Alexander
also, in order to prevent the Gesch, d.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
Upon this Justinian penetrated into
Homeritic throne, who remained consequently a Assyria. In consequence of a defeat sustained by
vassal of Khosrew. The power of the Persian king the Persian Tamchosroes, Justinian was recalled,
was already sufficiently great to inspire fear to the and replaced by Mauritius, who soon retrieved the
emperor Justin II. , and as the conquest of Arabia fortune of the Greek arms, and in the very year
afforded Khosrew an opportunity of continually when Chosroes died (579) he took up his winter-
annoying Syria and Mesopotamia by means of the quarters in Mesopotamia, from whence, in the fol-
roving tribes on the northern borders of Arabia, lowing year, he penetrated into lower Mesopotamia
the emperor resolved upon war. Turks of Cen- and routed a Persian army. He gained another
tral Asia, and Abyssinians from the sources of victory in 581, and Tamchosroes perished in the
the Nile, were his allies. At the same time (569) battle. But Maurice having succeeded the emperor
the Persarmenians drove their Persian governors | Tiberius in that year, his general in the East,
## p. 721 (#737) ############################################
SASSANIDAE.
721
SASSANIDAE.
:
Mystacon, was twice worsted, and the armies of Greek influence. But when the murderer and
Hormisdas were victorious till 586, when Philip- successor of Mauricius, the tyrant Phocas, an-
pus destroyed the Persian host at Solacon near nounced his accession to Chosroes by Lilius, the
Dara. His successor Heraclius was still more suc- same person who had spilt the blood of Mauricius,
cessful. In the great battle of Sisarbene, in 588, the Persian king, threw the ambassador into a
the Persians were annihilated, and their camp was dungeon and declared war to avenge the death of
taken. Hormuz now concluded an alliance with his benefactor (603). Owing to the prowess of
the Turks, who, however, turned suddenly against the Persians, and the bad choice Phocas made of
him, after having been admitted into Media, and his generals after he had removed Narses from the
Persia would have been lost but for the splendid command, the arms of Chosrues met with extra-
achievements of Bahram, who drove the barbarians ordinary success. He conquered Mesopotamia and
back into their steppes, and compelled them to pny its great bulwarks Dara, Amida, Edessa, and over-
themselves the tribute which they had demanded ran all Asia Minor, making the inhabitants of
from Persia. Bahram was rewarded with ingra- Constantinople tremble for their safety. Nor was
titude, and being supported by the aristocracy his progress checked through the accession of
turned against the king, who now reaped the fruits Heraclius, in 610, who sued in vain for peace.
of his former conduct against the grandecs. While Syria yielded to Chosroes in 611, Palestine in 614,
Bahram advanced upon the royal residence, Hor Egypt in 616, and in the same year Asia Minor
muz was seized by Bindoes, a royal prince ; and a was completely conquered, a Persian camp being
nation that knew no other form of government pitched at Chalcedon, opposite Constantinople,
than the most absolute despotism, now beheld the where the Persians maintained themselves during
anomalous sight of their king being tried by the ten years. It was not before 621 that Heraclius
grandees, sentenced to lose his throne, to be de- showed himself that extraordinary man he really
prived of his sight, and to end his days in captivity. was, and saved the Eastern empire from the brink
Hormuz persuaded the grandees to place the diadem of ruin. The history of his splendid campaigns
on his second son, but he was too much detested has been given in his life with sufficient details to
to meet with compliance, and his eldest son Chos- make its repetition here superfluous. Borne down
roes was chosen in his stead. Bahram protested by a series of unparalleled misfortunes, and worn
against this election with sword in hand, and Chose out by age and fatigue, Chosroes resolved, in 628,
roes, unable to cope with him, fed to the camp of to abdicate in favour of his son Merdaza, but
the emperor. During these troubles the blinded Shirweh, or Siroes, his eldest, anticipated his design,
Hormuz was murdered by Bindoes (590). The and at the head of a band of noble conspirators
events have been more fully related in the life of the seized upon the person of his father, deposed him
emperor Mauricius. King Hormuz would bave met on the 25th of February, 628, and put him to
with a better fate had his father's excellent minister, death on the 28th following.
Abu-zurg-a-mihir, commonly called Buzurg, con- The Orientals say that Chosroes reigned six
tinued to live at his court, from which old age years too long; and it is rather remarkable that
obliged him to retire soon after the accession of his great antagonist Heraclius also outlived his
Hormuz. According to some writers, Buzurg had glory No Persian king lived in such splendour
been minister to king Cobades (502–531); but as Chosroes ; and however fabulous the Eastern
we can hardly believe that he discharged his emi-accounts respecting his magnificence may be, they
pent functions during so long a period as sixty are true in the main, as is attested by the Western
years. However, the thing is possible. This writers. Chosroes was summoned by Mohammed
Buzurg still lives in the memory of the people as to embrace the new doctrine, but replied with con-
one of the greatest sages. He introduced the study tempt to the messenger of a “ lizard eater,” as the
of Indian literature into Persia, and thence also he Persians used to call the wandering tribes of the
imported the most noble of games, chess.
Arabs. His successors held a different language.
23. BAHRAM or VARANES VI. SHUBIN, a royal 25. SHirweh or SIROES (Eupóns), reigned only
prince, reigned from a. D. 590 till 591. This is the eight months, and died probably an unnatura!
great general mentioned in the preceding article. death, after having murdered Merdaza and several
Unable to maintain the throne against hosrew, others of his brothers. In the month of March,
who was supported by the emperor Mauricius, he 628, he concluded peace with the emperor Hera-
fled to the Turks, once his enemies, by whom he clius. The numerous captives were restored on
was well received and raised to the highest digni- both sides, and hundreds of thousands of Greek
ties. It is said that he was poisoned by the Per- subjects were thus given back to their families and
sian king ? ). Bahram was one of the greatest their country. Siroes also restored the holy cross
heroes of Persia, and his life is very interesting. which had been taken at the conquest of Jeru-
24. KHOSREW or CHOSROES II. PURWIZ, reigned salem.
froin A. D. 590 or 591 till 628, and was the son of 26. ARDISHIR or ARTAXERXEs, the infant son
HORMUZ IV. It has been related in the preceding of Siroes, was murdered a few days after the death
article how he ascended the throne, lost it against of his father. He was the last male Sassanid.
