This work is found in
the collections of the Byzantine Historians.
the collections of the Byzantine Historians.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.
hathitrust.
org/access_use#pd-google
? ZEN
extravagant and impracticable. The piety which it
teaches is nothing more than a quiet submission to ir-
resistible fate; the self-command which it enjoins an-
nihilates the best affections of the human heart; the
indulgence which it grants to suicide is inconsistent,
not only with the general principles of piety, but even
with that constancy which was the height of Stoical
nerfection ; and even its moral doctrine of benevolence
* tinctured with the fanciful principle, which lay at the
foundation of the whole Stoical system, that e;ery
being is a portion of one great whole, from which it
tvoull be unnatural and impious to attempt a separa-
tion. (Enfield's History of Philosirphy, vol. 1, p. 315,
teqj. )--II. A philosopher, a native of Tarsus, or,Ac-
cording to some, of Sidon. and the immediate succes-
sor of Chrysippus in the Stoic school. He docs not
appear to have receded in any respect from the Stoic
tenets, except that he withheld his assent to the doc-
trine of the final conflagration. (Diog. Laert. , 7, 38.
--Euseb. , Prttp. En. , 15, 18. )--III. A philosopher of
Elea, called the Eleatic, to distinguish him from Ze-
no the Stoic. He flourished about 444 B. C. Zcno
was a zealous friend of civil liberty, and is celebrated
for his courageous and successful opposition to tyrants;
but the inconsistency of the stories related by different
writers concerning him in a great measure destroys
their credit. --The invention of the dialectic art has
oeen improperly ascribed to him; but there can be no
doubt that this philosopher, and other metaphysical
disputants in the Eleatic seat, employed much inge-
nuity and subtlety in exhibiting examples of most of
the logical arts which were afterward reduced to rule
by Aristotle and others. According to Aristotle, Ze-
no of Elea taught that nothing can be produced either
from that which is similar or dissimilar; that there is
only one being, and that is God; that this being is
eternal, homogeneous, and spherical, neither finite nor
infinite, neither quiescent nor movealile; that there
are many worlds; that there is in nature no vacuum,
Ac. If Seneca's account of this philosopher deserves
tredit, he reached the highest point of scepticism, and
denied the real existence of external objects. (Sen-
eca, Ep. , 5S. -- Enfield, Hist. Philot. , vol. 1, p. 419,
teg. )
ZENOBIA, a celebrated princess, wife of Odenatus,
and after his death queen of Palmyra. (Vid. Odena-
tus, and Palmyra. ) With equal talents for jurispru-
dence and finance, thoroughly skilled in the arts and
duties of government, and adapting severity and clem-
ency with nice discernment to the exigency of the
circumstances, her agile and elastic frame enabled her
to direct and share the labours and enterprises of war.
Disdaining the female litter, she was continually on
horseback, and could even keep pace on foot with the
march of her soldiery. History has preserved some
reminiscences of her personal appearance, her dress,
and" her habits, which represent this apparent amazon
as a woman of the most engaging beauty, gifted with
the versatile graces of a court, and accomplished in
literary endowments. In complexion a brunette, her
teeth were of a pearly whiteness, and her eyes black
and sparkling; her mien was animated, and her voice
clear and powerful. With a helmet on ner neaa, ana
wearing a purple mantle fringed with gems and clasp-
ed with a buckle at the waist, so as to leave one of her
<<rm>> bare to the shoulder, sho presented herself at the
council of war; and affecting, from the policy of her
country, a regal pomp, she was worshipped with Per-
? ? sian prostration. Pure in her manners to the utmost
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? ZEU
ZEUXIS.
fia, who accompanied the Argonauts to Colchis along
with his brother Calais. In Biluynia, the two broth-
era, who are represented with wings, delivered 1'hin-
eus from the persecution of the Harpies, and drove
these monsters as far as the islands called Strophades.
Vid. Strophades, and Harpyia*. --Apollod. , 1, 9; 3, 15.
--Hygm. , fab. , U. --Otid, Met. , 8, 716. -- Pausan. ,
3, 16. ) .
ZETIIUS, a son of Jupiter and Antiope, brother ,>>
Amphion. (Vid. Amph. on. )
ZKUGIS or ZEUOITANA, a district of Africa in which
Carthage waq eituated. It extended from the river
Tusca to the Herrmean promontory, and from the
coast to 11m mountains that separated it from Uyzaci-
uro. (Irid. , Hist. , 14, 5. --Plin. , 5, 4. )
ZEUOMA, or the Bridge, the name of the principal
passage of the river Euphrates, southwest of Edessa.
An ancient fortress by which it was commanded is
still called Roum-Cala, or the Roman Castle; to
which may be added, that on the opposite shore there
is a place called Zcueme. (Plin. , 5, 24. --Curt. , 3,
7. --Tacit. , Ann. , 12, 12. )
ZEUS, the name of Jupiter among the Greeks.
(Vid. remarks under the article Jupiter. )
ZGUXIS, a celebrated painter, born at Heraclea, in
Magna Graceia, and who flourished about B. C. 400.
(Ptin. , 35, 9, 36. --JElian, V. H. , 4, Vt. --Hardouin,
ad Plin, I. c. --Sillig, Diet. Art. , p. 130, not. ) He
studied under either IJemophilus or Neseas, artists re-
specting whom nothing is known but that one of them
was his master. Soon, however, he far outstripped
his instructer, as Apollodorus intimated in verses ex-
pressive of his indignation that Zeuxis should have
moulded to his own use all previous inventions, and
stolen the graces of the best masters; thus paying a
high though involuntary compliment to his gifted rival.
