tarquinius is said to have
done by Dionysius himself (4, 58. --Niebuhr, Rom.
Hist. , vol. 1, p. 450). --The violence which, some time
after this, Sextus offered to Lsyretia, was the cause
of his father's banishment, and the downfall of the
whole line. He himself retired to Gabii, of which his
father had before this made him king (Dion. Hal. , 4,
58), and was assassinated here by certain persons
whom his acts of bloodshed and rapine had roused to
vengeance. (Liv , 1,60. )--V. Aruns, a brother of
Tarquinius Superbus. (Vid. Arum I. )--VI. Aruns,
a son <<f Tarquinius Superbus. (Vid. Aruna II. )
Tarraco, now Tarragona, a town of the Cosetani
in Hispania Citerior, on the coast of the Mediterrane-
an, and northeast of the mouth of the Iberus. This
was the first place where the Scipios landed in the
second Punic war, and which, after having fortified it,
they made their place of arms, and a Roman colony.
(Plin. , 3, 4. -- Solin. , c. 23, 26. ) Tarraco, in conse-
quence of this, soon rose to importance, and in time
became the rival of Carthago Nova. It was the usual
place of residence for the Roman prretors. On the di-
vision of Spain, which took place in the reign of Au-
gustus (vid. Hispania), this city gave the name of Tar-
raconensis to what had been previously called Hispania
? ? Citerior. (Plin. , i. e. --Mela, 2, 6. --Compare Vkert,
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? TAT
TAG
wss unmoved by any wind. Tartarus was regarded,
at this period, as the prison of the'gods, and not as the
ptace of torment for wicked men, being to the gods
what Ereljus was to men, the abode of those who were
driven from the supernal world. The Titans, when
conquered, were shut up in it, and in the Iliad (8, 13)
Jupiter menaces the gods with banishment to its mur-
ky regions. The Oceanus of Homer encompassed tho
whole earth, and beyond it was a region unvisitcd by
? he sun, and therefore shrouded in perpetual darkness,
the abode of a people whom he names Cimmerians.
Here the poet of the Odyssey also places Erebus, the
'ealm of Pluto and Proserpina, the final dwelling of all
the race of men, a place which the poet of the Iliad
describes as lying within the bosom of the earth. At
a later period, the change of religious ideas gradually
affected Erebus, the abode of the dead. Elysium was
moved down to it, as the place of reward for the good;
and Tartarus was raised up to it, to form the prison in
which the wicked suffered the punishment due to their
crimes. (Kcightley's Mythology, p. 32, 39, 43. )
Tartessus, a town of Spain, situate, according to
the most general, though not the most correct opinion,
in an island of the same name at the mouth of the Baetis,
formed by the two branches of the river. No traces of
this island now remain, as one of the arms of the riv-
er has disappeared. With regard to the actual position
of the town itself, much difference of opinion exists
both in ancient and modern writers. Mannert is in fa-
vour of making Hispalis the Tartessus of Herodotus,
and opposes the idea of its being the same either with
Carteia or Gades, as many ancient writers maintain.
It could not, according to him, correspond with Car-
teia, since Tartessus lay without the Straits of Hercu-
les; nor could it be the same as Gades, since Herodo-
tus speaks of both Gades and Tartessus by their re-
spective names, and the latter was not subject to the
Phoenicians, but had a king of its own. (Mannert,
Geogr. , vol. 1, p. 294. ) According to Strabo, the
Bxtis tself was anciently called Tartessus, and the ad-
jacent countryTartessis. (Strabo, 148). Bochart,how-
ever, makes Tartessus to have been the Tarshish of
Scripture, and the same with Gades. (Gcogr. Sacr. ,
3, 7, coll. 170. )
Taruanna, a city of Gallia Bclgica Secunda, in the
lerritorv of the Morini, now Terouennc. (Ptolemy. --
/tin. Ant. , 376. )
TarvisIuk, an ancient city of Venetia, on the river
Silis. At a later period it became the scat of a bish-
opric, and only a town of note about the middle ages.
It is now Treviso. (Procop. , B. G. , 3, 1. -- Paul.
Diae. , 2, 12. )
Tatianus, a Syrian rhetorician, converted to Chris-
tianity by Justin Martyr, whom he followed to Rome in
the latter part of the second century. After the death
of Justin, the opinions of his proselyte took a ctrn to-
wards those of Marcion, with whom he was contem-
porary; but, differing from that heresiarch in some
material points, he became the head of a aect of fol-
lowers of his own, who acquired the appellation of Eu-
cratitse and Hydroparastata? , from the abstinence which
they enjoined from wine and animal food, and their
aubstitution of water for the former in the administra-
tion of the Eucharist. The editio princeps by Gesner,
Tigur. , 1546, fol. , contains merely the Greek text.
