] was
defeated
by that general with heavy loss.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
)
(C. P. M. ] xxxiii. xxxiv. ) He also mentions (xxxiv. 8. s. 19.
MEMNON (Méuvwv), a Greek historical writer, $ 18) a group by Menaechmus, of a calf pressed
a native probably of Heracleia Pontica. He wrote a down by the knee, and with the neck doubled
large work on the history of that city, especially of back (no doubt by some one about to sacrifice it,
the tyrants under whose power Heracleia had at but this Pliny omits); and he adds that Me-
various times fallen. Our knowledge of this work naechmus wrote upon his art. He does not ex-
is derived from Photius. Of how many books it pressly say what this art was, but of course we
consisted we do not know. Photius had read must consider this Menaechmus as the same person
from the ninth to the sixteenth inclusive, of which whom Pliny quotes as one of the authorities for
portion he has made a tolerably copious abstract. this book of his work ; and then again, since the
The first eight books he had not read, and he subject on which he wrote was toreutice, it would
speaks of other books after the sixteenth. The follow, in the absence of evidence to the contrary,
ninth book begins with an account of the tyrant that he was the same person as the artist mentioned
Clearchus, the disciple of Plato and Isocrates. The by Pausanias.
last event mentioned in the sixteenth book was the Harduin (Inder Auct. ) and Thiersch (Epochen,
death of Brithagoras, who was sent by the Hera- p. 202) are therefore almost certainly wrong in
cleians as ambassador to J. Caesar, after the latter identifying Pliny's Menaechmus with the Me-
had obtained the supreme power. From this naechmus or Manaechmus of Sicyon, who wrote a
Vossius supposes that the work was written about work epl TeXVITWV (which means here actors,
the time of Augustus; in the judgment of Orelli, not artists, as Harduin and the rest evidently
not later than the time of Hadrian or the An-thought: see Meineke, Hist. Crit. Com. Graec.
tonines. It is, of course, impossible to fix the date p. 17), and also a history of Alexander the Great,
with any precision, as we do not know at all down and a book on Sicyon, and whom Suidas states to
to what time the entire work was carried. The have flourished in the time of the successors of
style of Memnon, according to Photius, was clear Alexander. (Suid. s. v. ; Athen. ii. p. 65, a, vi. p.
and simple, and the words well chosen. The 271 d, xiv. p. 635 b, p. 637 f. ; Schol. ad Pind.
Excerpta of Photius, however, contain numerous Nem. ii. 1, ix. 30; Vossius, de Hist. Graec. p. 102,
examples of rare and poetical expressions, as well ed. Westermann. )
[P. S. ]
as a few which indicate the decline of the Greek MENA’LCIDAS (Mevulkiðas), a Lacedaemo-
language. These Excerpta of Photius were first nian adventurer, who, in some way not further
published separately, together with the remains of specified by Polybius, took advantage of the cir-
Otesias and Agatharchides by H. Stephanus, Paris, cumstances of Egypt, in its war with Antiochus
1557. The best edition is that by J. Conr. Epiphanes (B. c. 171–168), to advance his own
Orelli, Leipzig, 1816, containing, together with interests at the Ptolemies' expence.
the remains of Memnon, a few fragments of other thrown into prison by Philometor and Physcon,
writers on Heracleia. There is a French trans- but was released by them in B. c. 168, at the re-
lation of Photius's Excerpta in the Mémoires de quest of C. Popillius Laenas, the Roman ambas-
l'Academie des Inscriptions, vol. xiv. (Phot. Cod. sador, who was sent to command Antiochus to
ccxxiv. ;
Voss. De Hist. Graecis, ed. Wester-withdraw from the country. (Polyb. xxx. ll;
mann, p. 226 ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. vii. p. 748 ; comp. Liv. xlv. 12, 13; Just. xxxiv. 2, 3; Val.