Bahram, and recovered it with the assistance of the After him the throne was disputed by a host of
emperor Mauricius. In this expedition the Greek candidates of both sexes and doubtful descent, who
army was commanded by Narses, a general scarcely had no sooner ascended the throne than they were
less eminent than the great eunuch, and who de hurried from it into death or captivity. They were,
stroyed the hopes of the usurper Bahram in two according to the Eastern sources,
great battles on the river Zab. The adherents of 27. PURAN-Dokat, a daughter of Khosrew Pur.
Bahram were severely punished by Chosroes, who wiz, and a sister of Siroes.
continued to live in peace with Constantinople as 28. SHAH-SHENANDAH, her cousin and lover.
long as Mauricius lived, and even kept a Greek 29. A RZEM-DOKHT, a daughter of Khosrew
body guard, so that Persia was entirely under | Purwiz.
VOL. in,
3 A
a
## p. 722 (#738) ############################################
722
SATIBARZANES.
SATURIUS.
300 wonde
30. KESRA, said to be a royal prince, put to the west, left behind with Satibarzanes forty
death.
horse-dartmen, under the command of Anaxippus.
31. FEROKHZAD, said to be a son of Khosrew These, however, together with their commander,
Purwiz, put to death.
were soon after murdered by the satrap, who
32. Y ESDIJIRD Or Jespierd III. , the last king, excited the Arians to rebellion, and gathered his
and said to be a grandson of Chosroes, reigned forces together at the city of Arctoana. Hence,
from a. D. 632 till 651. Having declined to adopt on the approach of Alexander, he fled to join the
the Mohammedan religion, as he was summoned to traitor Bessus ; and the city, after a short siege,
do by the khalif Abu-Bekr, his kingdom was in- was captured by the Macedonians. Towards
vaded by the Arabic general Kalcb. In the battle the end of the same year (B. C. 330), Alex-
of Cadcsia (636), and other engagements, the Per- ander, bearing that Satibarzanes had again en-
bians were worsted ; their fortified towns and royal tered Aria with 2000 horse, supplied by Bessus,
cities were taken one after the other; and, in 651, and had excited the Arians to another revolt, sent
Jesdigerd was an abandoned fugitive in the tract a force against him under Artabazus, Erigyius, and
watered by the Oxus and the Jaxartes, whence he Caranus, according to Arrian. In a baitle which
Bolicited and, perhaps, obtained the assistance of ensued, and of which the issue was yet doubtful,
Tait-Song, emperor of China. He was thus en Satibarzanes came forward and defed any one of
abled to raise an army of Turks, with whom he the enemy's generals to single combat. The chal-
marched against the Arabs; but he was betrayed lenge was accepted by Erigyius, and Satibarzanes
by his allies, by whom he was cut to pieces on his was slain. (Arr. Anub. ill. 25, 28 ; Diod. xvii.
flight from them to the north. He left a son, 78, 81, 83 ; Curt, ri. 6, vii. 3, 4. ) (E. E. )
Firuz, or Peroses, who entered the service of the P. SATRIENUS, a name which occurs only
Chinese emperor; and his son, the last of the on coins, probably derived from Satrius, like
Sassanidae, was raised by the same to the rank of Nasidienus from Nasidius, &c. It is disputed
a vassal king of Bokhara. A daughter of Jesdigerd whether the head on the obverse of the annexed
married Hassan, the son of Ali; and another mar- coin is that of Pallas or of Mars: the features are
ried Mohammed, the son of Abu-Bekr ; important in favour of its being Pallas, but the she-wolf on
events for the later history of Persiah, which was the reverse points rather to Mars. (Eckhel, vol. v.
henceforth a Mohammedan country.
p. 300. )
We observe here that the Persian historians are
respectable sources for the history of the Sassanidae,
and that their chronology differs but little from that
of the Western writers.
(The Greek and Roman writers, who speak of
the Sassanidae, are referred to in the lives of the
contemporary emperors ; comp. Malcom, History of
Persia, vol. i. ; Richter, Hist. kritischer Versuch über
die Arsaciden und Sassaniden-Dynastie, Leipzig,
1801. )
(W. P. ]
SA'SSIA, the mother of the younger Cluentius,
married after the death of her husband her own SA'TRIUS. 1. M. SATRIUS, the son of the
son-in-law, A. Aurius Melinus, and subsequently sister of L. Minucius Basilus, was adopted by the
Oppianicus. Cicero describes her as a monster of latter, whose name he assumed (Cic. de Of. iii.
guilt. (Cic. pro Clucnt. 5, 9, 62, 63, 70. ) [Clu- | 18). He is spoken of under Basilius, No. 5.
ENTIUS. )
2. A. CANINIUS SATRius, is mentioned by
SATACES or SATHACES. (SABACES. ) Cicero in B. c. 65 (ad Att. i. 1. § 3).
SATASPES (Zaton), a Persian and an 3. SATRius, a legate of Trebonius, B. C. 43.