The best edition is that of Worth (Gr. el Lat ), Ozon. ,
1700, 8vo. Tatian's work is sometimes appended to
? ? editions of Justin Martyr. ? (Clarke, Bibliograph. Diet. ,
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? TAURUS
TEA
upon
lasiw, '. fji. 'if the Moschian mountains, runs in a south-
ern r. ircctiop and joins the Taurus. Modern accounts
'cprjsent this junction as not very marked. Strabo,
ivnu was born on the spot, and who had travelled as
far as Armenia, considers the entire centre of Asia
Mi. ior, together with all Armenia, Media, and Gordy-
tnj, or Koordistan, as a very elevated country, crowned
? . vim seven! chains of mountains, all of which are so
3<n>>cly joitid together that they may be regarded a:
"Armenia and Media," says he, " are situated
Taurus. " This plateau seems also to comprehend
Kourdistan. and the branches which it sends out ex-
tend into Persia as far as the great desert of Kerman
on one side, and towards the sources of the Gihon and
the Indus on the other. By thus considering the vast
Taurus of the ancients as . an upland plain, and not as
a chaiii, the testimonies of Strabo and Pliny may be
reconciled with the accounts of modern travellers.
Two chains of mountains are detached from the pla
teau of Armenia to enter the peninsula of Asia; the
one first confines and then crosses th'e channel of the
Euphrates near Samosata; ihe other borders the Pon-
tai Euxinus, leaving only narrow plains between it and
lhat sea. These two chains, one of which is in part
the Anti-Taurus, and the other the Paryadres of the
ancients, or the mountain Tchc/dir or Kcldir of the
moderns, are united to the west of the Euphrates, be-
tween the towns of Siwas, Tocas, and Kaisarieh, by
means of the chain of Argsus, now named Argch-
Dag, whose summit is covered with perpetual snows,
a circumstance which, under so low a latitude, shows
an elevation of from 9 to 10,000 feet.
The centre of
Asia resembles a terrace supported on all sides by
chains of mountains. The chain which, breaking off
at once (iom Mount Argaeus and from Anti-Taurus,
bounds the ancient Cilicia to the north, is more par-
ticularly known by the name of Taurus, a name which
in several languages appears to have one common root,
ind simply signifies mountain. The elevation of this
chain mtsst be considerable, since Cicero affirms that
ft was impassable to armies before the month of June,
or. account of the snow. Diodorus details the fright-
ful ravi. ies and precipices which it was necessary to
cross in going from Gilicia into Gappadocia. Modern
travellers, who have crossed more to the west of this
chain, now called Alah-Dag, represent it as similar to
that of the Apeninnes and Mount Haemus. It sends
? off to the west several branches, some of which termi-
nate on the shores of the Mediterranean, as the Cra-
gus, and the Masicystes of the ancients, in Lycia;
the others, greatly inferior in elevation, extend to
the coasts of the Archipelago opposite the islands of
Cos and Rhodes. To the east, Mount Amanus, now
the Alma-Dag, a detached branch of the Taurus,
separates Cilicia from Syria, having only two nar-
row passes, the one towards the Euphrates, the oth-
er close by the sea; the first answers to the Pyloe
Amanicas of the ancients, the other to the Pylas Syrias.
Two other chains of mountains are sent off from
the western part of the central plateau. The one
is the Bdba-Dag of the moderns, which formed the
Tmolus, the Messogis, and the Sipylus of the an-
cients, and which terminates towards the islands of
Samos*and Chios; the other, extending in a north-
west direction, presents more elevated summits, among
? which are the celebrated Ida and the Mysian Olympus.
? ? Lastly, the northern side of the plateau is propelled
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? TEG
<<
town e( the Sidicini. Strabo, speaking of the Apu-
lian Tcanum, says it was situate at some distance
from the coast, and at the head of a lake formed by
the sea, which here encroaches so considerably upon
the land, that the breadth of Italy between this point
and Putcoli did not exceed 100(1 stadia. (Strabo,
235 ) The ruins of this place arc said to exist on the
eite of Civitatc, about a mile from the right hank of
ihe Fortore, and ten miles from the sea. (Cramer's
Anc. Ilaly, vol. 2, p. 272. )--II. Sidicmum, the only
city ascribed to the Sidicini, a Campanian tribe. It
is now TCI:nu, and was distant about fifteen miles from
Capua, in a northwest direction. Strabo informs us
that it stood on the Latin Way, being the most con-
siderable of all the towns so fituated, and inferior to
Capua only in extent and importance among the Cam-
panian cities. (Strab. , 237, 248. ) This fact seems
to derive additional confirmation from the numerous
remains of walls and public buildings said to be still
visible on its ancient site. Tcanum became a Roman
colony under Augustus. (Front. , dc Col. --Plin. , 3,
5. )--Some cold acidulous springs are noticed in its vi-
cinity by Vitruvius: they are now called Acqua dclle
Caldarelle. (Pratilli, Via Appia, 2, 9. --Cramer* t
Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 194. )
TEARUS, a river of Thrace, rising in the same rock
from 38 different sources, some of which arc hot, and
others cold. Its sources, according to Herodotus,
were equidistant from Heraum, a city near Perin-
thus, and from Apollouia on the Euxine, being two
d>>ys' journey from each. It emptied into the Conta-
deadus, this last into the Agrianes, and the Agrianes
into the Hebrus. Its waters were esteemed of ser-
vice in curing cutaneous disorders. Darius raised a
column there when he marched against the Scythians,
to denote the sweetness and salubrity of the waters of
that river. (Herod. , 4, 90, &c. --Plin. , 4, 11. )
TECMESSA, the daughter of a Phrygian prince, call-
ed by some Teuthras, and by Sophocles Teleutas.
