208) speaks of the "de-
serted dwellings of the destroyed Nasamones" (//)//-
\iu6ivra /ic7.
serted dwellings of the destroyed Nasamones" (//)//-
\iu6ivra /ic7.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
--Artem.
, ap.
eund.
, 671.
) Nor is that
opinion at variance with the tradition which looked
upon this people as of a kindred race with the Carians
and Lydians, since th-'se two nations-were likewise
supposed to have come from Thrace (Herod. , 1, 172. --
Strub. , 659); nor with another, which regarded them
in particular as descended from the Lydians. in whose
language the word mysos signified " a beech," which
tree, it was farther observed, abounded in the woods
ut the Mysiar. Olympus. Strabo, who has copied
these particulars from Xanthus the Lydian, and Me-
necrates of Elaja, states also, on their authority, that
the Myaian dialect was a mixture of those of Phrygia
and J. ydia. (Strai. , 572. )--We may collect from
Herodotus that the Mysiana were already a numerous
and powerful people before the Trojan war, since he
speaks of a vast expedition having been undertaken by-
them, in conjunction with the Teucri, into Europe, in
the course of which they subjugated the whole of Thrace
and Macedonia, as far as the Pcneus and the Ionian
Sea. (Herod. , 7, 20, 75. ) Subsequently, however,
to this period, the date of which is very rcinoto and
uncertain, it appears that the Mysi were confined in
Asia Minor within limits which correspond but lit-
tle with such extensive conquests. Strabo is inclined
to suppose that their primary scat in that country was
the district which surrounds Mount Olympus, whence
'ie thinks they were afterward driven by the Phrygians,
and forced to retire to the banks of the Caicus, where
the Arcadian Telephus became their king. (Eurip. ,
ap. Arislot. , Rket. , 3, 2--S/rai. . 572--riygin. ,/ao. ,
101 ) Bit it appears from Herodotus that they still
occup'fi :he Olympian district in the lime of Croesus,
whose subjects they had become, and whose aid they
requested to destroy the wild boar which ravaged their
country (t, 36). Strabo himself also recognises the
livision of this people into the Mysians of Mount Olym-
pus an4 those of the Caicus (571). These two dis-
tricts answer respectively to the Mysia Minor and Ma-
jor of Ptolemy. Homer enumerates the Mysi among
the allies of Priam in several pasaages, but he nowhere
defines their territory, or even names their towns; in
Dne place, indeed, he evidently assigns to them a sit-
uation among the Thracians of Europe. (//. , 13,5. )
--The Mysians of Asia had become subject to the
Lydian monarchs in the reign of Alyattes, father to
Croesus, and perhaps earlier, as appears from a pas-
sage of Nicolaus Damascenus, who reports that Cros-
sus had been appointed to the government of the ter-
ritory of Adrainytlium and the Theban plain during
the reign of his father. (Creuzer, Hist. Frag. , p.
203. ) Strabo even affirms that Troas was already
subjected in the reign of Gyges. (Strab , 590. ) On
the dissolution of the Lydian empire, they passed, to-
gether with the other nations of Asia, under the Per-
sian dominion, and formed part of the third satrapy in
tho division made by Darius. (Herod. , 3, 90. --Id. ,
7, 74. ) After the death of Alexander they were an-
nexed to the Syrian empire; but, on the defeat of An-
ticchus, the Romans rewarded the services of Eume-
r. cs, king of Pergamus, with the grant of a district so
conveniently situated with regard to his own dominions,
and which he had already occupied with his forces.
. Poiy*. 22, 27. -- Lis. , 38, 39. ) At a later period,
Mysia was annexed to the Roman proconsular prov-
? ? ince (Ct'c, Ep. ad Quint. Fr. , 1, 8); but under the
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? NAB
NiE V
too mean (or him << too iniquitous. He partook in
the piracies of the Cretans, who were infamous for
that practice; and he maintained a sort of alliance
with the most noted thieves and assassins in tho Pelo-
ponnesus, on the condition that they should admit him
to a slisre in their gains, while he should give them
lefuge and protection in Sparta whenever they needed
it. it is said that he invented a species of automaton,
made to resemble his wife, and that he availed himself
of ibis as an instrument of torture to wrest their wealth
from his victims. Whenever he had summoned any
opulent citizen to his palace, in order to procure from
him a sum of money for the pretended exigences of the
state, if the latter was unwilling to loan, "Perhaps,"
Nabis would say, " I do not myself possess the talent
requisite for persuading you, but I hope that Apega
(this was the name of his wife) will prove more suc-
cessful. " He then caused the horrid machine to be
brought in, which, catching the unfortunate victim in
its embrace, pierced him with sharp iron points con-
cealed beneath its splendid vestments, and tortured
him into compliance by the most excruciating suffer-
ings. --Philip, king of Macedon, being at war with the
Romans, made an alliance with Nabis, and resigned
into Ins hands the cily of Argos as a species of de-'
posite Introd "ced into this place during the night,
the tyrant plun lered the wealthy citizens, and sought
t-j seduce the lower orders by pioposing a general abo-
lition of debts and a distribution of lands. Foresee-
ing, however, not long after this, that the issue of the
war would prove unfavourable for Philip, he entered
into secret negotiations with the Romans in order to
assure himself of the possession of Argos. This per-
fidy, hiwever, was unsuccessful; and Flamininus the
Koman commander, after having concluded a peace
with the King of Macedon, advanced to lay siege to
Sparta. The army which Nabis sent against him hav-
ing been defeated, and the Romans and their allies
having entered Laconia and made themselves masters
>>f G)ihium, Nabis was forced to submit, and, besides
surrendering Argos, had to accept such terms as the Ro-
man commander was pleased to impose. Humiliated
by these reverses, he thought of nothing but regaining
his former power, and the Roman army had hardly re-
tired from Laconia before his emissaries were actively
employed in inducing the maritime cities to revolt. At
last he took up arms and laid siege to Gylhium. The
Achasaus sent a fleet to the succour of the place, under
the command of Philopoemen; but the latter was de-
feated by Nabis in a naval engagement, who thereupon
pressed the siege of Gythium with redoubled vigour,
and tinally made himself master of the place. The