Achaemenid, son of Teaspes. Having offered vio- | (Pseudo-Brut. ad Cic. i. 6. )
lence to a daughter of Zopyrus, the son of Mega- SA'TRIUS RUFUS. (Rufus. ]
byzus, he was condemned by Xerxes to be im- SATRIUS SECUNDUS. [SECUNDUS. )
paled ; but at the request of his mother, the king's SATURE'IUS (Eatupnios), an artist, whose
aunt, this punishment was remitted on condition portrait of Arsinoë in glass is highly praised by
of his effecting the circumnavigation of Africa. Diodorus, in an epigram in the Greek Anthology.
He set sail accordingly from Egypt, passed through (Brunck, Anal. vol. ii. p. 185, No. 3 ; Anth. Pal.
the Straits of Gibraltar, and continued his voyage ix. 776, vol. ii. p. 261, ed. Jacobs). The artist's
towards the south for a considerable distance, but age is determined by the subject ; but there is a
at length turned back again, being discouraged difficulty respecting the form of his work. It has
apparently by adverse winds and currents. Xerxes, been commonly supposed that it was in relief, like
however, did not accept his excuses, and inflicted the Portland vase, and this is the interpretation
on him the penalty to which he had been originally given in the lemma prefixed to the epigram in the
sentenced. (Herod. iv. 43. )
[E. E. ] Palatine Codex, εις κρύσταλλον γεγλυμμένον, but
SATIBARZANES (Latibapšávns), a Persian, the use of the word ypábas (not gautas) in the
was satrap of Aria under Dareius III. In B. C. epigram itself, and the comparison of the work to
330, Alexander the Great, marching through the one of Zeuxis, for colour and grace, would seem
borders of Aria on his way from Hyrcania against to show that it was nothing but a painting on
the Parthians, was met at a city named Susia by glass. (Jacobs, Animado. in Anth. Graec. vol. ii.
Satibarzanes, who made submission to him, and pt. 2. p. 78. ) Some writers on art mention the
was rewarded for it by the restoration of his name under the form Satyrius. (Winckelmann,
satrapy.
Alexander also, in order to prevent the Gesch, d. Kunst, b. x. c. 2. Š 24. ) [P. S. ]
commission of any hostilities against the Arians by P. SATU'RIUS, is mentioned by Cicero in
the Macedonian troops which were following from terms of great respect as one of the judices in
COIN OF P. SATRIENUS.
## p. 723 (#739) ############################################
SATURNINUS.
723
SATURNINUS.
The gem
the case of Cluentius (pro Cluentio, 38, 65). / regard to whom history is altogether silent. The
lle pleaded for Chaerea against Cicero's client, piece in question exhibits on the obverse a rayed
Q. Roscius, the comic actor (pro Rosc. Com. 1, head with the words IMP. CAE. SATVRNINYS AV. ;
6, 8).
on the reverse a soldier stabbing an enemy who
SATU'RNIA, that is, a daughter of Saturnus, has fallen from his horse, with FEL. TEM. REPA-
and accordingly used as a surname of Juno and Ratio, a legend which appears for the first time
Vesta. (Virg. Aen. i. 23, xii. 156; Ov. Fast. i. on the coins of Constans and Constantius. (Eckhel,
265, vi. 383. )
(L. S. ) vol. viii. pp. 111-113. )
[W. R. ]
SATURNI'NUS, artists. 1. One of the great SATURNI'NUS, Á EʼLIUS, composed some
gem-engravers of the age of Augustus. There is poems disrespectful to the emperor Tiberius, and
a beautiful cameo by him, engraved with the was in consequence condemned by the senate,
portrait of the younger Antonin, the wife of and hurled down from the Capitol. (Dion Cass.
Drusus, and inscribed with the word CATOP. Ivii. 22. )
NEINOY, in very fine characters.
SATURNI'NUS, AEMI’LIUS, praefectus
formerly belonged to the Arcieri fiumily at Rome, practorio under Septimius Severns, was slain by
and afterwards to the late queen of Naples, Plautianus, the all-powerful favourite of the ein-
Caroline Murat. (R. Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, peror. (Dion Cass. lxxv. 14. ).
p. 153, 2d ed. ).
SATURNI'NUS, ANNIUS, mentioned in a
2. Among the artists of the age of the Anto letter of Cicero (ad Att. v. 1. & 2).
nincs, Müller mentions, on the authority of Ap- SATURNINUS, L. ANTONIUS, governor
pulerus (de Magia, p. 66, ed. Bipont. ), a skilful of Upper Germany in the reign of Domitian,
wood-carver, named Saturninus, of Dea, in Africa. raised a rebellion against that emperor from
(Müller, Archäol. d. Kunst, $ 204, n. 5. )
motives of personal hatred, A. D. II. A sudden
3. P. Lucretius, a silver-chaser, only known by inundation of the Rhine prevented Saturninus
a Roman_inscription. (Doni, Inscript. p. 319, from receiving the assistance of the barbarians
No. 12; R. Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, p. 401, which had been promised him, and he was in
2d ed. )
[P. S. )
consequence conquered without difficulty by L.
SATURNI'NUS I. , one of the thirty tyrants Appius Maximus, the general of Domitian.
enumerated by Trebellius Pollio (see AUREOLUS), Maximus burnt all the letters of Antonius, that
by whom we are told that he was the best of all others might not be implicated in the revolt ; but
the generals of his day, and much beloved by Domitian did not imitate the magnanimity of his
Valerian, that disgusted by the debauchery of general, for he seized the pretext to put various
Gallienus, he accepted from the soldiers the title persons to death along with Saturninus, and sent
of emperor, and that, after having displayed much their heads to be exposed on the Rostra at
energy during the period of his sway, he was put Rome. It is related that the victory over An-
to death by the troops, who could not endure the tonius was announced at Rome on the same day
sternness of his discipline. Not one word, how on which it was fought. As to the variations in
ever, is said of the country in which these the name of L. Appius Maximus in the different
events took place. (Trebell. Poll. Trig. Tyr. writers see MAXIMUS, p. 986, b. (Dion Cass.