When her father was killed by Ajax, son of Telamon,
it the time the Greeks sacked the towns in the neigh-
bourhood of Troy, the young princess became the
property of the conqueror, and by him she had a son
called Eurysaces. Sophocles introduces her as one
of the characters in his play of the Ajax. (Schol. ad
Soph. , Aj. , 200. )
TECTOSAGES, a Gallic tribe, belonging to the stem
cf (he Volcse, and whose territory lay between the
Sinus Gallicus and the Ausci, and in the immediate
vicinity of the Pyrenees. They appear to have been
a numerous and powerful race. A part of them were
led off by Sigovesus in quest of other settlements, and,
passing through the Hercynian forest, spread them-
selves over Pannonia and Illyricum, and subsequently
made an inroad into Macedonia. From Europe a por-
tion of them then passed into Asia Minor, and at last
occupied the central portion of what was called, from
i<<s Gallic settlements, Gallatia. Their towns in this
country were less numerous than those of their fel-
low-tribes; but, on the other hand, they could boast
of having for their capital the largest and most cele-
brated city of the whole province, namely, Ancyra.
(Via. Ancyra. --Thierry, Hist, dcs Gauloii, vol. 1,
p. 131, scqq. --Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 91. )
TKCKA or TKCJ. -KA, a city of Arcadia, next to Man-
. inea, the most ancient and important in the country.
ft lay in an eastern direction from the southern part of
? ? the Maennlian ridge. This -place was said to have
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? TEL
TEL
chart, Phal. , p. 371, where the line from Semens of
Alexandres, Strom. , 5, p. 3? 4. is corrected. ) With
respect to their names and number, the ancient writers
diner. Nonnus applies to them the two Dactyli-names
Kclmis *nd Damnameneus. (Dionys. , 14, 36. ) Tzet-
zes, on the other hand, names five Telchines, Aclaus,
Megalesius, Ormenus, Nikon, and Simon. (Chil. , 7,
126. ) Thn Telchines are also represented as power-
ful enchanters, who hold in control the elements, and
'could bring clouds, rain, hail, and snow at pleasure.
(Hcsyck. , s. v. 0e? . ylvec. --Suid. , s. t. Tr/lrfvrf. --
'/. cnobtus, Proverb. , 5, 131. --Hock, Krela, vol. 1, p.
345, seqq. --Id. ib. , vol. 1, p. 354. --Consult remarks
at the commencement of the article Rhodus. )
Tei-euo* or Telkhoks, a people of . -Ltolia, called
also Taphians. (Vid. Taphia;. )
Tei-eboIdes, islands between Leucadia and Acar-
nania. {Vid. Taphie. )
Telegonus, a son of Ulysses and Circe, born in
the island of -Ea-a, where he was educated. When
arrived at the years of manhood, he went to Ithaca to
make himself known to his father, but he was ship-
wrecked on the coast, and, being destitute of provis-
ions, he plundered some of the inhabitants of the isl-
and. Ulysses and Telemachus came to defend the
property of their subjects against this unknown inva-
der; a quarrel arose, and Telegonus killed his father
without knowing who he was. He afterward returned
to his native country, and, according to Hyginus, he
carried thither his father's body, where it was buried.
Telemachus and Penelope also accompanied him in
his return, and soon after the nuptials of Telegonus
with Penelope were celebrated by order of Miner-
va. Penelope had by Telegonus a son called Iialus.
Telegonus was said to have founded Tusculum in
Italy, and, according to some, he left one daughter
called Mamilia, from whom the patrician family of the
Mamilii at Home were descended. (Horat. , Od. , 3,
29, S. --Orjd, Fatt. , 3, i. --Trial. , 1, l. --Hygin. job. ,
127. )
Txlkhaciics, a son of Ulysses and Peneldpe. He
iras still in the cradle when his father went with the
reat of the Greeks to the Trojan war. At the end of
this celebrated contest, Telemachus, anxious to see
his father, went in quest of him; and, as the place of
his residence and the cause of his long absence were
then unknown, he visited the court of Mcnelaus and
. Nestor to obtain information. He afterward returned
to Ithaca, where the suiters of his mother Penelope
had conspired to destroy him; but he avoided their
snares, and by means of Minerva he discovered his
father, who had arrived in the island two days before
him, and was then in the house of Eumteus. With
this faithful servant and Ulysses, Telemachus con-
certed how to deliver his mother from the importuni-
ties of her suiters, and his efforts were crowned with
success. After the death of his father, Telemachus
is said to have gone to the island of /E<<ea, where he
married Circe, or, according to others, Cassiphone, the
daughter of Circe, by whom he had a son called La-
tinus. (Hum. , Od. --Hygin , fab. , 95, 125. )
Telephus, I. a king of Mysia, son of Hercules and
Auge, the daughter of Aleus. He was exposed as
soon as born on Mount Parthenius, on the confines of
Argolis and Arcadia; but the babe was protected by
# thecareof the gods; for a hind, which hadjust calved,
came and suckled him; and the shepherds, finding him,
? ? named him Telephus from that circumstance \"Tri%-
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? TH>
T K. N
here, the waters of which were so exireu ely cold,
that Tiresias was fabled to have died of drinking of
i^em. The site of this place is supposed by Sir W.