Groddeck, Initia Historiae Graecoruni Literariae, Max. vi. 4. & 3. ) In B. c. 150 we find Menal-
ii. p. 74. )
[C. P. M. ] cidas, as general of the Achaean league, engaging
MEMPHIS (Méudus). 1. A daughter of Neilus for a bribe of ten talents to induce the Achaeans
and wife of Epaphus, by whom she became the to aid Oropus against Athens. By the promise of
mother of Libya. The town of Memphis in half the sum, he won Callicrates to the same cause,
Egypt was said to have derived its name from her. and they succeeded in carrying a decree for the
(A pollod. ii. I. $ 4. ) Others call her a daughter succour required. No effectual service, however,
of the river-god Uchoreus, and add that by Neilus was rendered to the Oropians, but Menaleidas still
she became the mother of Aegyptus. (Diod. i. 51. ) exacted the money he had agreed for, and then
2. One of the daughters of Dannus (Apollod. evaded the payment of his portion to Callicrates.
ü. l. 5. )
(L. S. ] The latter accordingly retaliated on him with a
:
He was
3 v 3
## p. 1030 (#1046) ##########################################
1030
MENANDER.
MENANDER.
father a. D. 211.
Dezber of the
from a passage!
coepied with
al Edictum,
ated, under
Macri, who 1
Terus dites
the Digest fr
-Muuri
Frote on the
an authorir.
MENAS
most disuns
the son of I
Tished in the
was born in
also the bu
Megarder
Fear, and :
curus was
Ciaton, F
speaks of
His father
furces on
Fear of
capital charge of having attempted to prevail on the | He appears to have early attached himself to the
Romans to sever Sparta from the league ; and party of Antigonus, to whom he was the first to
Mcnalcidas only escaped the danger through the give information of the ambitious schemes of Per-
protection of Diaeus, which he purchased with a diccas for marrying Cleopatra. (Arrian, ap. Phola
bribe of three talents. [CALLICRATES, No. 4. ] In p. 70, b. ) In the new distribution of the provinces
B. C. 149 he supported at Rome, against Diaeus, at Triparadeisus he lost his government of Lydia,
the cause of the Lacedaemonian exiles. [Diarus. ) wliich was given to Cleitus (ld. p. 72, a. ); but
In B. c. 147, when the war between the Achacans this was probably only in order that he might co-
and Lacedaemonians had been suspended at the operate the more freely with Antigonus, as we find
command of Caecilius Metellus, he persuaded his him commanding a part of the army of the latter
countrymen to break the truce, and seized and in the first campaign against Eumenes (B. C. 3:20).
plundered lasus, a subject town of the Achaeans The following year, on learning the escape of
on the borders of Laconia. The Lacedaemonians, Eumenes from Nora, he advanced with an army
soon repenting of their rashness, were loud in their into Cappadocia to attack him, and compelled him
outcry against their adviser; and he, driven to to like refuge in Cilicia. (Plut. Eum. 9; Diod.
despair, put an end to his own life by poison, xviii. 59. ) from this time no farther mention of
“having shown himself," says Pausanias, “as Menander is found in history.
leader of the Lacedaemonians at that time, the 2. An officer appointed by Alexander to com-
most unskilful general; as leader of the Achacang mand a fortress in Bactria, whom he afterwards put
formerly, the most unjust of men. " (Polyb. xl. 5; to death for abandoning his post. (Plut. Alex.
Palis. vii. 11, 12, 13, 16. )
[E. E. )
57. )
MENALIPPUS (Meváxitos, an equivalent 3. A native of Laodiccian, who was a general of
form to Menávit TOS), an architect, probably of cavalry in the service of Mithridates, and figures
Athens, who, in conjunction with the Roman on several occasions in the wars of that monarch.
architects, C. and M. Stallius, was employed by He was one of those selected to command the army
Ariobarzanes II. (Philopator), king of Cappadocia, under the king's son, Mithridates, which was op
to restore the Odeum of Pericles, which had been posed to Fimbria, B. C. 85 (Memnon, c. 34); and
burnt in the Mithridatic war, in Ol. 173, 3, B. C. again in the operations against Lucullus, near
86-5. The exact date of the restoration is un- Cabeira, he commanded a detachment of the army
known ; but Ariobarzanes reigned from B. c. 63 to of Mithridates, which was destined to cut off a
about B. c. 51. (Böckh, Corp. Insc. vol. i. No. convoy of provisions guarded by Sornatius, but
357; Vitruv, v. 9. 1. )
[P. S.