tyrant, however, not long after this, experienced a to-
tal defeat near Sparta from the land forces of Philopoe-
men, and was compelled to shut himself up in his cap-
ital, while the Achaean commander ravaged Laconia
for thirty days, and then led home his army. Mean-
while Nabis was continually urging the iEtolians,
whom he regarded as his allies, to come to his aid, and
this latter people finally sent a body of troops, under
the command of Alexamenu*; but they sent also se-
cret orders along with this leader to despatch Nabis
himself on tho first opportunity. Taking advantage of
a review-day, on which occasions Nabis was wont to
ride about the field attended by only a few followers,
Aleiamenus executed his instructions, and slew Na-
bis, with the aid of some chosen /Etolian horsemen,
? ? who had been directed by the council at home to obey
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? HAI*
NAR
let comic than tragic poet. Cicero has given ua some
specimens of his jests, with which he appears to have
been greatly amused; but they consist rather in un-
expected turns of expression, or a play of words, than
in genuine humour. Naevius, in some of his comedies,
indulged too much in personal invective and satire,
especially against the elder Scipio. Encouraged by
1he silence of this illustrious individual, he next at-
tacked the patrician famil - &' the Metelli. The poet
was thrown into prison for this last offence, where he
wrote his comedies, the Hariolus and Lconlcs. These
being in some measure intended as a recantation of
his former invectives, he was liberated by the tribunes
of the commons. Relapsing soon after, however, into
his former courses, and continuing to satirize the no-
bility, he was driven from Rome by their influence,
and retired to Carthage, where he died, according to
Cicero, A. U. C. 550, B. C. 204; but Varro fixes his
death somewhat later. --Besides his comedies, Ntevius
was also author of the Cyprian Iliad, a translation from
a Greek poem called the Cyprian Epic. Whoever
may have written this Cyprian Epic, it contained 12
books, and was probably a work of amorous and ro-
mantic fiction. It commenced with tho nuptials of
Thetis and Peleus; it related the contention of the
three goddesses on Mount Ida; the fables concern-
ing Palamcitcs; the story of the daughters of Anius;
snd the love adventures of the Phrygian fair during
the early period of the siege of Troy; and it termina-
ted with the council of the gods, at which it was re-
wind that Achilles should be withdrawn from the
war, by sowing dissensions between him and Atrides.
--Seme modern critics think that the Cyprian Iliad
waa rather the work of Laivius, a poet who lived some
time after Navius, since the lines preserved from the
Cyprian Iliad are hexameters; a measure not else-
where used by Naavius, nor introduced into Italy, ac-
cording to their supposition, before the time of Ennius.
[Osann. , Analccl. Cril. , p. 36. -- Hermann, Elem.
Isctr. Metr. , p. 210, ed. Glasg. ) -- \ metrical chron-
tfrj, which chiefly related the events of the first Punic
<<ar, was another, and probably the last work of Naevi-
18, since Cicero says (De Senect. , c. 14) that in wri-
ting it he filled up the leisure of his latter days with
wonderful complacency and satisfaction. It was ori-
ginally undivided; but, after his death, was separated
into seven books. {Suet. , de Illustr. Gramm. )--Al-
though the first Punic war was the principal subject,
? >> appears from its announcement,
"Qui lerrai Latiai hemones tuserunt
Vires fraudesque Poinicas fabor,"
ret it also afforded a rapid sketch of the preceding inci-
dents of Roman history. --Cicero mentions (Brutus, c.
19) that Ennius, though he classes Navius among the
fauns and rustic bards, had borrowed, or, if he refused
to acknowledge his obligations, had pilfered' many or-
naments from his predecessor. In the same passage,
Cicero, while he admits that Ennius was the more fin-
ished and elegant writer, bears testimony to the merit
of the older bard, and declares that the Punic war of
this antiquated poet afforded him a pleasure as exqui-
site as the finest statuo that was ever formed by Myron.
To judge, however, from the lines that remain, though
in general too much broken to enable us even to divine
their moaning, the style and language of Naivius in
this work were more rugged and remote from modem
Latin than his plays or satires, and infinitely more so
? ? than the dramas of Livius Andronicus. The whole,
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? V AR
MAR
the Romans --As a Roman colony, this place took
tho name of Narbo Marirus. In the time of Caesar
it was called also Dccumanorum Colonia, from that
commander's having sent thither as colonists, at the
close of the civil contest, the remnant of his favour-
ite tenth legion. (Sueton. , Tib. , 4. ) It continued a
flourishing commercial city until a late period, as it
Is praised by writers who lived when the power of the
Reman capital itself had become greatly diminished.
[Ausonius, de CLar. Urb. , 13. --Stdonius, carm. , 23. )
The remains of the canal constructed by tho Romans
for connecting the waters of the Atax with the sea by
means of the lake Kubresus, clearly prove the ancient
power and opulence of Narbo. This city owed its
downfall, along with so many others, to the inroads of
the barbarous nations. It is now Narbonne. (Man-
ner! , Geogr. , vol. 2, p. 63, seqq. )
Narbonensis Gallia, one of the great divisions
of Gaul under the Romans, deriving its name from the
city of Narbo, its capital. It was situate in the south-
ern and southeastern quarter of the country, and was
bounded on the east by Gallia Cisalpina, being sep-
arated from it by the Varus or Var (Plvn , 3, 4); on
the north by the Lacus Lcmanus or Lake of Geneva,
the Rhone, and Gallia Lugdunensis; on the west by
Aquitania; and on the south by the Mediterranean
and Pyrenees. It embraced what was afterward the
north western part of Savoy, Dauphinc, Provence; the
western part of Langucdoc, together with the country
along the Rhone, and the eastern part of Gascony.
(Yid. Gallia. )
Narcissus, I. a beautiful youth, son of the river-god
Cephisus and the nymph Liriope, was born at Thespis
in Breotia. He saw his image reflected in a fountain,
and, becoming enamoured of it, pined away till he was
changed into the flower that bears his name. This
was regarded in poetic legends as a just punishment
upon him for his hard-heartedness towards Echo and
ether nymphs and maidens. (Ovid, Met, 3, 341, seqq.