Gell to correspond with the kalybea of Vanma (Itin-
erary of the Morea, p. 120); but Miiller is inclined to
identify <it with Kalzioula, which is described by Gell
M a miserable place in the neighbourhood of a large
ruined city. (Dorians, vol. 2, p. 448. Oxford transl.
--Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 323 )
Tbhbnus, son of Aristomachus, and one of the Her-
aclidae. (Vid. Heraclida. )
Tehkriniia, according 'o Pliny (6, 7), the Scythian
name for the Pains Ma? olis. --Compare the re-narks of
Ritler (Vorhalle, p. 161, seqqX
Tehhsa, I. a town of the Bruttii, southwest of
Terina, and near the coast. It was a place of great
antiquity, and celebrated for its copper-mines, to which
Homer is supposed to have referred in the Odyssey (1,
182). This circumstance, however, is doubtful, as
there was a town of the same name in Cypr'j; (? ":^lc,
? 55); while others, again, considered the Hon. tic
Temesa as identical with Brundisium. (Eustath. cd
Horn. . Od. , I. c. ) In Strabo's time these mines ap-
pear to have been exhausted.
the people, Tarquinius adopted as the insignia of king-
ly power; and, with the exception of the crown and
4f -he embroidered robe, they remained as such both
to his successors on the throne and to the consuls, un-
less on the days when they went in public triumph to
the Capitol. Such were the military exploits ascribed
to Tarquinius; and there is nothing so improbable in
them as-to startle our belief. It is, indeed, manifest
from other indications, that about the period assumed
as the reign of Tarquinius Friscus, as he is called for
sake of distinction, the dominions of Rome must have
comprised nearly all the territory which he is said
to have conquered, and also that the city must have
risen to great wealth and power. The latter point is
proved by the great public works which all accounts
agree in ascribing to him. He built the cloaca maxi-
ma, or great sewers, to drain off the water from be-
tween the Palatine and Capitolinc, and the Palatine
and Aventine Hills. This vast drain was constructed
of huge blocks of hewn stone, triply arched, and of
such dimensions that a barge could float along in it
beneath the very streets of the city. Earthquakes
have shaken the city and the adjacent hills; but the
cloaca maxima remains to this day unimpaired, an en-
during monument of the power and skill of the king
and the people by whom it was constructed. The
Circus Maximus, or great racecourse, was also a work
of this monarch, intended for the display of what were
Called the great, or Roman games. The forum, with
Hs rows of shops, was also the work of Tarquinius;
and he began to surround the city "with a wall of
? ? masiv hewn stones. He likewise made preparation
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? TARQUINIUS
atorj of the Tarquins, and necessitates siilY more f j_-
silirjiimis than they themselves had any notion of, in
order to restore even a scantling of sense and unity. "
(Xiebuhr, Rom. Hist, vol. 1, p. 320. -- Compare, in
opposition to this, however, the dissertation of Valla,
Prtef. , not. in Lin. )--According to the ordinary ac-
count, Servius Tullius had given his two daughters in
marriage to Tarquinius and his brother Aruns. Now
it happened that these daughters were of very unlike
tempers, as were also their husbands. The elder
Tullia was of a gentle disposition; her younger sister
fierce, imperious, and ambitious. Aruns Tarquinius
was of a mild and quiet character; his brother Lucius
proud, restless, and domineering. To counteract these
tempers, Servius had given the gentle princess to the
ambitious prince, and made the haughty damsel wife
to the mild husband. But this dissimilarity of temper
did not produce the effect which he had expected.
The fiery tempered of each couple became dissatisfied
with the one of gentler nature; the milder wife and
husband perished by the crimes of their aspiring mates,
who were speedily united in a second shameless mar-
riage. Then did the aspiring temper of the one urge
on the haughty and ambitious heart of the other, till
they resolved to make way to the throne by the mur-
der of the good old man, their king and father. To
this attempt Lucius was encouraged by the unconceal-
ed dissatisfaction of the patricians with the influence
obtained by the plebeians in the new constitution.