] was defeated by that general with heavy loss.
MENALIPPUS. [MELANIPPUS. )
(Plut. Lucull. 17. ) He afterwards fell a prisoner
MENANDER (Mévavópos), an Athenian officer into the hands of Pompey, and was one of the cap-
in the Syracusan expedition, was, together with tives who served to adorn his triumph. (App.
Euthydemus, associated in the supreme command | Mithr. 117. )
[E. H. B. ]
with Nicias, towards the end of the year B. C. 414. MENANDER (Mévavopos), king of BACTRIA,
The operations of Menander and his colleague Eu- was, according to Strabo (xi. 11), one of the most
thydemus are narrated in the life of the latter. powerful of all the Greek rulers of that country,
(Vol. II. p. 123, b. ] (Thuc. vii. 16, 43, 69 ; Diod. and one of those who made the most extensive
xiii. 13 ; Plut. Nicius, c. 20. ) It appears to have conquests in India. Plutarch tells us that his rule
been this same Menander whom we find serving was mild and equitable, and that he was so popular
under Alcibiades in the campaign against Pharna- with his subjects, that the different cities under his
bazus, in the winter of B. C. 409—408 (Xen. Hell. authority, after vying with each other in paying
i. 2. § 16), and probably the same who was ap- him funeral honours, insisted upon dividing his
pointed, with Tydeus and Cephisodotus in B. C. remains among them. (De Rep. Ger. p. 821. ) Both
405, to share the command of the Athenian fleet these authors term him king of Bactria ; but recent
with the generals who had been previously ap- inquirers are of opinion that he did not reign in
pointed-Conon, Philocles, and Adeimantus. He Bactria Proper, but only in the provinces south of
was therefore one of the commanders the disas-the Paropanisus, or Indian Caucasus. (Lasseil,
trous battle of Aegos-potami ; and he and Tydeus Gesch. d. Bactr. Kön. p. 225, &c. ; Wilson's
are especially mentioned as rejecting with contempt | Ariana, p. 282. ) According to Strabo (l. c. ), he
the advice of Alcibiades before the battle. (Id. ii. extended his conquests beyond the Hypanis or
1. SS 16, 26. )
Sutlej, and made himself master of the district of
MENANDER (Mévavāpos). 1. An officer in Pattalene at the mouths of the Indus. These con-
the service of Alexander, one of those called étaipo, quests appear to have been related by Trogus
but who held the command of a body of mercena- Pompeius in his forty-first book (see Prol. Lib.
ries. He was appointed by Alexander, during the xli. ), but they are omitted by Justin. The author
settlement of the affairs of Asia made by that of the Periplus of the Erythraean sea, commonly
monarch when at Tyre (B. C. 331), to the govern- ascribed to Arrian, tells us (p. 27, ed. Huds. ) that
ment of Lydia, and appears to have remained at silver coins of Menander and Apollodotus were
that post till the year 323, when he was commis- still in circulation in his day among the mer-
sioned to conduct a reinforcement of troops to chants of Barygaza (Baroach); and they have
Alexander at Babylon, where he arrived just before been discovered in modern times in considerable
the king's last illness. (Arrian, Anub. iii. 6. $ 12, numbers in the countries south of the Hindoo
vii. 23. & 2. ) In the division of the provinces, Koosh, and even as far east as the Jumna.
after the death of Alexander, he received his former (Wilson, p. 281. ) The period of his reign is
government of Lydia, of which he hastened to take wholly uncertain.
[E. H. B. ]
possession. (Arrian, ap. Phot. p. 69, b. ; Dexippus, MENANDER, A'RRIUS, a Roman jurist, who
ibid. p. 64, n. ; Justin. xiii. 4; Curt. x. 30. $ 2; lived under Septimius Severus and Antoninus Ca-
Diod. xviii. 3, erroneously bas Mcleager instead. ) / racalla, the son of Severus. Caracalla succeeded his
Demosthi
(Anon. +
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the cos
fatber
Taria
Mena
conic
rules
been
with
4),
Lië
Tha
wit
;
Dor
Ja
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F
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:
.