--Hygin , fab. , 271. ) According to the version of
this fable given by Eudocia (p. 304), Narcissus threw
himself into the fountain and was drowned (ff>f>iipev
iavrdv iicei, xai lizeiwiyn t$ tvoTtrptp vdari). Pau-
caniasi after ridiculing the common legend, mentions
another, which, according to him, was less known than
the one we have just given. This latter version of
the story made Narcissus to have had a twin-sister of
remarkable beauty, to whom he was tenderly attached.
She resembled him very closely in features, wore sim-
ilar attire, and used to accompany him on the hunt.
This sister died young; and Narcissus, deeply lament-
ing her death, used to go to a neighbouring fount-
ain and gaze upon his own image in its waters, the
strong resemblance ho bore to his deceased sister
making this image appear to him, as it were, the form
of her whom he nad lost. (Pausan. , 9, 31, 6. )--The
flower alluded to in the story of Narcissus is what bot-
anists term the "Narcissus portion" (Linn. , gen. ,
550). It loves the borders of streams, and is admira-
bly personified in tho touching legends of poetry
since, bending on its fragile stem, it seems to seek its
own unaje in the waters that run murmuring by, and
toon fades away and dies. (Fie, Flore de Virgile,
feeaviii. )---II- A freed man of the Emperor Claudius.
& afterward became his private secretary, and in the
exercise of this office acquired immense riches by the
most odious means. Messalina, jealous of his power,
? ? endeavoured 'o remove him, but her own vices made
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? MAS
NAT
ipp . on the epithet " Narycian" to ihe Locn who set-
tled in Italy, as having been of the Opuntian Block.
C-cBb. , 3, 396. )
Nasamones, a people of Afric/. , to the southeast of
Cyrenaica, and extending along I m coast as far as the
midd'e of the Syrtis Major. 'Compare Herod. , 4,
172. ) They were a roving raci, uncivilized in their
habits, and noted for their rObbi ies in the case of all
tassels thrown on the quicksai is. They plundered
the cargoes and sold the crewi as slaves, and hence
Lucan (! ), 444) remarks of the-1, that, without a sin-
gle vessel ever seeking their snores, they yet carried
on a traffic with all the world. Augustus ordered an
expedition to be sent against them, both in consequence
of their numerous robberies, and because they had put
to dealh a Roman prefect. They were soon conquered;
and Dionysius Periegetes (v.
208) speaks of the "de-
serted dwellings of the destroyed Nasamones" (//)//-
\iu6ivra /ic7. adpa unofyOijievuv Naaajiuvuv). They
were not, however, completely destroyed, for we find
the race again appearing in their former places of abode,
and resinning their former habits of plunder, until in the
reign of Domitian they were completely chased away
from the coast into the desert. (Euscb. , Chron. ,01. ,
216, 2. --Josephus, Bell. , 2, 16. )--Some mention has
been made, in another part of this work {rid. Africa,
page 81, col. 1), of a journey performed through part of
the interior of Africa by certain young men of the Na-
samones; and the opinions of some able writers have
been given on this subject. The following remarks,
however, of a late critic may be compared with what
is slated under the article Niger. "Herodotus says
that the Nasamones went through the deserts of Libya;
and that he may not be misunderstood as to what he
means by Libya, which is sometimes put for Africa,
he siartes distinctly that it extends from Egypt to the
promontory of Soloes, where it terminates; that it is
inhabited by various nations besides the Grecians and
Phoenicians; that, next to this, the country is abandon-
id to beasts of prey, and that all beyond is desert; that
the young Nasamones, having passed the desert of
Libya (not Sahara), came to a region with trees, on
which were perched men of little stature; that they
were conducted by them over morasses to a city on a
great river, running from the west towards the rising
aun; that the people were black, and enchanters, &c.
Now it is perfectly clear to us that the country alluded
to by Herodotus was no other than Mauritania, and
that the notion of their having crossed the great des-
ert, and reached the Niger about Timbucloo, is found-
ed entirely on a misrepresentation of his quolers and
editors, some of whom make the course of the young
men to have been southwest, contrary to what Herodo-
tus says, and for no other reason that we can devise but
that such a course was required to bring them to a pre-
determined city and river, known to the moderns, but
not 11 Herodotus. Herodotus, however, sanctions no
such notion; he distinctly states, on the contrary, that
they proceeded to ihe west, rrpof Ztyvpov uvc/tov,
words that are never applied to any portion of the com-
pass lying between west and south, the word Zcphy-
rus, in Latin as well as in Greek, being used exclu-
sively for west, and Aty generally for southwest. If
we will only let Herodotus tell his own story, we shall
find in those parts of the Emperor of Morocco's do-
minions, situated between the Great Atlas and the Sa-
hara, plenty of rivers, two of them, the Tafilct and the
? ? Ad-judi, both running to the east, and both great riv-
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? NAU
NAU
monghold, which he calls " the fortress of the Mile-
sians' y,o Mi'Ai/giuv reixor). The geographer evi-
dently refers here to the arrival on the coast of Egypt
of some Carians and Ionians, hy whose aid, accord*
ing to Herodotus (2, 152), Psammilichus was enabled
:o subdue his colleagues in the kingdom. When, how-
erer, Siraho adds, that these Milesians, in process of
time, sailed into the Sa'itic nome, and, after-having
croquered [narus in a naval conflict, founded the city
of Nauzratis, it would seem that he mixes up with his
account of this place lim circumstance of the succours
that were given by the Athenians to Inarus, king of
Egypt, and by means ol which he gained a victory
iver tbe Persians. Inatus, it is true, was afterward
defeated, but no author mentions that t'. ie Milesians
had any chare in his overthrow. Naucratis appears,
in fact, to have been founded long before any Greek
set foot in Egypt. It was given by Amasis to the
Ionians as an entrepot for their commerce, and was not
founded by them. This favour, however, on the part,
of the Egyptian monarch, was granted under such re-
strictions as prudence seemed to require. The Greek
vessels were only allowed to enter the Canopic arm,
and were obliged to stop at Naucratis. If a ship hap-
pened to enter another mouth of the river, it was
detained; and the captain was not set at liberty un-
less he could swear that he was compelled to do so
uy necessity. He was then obliged to sail to Nau-
cratis; or, if continual north winds made this impos-
sible, he had to send his freight in small Egyptian
vessels round the Delta to Naucratis. (Herod. , 2,
179. ) But, how rigidly soever these restrictions were
originally enforced, they must soon have fallen into
disuse, as the mouths of the Nile were open to any
one after the conquest hy the Persians. -- Naucratis.
from its situation, became the connecting link in the
chain of communication between the coast and the in-
terior of the country, and continued for a long period
to important city. It is mentioned by numerous wri-
ters as low down as the sixth century. -- The ruins
which Niebuhr found near a place called SulliatLijar
seem to indicate the site of the ancient city --Nau-
cratis was the native place of Aihcnanis. Like every
commercial city, it contained among its population a
large number of dissolute persons of both sexes.