Their dissatisfaction was increased by a rumour that
Servius intended to abolish the monarchical form alto-
gether, and divide the sway between the two consuls,
one to be chosen from the patrician, and one from the
plebeian body. -- Having formed a strong faction among
the patricians^Tarquinius went to the senate-house,
Mated himself in the royal chair, and summoned the
senators to meet King Tarquinius. Servius, having
heard the(rumour, hastened to the senate-house, ac-
cused Tarquinius of treason, and laid hold of him to
remove him from the royal chair. The usurper in-
? tantly seized the old man, dragged him to the dnor,
and threw him with great force down the steps. There
he lay for a few moments, stunned and bleeding with
the fall; then, rising slowly, staggered away towards
his palace. Some ruffians employed by Tarquinius
pursued, overtook, and killed him, leaving the body
lying bleeding in the street. Meantime, tidings of
what was going on had reached Tullia, who immedi-
ately mounted her chariot, drove to the senate-house,
and saluted Tarquinius as king. He bade her with-
draw from such a tumult; and she, on her return, drove
her chariot over the body of her newly-murdered fa-
ther. (Vid. Tullia. ^ Tarquinius,having thus obtain-
ed the forcible possession of the throne, declined to
submit to the form of an election, or to make the cus-
tomary appeals to the comitia curiata for the ratifica-
tion of his kingly power. He seized the crown as if
it were hereditary, and seemed resolved to rule without
. the concurrence of any of the great assemblies. But
as he had been raised to the throne by the aid of the
patricians, his first act was to gratify them by repeal-
ing the privileges which Servius had granted to the
plebeians. He suppressed the institution of the comi-
tia centuriata, and even prohibited the meetings of the
country tribes at the pagahalia. But this was only the
beginning of his tyranny. He depressed the commons
or plebeians; but he had no intention to permit the
power of the patricians to become too strong, espe-
? ? cially as he was himself but too well aware of their
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? TAB
TAR
tiueretia. (Vid. Coltatinue. )--IV. Sextua, eldest son
of Tarquinius Superbus according to Dionysius of
Halicarnassus (4, 55), hot, according to Livy (1, 53),
the youngest. His name is celebrated in the old le-
gend for the stratagem by which he placed the city of
Gabii in the power of his father. Having played the
part of an insurgent against his parent, the king, for
whose anger his wanton insolence afforded a specious
provocation, condemned him to a disgraceful punish-
ment, as if he had been the meanest of his subjects.
Sextus thereupon came to the Gabines, to all appear-
a. ice a fugitive: the bloody marks of his ill-treatment,
and, above all, the infatuation which comes over such
as are doomed to perish, gained him belief and good-
will: at first he led volunteers, then troops were in-
trusted to his charge; every enterprise succeeded; for
booty and soldiers were thrown into his way at certain
appointed places: the deluded citizens raised the man,
under whose command they promised themselves the
pleasures of a successful war, to the dictatorship.
The last step of his treachery was yet to come: where
the troops were not hirelings, it was a hazardous ven-
ture to open a gate. Sextus sent a confidential 6lave
. to demand of his father in what way he should deliver
up Gabii into his hands. Tarquinius was in his gar-
den when he admitted the messenger into his presence:
he walked along in silence, striking off the heads of
the tallest poppies with his staff, anil dismissed the man
without an answer. On this hint Sextus put to death,
or, by means of false charges, banished such of the Ga-
bines as were able to oppose him: the distribution of
their fortunes purchased him partisans among the low-
est class; and, possessing himself of the uncontested
rule, he brought the city to acknowledge his father's
supremacy. (Lin, 1,53. --Dion. Hal. , 4, 55. ) This
story, as Niebuhr well observes, is patched up from
the well-known two in Herodotus (3, 154; 5, 92. --
Vid Zopyrus, and Periander). Besides, it is quite
Impossible that Gabii should have fallen into the hands
'if the Roman king by treachery: had such been the
case, no one would have granted the Roman franchise
to he Gabines, and have spared them all chastisement
by . lit" scourge of war, as Tarquinius is said to have
done by Dionysius himself (4, 58. --Niebuhr, Rom.
Hist. , vol. 1, p. 450). --The violence which, some time
after this, Sextus offered to Lsyretia, was the cause
of his father's banishment, and the downfall of the
whole line. He himself retired to Gabii, of which his
father had before this made him king (Dion. Hal. , 4,
58), and was assassinated here by certain persons
whom his acts of bloodshed and rapine had roused to
vengeance. (Liv , 1,60. )--V. Aruns, a brother of
Tarquinius Superbus. (Vid. Arum I. )--VI. Aruns,
a son <<f Tarquinius Superbus. (Vid. Aruna II. )
Tarraco, now Tarragona, a town of the Cosetani
in Hispania Citerior, on the coast of the Mediterrane-
an, and northeast of the mouth of the Iberus. This
was the first place where the Scipios landed in the
second Punic war, and which, after having fortified it,
they made their place of arms, and a Roman colony.
(Plin. , 3, 4. -- Solin. , c. 23, 26. ) Tarraco, in conse-
quence of this, soon rose to importance, and in time
became the rival of Carthago Nova. It was the usual
place of residence for the Roman prretors. On the di-
vision of Spain, which took place in the reign of Au-
gustus (vid. Hispania), this city gave the name of Tar-
raconensis to what had been previously called Hispania
? ? Citerior. (Plin. , i. e. --Mela, 2, 6. --Compare Vkert,
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? TAT
TAG
wss unmoved by any wind. Tartarus was regarded,
at this period, as the prison of the'gods, and not as the
ptace of torment for wicked men, being to the gods
what Ereljus was to men, the abode of those who were
driven from the supernal world. The Titans, when
conquered, were shut up in it, and in the Iliad (8, 13)
Jupiter menaces the gods with banishment to its mur-
ky regions. The Oceanus of Homer encompassed tho
whole earth, and beyond it was a region unvisitcd by
? he sun, and therefore shrouded in perpetual darkness,
the abode of a people whom he names Cimmerians.