## p. 1031 (#1047) ##########################################
MENANDER.
1031
MENANDER.
father A. D. 211. Menander was a Consiliarius, or a His personal beauty is mentioned by the anony-
member of the Consilium of Caracalla, as appears mous writer on comedy (l. c. ), though, according in
from a passage of Ulpian (Dig. 4. tit. 4. s. 11. V 2), Suidas, his vision was somewhat disturbed, otpa
coupled with the fact that Ulpian wrote his Libri bos tas ouers, DEUS de Tòv voûv. He is represented
au Edictum, which contain the passage just in works of sculpture which still exist, and of one
cited, under the reign of Caracalla. Aemilius of which Schlegel gives the following description :
Macer, who wrote in the time of Alexander Se-" In the excellent portrait-statues of two of the
verus, cites Menander. There are six excerpts in most famous comedians, Menander and Posidippus
the Digest from a work of Menander, entitled to be found in the Vatican), the physiognomy of
“ Militaria, or De Re Militari ;" and Macer, who the Greek New Comedy scems to me to be almost
wrote on the same subject, also cites Menander as visibly and personally expressed. They are seated
an authority.
[G. L. ] in arm-chairs, clnd with extreme simplicity, and
MENANDER (Mévavopns), of Athens, the with a roll in the hand, with that case and careless
most distinguished poet of the New Comedy, was self-possession which always marks the conscious
the son of Diopeithes and Ilegesistrate, and flou- superiority of the master in that maturity of years
rished in the time of the successors of Alexander. He which befits the calm and impartial observation
was born in Ol. 109. 3, or B. C. 342-1, which was which comedy requires, but sound and active, and
also the birth-year of Epicurus; only the birth of free from all symptoms of decay; we may discern
Menander was probably in the former half of the in them that hale and pithy vigour of body which
year, and therefore in 3. c. 342, while that of Epi- bears witness to an equally vigorous constitution of
curus was in the latter half, v. c. 341. (Suid. s. . ; mind and temper ; no lofty enthusiasm, but no
Clinton, F. H. sub ann. ) Strabo also (xiv. p. 526) folly or extravagance; on the contrary, the ear-
speaks of Menander and Epicurus as ouveońcuus. nestness of wisdom dwells in those brows, wrinkled
His father, Diopeithes, commanded the Athenian not with care, but with the exercise of thought,
forces on the Hellespont in B. C. 342—341, the while, in the searching eye, and in the mouth,
year of Menander's birth, and was defended by ready for a smile, there is a light irony which can-
Demosthenes in his oration repl TWV év Xepsovnow. not be mistaken. ” (Dramatic Lectures, vii. ) The
(Anon. de Com. p. xii. ) On this fnct the gram- moral character of Menander is defended by Mei-
marians blunder with their usual felicity, not only neke, with tolerable success, against the aspersions
making Menander a friend of Demosthenes, which of Suidas, Alciphron, and others. (Menand. Re-
as a boy he may have been, but representing him liq. pp. xxviii. xxix. ) Thus much is certain, that
as inducing Demosthenes to defend his father, in his comedies contain nothing offensive, at least to
B. c. 341, when he himself was just born, and again the taste of his own and the following ages, none
placing him among the dicasts on the trial of Ctesi- of the purest, it must be admitted, as they were
phon, in B. C. 330, when he was in his twelfth frequently acted at private banquets. (Plut, de
year. (Meineke, Menand. Relig. p. xxiv. ) Alexis, Fal Pud. p. 531, b. , Sympos. viii. p. 712, b. ;
the comic poet, was the uncle of Menander, on the Comp. Arist. et Men. p. 853, b. ) Whether their
father's side (Suid. s. v. "Aleges); and we may being eagerly read by the youth of both sexes, on
naturally suppose, with one of the ancient gram account of the love scenes in them, is any confirma-
marians (Anon. de Com. p. xii. ), that the young tion of their innocence, may at least be doubted.
Menander derived from his uncle his taste for the (Ovid. Trist. ii. 370. )
comic drama, and was instructed by him in its Of the actual events of Menander's life we know
rules of composition. His character must have but little. He enjoyed the friendship of Deme-
been greatly influenced and formed by his intimacy trius Phalereus, whose attention was first drawn
with Theophrastus and Epicurus (Alciph. Epist.