(hanker. Geogr. tTHcrodotc, p. 359, seqq. --Manner',
Gtogr. , vol 10, pt. 1, p. 563, seqq. )
Naulo<:iuis, I. a naval station on the northeastern
coast of Sicily. Between this place and My he, which
lay to the west of it, the fleet 'of Sextus Poirpeius
was defeated by that of Octavius (A. LLC 718. B. C.
36 )--II. An island off the coast of Crete, tear the
nromontory of Sammonium. (/Yin. , 4. 12. ) -- III.
The port of the town of Bulis in Phocis, near the con-
fines of Bceotia. (1'lin. , 4, 3. ) It is supposed to
have been the same with the Mychos of Strabo.
Naopactl's, a city of Lochs, at the western ex-
tremity of the territory of the Ozola? , and close to
Khiu. -n of . J-. iolia. It was said to hare derived its
? tame f'om the circumstance of the Hr. raclidse having
lher<; constructed the fleet in which they crossed over
into the Peloponnesus (vcic, a ship, and irjjyvv/u. to
construct. --Strabo, 426. --Apollod. , 2, 7, 2)---After
the Persinn war, this city was occupied by the Atheni-
ans, who there established the Mnsst-nian Helots after
tbey had evacuated Ithome. (Thucyd. , 1, 103. --Id. ,
2. 90. --Pausan. , 4, 24, teqq ) The acquisition of
? ? Naupactrs was of great importance to the Athenians
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? WAX
NBA
pnarous, In >rder to deceive the Grecian vessels that
were tailing by in the night on their return from Troy;
? lid he thu>> caused their shipwreck on the coast.
Tie torch, it seems, had been placed on the most dan-
gerous part of the shore; but the Greeks mistook it
lor a friendly signal, inviting tiiein to land hero as the
safest part of the island. Those of the shipwiccked
crews that came safe to the land were slam by Nau-
p'i'-T, who is said, however, to have thrown himself
into the sea when he saw his plan of vengeance in a
great measure frustrated by the escape of Ulysses,
who^x the Hnils bore away in safety from the danger-
ous coast. (Hygin. , fab. , 116. )--The obscure and
Ciiious logend related by Apollodorus (2, 1, 5) is
thought by tnary > have reference to this Nauplius.
It assigns him i. different end. According to this
version of the story, Nauplius attained a great age,
tnl passed his time on the sea, lamenting the fate of
those who were lost on it. At length, through the
anger of the gods, he himself met with the same fate
which he deplored in others. (Heyne, ad Apollod. , I. c. )
NAUPORTUS, a town of Pannonia, on a river of the
>>ame name, now Ober (Upper) LaybacH. (Veil. Pat. ,
2, llO. --l'lm. , 3, 18--Tacit. , Ann. , 1, 20. )
NAUSICAA, daughter of Alcinoiis, king of the Phav
acians. She met Ulysses shipwrecked on her father's
coast, and gave him a kind reception. (Oil. , 6, 17,
*eqq. )
NAUSTATIIHUS, I. a port and harbour in Sicily, at
the mouth of the river Cacyparis, below Syracuse;
now Asparanelto. (Cluv. , Stc. Ant. , p. 97. -- Ret-
r. liHi'it, I'lics. Topogr. )--II. A village and anchoring-
place of Cyrcna'ica, between Erythron and Apolloma.
(Mela, 1, 8. )--III. An anchoring-place on the coast
of the Euxine, in Asia Minor, about 90 stadia from
the mouth of the Halys ? it is supposed by some to
have been identical will, the Ihyra or Ibora of Hiero-
cles (p. 701). D'Anville gives BalircH as the mod-
ern name; but Keichard, Kupri Agkzi. (Arrian,
Perifl. , Huds, G. M. , 1, p. 16. )
NAXOS, I. a town of Crete, celebrated for produ-
cing excellent whetstones. (Find. , Istkm. , 6, 107.
--Scltol. ad Pind. , '. . c. )--II. The largest of the Cyc-
lades, lying to the east of Paros, in the . ? gean Sea.
It is said by Pliny (4, 13) to have borne the several
names of Strongylc, Dia, Dionysias, Sicilia Minor,
and Callipolis. The same writer states that it was
75 miles in circuit, and twice the size of Paros. It
was first peopled by the Carians (Sleph. Byz. , *. r.
N<ifof), but afterward received a colony of lonians
from Athens. (Herod. , 8, 46. ) The failure of the
expedition undertaken by the Persians against this
island, at the suggestion of Aristagoras, led to the
revolt of the Ionian states. (Herod. , 5,28. ) At this
period Naxos was the most flourishing of the Cycla-
des ; but, not long after, it was conquered by the Per-
sian armament under Datis and Artaphernes, who de-
stroyed the city and temples, and enslaved the inhab-
itants. (Herod. , 6,96. ) Notwithstanding this calam-
ity, the Naxians, with four ships, joined the Greek fleet
assembled at Salamis (Herod. , 8, 46), and yet they
were the first of the confederates whom the Athenians
deprived of their independence. (Thucyd. , 1,98,137. )
It appears from Herodotus (1, 64) that they had al-
ready been subject to that people in the time of Pi-
? lotratus. Naxos was farther celebrated for the wor-
jhip of Bacchus, who is said to have been born there.
? ? (Virg. , Mn. , 3, 125. -- Horn. , Hymn inApoll. , 44. --
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? NEAPOLIS.