Here the poet of the Odyssey also places Erebus, the
'ealm of Pluto and Proserpina, the final dwelling of all
the race of men, a place which the poet of the Iliad
describes as lying within the bosom of the earth. At
a later period, the change of religious ideas gradually
affected Erebus, the abode of the dead. Elysium was
moved down to it, as the place of reward for the good;
and Tartarus was raised up to it, to form the prison in
which the wicked suffered the punishment due to their
crimes. (Kcightley's Mythology, p. 32, 39, 43. )
Tartessus, a town of Spain, situate, according to
the most general, though not the most correct opinion,
in an island of the same name at the mouth of the Baetis,
formed by the two branches of the river. No traces of
this island now remain, as one of the arms of the riv-
er has disappeared. With regard to the actual position
of the town itself, much difference of opinion exists
both in ancient and modern writers. Mannert is in fa-
vour of making Hispalis the Tartessus of Herodotus,
and opposes the idea of its being the same either with
Carteia or Gades, as many ancient writers maintain.
It could not, according to him, correspond with Car-
teia, since Tartessus lay without the Straits of Hercu-
les; nor could it be the same as Gades, since Herodo-
tus speaks of both Gades and Tartessus by their re-
spective names, and the latter was not subject to the
Phoenicians, but had a king of its own. (Mannert,
Geogr. , vol. 1, p. 294. ) According to Strabo, the
Bxtis tself was anciently called Tartessus, and the ad-
jacent countryTartessis. (Strabo, 148). Bochart,how-
ever, makes Tartessus to have been the Tarshish of
Scripture, and the same with Gades. (Gcogr. Sacr. ,
3, 7, coll. 170. )
Taruanna, a city of Gallia Bclgica Secunda, in the
lerritorv of the Morini, now Terouennc. (Ptolemy. --
/tin. Ant. , 376. )
TarvisIuk, an ancient city of Venetia, on the river
Silis. At a later period it became the scat of a bish-
opric, and only a town of note about the middle ages.
It is now Treviso. (Procop. , B. G. , 3, 1. -- Paul.
Diae. , 2, 12. )
Tatianus, a Syrian rhetorician, converted to Chris-
tianity by Justin Martyr, whom he followed to Rome in
the latter part of the second century. After the death
of Justin, the opinions of his proselyte took a ctrn to-
wards those of Marcion, with whom he was contem-
porary; but, differing from that heresiarch in some
material points, he became the head of a aect of fol-
lowers of his own, who acquired the appellation of Eu-
cratitse and Hydroparastata? , from the abstinence which
they enjoined from wine and animal food, and their
aubstitution of water for the former in the administra-
tion of the Eucharist. The editio princeps by Gesner,
Tigur. , 1546, fol. , contains merely the Greek text.
The best edition is that of Worth (Gr. el Lat ), Ozon. ,
1700, 8vo. Tatian's work is sometimes appended to
? ? editions of Justin Martyr. ? (Clarke, Bibliograph. Diet. ,
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? TAURUS
TEA
upon
lasiw, '. fji. 'if the Moschian mountains, runs in a south-
ern r. ircctiop and joins the Taurus. Modern accounts
'cprjsent this junction as not very marked. Strabo,
ivnu was born on the spot, and who had travelled as
far as Armenia, considers the entire centre of Asia
Mi. ior, together with all Armenia, Media, and Gordy-
tnj, or Koordistan, as a very elevated country, crowned
? . vim seven! chains of mountains, all of which are so
3<n>>cly joitid together that they may be regarded a:
"Armenia and Media," says he, " are situated
Taurus. " This plateau seems also to comprehend
Kourdistan. and the branches which it sends out ex-
tend into Persia as far as the great desert of Kerman
on one side, and towards the sources of the Gihon and
the Indus on the other. By thus considering the vast
Taurus of the ancients as . an upland plain, and not as
a chaiii, the testimonies of Strabo and Pliny may be
reconciled with the accounts of modern travellers.
Two chains of mountains are detached from the pla
teau of Armenia to enter the peninsula of Asia; the
one first confines and then crosses th'e channel of the
Euphrates near Samosata; ihe other borders the Pon-
tai Euxinus, leaving only narrow plains between it and
lhat sea. These two chains, one of which is in part
the Anti-Taurus, and the other the Paryadres of the
ancients, or the mountain Tchc/dir or Kcldir of the
moderns, are united to the west of the Euphrates, be-
tween the towns of Siwas, Tocas, and Kaisarieh, by
means of the chain of Argsus, now named Argch-
Dag, whose summit is covered with perpetual snows,
a circumstance which, under so low a latitude, shows
an elevation of from 9 to 10,000 feet.