(C. P. M. ] xxxiii. xxxiv. ) He also mentions (xxxiv. 8. s. 19.
MEMNON (Méuvwv), a Greek historical writer, $ 18) a group by Menaechmus, of a calf pressed
a native probably of Heracleia Pontica. He wrote a down by the knee, and with the neck doubled
large work on the history of that city, especially of back (no doubt by some one about to sacrifice it,
the tyrants under whose power Heracleia had at but this Pliny omits); and he adds that Me-
various times fallen. Our knowledge of this work naechmus wrote upon his art. He does not ex-
is derived from Photius. Of how many books it pressly say what this art was, but of course we
consisted we do not know. Photius had read must consider this Menaechmus as the same person
from the ninth to the sixteenth inclusive, of which whom Pliny quotes as one of the authorities for
portion he has made a tolerably copious abstract. this book of his work ; and then again, since the
The first eight books he had not read, and he subject on which he wrote was toreutice, it would
speaks of other books after the sixteenth. The follow, in the absence of evidence to the contrary,
ninth book begins with an account of the tyrant that he was the same person as the artist mentioned
Clearchus, the disciple of Plato and Isocrates. The by Pausanias.
last event mentioned in the sixteenth book was the Harduin (Inder Auct. ) and Thiersch (Epochen,
death of Brithagoras, who was sent by the Hera- p. 202) are therefore almost certainly wrong in
cleians as ambassador to J. Caesar, after the latter identifying Pliny's Menaechmus with the Me-
had obtained the supreme power. From this naechmus or Manaechmus of Sicyon, who wrote a
Vossius supposes that the work was written about work epl TeXVITWV (which means here actors,
the time of Augustus; in the judgment of Orelli, not artists, as Harduin and the rest evidently
not later than the time of Hadrian or the An-thought: see Meineke, Hist. Crit. Com. Graec.
tonines. It is, of course, impossible to fix the date p. 17), and also a history of Alexander the Great,
with any precision, as we do not know at all down and a book on Sicyon, and whom Suidas states to
to what time the entire work was carried. The have flourished in the time of the successors of
style of Memnon, according to Photius, was clear Alexander. (Suid. s. v. ; Athen. ii. p. 65, a, vi. p.
and simple, and the words well chosen. The 271 d, xiv. p. 635 b, p. 637 f. ; Schol. ad Pind.
Excerpta of Photius, however, contain numerous Nem. ii. 1, ix. 30; Vossius, de Hist. Graec. p. 102,
examples of rare and poetical expressions, as well ed. Westermann. )
[P. S. ]
as a few which indicate the decline of the Greek MENA’LCIDAS (Mevulkiðas), a Lacedaemo-
language. These Excerpta of Photius were first nian adventurer, who, in some way not further
published separately, together with the remains of specified by Polybius, took advantage of the cir-
Otesias and Agatharchides by H. Stephanus, Paris, cumstances of Egypt, in its war with Antiochus
1557. The best edition is that by J. Conr. Epiphanes (B. c. 171–168), to advance his own
Orelli, Leipzig, 1816, containing, together with interests at the Ptolemies' expence.
the remains of Memnon, a few fragments of other thrown into prison by Philometor and Physcon,
writers on Heracleia. There is a French trans- but was released by them in B. c. 168, at the re-
lation of Photius's Excerpta in the Mémoires de quest of C. Popillius Laenas, the Roman ambas-
l'Academie des Inscriptions, vol. xiv. (Phot. Cod. sador, who was sent to command Antiochus to
ccxxiv. ;
Voss. De Hist. Graecis, ed. Wester-withdraw from the country. (Polyb. xxx. ll;
mann, p. 226 ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. vii. p. 748 ; comp. Liv. xlv. 12, 13; Just. xxxiv. 2, 3; Val.