22. )
(W. R. ) lxvii. 11; Suet. Dom. 6, 7; Aurel. Vict. Epit.
SATURNI'NUS II. , a native of Gaul, whose 11; Mart. iv. ll, ix. 85 ; Plut. Aemil. Paul.
biography has been written by Vopiscus, distin- 25. )
guished himself so highly by military achievements SATURNI'NUS, APO'NIUS, the governor
in his native country, in Spain and Africa, that of Moesia at the death of Nero, repulsed the
he was regarded as one of the most able officers Sarmatians, who had invaded the province, and
in the empire, and was appointed by Aurelian was in consequence rewarded by a triumphal
commander of the Eastern frontier, with express statue at the commencement of Otho's reign. In
orders that he should never visit Egypt, for it was the struggle between Vitellius and Vespasian for
feared that the presence of an active and ambitious the empire, he first espoused the cause of the
Gaul among a population notorious for turbulence former, but afterwards declared himself in fa-
and violence might lead to disorder or insurrection. vour of the latter, and crossed the Alps to join
The far-seeing sagacity of this injunction was fully Antonius Primus in northern Italy. But Primus,
proved, for when, at a later period, during the who was anxious to obtain the supreme command,
reign of Probus, Saturninus entered Alexandria, excited a mutiny of the soldiers against Saturninus,
the crowd at once saluted him as Augustus. Fly- and compelled him to fly from the camp. Tacitus
ing from such a dangerous compliment, he returned calls him a consular, which we might infer from his
to Syria; but concluding, upon reflection, that his being Legatus of Moesia, but his name does not
safety was already compromised, with great reluc- occur in the Fasti. (Tac. Hist. i. 79, ii. 85, 96,
tance he permitted himself to be invested with a iii. 5, 9, 11. )
purple robe stripped from a statue of Venus, and SATURNI'NUS, APPULEIUS. 1. C. AP-
in that attire, surrounded by his troops, received PULEIUS SATURNINUS, was one of the commis-
the adoration of the crowd. He was eventually sioners sent by the senate in B. c. 168 to inquire
slain by the soldiers of Probus, although the em- | into and settle the disputes between the Pisani
peror would willingly have spared his life. (Vo- and Lunenses. (Liv. xlv. 13. )
piscus, Saturn. )
[W. R. ] 2. Appuleius SATURNINUS, praetor B. c. 166,
SATURNI'NUS III. A medal in third brass is probably the same person as the L. Appuleius
has been described by Banduri, which, if genuine, who was appointed in B. c. 173 one of the com-
cannot, according to the most skilful numismato- missioners for dividing certain lands in Liguria and
logists, be ascribed to an epoch earlier than the age Gaul among the citizens and Latins. (Liv. xlv.
of the song of Constantine, and must therefore 44, comp. xlii. 4. )
commemorate the usurpation of some pretender with 3. L. ARPULEIUS SATURNINUS, the celebrated
3 A 2
## p. 724 (#740) ############################################
724
SATURNINUS.
SATURNINUS.
demagogue, was probably a grandson of the pre- hement attacks upon Glaucia and Saturninus, and
ceding. He possessed considerable powers of was chosen in his stcad. But Nonius paid dearly
oratory, but was of a loose and dissolute character; for his honour, for in the same evening he was
and he might probably have passed through life murdered by the emissaries of Glaucia and Satur-
much like most other Roman nobles, had he not ninus ; and early the following morning before the
received an insult from the senate at the com- forum was full, Saturninus was chosen to fill up
mencement of his public career, which rankled in the vacancy. As soon as he had entered upon his
his breast and made him a furious opponent of the tribunate (B. c. 100), he brought forward an agra-
aristocratical party. In his quaestorship, B. c. 104, rian law for dividing the lands in Gaul, which had
he was stationed at Ostia, and as Rome was buffer- been lately occupied by the Cimbri, and added to the
ing at that time from a scarcity of corn, and the law a clause, that, if it was enacted by the people,
sennte thought that Saturninus did not make the senate should swear obedience to it within five
Bufficient exertions to supply the city, they super- days, and that whoever refused to do so should be
seded him and entrusted the provisioning of the expelled from the senate, and pay a fine of twenty
capital to M. Scaurus (Diod. Exc. xxxvi. p. 608, talents. This clause was specially aimed at -Me-
ed. Wess. ; Cic. pro Sext. 17, de Harusp. Resp. tellus, who, it was well known, would refuse to
20). Saturninus forth with threw himself into obey the requisition. But in order to make sure
the foremost ranks of the democratical party, and of a refusal on the part of Metellus, Marius rose
entered into a close alliance with Marius and his in the senate and declared that he would never
friends. He soon acquired great popularity, and take the oath, and Metellus made the same decla-
was elected tribune of the plebs for the year B. C. ration ; but when the law had been passed, and
102. We have scarcely any accounts of his con- Saturninus summoned the senators to the rostra to
duct in his first tribunate ; but he did enough to comply with the demands of the law, Marius, to
earn the hatred of the aristocracy, and accordingly the astonishment of all, immediately took the oath,
Metellus Numidicus, who was at that time censor, and advised the senate to follow his example. Me
endeavoured to expel him from the senate on the tellus alone refused compliance; and on the fol-
ground of immorality, but was prevented from lowing day Saturninus sent his viator to drag the
carrying his purpose into execution by the oppo- ex-censor out of the senate-house. Not content
sition of his colleagne.
Saturninus vowed ven- with his victory, he brought forward a bill to
geance against Metellus, which he was soon able punish him with exile. The friends of Metellus
to gratify by the assistance of Marius, who was were ready to take up arms in his defence ; but
also a personal enemy of Metellus. He resolved Metellus declined their assistance, and withdrew
to become a candidate for the tribunate for the privately from the city.