'NEB
eccsunt of the origin of Neapolis. Scymnus of Chios
mentions both tho Phocseans and Cumaans as its
founders, while Stephanus of Byzantium names the
Khodians. But by far the most numerous and respect-
able authorities attribute its foundation to the (,'uiiix-
ans. a circumstance which their proximity renders high-
ly probable. (Slrabo, 246. --Livy, 8, 22. --Veil.
opinion at variance with the tradition which looked
upon this people as of a kindred race with the Carians
and Lydians, since th-'se two nations-were likewise
supposed to have come from Thrace (Herod. , 1, 172. --
Strub. , 659); nor with another, which regarded them
in particular as descended from the Lydians. in whose
language the word mysos signified " a beech," which
tree, it was farther observed, abounded in the woods
ut the Mysiar. Olympus. Strabo, who has copied
these particulars from Xanthus the Lydian, and Me-
necrates of Elaja, states also, on their authority, that
the Myaian dialect was a mixture of those of Phrygia
and J. ydia. (Strai. , 572. )--We may collect from
Herodotus that the Mysiana were already a numerous
and powerful people before the Trojan war, since he
speaks of a vast expedition having been undertaken by-
them, in conjunction with the Teucri, into Europe, in
the course of which they subjugated the whole of Thrace
and Macedonia, as far as the Pcneus and the Ionian
Sea. (Herod. , 7, 20, 75. ) Subsequently, however,
to this period, the date of which is very rcinoto and
uncertain, it appears that the Mysi were confined in
Asia Minor within limits which correspond but lit-
tle with such extensive conquests. Strabo is inclined
to suppose that their primary scat in that country was
the district which surrounds Mount Olympus, whence
'ie thinks they were afterward driven by the Phrygians,
and forced to retire to the banks of the Caicus, where
the Arcadian Telephus became their king. (Eurip. ,
ap. Arislot. , Rket. , 3, 2--S/rai. . 572--riygin. ,/ao. ,
101 ) Bit it appears from Herodotus that they still
occup'fi :he Olympian district in the lime of Croesus,
whose subjects they had become, and whose aid they
requested to destroy the wild boar which ravaged their
country (t, 36). Strabo himself also recognises the
livision of this people into the Mysians of Mount Olym-
pus an4 those of the Caicus (571). These two dis-
tricts answer respectively to the Mysia Minor and Ma-
jor of Ptolemy. Homer enumerates the Mysi among
the allies of Priam in several pasaages, but he nowhere
defines their territory, or even names their towns; in
Dne place, indeed, he evidently assigns to them a sit-
uation among the Thracians of Europe. (//. , 13,5. )
--The Mysians of Asia had become subject to the
Lydian monarchs in the reign of Alyattes, father to
Croesus, and perhaps earlier, as appears from a pas-
sage of Nicolaus Damascenus, who reports that Cros-
sus had been appointed to the government of the ter-
ritory of Adrainytlium and the Theban plain during
the reign of his father. (Creuzer, Hist. Frag. , p.
203. ) Strabo even affirms that Troas was already
subjected in the reign of Gyges. (Strab , 590. ) On
the dissolution of the Lydian empire, they passed, to-
gether with the other nations of Asia, under the Per-
sian dominion, and formed part of the third satrapy in
tho division made by Darius. (Herod. , 3, 90. --Id. ,
7, 74. ) After the death of Alexander they were an-
nexed to the Syrian empire; but, on the defeat of An-
ticchus, the Romans rewarded the services of Eume-
r. cs, king of Pergamus, with the grant of a district so
conveniently situated with regard to his own dominions,
and which he had already occupied with his forces.
. Poiy*. 22, 27. -- Lis. , 38, 39. ) At a later period,
Mysia was annexed to the Roman proconsular prov-
? ? ince (Ct'c, Ep. ad Quint. Fr. , 1, 8); but under the
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? NAB
NiE V
too mean (or him << too iniquitous. He partook in
the piracies of the Cretans, who were infamous for
that practice; and he maintained a sort of alliance
with the most noted thieves and assassins in tho Pelo-
ponnesus, on the condition that they should admit him
to a slisre in their gains, while he should give them
lefuge and protection in Sparta whenever they needed
it. it is said that he invented a species of automaton,
made to resemble his wife, and that he availed himself
of ibis as an instrument of torture to wrest their wealth
from his victims. Whenever he had summoned any
opulent citizen to his palace, in order to procure from
him a sum of money for the pretended exigences of the
state, if the latter was unwilling to loan, "Perhaps,"
Nabis would say, " I do not myself possess the talent
requisite for persuading you, but I hope that Apega
(this was the name of his wife) will prove more suc-
cessful. " He then caused the horrid machine to be
brought in, which, catching the unfortunate victim in
its embrace, pierced him with sharp iron points con-
cealed beneath its splendid vestments, and tortured
him into compliance by the most excruciating suffer-
ings. --Philip, king of Macedon, being at war with the
Romans, made an alliance with Nabis, and resigned
into Ins hands the cily of Argos as a species of de-'
posite Introd "ced into this place during the night,
the tyrant plun lered the wealthy citizens, and sought
t-j seduce the lower orders by pioposing a general abo-
lition of debts and a distribution of lands. Foresee-
ing, however, not long after this, that the issue of the
war would prove unfavourable for Philip, he entered
into secret negotiations with the Romans in order to
assure himself of the possession of Argos. This per-
fidy, hiwever, was unsuccessful; and Flamininus the
Koman commander, after having concluded a peace
with the King of Macedon, advanced to lay siege to
Sparta. The army which Nabis sent against him hav-
ing been defeated, and the Romans and their allies
having entered Laconia and made themselves masters
>>f G)ihium, Nabis was forced to submit, and, besides
surrendering Argos, had to accept such terms as the Ro-
man commander was pleased to impose. Humiliated
by these reverses, he thought of nothing but regaining
his former power, and the Roman army had hardly re-
tired from Laconia before his emissaries were actively
employed in inducing the maritime cities to revolt. At
last he took up arms and laid siege to Gylhium. The
Achasaus sent a fleet to the succour of the place, under
the command of Philopoemen; but the latter was de-
feated by Nabis in a naval engagement, who thereupon
pressed the siege of Gythium with redoubled vigour,
and tinally made himself master of the place. The
tyrant, however, not long after this, experienced a to-
tal defeat near Sparta from the land forces of Philopoe-
men, and was compelled to shut himself up in his cap-