Groddeck, Initia Historiae Graecoruni Literariae, Max. vi. 4. & 3. ) In B. c. 150 we find Menal-
ii. p. 74. )
[C. P. M. ] cidas, as general of the Achaean league, engaging
MEMPHIS (Méudus). 1. A daughter of Neilus for a bribe of ten talents to induce the Achaeans
and wife of Epaphus, by whom she became the to aid Oropus against Athens. By the promise of
mother of Libya. The town of Memphis in half the sum, he won Callicrates to the same cause,
Egypt was said to have derived its name from her. and they succeeded in carrying a decree for the
(A pollod. ii. I. $ 4. ) Others call her a daughter succour required. No effectual service, however,
of the river-god Uchoreus, and add that by Neilus was rendered to the Oropians, but Menaleidas still
she became the mother of Aegyptus. (Diod. i. 51. ) exacted the money he had agreed for, and then
2. One of the daughters of Dannus (Apollod. evaded the payment of his portion to Callicrates.
ü. l. 5. )
(L. S. ] The latter accordingly retaliated on him with a
:
He was
3 v 3
## p. 1030 (#1046) ##########################################
1030
MENANDER.
MENANDER.
father a. D. 211.
Dezber of the
from a passage!
coepied with
al Edictum,
ated, under
Macri, who 1
Terus dites
the Digest fr
-Muuri
Frote on the
an authorir.
MENAS
most disuns
the son of I
Tished in the
was born in
also the bu
Megarder
Fear, and :
curus was
Ciaton, F
speaks of
His father
furces on
Fear of
capital charge of having attempted to prevail on the | He appears to have early attached himself to the
Romans to sever Sparta from the league ; and party of Antigonus, to whom he was the first to
Mcnalcidas only escaped the danger through the give information of the ambitious schemes of Per-
protection of Diaeus, which he purchased with a diccas for marrying Cleopatra. (Arrian, ap. Phola
bribe of three talents. [CALLICRATES, No. 4. ] In p. 70, b. ) In the new distribution of the provinces
B. C. 149 he supported at Rome, against Diaeus, at Triparadeisus he lost his government of Lydia,
the cause of the Lacedaemonian exiles. [Diarus. ) wliich was given to Cleitus (ld. p. 72, a. ); but
In B. c. 147, when the war between the Achacans this was probably only in order that he might co-
and Lacedaemonians had been suspended at the operate the more freely with Antigonus, as we find
command of Caecilius Metellus, he persuaded his him commanding a part of the army of the latter
countrymen to break the truce, and seized and in the first campaign against Eumenes (B. C. 3:20).
plundered lasus, a subject town of the Achaeans The following year, on learning the escape of
on the borders of Laconia. The Lacedaemonians, Eumenes from Nora, he advanced with an army
soon repenting of their rashness, were loud in their into Cappadocia to attack him, and compelled him
outcry against their adviser; and he, driven to to like refuge in Cilicia. (Plut. Eum. 9; Diod.
despair, put an end to his own life by poison, xviii. 59. ) from this time no farther mention of
“having shown himself," says Pausanias, “as Menander is found in history.
leader of the Lacedaemonians at that time, the 2. An officer appointed by Alexander to com-
most unskilful general; as leader of the Achacang mand a fortress in Bactria, whom he afterwards put
formerly, the most unjust of men. " (Polyb. xl. 5; to death for abandoning his post. (Plut. Alex.
Palis. vii. 11, 12, 13, 16. )
[E. E. )
57. )
MENALIPPUS (Meváxitos, an equivalent 3. A native of Laodiccian, who was a general of
form to Menávit TOS), an architect, probably of cavalry in the service of Mithridates, and figures
Athens, who, in conjunction with the Roman on several occasions in the wars of that monarch.
architects, C. and M. Stallius, was employed by He was one of those selected to command the army
Ariobarzanes II. (Philopator), king of Cappadocia, under the king's son, Mithridates, which was op
to restore the Odeum of Pericles, which had been posed to Fimbria, B. C. 85 (Memnon, c. 34); and
burnt in the Mithridatic war, in Ol. 173, 3, B. C. again in the operations against Lucullus, near
86-5. The exact date of the restoration is un- Cabeira, he commanded a detachment of the army
known ; but Ariobarzanes reigned from B. c. 63 to of Mithridates, which was destined to cut off a
about B. c. 51. (Böckh, Corp. Insc. vol. i. No. convoy of provisions guarded by Sornatius, but
357; Vitruv, v. 9. 1. )
[P. S.