Homeritic throne, who remained consequently a Assyria. In consequence of a defeat sustained by
vassal of Khosrew. The power of the Persian king the Persian Tamchosroes, Justinian was recalled,
was already sufficiently great to inspire fear to the and replaced by Mauritius, who soon retrieved the
emperor Justin II. , and as the conquest of Arabia fortune of the Greek arms, and in the very year
afforded Khosrew an opportunity of continually when Chosroes died (579) he took up his winter-
annoying Syria and Mesopotamia by means of the quarters in Mesopotamia, from whence, in the fol-
roving tribes on the northern borders of Arabia, lowing year, he penetrated into lower Mesopotamia
the emperor resolved upon war. Turks of Cen- and routed a Persian army. He gained another
tral Asia, and Abyssinians from the sources of victory in 581, and Tamchosroes perished in the
the Nile, were his allies. At the same time (569) battle. But Maurice having succeeded the emperor
the Persarmenians drove their Persian governors | Tiberius in that year, his general in the East,
## p. 721 (#737) ############################################
SASSANIDAE.
721
SASSANIDAE.
:
Mystacon, was twice worsted, and the armies of Greek influence. But when the murderer and
Hormisdas were victorious till 586, when Philip- successor of Mauricius, the tyrant Phocas, an-
pus destroyed the Persian host at Solacon near nounced his accession to Chosroes by Lilius, the
Dara. His successor Heraclius was still more suc- same person who had spilt the blood of Mauricius,
cessful. In the great battle of Sisarbene, in 588, the Persian king, threw the ambassador into a
the Persians were annihilated, and their camp was dungeon and declared war to avenge the death of
taken. Hormuz now concluded an alliance with his benefactor (603). Owing to the prowess of
the Turks, who, however, turned suddenly against the Persians, and the bad choice Phocas made of
him, after having been admitted into Media, and his generals after he had removed Narses from the
Persia would have been lost but for the splendid command, the arms of Chosrues met with extra-
achievements of Bahram, who drove the barbarians ordinary success. He conquered Mesopotamia and
back into their steppes, and compelled them to pny its great bulwarks Dara, Amida, Edessa, and over-
themselves the tribute which they had demanded ran all Asia Minor, making the inhabitants of
from Persia. Bahram was rewarded with ingra- Constantinople tremble for their safety. Nor was
titude, and being supported by the aristocracy his progress checked through the accession of
turned against the king, who now reaped the fruits Heraclius, in 610, who sued in vain for peace.
of his former conduct against the grandecs. While Syria yielded to Chosroes in 611, Palestine in 614,
Bahram advanced upon the royal residence, Hor Egypt in 616, and in the same year Asia Minor
muz was seized by Bindoes, a royal prince ; and a was completely conquered, a Persian camp being
nation that knew no other form of government pitched at Chalcedon, opposite Constantinople,
than the most absolute despotism, now beheld the where the Persians maintained themselves during
anomalous sight of their king being tried by the ten years. It was not before 621 that Heraclius
grandees, sentenced to lose his throne, to be de- showed himself that extraordinary man he really
prived of his sight, and to end his days in captivity. was, and saved the Eastern empire from the brink
Hormuz persuaded the grandees to place the diadem of ruin. The history of his splendid campaigns
on his second son, but he was too much detested has been given in his life with sufficient details to
to meet with compliance, and his eldest son Chos- make its repetition here superfluous. Borne down
roes was chosen in his stead. Bahram protested by a series of unparalleled misfortunes, and worn
against this election with sword in hand, and Chose out by age and fatigue, Chosroes resolved, in 628,
roes, unable to cope with him, fed to the camp of to abdicate in favour of his son Merdaza, but
the emperor. During these troubles the blinded Shirweh, or Siroes, his eldest, anticipated his design,
Hormuz was murdered by Bindoes (590). The and at the head of a band of noble conspirators
events have been more fully related in the life of the seized upon the person of his father, deposed him
emperor Mauricius. King Hormuz would bave met on the 25th of February, 628, and put him to
with a better fate had his father's excellent minister, death on the 28th following.
Abu-zurg-a-mihir, commonly called Buzurg, con- The Orientals say that Chosroes reigned six
tinued to live at his court, from which old age years too long; and it is rather remarkable that
obliged him to retire soon after the accession of his great antagonist Heraclius also outlived his
Hormuz. According to some writers, Buzurg had glory No Persian king lived in such splendour
been minister to king Cobades (502–531); but as Chosroes ; and however fabulous the Eastern
we can hardly believe that he discharged his emi-accounts respecting his magnificence may be, they
pent functions during so long a period as sixty are true in the main, as is attested by the Western
years. However, the thing is possible. This writers. Chosroes was summoned by Mohammed
Buzurg still lives in the memory of the people as to embrace the new doctrine, but replied with con-
one of the greatest sages. He introduced the study tempt to the messenger of a “ lizard eater,” as the
of Indian literature into Persia, and thence also he Persians used to call the wandering tribes of the
imported the most noble of games, chess.
Arabs. His successors held a different language.
23. BAHRAM or VARANES VI. SHUBIN, a royal 25. SHirweh or SIROES (Eupóns), reigned only
prince, reigned from a. D. 590 till 591. This is the eight months, and died probably an unnatura!
great general mentioned in the preceding article. death, after having murdered Merdaza and several
Unable to maintain the throne against hosrew, others of his brothers. In the month of March,
who was supported by the emperor Mauricius, he 628, he concluded peace with the emperor Hera-
fled to the Turks, once his enemies, by whom he clius. The numerous captives were restored on
was well received and raised to the highest digni- both sides, and hundreds of thousands of Greek
ties. It is said that he was poisoned by the Per- subjects were thus given back to their families and
sian king ? ). Bahram was one of the greatest their country. Siroes also restored the holy cross
heroes of Persia, and his life is very interesting. which had been taken at the conquest of Jeru-
24. KHOSREW or CHOSROES II. PURWIZ, reigned salem.
froin A. D. 590 or 591 till 628, and was the son of 26. ARDISHIR or ARTAXERXEs, the infant son
HORMUZ IV. It has been related in the preceding of Siroes, was murdered a few days after the death
article how he ascended the throne, lost it against of his father. He was the last male Sassanid.