The centre of
Asia resembles a terrace supported on all sides by
chains of mountains. The chain which, breaking off
at once (iom Mount Argaeus and from Anti-Taurus,
bounds the ancient Cilicia to the north, is more par-
ticularly known by the name of Taurus, a name which
in several languages appears to have one common root,
ind simply signifies mountain. The elevation of this
chain mtsst be considerable, since Cicero affirms that
ft was impassable to armies before the month of June,
or. account of the snow. Diodorus details the fright-
ful ravi. ies and precipices which it was necessary to
cross in going from Gilicia into Gappadocia. Modern
travellers, who have crossed more to the west of this
chain, now called Alah-Dag, represent it as similar to
that of the Apeninnes and Mount Haemus. It sends
? off to the west several branches, some of which termi-
nate on the shores of the Mediterranean, as the Cra-
gus, and the Masicystes of the ancients, in Lycia;
the others, greatly inferior in elevation, extend to
the coasts of the Archipelago opposite the islands of
Cos and Rhodes. To the east, Mount Amanus, now
the Alma-Dag, a detached branch of the Taurus,
separates Cilicia from Syria, having only two nar-
row passes, the one towards the Euphrates, the oth-
er close by the sea; the first answers to the Pyloe
Amanicas of the ancients, the other to the Pylas Syrias.
Two other chains of mountains are sent off from
the western part of the central plateau. The one
is the Bdba-Dag of the moderns, which formed the
Tmolus, the Messogis, and the Sipylus of the an-
cients, and which terminates towards the islands of
Samos*and Chios; the other, extending in a north-
west direction, presents more elevated summits, among
? which are the celebrated Ida and the Mysian Olympus.
? ? Lastly, the northern side of the plateau is propelled
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? TEG
<<
town e( the Sidicini. Strabo, speaking of the Apu-
lian Tcanum, says it was situate at some distance
from the coast, and at the head of a lake formed by
the sea, which here encroaches so considerably upon
the land, that the breadth of Italy between this point
and Putcoli did not exceed 100(1 stadia. (Strabo,
235 ) The ruins of this place arc said to exist on the
eite of Civitatc, about a mile from the right hank of
ihe Fortore, and ten miles from the sea. (Cramer's
Anc. Ilaly, vol. 2, p. 272. )--II. Sidicmum, the only
city ascribed to the Sidicini, a Campanian tribe. It
is now TCI:nu, and was distant about fifteen miles from
Capua, in a northwest direction. Strabo informs us
that it stood on the Latin Way, being the most con-
siderable of all the towns so fituated, and inferior to
Capua only in extent and importance among the Cam-
panian cities. (Strab. , 237, 248. ) This fact seems
to derive additional confirmation from the numerous
remains of walls and public buildings said to be still
visible on its ancient site. Tcanum became a Roman
colony under Augustus. (Front. , dc Col. --Plin. , 3,
5. )--Some cold acidulous springs are noticed in its vi-
cinity by Vitruvius: they are now called Acqua dclle
Caldarelle. (Pratilli, Via Appia, 2, 9. --Cramer* t
Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 194. )
TEARUS, a river of Thrace, rising in the same rock
from 38 different sources, some of which arc hot, and
others cold. Its sources, according to Herodotus,
were equidistant from Heraum, a city near Perin-
thus, and from Apollouia on the Euxine, being two
d>>ys' journey from each. It emptied into the Conta-
deadus, this last into the Agrianes, and the Agrianes
into the Hebrus. Its waters were esteemed of ser-
vice in curing cutaneous disorders. Darius raised a
column there when he marched against the Scythians,
to denote the sweetness and salubrity of the waters of
that river. (Herod. , 4, 90, &c. --Plin. , 4, 11. )
TECMESSA, the daughter of a Phrygian prince, call-
ed by some Teuthras, and by Sophocles Teleutas.
When her father was killed by Ajax, son of Telamon,
it the time the Greeks sacked the towns in the neigh-
bourhood of Troy, the young princess became the
property of the conqueror, and by him she had a son
called Eurysaces. Sophocles introduces her as one
of the characters in his play of the Ajax. (Schol. ad
Soph. , Aj. , 200. )
TECTOSAGES, a Gallic tribe, belonging to the stem
cf (he Volcse, and whose territory lay between the
Sinus Gallicus and the Ausci, and in the immediate
vicinity of the Pyrenees. They appear to have been
a numerous and powerful race. A part of them were
led off by Sigovesus in quest of other settlements, and,
passing through the Hercynian forest, spread them-
selves over Pannonia and Illyricum, and subsequently
made an inroad into Macedonia. From Europe a por-
tion of them then passed into Asia Minor, and at last
occupied the central portion of what was called, from
i<<s Gallic settlements, Gallatia. Their towns in this
country were less numerous than those of their fel-
low-tribes; but, on the other hand, they could boast
of having for their capital the largest and most cele-
brated city of the whole province, namely, Ancyra.