] was defeated by that general with heavy loss.
MENALIPPUS. [MELANIPPUS. )
(Plut. Lucull. 17. ) He afterwards fell a prisoner
MENANDER (Mévavópos), an Athenian officer into the hands of Pompey, and was one of the cap-
in the Syracusan expedition, was, together with tives who served to adorn his triumph. (App.
Euthydemus, associated in the supreme command | Mithr. 117. )
[E. H. B. ]
with Nicias, towards the end of the year B. C. 414. MENANDER (Mévavopos), king of BACTRIA,
The operations of Menander and his colleague Eu- was, according to Strabo (xi. 11), one of the most
thydemus are narrated in the life of the latter. powerful of all the Greek rulers of that country,
(Vol. II. p. 123, b. ] (Thuc. vii. 16, 43, 69 ; Diod. and one of those who made the most extensive
xiii. 13 ; Plut. Nicius, c. 20. ) It appears to have conquests in India. Plutarch tells us that his rule
been this same Menander whom we find serving was mild and equitable, and that he was so popular
under Alcibiades in the campaign against Pharna- with his subjects, that the different cities under his
bazus, in the winter of B. C. 409—408 (Xen. Hell. authority, after vying with each other in paying
i. 2. § 16), and probably the same who was ap- him funeral honours, insisted upon dividing his
pointed, with Tydeus and Cephisodotus in B. C. remains among them. (De Rep. Ger. p. 821. ) Both
405, to share the command of the Athenian fleet these authors term him king of Bactria ; but recent
with the generals who had been previously ap- inquirers are of opinion that he did not reign in
pointed-Conon, Philocles, and Adeimantus. He Bactria Proper, but only in the provinces south of
was therefore one of the commanders the disas-the Paropanisus, or Indian Caucasus. (Lasseil,
trous battle of Aegos-potami ; and he and Tydeus Gesch. d. Bactr. Kön. p. 225, &c. ; Wilson's
are especially mentioned as rejecting with contempt | Ariana, p. 282. ) According to Strabo (l. c. ), he
the advice of Alcibiades before the battle. (Id. ii. extended his conquests beyond the Hypanis or
1. SS 16, 26. )
Sutlej, and made himself master of the district of
MENANDER (Mévavāpos). 1. An officer in Pattalene at the mouths of the Indus. These con-
the service of Alexander, one of those called étaipo, quests appear to have been related by Trogus
but who held the command of a body of mercena- Pompeius in his forty-first book (see Prol. Lib.
ries. He was appointed by Alexander, during the xli. ), but they are omitted by Justin. The author
settlement of the affairs of Asia made by that of the Periplus of the Erythraean sea, commonly
monarch when at Tyre (B. C. 331), to the govern- ascribed to Arrian, tells us (p. 27, ed. Huds. ) that
ment of Lydia, and appears to have remained at silver coins of Menander and Apollodotus were
that post till the year 323, when he was commis- still in circulation in his day among the mer-
sioned to conduct a reinforcement of troops to chants of Barygaza (Baroach); and they have
Alexander at Babylon, where he arrived just before been discovered in modern times in considerable
the king's last illness. (Arrian, Anub. iii. 6. $ 12, numbers in the countries south of the Hindoo
vii. 23. & 2. ) In the division of the provinces, Koosh, and even as far east as the Jumna.
after the death of Alexander, he received his former (Wilson, p. 281. ) The period of his reign is
government of Lydia, of which he hastened to take wholly uncertain.
[E. H. B. ]
possession. (Arrian, ap. Phot. p. 69, b. ; Dexippus, MENANDER, A'RRIUS, a Roman jurist, who
ibid. p. 64, n. ; Justin. xiii. 4; Curt. x. 30. $ 2; lived under Septimius Severus and Antoninus Ca-
Diod. xviii. 3, erroneously bas Mcleager instead. ) / racalla, the son of Severus. Caracalla succeeded his
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MENANDER.