Bahram, and recovered it with the assistance of the After him the throne was disputed by a host of
emperor Mauricius. In this expedition the Greek candidates of both sexes and doubtful descent, who
army was commanded by Narses, a general scarcely had no sooner ascended the throne than they were
less eminent than the great eunuch, and who de hurried from it into death or captivity. They were,
stroyed the hopes of the usurper Bahram in two according to the Eastern sources,
great battles on the river Zab. The adherents of 27. PURAN-Dokat, a daughter of Khosrew Pur.
Bahram were severely punished by Chosroes, who wiz, and a sister of Siroes.
continued to live in peace with Constantinople as 28. SHAH-SHENANDAH, her cousin and lover.
long as Mauricius lived, and even kept a Greek 29. A RZEM-DOKHT, a daughter of Khosrew
body guard, so that Persia was entirely under | Purwiz.
VOL. in,
3 A
a
## p. 722 (#738) ############################################
722
SATIBARZANES.
SATURIUS.
300 wonde
30. KESRA, said to be a royal prince, put to the west, left behind with Satibarzanes forty
death.
horse-dartmen, under the command of Anaxippus.
31. FEROKHZAD, said to be a son of Khosrew These, however, together with their commander,
Purwiz, put to death.
were soon after murdered by the satrap, who
32. Y ESDIJIRD Or Jespierd III. , the last king, excited the Arians to rebellion, and gathered his
and said to be a grandson of Chosroes, reigned forces together at the city of Arctoana. Hence,
from a. D. 632 till 651. Having declined to adopt on the approach of Alexander, he fled to join the
the Mohammedan religion, as he was summoned to traitor Bessus ; and the city, after a short siege,
do by the khalif Abu-Bekr, his kingdom was in- was captured by the Macedonians. Towards
vaded by the Arabic general Kalcb. In the battle the end of the same year (B. C. 330), Alex-
of Cadcsia (636), and other engagements, the Per- ander, bearing that Satibarzanes had again en-
bians were worsted ; their fortified towns and royal tered Aria with 2000 horse, supplied by Bessus,
cities were taken one after the other; and, in 651, and had excited the Arians to another revolt, sent
Jesdigerd was an abandoned fugitive in the tract a force against him under Artabazus, Erigyius, and
watered by the Oxus and the Jaxartes, whence he Caranus, according to Arrian. In a baitle which
Bolicited and, perhaps, obtained the assistance of ensued, and of which the issue was yet doubtful,
Tait-Song, emperor of China. He was thus en Satibarzanes came forward and defed any one of
abled to raise an army of Turks, with whom he the enemy's generals to single combat. The chal-
marched against the Arabs; but he was betrayed lenge was accepted by Erigyius, and Satibarzanes
by his allies, by whom he was cut to pieces on his was slain. (Arr. Anub. ill. 25, 28 ; Diod. xvii.
flight from them to the north. He left a son, 78, 81, 83 ; Curt, ri. 6, vii. 3, 4. ) (E. E. )
Firuz, or Peroses, who entered the service of the P. SATRIENUS, a name which occurs only
Chinese emperor; and his son, the last of the on coins, probably derived from Satrius, like
Sassanidae, was raised by the same to the rank of Nasidienus from Nasidius, &c. It is disputed
a vassal king of Bokhara. A daughter of Jesdigerd whether the head on the obverse of the annexed
married Hassan, the son of Ali; and another mar- coin is that of Pallas or of Mars: the features are
ried Mohammed, the son of Abu-Bekr ; important in favour of its being Pallas, but the she-wolf on
events for the later history of Persiah, which was the reverse points rather to Mars. (Eckhel, vol. v.
henceforth a Mohammedan country.
p. 300. )
We observe here that the Persian historians are
respectable sources for the history of the Sassanidae,
and that their chronology differs but little from that
of the Western writers.
(The Greek and Roman writers, who speak of
the Sassanidae, are referred to in the lives of the
contemporary emperors ; comp. Malcom, History of
Persia, vol. i. ; Richter, Hist. kritischer Versuch über
die Arsaciden und Sassaniden-Dynastie, Leipzig,
1801. )
(W. P. ]
SA'SSIA, the mother of the younger Cluentius,
married after the death of her husband her own SA'TRIUS. 1. M. SATRIUS, the son of the
son-in-law, A. Aurius Melinus, and subsequently sister of L. Minucius Basilus, was adopted by the
Oppianicus. Cicero describes her as a monster of latter, whose name he assumed (Cic. de Of. iii.
guilt. (Cic. pro Clucnt. 5, 9, 62, 63, 70. ) [Clu- | 18). He is spoken of under Basilius, No. 5.
ENTIUS. )
2. A. CANINIUS SATRius, is mentioned by
SATACES or SATHACES. (SABACES. ) Cicero in B. c. 65 (ad Att. i. 1. § 3).
SATASPES (Zaton), a Persian and an 3. SATRius, a legate of Trebonius, B. C. 43.
Achaemenid, son of Teaspes. Having offered vio- | (Pseudo-Brut. ad Cic. i. 6. )
lence to a daughter of Zopyrus, the son of Mega- SA'TRIUS RUFUS. (Rufus. ]
byzus, he was condemned by Xerxes to be im- SATRIUS SECUNDUS. [SECUNDUS. )
paled ; but at the request of his mother, the king's SATURE'IUS (Eatupnios), an artist, whose
aunt, this punishment was remitted on condition portrait of Arsinoë in glass is highly praised by
of his effecting the circumnavigation of Africa. Diodorus, in an epigram in the Greek Anthology.