ital, while the Achaean commander ravaged Laconia
for thirty days, and then led home his army. Mean-
while Nabis was continually urging the iEtolians,
whom he regarded as his allies, to come to his aid, and
this latter people finally sent a body of troops, under
the command of Alexamenu*; but they sent also se-
cret orders along with this leader to despatch Nabis
himself on tho first opportunity. Taking advantage of
a review-day, on which occasions Nabis was wont to
ride about the field attended by only a few followers,
Aleiamenus executed his instructions, and slew Na-
bis, with the aid of some chosen /Etolian horsemen,
? ? who had been directed by the council at home to obey
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? HAI*
NAR
let comic than tragic poet. Cicero has given ua some
specimens of his jests, with which he appears to have
been greatly amused; but they consist rather in un-
expected turns of expression, or a play of words, than
in genuine humour. Naevius, in some of his comedies,
indulged too much in personal invective and satire,
especially against the elder Scipio. Encouraged by
1he silence of this illustrious individual, he next at-
tacked the patrician famil - &' the Metelli. The poet
was thrown into prison for this last offence, where he
wrote his comedies, the Hariolus and Lconlcs. These
being in some measure intended as a recantation of
his former invectives, he was liberated by the tribunes
of the commons. Relapsing soon after, however, into
his former courses, and continuing to satirize the no-
bility, he was driven from Rome by their influence,
and retired to Carthage, where he died, according to
Cicero, A. U. C. 550, B. C. 204; but Varro fixes his
death somewhat later. --Besides his comedies, Ntevius
was also author of the Cyprian Iliad, a translation from
a Greek poem called the Cyprian Epic. Whoever
may have written this Cyprian Epic, it contained 12
books, and was probably a work of amorous and ro-
mantic fiction. It commenced with tho nuptials of
Thetis and Peleus; it related the contention of the
three goddesses on Mount Ida; the fables concern-
ing Palamcitcs; the story of the daughters of Anius;
snd the love adventures of the Phrygian fair during
the early period of the siege of Troy; and it termina-
ted with the council of the gods, at which it was re-
wind that Achilles should be withdrawn from the
war, by sowing dissensions between him and Atrides.
--Seme modern critics think that the Cyprian Iliad
waa rather the work of Laivius, a poet who lived some
time after Navius, since the lines preserved from the
Cyprian Iliad are hexameters; a measure not else-
where used by Naavius, nor introduced into Italy, ac-
cording to their supposition, before the time of Ennius.
[Osann. , Analccl. Cril. , p. 36. -- Hermann, Elem.
Isctr. Metr. , p. 210, ed. Glasg. ) -- \ metrical chron-
tfrj, which chiefly related the events of the first Punic
<<ar, was another, and probably the last work of Naevi-
18, since Cicero says (De Senect. , c. 14) that in wri-
ting it he filled up the leisure of his latter days with
wonderful complacency and satisfaction. It was ori-
ginally undivided; but, after his death, was separated
into seven books. {Suet. , de Illustr. Gramm. )--Al-
though the first Punic war was the principal subject,
? >> appears from its announcement,
"Qui lerrai Latiai hemones tuserunt
Vires fraudesque Poinicas fabor,"
ret it also afforded a rapid sketch of the preceding inci-
dents of Roman history. --Cicero mentions (Brutus, c.
19) that Ennius, though he classes Navius among the
fauns and rustic bards, had borrowed, or, if he refused
to acknowledge his obligations, had pilfered' many or-
naments from his predecessor. In the same passage,
Cicero, while he admits that Ennius was the more fin-
ished and elegant writer, bears testimony to the merit
of the older bard, and declares that the Punic war of
this antiquated poet afforded him a pleasure as exqui-
site as the finest statuo that was ever formed by Myron.
To judge, however, from the lines that remain, though
in general too much broken to enable us even to divine
their moaning, the style and language of Naivius in
this work were more rugged and remote from modem
Latin than his plays or satires, and infinitely more so
? ? than the dramas of Livius Andronicus. The whole,
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? V AR
MAR
the Romans --As a Roman colony, this place took
tho name of Narbo Marirus. In the time of Caesar
it was called also Dccumanorum Colonia, from that
commander's having sent thither as colonists, at the
close of the civil contest, the remnant of his favour-
ite tenth legion. (Sueton. , Tib. , 4. ) It continued a
flourishing commercial city until a late period, as it
Is praised by writers who lived when the power of the
Reman capital itself had become greatly diminished.
[Ausonius, de CLar. Urb. , 13. --Stdonius, carm. , 23. )
The remains of the canal constructed by tho Romans
for connecting the waters of the Atax with the sea by
means of the lake Kubresus, clearly prove the ancient
power and opulence of Narbo. This city owed its
downfall, along with so many others, to the inroads of
the barbarous nations. It is now Narbonne. (Man-
ner! , Geogr. , vol. 2, p. 63, seqq. )
Narbonensis Gallia, one of the great divisions
of Gaul under the Romans, deriving its name from the
city of Narbo, its capital. It was situate in the south-
ern and southeastern quarter of the country, and was
bounded on the east by Gallia Cisalpina, being sep-
arated from it by the Varus or Var (Plvn , 3, 4); on
the north by the Lacus Lcmanus or Lake of Geneva,
the Rhone, and Gallia Lugdunensis; on the west by
Aquitania; and on the south by the Mediterranean
and Pyrenees. It embraced what was afterward the
north western part of Savoy, Dauphinc, Provence; the
western part of Langucdoc, together with the country
along the Rhone, and the eastern part of Gascony.
(Yid. Gallia. )
Narcissus, I. a beautiful youth, son of the river-god
Cephisus and the nymph Liriope, was born at Thespis
in Breotia. He saw his image reflected in a fountain,
and, becoming enamoured of it, pined away till he was
changed into the flower that bears his name. This
was regarded in poetic legends as a just punishment
upon him for his hard-heartedness towards Echo and
ether nymphs and maidens. (Ovid, Met, 3, 341, seqq.
--Hygin , fab. , 271. ) According to the version of
this fable given by Eudocia (p. 304), Narcissus threw
himself into the fountain and was drowned (ff>f>iipev
iavrdv iicei, xai lizeiwiyn t$ tvoTtrptp vdari). Pau-
caniasi after ridiculing the common legend, mentions
another, which, according to him, was less known than
the one we have just given. This latter version of
the story made Narcissus to have had a twin-sister of
remarkable beauty, to whom he was tenderly attached.