(Via. Ancyra. --Thierry, Hist, dcs Gauloii, vol. 1,
p. 131, scqq. --Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 91. )
TKCKA or TKCJ. -KA, a city of Arcadia, next to Man-
. inea, the most ancient and important in the country.
ft lay in an eastern direction from the southern part of
? ? the Maennlian ridge. This -place was said to have
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? TEL
TEL
chart, Phal. , p. 371, where the line from Semens of
Alexandres, Strom. , 5, p. 3? 4. is corrected. ) With
respect to their names and number, the ancient writers
diner. Nonnus applies to them the two Dactyli-names
Kclmis *nd Damnameneus. (Dionys. , 14, 36. ) Tzet-
zes, on the other hand, names five Telchines, Aclaus,
Megalesius, Ormenus, Nikon, and Simon. (Chil. , 7,
126. ) Thn Telchines are also represented as power-
ful enchanters, who hold in control the elements, and
'could bring clouds, rain, hail, and snow at pleasure.
(Hcsyck. , s. v. 0e? . ylvec. --Suid. , s. t. Tr/lrfvrf. --
'/. cnobtus, Proverb. , 5, 131. --Hock, Krela, vol. 1, p.
345, seqq. --Id. ib. , vol. 1, p. 354. --Consult remarks
at the commencement of the article Rhodus. )
Tei-euo* or Telkhoks, a people of . -Ltolia, called
also Taphians. (Vid. Taphia;. )
Tei-eboIdes, islands between Leucadia and Acar-
nania. {Vid. Taphie. )
Telegonus, a son of Ulysses and Circe, born in
the island of -Ea-a, where he was educated. When
arrived at the years of manhood, he went to Ithaca to
make himself known to his father, but he was ship-
wrecked on the coast, and, being destitute of provis-
ions, he plundered some of the inhabitants of the isl-
and. Ulysses and Telemachus came to defend the
property of their subjects against this unknown inva-
der; a quarrel arose, and Telegonus killed his father
without knowing who he was. He afterward returned
to his native country, and, according to Hyginus, he
carried thither his father's body, where it was buried.
Telemachus and Penelope also accompanied him in
his return, and soon after the nuptials of Telegonus
with Penelope were celebrated by order of Miner-
va. Penelope had by Telegonus a son called Iialus.
Telegonus was said to have founded Tusculum in
Italy, and, according to some, he left one daughter
called Mamilia, from whom the patrician family of the
Mamilii at Home were descended. (Horat. , Od. , 3,
29, S. --Orjd, Fatt. , 3, i. --Trial. , 1, l. --Hygin. job. ,
127. )
Txlkhaciics, a son of Ulysses and Peneldpe. He
iras still in the cradle when his father went with the
reat of the Greeks to the Trojan war. At the end of
this celebrated contest, Telemachus, anxious to see
his father, went in quest of him; and, as the place of
his residence and the cause of his long absence were
then unknown, he visited the court of Mcnelaus and
. Nestor to obtain information. He afterward returned
to Ithaca, where the suiters of his mother Penelope
had conspired to destroy him; but he avoided their
snares, and by means of Minerva he discovered his
father, who had arrived in the island two days before
him, and was then in the house of Eumteus. With
this faithful servant and Ulysses, Telemachus con-
certed how to deliver his mother from the importuni-
ties of her suiters, and his efforts were crowned with
success. After the death of his father, Telemachus
is said to have gone to the island of /E<<ea, where he
married Circe, or, according to others, Cassiphone, the
daughter of Circe, by whom he had a son called La-
tinus. (Hum. , Od. --Hygin , fab. , 95, 125. )
Telephus, I. a king of Mysia, son of Hercules and
Auge, the daughter of Aleus. He was exposed as
soon as born on Mount Parthenius, on the confines of
Argolis and Arcadia; but the babe was protected by
# thecareof the gods; for a hind, which hadjust calved,
came and suckled him; and the shepherds, finding him,
? ? named him Telephus from that circumstance \"Tri%-
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? TH>
T K. N
here, the waters of which were so exireu ely cold,
that Tiresias was fabled to have died of drinking of
i^em. The site of this place is supposed by Sir W.
Gell to correspond with the kalybea of Vanma (Itin-
erary of the Morea, p. 120); but Miiller is inclined to
identify <it with Kalzioula, which is described by Gell
M a miserable place in the neighbourhood of a large
ruined city. (Dorians, vol. 2, p. 448. Oxford transl.
--Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 323 )
Tbhbnus, son of Aristomachus, and one of the Her-
aclidae. (Vid. Heraclida. )
Tehkriniia, according 'o Pliny (6, 7), the Scythian
name for the Pains Ma? olis. --Compare the re-narks of
Ritler (Vorhalle, p. 161, seqqX
Tehhsa, I. a town of the Bruttii, southwest of
Terina, and near the coast. It was a place of great
antiquity, and celebrated for its copper-mines, to which
Homer is supposed to have referred in the Odyssey (1,
182). This circumstance, however, is doubtful, as
there was a town of the same name in Cypr'j; (? ":^lc,
? 55); while others, again, considered the Hon. tic
Temesa as identical with Brundisium. (Eustath. cd
Horn. . Od. , I. c. ) In Strabo's time these mines ap-
pear to have been exhausted.