He set sail accordingly from Egypt, passed through (Brunck, Anal. vol. ii. p. 185, No. 3 ; Anth. Pal.
the Straits of Gibraltar, and continued his voyage ix. 776, vol. ii. p. 261, ed. Jacobs). The artist's
towards the south for a considerable distance, but age is determined by the subject ; but there is a
at length turned back again, being discouraged difficulty respecting the form of his work. It has
apparently by adverse winds and currents. Xerxes, been commonly supposed that it was in relief, like
however, did not accept his excuses, and inflicted the Portland vase, and this is the interpretation
on him the penalty to which he had been originally given in the lemma prefixed to the epigram in the
sentenced. (Herod. iv. 43. )
[E. E. ] Palatine Codex, εις κρύσταλλον γεγλυμμένον, but
SATIBARZANES (Latibapšávns), a Persian, the use of the word ypábas (not gautas) in the
was satrap of Aria under Dareius III. In B. C. epigram itself, and the comparison of the work to
330, Alexander the Great, marching through the one of Zeuxis, for colour and grace, would seem
borders of Aria on his way from Hyrcania against to show that it was nothing but a painting on
the Parthians, was met at a city named Susia by glass. (Jacobs, Animado. in Anth. Graec. vol. ii.
Satibarzanes, who made submission to him, and pt. 2. p. 78. ) Some writers on art mention the
was rewarded for it by the restoration of his name under the form Satyrius. (Winckelmann,
satrapy.
Alexander also, in order to prevent the Gesch, d. Kunst, b. x. c. 2. Š 24. ) [P. S. ]
commission of any hostilities against the Arians by P. SATU'RIUS, is mentioned by Cicero in
the Macedonian troops which were following from terms of great respect as one of the judices in
COIN OF P. SATRIENUS.
## p. 723 (#739) ############################################
SATURNINUS.
723
SATURNINUS.
The gem
the case of Cluentius (pro Cluentio, 38, 65). / regard to whom history is altogether silent. The
lle pleaded for Chaerea against Cicero's client, piece in question exhibits on the obverse a rayed
Q. Roscius, the comic actor (pro Rosc. Com. 1, head with the words IMP. CAE. SATVRNINYS AV. ;
6, 8).
on the reverse a soldier stabbing an enemy who
SATU'RNIA, that is, a daughter of Saturnus, has fallen from his horse, with FEL. TEM. REPA-
and accordingly used as a surname of Juno and Ratio, a legend which appears for the first time
Vesta. (Virg. Aen. i. 23, xii. 156; Ov. Fast. i. on the coins of Constans and Constantius. (Eckhel,
265, vi. 383. )
(L. S. ) vol. viii. pp. 111-113. )
[W. R. ]
SATURNI'NUS, artists. 1. One of the great SATURNI'NUS, Á EʼLIUS, composed some
gem-engravers of the age of Augustus. There is poems disrespectful to the emperor Tiberius, and
a beautiful cameo by him, engraved with the was in consequence condemned by the senate,
portrait of the younger Antonin, the wife of and hurled down from the Capitol. (Dion Cass.
Drusus, and inscribed with the word CATOP. Ivii. 22. )
NEINOY, in very fine characters.
SATURNI'NUS, AEMI’LIUS, praefectus
formerly belonged to the Arcieri fiumily at Rome, practorio under Septimius Severns, was slain by
and afterwards to the late queen of Naples, Plautianus, the all-powerful favourite of the ein-
Caroline Murat. (R. Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, peror. (Dion Cass. lxxv. 14. ).
p. 153, 2d ed. ).
SATURNI'NUS, ANNIUS, mentioned in a
2. Among the artists of the age of the Anto letter of Cicero (ad Att. v. 1. & 2).
nincs, Müller mentions, on the authority of Ap- SATURNINUS, L. ANTONIUS, governor
pulerus (de Magia, p. 66, ed. Bipont. ), a skilful of Upper Germany in the reign of Domitian,
wood-carver, named Saturninus, of Dea, in Africa. raised a rebellion against that emperor from
(Müller, Archäol. d. Kunst, $ 204, n. 5. )
motives of personal hatred, A. D. II. A sudden
3. P. Lucretius, a silver-chaser, only known by inundation of the Rhine prevented Saturninus
a Roman_inscription. (Doni, Inscript. p. 319, from receiving the assistance of the barbarians
No. 12; R. Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, p. 401, which had been promised him, and he was in
2d ed. )
[P. S. )
consequence conquered without difficulty by L.
SATURNI'NUS I. , one of the thirty tyrants Appius Maximus, the general of Domitian.
enumerated by Trebellius Pollio (see AUREOLUS), Maximus burnt all the letters of Antonius, that
by whom we are told that he was the best of all others might not be implicated in the revolt ; but
the generals of his day, and much beloved by Domitian did not imitate the magnanimity of his
Valerian, that disgusted by the debauchery of general, for he seized the pretext to put various
Gallienus, he accepted from the soldiers the title persons to death along with Saturninus, and sent
of emperor, and that, after having displayed much their heads to be exposed on the Rostra at
energy during the period of his sway, he was put Rome. It is related that the victory over An-
to death by the troops, who could not endure the tonius was announced at Rome on the same day
sternness of his discipline. Not one word, how on which it was fought. As to the variations in
ever, is said of the country in which these the name of L. Appius Maximus in the different
events took place. (Trebell. Poll. Trig. Tyr. writers see MAXIMUS, p. 986, b. (Dion Cass.