She resembled him very closely in features, wore sim-
ilar attire, and used to accompany him on the hunt.
This sister died young; and Narcissus, deeply lament-
ing her death, used to go to a neighbouring fount-
ain and gaze upon his own image in its waters, the
strong resemblance ho bore to his deceased sister
making this image appear to him, as it were, the form
of her whom he nad lost. (Pausan. , 9, 31, 6. )--The
flower alluded to in the story of Narcissus is what bot-
anists term the "Narcissus portion" (Linn. , gen. ,
550). It loves the borders of streams, and is admira-
bly personified in tho touching legends of poetry
since, bending on its fragile stem, it seems to seek its
own unaje in the waters that run murmuring by, and
toon fades away and dies. (Fie, Flore de Virgile,
feeaviii. )---II- A freed man of the Emperor Claudius.
& afterward became his private secretary, and in the
exercise of this office acquired immense riches by the
most odious means. Messalina, jealous of his power,
? ? endeavoured 'o remove him, but her own vices made
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? MAS
NAT
ipp . on the epithet " Narycian" to ihe Locn who set-
tled in Italy, as having been of the Opuntian Block.
C-cBb. , 3, 396. )
Nasamones, a people of Afric/. , to the southeast of
Cyrenaica, and extending along I m coast as far as the
midd'e of the Syrtis Major. 'Compare Herod. , 4,
172. ) They were a roving raci, uncivilized in their
habits, and noted for their rObbi ies in the case of all
tassels thrown on the quicksai is. They plundered
the cargoes and sold the crewi as slaves, and hence
Lucan (! ), 444) remarks of the-1, that, without a sin-
gle vessel ever seeking their snores, they yet carried
on a traffic with all the world. Augustus ordered an
expedition to be sent against them, both in consequence
of their numerous robberies, and because they had put
to dealh a Roman prefect. They were soon conquered;
and Dionysius Periegetes (v.
208) speaks of the "de-
serted dwellings of the destroyed Nasamones" (//)//-
\iu6ivra /ic7. adpa unofyOijievuv Naaajiuvuv). They
were not, however, completely destroyed, for we find
the race again appearing in their former places of abode,
and resinning their former habits of plunder, until in the
reign of Domitian they were completely chased away
from the coast into the desert. (Euscb. , Chron. ,01. ,
216, 2. --Josephus, Bell. , 2, 16. )--Some mention has
been made, in another part of this work {rid. Africa,
page 81, col. 1), of a journey performed through part of
the interior of Africa by certain young men of the Na-
samones; and the opinions of some able writers have
been given on this subject. The following remarks,
however, of a late critic may be compared with what
is slated under the article Niger. "Herodotus says
that the Nasamones went through the deserts of Libya;
and that he may not be misunderstood as to what he
means by Libya, which is sometimes put for Africa,
he siartes distinctly that it extends from Egypt to the
promontory of Soloes, where it terminates; that it is
inhabited by various nations besides the Grecians and
Phoenicians; that, next to this, the country is abandon-
id to beasts of prey, and that all beyond is desert; that
the young Nasamones, having passed the desert of
Libya (not Sahara), came to a region with trees, on
which were perched men of little stature; that they
were conducted by them over morasses to a city on a
great river, running from the west towards the rising
aun; that the people were black, and enchanters, &c.
Now it is perfectly clear to us that the country alluded
to by Herodotus was no other than Mauritania, and
that the notion of their having crossed the great des-
ert, and reached the Niger about Timbucloo, is found-
ed entirely on a misrepresentation of his quolers and
editors, some of whom make the course of the young
men to have been southwest, contrary to what Herodo-
tus says, and for no other reason that we can devise but
that such a course was required to bring them to a pre-
determined city and river, known to the moderns, but
not 11 Herodotus. Herodotus, however, sanctions no
such notion; he distinctly states, on the contrary, that
they proceeded to ihe west, rrpof Ztyvpov uvc/tov,
words that are never applied to any portion of the com-
pass lying between west and south, the word Zcphy-
rus, in Latin as well as in Greek, being used exclu-
sively for west, and Aty generally for southwest. If
we will only let Herodotus tell his own story, we shall
find in those parts of the Emperor of Morocco's do-
minions, situated between the Great Atlas and the Sa-
hara, plenty of rivers, two of them, the Tafilct and the
? ? Ad-judi, both running to the east, and both great riv-
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? NAU
NAU
monghold, which he calls " the fortress of the Mile-
sians' y,o Mi'Ai/giuv reixor). The geographer evi-
dently refers here to the arrival on the coast of Egypt
of some Carians and Ionians, hy whose aid, accord*
ing to Herodotus (2, 152), Psammilichus was enabled
:o subdue his colleagues in the kingdom. When, how-
erer, Siraho adds, that these Milesians, in process of
time, sailed into the Sa'itic nome, and, after-having
croquered [narus in a naval conflict, founded the city
of Nauzratis, it would seem that he mixes up with his
account of this place lim circumstance of the succours
that were given by the Athenians to Inarus, king of
Egypt, and by means ol which he gained a victory
iver tbe Persians. Inatus, it is true, was afterward
defeated, but no author mentions that t'. ie Milesians
had any chare in his overthrow. Naucratis appears,
in fact, to have been founded long before any Greek
set foot in Egypt. It was given by Amasis to the
Ionians as an entrepot for their commerce, and was not
founded by them. This favour, however, on the part,
of the Egyptian monarch, was granted under such re-
strictions as prudence seemed to require. The Greek
vessels were only allowed to enter the Canopic arm,
and were obliged to stop at Naucratis. If a ship hap-
pened to enter another mouth of the river, it was
detained; and the captain was not set at liberty un-
less he could swear that he was compelled to do so
uy necessity. He was then obliged to sail to Nau-
cratis; or, if continual north winds made this impos-
sible, he had to send his freight in small Egyptian
vessels round the Delta to Naucratis. (Herod. , 2,
179. ) But, how rigidly soever these restrictions were
originally enforced, they must soon have fallen into
disuse, as the mouths of the Nile were open to any
one after the conquest hy the Persians. -- Naucratis.
from its situation, became the connecting link in the
chain of communication between the coast and the in-
terior of the country, and continued for a long period
to important city. It is mentioned by numerous wri-
ters as low down as the sixth century. -- The ruins
which Niebuhr found near a place called SulliatLijar
seem to indicate the site of the ancient city --Nau-
cratis was the native place of Aihcnanis. Like every
commercial city, it contained among its population a
large number of dissolute persons of both sexes.