1031
MENANDER.
father A. D. 211. Menander was a Consiliarius, or a His personal beauty is mentioned by the anony-
member of the Consilium of Caracalla, as appears mous writer on comedy (l. c. ), though, according in
from a passage of Ulpian (Dig. 4. tit. 4. s. 11. V 2), Suidas, his vision was somewhat disturbed, otpa
coupled with the fact that Ulpian wrote his Libri bos tas ouers, DEUS de Tòv voûv. He is represented
au Edictum, which contain the passage just in works of sculpture which still exist, and of one
cited, under the reign of Caracalla. Aemilius of which Schlegel gives the following description :
Macer, who wrote in the time of Alexander Se-" In the excellent portrait-statues of two of the
verus, cites Menander. There are six excerpts in most famous comedians, Menander and Posidippus
the Digest from a work of Menander, entitled to be found in the Vatican), the physiognomy of
“ Militaria, or De Re Militari ;" and Macer, who the Greek New Comedy scems to me to be almost
wrote on the same subject, also cites Menander as visibly and personally expressed. They are seated
an authority.
[G. L. ] in arm-chairs, clnd with extreme simplicity, and
MENANDER (Mévavopns), of Athens, the with a roll in the hand, with that case and careless
most distinguished poet of the New Comedy, was self-possession which always marks the conscious
the son of Diopeithes and Ilegesistrate, and flou- superiority of the master in that maturity of years
rished in the time of the successors of Alexander. He which befits the calm and impartial observation
was born in Ol. 109. 3, or B. C. 342-1, which was which comedy requires, but sound and active, and
also the birth-year of Epicurus; only the birth of free from all symptoms of decay; we may discern
Menander was probably in the former half of the in them that hale and pithy vigour of body which
year, and therefore in 3. c. 342, while that of Epi- bears witness to an equally vigorous constitution of
curus was in the latter half, v. c. 341. (Suid. s. . ; mind and temper ; no lofty enthusiasm, but no
Clinton, F. H. sub ann. ) Strabo also (xiv. p. 526) folly or extravagance; on the contrary, the ear-
speaks of Menander and Epicurus as ouveońcuus. nestness of wisdom dwells in those brows, wrinkled
His father, Diopeithes, commanded the Athenian not with care, but with the exercise of thought,
forces on the Hellespont in B. C. 342—341, the while, in the searching eye, and in the mouth,
year of Menander's birth, and was defended by ready for a smile, there is a light irony which can-
Demosthenes in his oration repl TWV év Xepsovnow. not be mistaken. ” (Dramatic Lectures, vii. ) The
(Anon. de Com. p. xii. ) On this fnct the gram- moral character of Menander is defended by Mei-
marians blunder with their usual felicity, not only neke, with tolerable success, against the aspersions
making Menander a friend of Demosthenes, which of Suidas, Alciphron, and others. (Menand. Re-
as a boy he may have been, but representing him liq. pp. xxviii. xxix. ) Thus much is certain, that
as inducing Demosthenes to defend his father, in his comedies contain nothing offensive, at least to
B. c. 341, when he himself was just born, and again the taste of his own and the following ages, none
placing him among the dicasts on the trial of Ctesi- of the purest, it must be admitted, as they were
phon, in B. C. 330, when he was in his twelfth frequently acted at private banquets. (Plut, de
year. (Meineke, Menand. Relig. p. xxiv. ) Alexis, Fal Pud. p. 531, b. , Sympos. viii. p. 712, b. ;
the comic poet, was the uncle of Menander, on the Comp. Arist. et Men. p. 853, b. ) Whether their
father's side (Suid. s. v. "Aleges); and we may being eagerly read by the youth of both sexes, on
naturally suppose, with one of the ancient gram account of the love scenes in them, is any confirma-
marians (Anon. de Com. p. xii. ), that the young tion of their innocence, may at least be doubted.
Menander derived from his uncle his taste for the (Ovid. Trist. ii. 370. )
comic drama, and was instructed by him in its Of the actual events of Menander's life we know
rules of composition. His character must have but little. He enjoyed the friendship of Deme-
been greatly influenced and formed by his intimacy trius Phalereus, whose attention was first drawn
with Theophrastus and Epicurus (Alciph. Epist.