22. )
(W. R. ) lxvii. 11; Suet. Dom. 6, 7; Aurel. Vict. Epit.
SATURNI'NUS II. , a native of Gaul, whose 11; Mart. iv. ll, ix. 85 ; Plut. Aemil. Paul.
biography has been written by Vopiscus, distin- 25. )
guished himself so highly by military achievements SATURNI'NUS, APO'NIUS, the governor
in his native country, in Spain and Africa, that of Moesia at the death of Nero, repulsed the
he was regarded as one of the most able officers Sarmatians, who had invaded the province, and
in the empire, and was appointed by Aurelian was in consequence rewarded by a triumphal
commander of the Eastern frontier, with express statue at the commencement of Otho's reign. In
orders that he should never visit Egypt, for it was the struggle between Vitellius and Vespasian for
feared that the presence of an active and ambitious the empire, he first espoused the cause of the
Gaul among a population notorious for turbulence former, but afterwards declared himself in fa-
and violence might lead to disorder or insurrection. vour of the latter, and crossed the Alps to join
The far-seeing sagacity of this injunction was fully Antonius Primus in northern Italy. But Primus,
proved, for when, at a later period, during the who was anxious to obtain the supreme command,
reign of Probus, Saturninus entered Alexandria, excited a mutiny of the soldiers against Saturninus,
the crowd at once saluted him as Augustus. Fly- and compelled him to fly from the camp. Tacitus
ing from such a dangerous compliment, he returned calls him a consular, which we might infer from his
to Syria; but concluding, upon reflection, that his being Legatus of Moesia, but his name does not
safety was already compromised, with great reluc- occur in the Fasti. (Tac. Hist. i. 79, ii. 85, 96,
tance he permitted himself to be invested with a iii. 5, 9, 11. )
purple robe stripped from a statue of Venus, and SATURNI'NUS, APPULEIUS. 1. C. AP-
in that attire, surrounded by his troops, received PULEIUS SATURNINUS, was one of the commis-
the adoration of the crowd. He was eventually sioners sent by the senate in B. c. 168 to inquire
slain by the soldiers of Probus, although the em- | into and settle the disputes between the Pisani
peror would willingly have spared his life. (Vo- and Lunenses. (Liv. xlv. 13. )
piscus, Saturn. )
[W. R. ] 2. Appuleius SATURNINUS, praetor B. c. 166,
SATURNI'NUS III. A medal in third brass is probably the same person as the L. Appuleius
has been described by Banduri, which, if genuine, who was appointed in B. c. 173 one of the com-
cannot, according to the most skilful numismato- missioners for dividing certain lands in Liguria and
logists, be ascribed to an epoch earlier than the age Gaul among the citizens and Latins. (Liv. xlv.
of the song of Constantine, and must therefore 44, comp. xlii. 4. )
commemorate the usurpation of some pretender with 3. L. ARPULEIUS SATURNINUS, the celebrated
3 A 2
## p. 724 (#740) ############################################
724
SATURNINUS.
SATURNINUS.
demagogue, was probably a grandson of the pre- hement attacks upon Glaucia and Saturninus, and
ceding. He possessed considerable powers of was chosen in his stcad. But Nonius paid dearly
oratory, but was of a loose and dissolute character; for his honour, for in the same evening he was
and he might probably have passed through life murdered by the emissaries of Glaucia and Satur-
much like most other Roman nobles, had he not ninus ; and early the following morning before the
received an insult from the senate at the com- forum was full, Saturninus was chosen to fill up
mencement of his public career, which rankled in the vacancy. As soon as he had entered upon his
his breast and made him a furious opponent of the tribunate (B. c. 100), he brought forward an agra-
aristocratical party. In his quaestorship, B. c. 104, rian law for dividing the lands in Gaul, which had
he was stationed at Ostia, and as Rome was buffer- been lately occupied by the Cimbri, and added to the
ing at that time from a scarcity of corn, and the law a clause, that, if it was enacted by the people,
sennte thought that Saturninus did not make the senate should swear obedience to it within five
Bufficient exertions to supply the city, they super- days, and that whoever refused to do so should be
seded him and entrusted the provisioning of the expelled from the senate, and pay a fine of twenty
capital to M. Scaurus (Diod. Exc. xxxvi. p. 608, talents. This clause was specially aimed at -Me-
ed. Wess. ; Cic. pro Sext. 17, de Harusp. Resp. tellus, who, it was well known, would refuse to
20). Saturninus forth with threw himself into obey the requisition. But in order to make sure
the foremost ranks of the democratical party, and of a refusal on the part of Metellus, Marius rose
entered into a close alliance with Marius and his in the senate and declared that he would never
friends. He soon acquired great popularity, and take the oath, and Metellus made the same decla-
was elected tribune of the plebs for the year B. C. ration ; but when the law had been passed, and
102. We have scarcely any accounts of his con- Saturninus summoned the senators to the rostra to
duct in his first tribunate ; but he did enough to comply with the demands of the law, Marius, to
earn the hatred of the aristocracy, and accordingly the astonishment of all, immediately took the oath,
Metellus Numidicus, who was at that time censor, and advised the senate to follow his example. Me
endeavoured to expel him from the senate on the tellus alone refused compliance; and on the fol-
ground of immorality, but was prevented from lowing day Saturninus sent his viator to drag the
carrying his purpose into execution by the oppo- ex-censor out of the senate-house. Not content
sition of his colleagne.
Saturninus vowed ven- with his victory, he brought forward a bill to
geance against Metellus, which he was soon able punish him with exile. The friends of Metellus
to gratify by the assistance of Marius, who was were ready to take up arms in his defence ; but
also a personal enemy of Metellus. He resolved Metellus declined their assistance, and withdrew
to become a candidate for the tribunate for the privately from the city.