(hanker. Geogr. tTHcrodotc, p. 359, seqq. --Manner',
Gtogr. , vol 10, pt. 1, p. 563, seqq. )
Naulo<:iuis, I. a naval station on the northeastern
coast of Sicily. Between this place and My he, which
lay to the west of it, the fleet 'of Sextus Poirpeius
was defeated by that of Octavius (A. LLC 718. B. C.
36 )--II. An island off the coast of Crete, tear the
nromontory of Sammonium. (/Yin. , 4. 12. ) -- III.
The port of the town of Bulis in Phocis, near the con-
fines of Bceotia. (1'lin. , 4, 3. ) It is supposed to
have been the same with the Mychos of Strabo.
Naopactl's, a city of Lochs, at the western ex-
tremity of the territory of the Ozola? , and close to
Khiu. -n of . J-. iolia. It was said to hare derived its
? tame f'om the circumstance of the Hr. raclidse having
lher<; constructed the fleet in which they crossed over
into the Peloponnesus (vcic, a ship, and irjjyvv/u. to
construct. --Strabo, 426. --Apollod. , 2, 7, 2)---After
the Persinn war, this city was occupied by the Atheni-
ans, who there established the Mnsst-nian Helots after
tbey had evacuated Ithome. (Thucyd. , 1, 103. --Id. ,
2. 90. --Pausan. , 4, 24, teqq ) The acquisition of
? ? Naupactrs was of great importance to the Athenians
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? WAX
NBA
pnarous, In >rder to deceive the Grecian vessels that
were tailing by in the night on their return from Troy;
? lid he thu>> caused their shipwreck on the coast.
Tie torch, it seems, had been placed on the most dan-
gerous part of the shore; but the Greeks mistook it
lor a friendly signal, inviting tiiein to land hero as the
safest part of the island. Those of the shipwiccked
crews that came safe to the land were slam by Nau-
p'i'-T, who is said, however, to have thrown himself
into the sea when he saw his plan of vengeance in a
great measure frustrated by the escape of Ulysses,
who^x the Hnils bore away in safety from the danger-
ous coast. (Hygin. , fab. , 116. )--The obscure and
Ciiious logend related by Apollodorus (2, 1, 5) is
thought by tnary > have reference to this Nauplius.
It assigns him i. different end. According to this
version of the story, Nauplius attained a great age,
tnl passed his time on the sea, lamenting the fate of
those who were lost on it. At length, through the
anger of the gods, he himself met with the same fate
which he deplored in others. (Heyne, ad Apollod. , I. c. )
NAUPORTUS, a town of Pannonia, on a river of the
>>ame name, now Ober (Upper) LaybacH. (Veil. Pat. ,
2, llO. --l'lm. , 3, 18--Tacit. , Ann. , 1, 20. )
NAUSICAA, daughter of Alcinoiis, king of the Phav
acians. She met Ulysses shipwrecked on her father's
coast, and gave him a kind reception. (Oil. , 6, 17,
*eqq. )
NAUSTATIIHUS, I. a port and harbour in Sicily, at
the mouth of the river Cacyparis, below Syracuse;
now Asparanelto. (Cluv. , Stc. Ant. , p. 97. -- Ret-
r. liHi'it, I'lics. Topogr. )--II. A village and anchoring-
place of Cyrcna'ica, between Erythron and Apolloma.
(Mela, 1, 8. )--III. An anchoring-place on the coast
of the Euxine, in Asia Minor, about 90 stadia from
the mouth of the Halys ? it is supposed by some to
have been identical will, the Ihyra or Ibora of Hiero-
cles (p. 701). D'Anville gives BalircH as the mod-
ern name; but Keichard, Kupri Agkzi. (Arrian,
Perifl. , Huds, G. M. , 1, p. 16. )
NAXOS, I. a town of Crete, celebrated for produ-
cing excellent whetstones. (Find. , Istkm. , 6, 107.
--Scltol. ad Pind. , '. . c. )--II. The largest of the Cyc-
lades, lying to the east of Paros, in the . ? gean Sea.
It is said by Pliny (4, 13) to have borne the several
names of Strongylc, Dia, Dionysias, Sicilia Minor,
and Callipolis. The same writer states that it was
75 miles in circuit, and twice the size of Paros. It
was first peopled by the Carians (Sleph. Byz. , *. r.
N<ifof), but afterward received a colony of lonians
from Athens. (Herod. , 8, 46. ) The failure of the
expedition undertaken by the Persians against this
island, at the suggestion of Aristagoras, led to the
revolt of the Ionian states. (Herod. , 5,28. ) At this
period Naxos was the most flourishing of the Cycla-
des ; but, not long after, it was conquered by the Per-
sian armament under Datis and Artaphernes, who de-
stroyed the city and temples, and enslaved the inhab-
itants. (Herod. , 6,96. ) Notwithstanding this calam-
ity, the Naxians, with four ships, joined the Greek fleet
assembled at Salamis (Herod. , 8, 46), and yet they
were the first of the confederates whom the Athenians
deprived of their independence. (Thucyd. , 1,98,137. )
It appears from Herodotus (1, 64) that they had al-
ready been subject to that people in the time of Pi-
? lotratus. Naxos was farther celebrated for the wor-
jhip of Bacchus, who is said to have been born there.
? ? (Virg. , Mn. , 3, 125. -- Horn. , Hymn inApoll. , 44. --
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? NEAPOLIS.
'NEB
eccsunt of the origin of Neapolis. Scymnus of Chios
mentions both tho Phocseans and Cumaans as its
founders, while Stephanus of Byzantium names the
Khodians. But by far the most numerous and respect-
able authorities attribute its foundation to the (,'uiiix-
ans. a circumstance which their proximity renders high-
ly probable. (Slrabo, 246. --Livy, 8, 22. --Veil.