Apollodorus having first practised chiaro-oscuro, could
not endure that his glory should be eclipsed by a
irounger artist, who availed himself of his improve-
ments to rise to a higher degree of excellence. Zeux-
* seems to have rapidly risen to the highest distinc-
tion in Greece, and acquired by the exercise of his
<<-. , not only renown, but riches. Of the latter ad-
r. i. :. :'_! '? hi- was more vain than became a man of cx-
ilted genius. He appeared at the Olympic games
<ttired in a mantle on which. his name was embroidered
in letters of gold, a piece of most absurd display in
one whose name was deeply impressed on the hearts
*nd imaginations of those by whom he was surrounded.
He does not, however, eeern to have been chargeable
with avarice; or, at least, this passion, if it existed,
was subservient to his pride; for, when he had attained
the height of his fame, he refused any longer to re-
ceive money for his pictures, but made presents of
them, because he regarded them as above all pecuni-
ary value. In the earlier part of his career he was
accustomed, however, to exhibit his productions for
money, especially his most celebrated painting of Hel-
en. The truth seems to have been, that the ruling pas-
<<ion of Zeuxis was the love of pomp, an ever-restless
vanity, a constant desire and craving after every kind
of distinction. --Very little is known respecting the
events of the lifo-of this celebrated painter. He was
not only successful in securing wealth and the applause
of the multitude, but was honoured with the friend-
ship of Archelaiis, king of Macedon. For the palace
of this monarch he executed numerous pictures. Ci-
? ? cero informs us, that the inhabitants of Crotona pre-
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? ZON
extraoidinary a circumstance, however, vrould surely
rave been alluded to by some other writer, had it been
? rue. There seems good reason, therefore, to believe
it fictitious. (Encyclop. Mctropol. , div. 2, vol. 1, p.
405, . '. . '/</)
/mi. i *, a sophist and grammarian of Amphipolis,
wh8 rendered himself known by his severe criticisms
on the poems of Homer, for which he received the
name of Homeromastix, or the chastiser of Homer,
and also on the productions of Plato and other writers.
. 'Elian ( V. H. , 11, 10) draws a very unfavourable pic-
ture of both his character and personal appearance.
In all this, however, there is very probably much of
exaggeration. Dionysius of Halicarnaasus (/? . '/'. ad
Pomp. ) appears, on the other hand, to praise the man;
be ranks him, at least, among those who have censured
Plato, not from a feeling of envy or enmity, but a de-
sire for the truth. The age of Zoilus is. uncertain.
Vitruvius (Prtef. , ad lib. 7) refers him to the time of
Ptolemy Philadelphus, and is followed by Vossius.
Keinesius, however (far. Leer. , 3, 2), and lonsius
(de Script. Hist. PhU. , c. 9) are opposed lo this, be-
cause Zoilus is said to have been a hearer of Polyc-
rates, who lived in the time of Socrates. (Consult
the remarks of Perizonius on this subject,ml . }'J:,:,! ,,
V, II. I. c. ) Some say that Zoilus was stoned to
death, or exposed on a cross, by order of Ptolemy,
while others maintain that he was burned alive at
Smyrna. According to another account, he recited
his invectives against Homer at the Olympic games,
and was thrown from a rock for his offence. (Julian,
V. H. , I. c. --Longin. , 9, 4. )
ZO. XA or ZONK, a city . on the . t>r;m coast of
Thrace, near the promontory of Serrhium. It is men-
tioned by Herodotus (7, 59) and by Hecatajus (ap.
Steph. lli/~. ). Here Orpheus sang, and by his strains
drew after him both the woods and the beasts that
tenanted them. (Apollon. Rhod. , 1, 28. )
ZONARAS, a Byzantine historian, who flourished to-
wards the close of the eleventh and the commence-
ment of the twelfth centuries. He held the offices
originally of Grand Dungarius (commander of the Beet)
and chief secretary of the imperial cabinet; but he
afterward became a monk, and attached himself to a
religious house on Mount Athos, where he died sub-
sequently to A. D. 1118. His Annals, or Chronicle,
extend from the creation of the world down to 1118
A. D. , the period of the death of Alexis I. They pos-
sess a double interest: for more ancient times, he has
availed himself, independently of Eutropius and Dio
Cassius, of other authors that are lost to us; and at a
later period he details events of which he himself was
a witness. Though deficient in critical spirit, he has
still displayed great good sense in adding nothing of
his own to the extracts which he has inserted in his
history, except what might serve to unite thim to-
gether in regular order. There results from this, it is
true, a great variety of style in his work, but this is
easily paidoned, and the only regret is, that Zonaras
had not indicated with more exactness the authors
whence he drew his materials. The impartiality of
the writer is worthy of praise.
This work is found in
the collections of the Byzantine Historians. --Zonaras
was the author also of a Glossary or Lexicon, in the
manner of Hesychius a -J Suidas It was published
ZOS
by Tittman, in 1808, at the Leipzig press, along >>:i
the Lexicon of Photius, in 3 vols. 4to, the first tw<
? ? volumes being devoted to the Lexicon of Zonarai.
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? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:20 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? SUPPLEMENT.
Ai*i,III. the twelfth king of Argos. He was the
ion of Lynceus and HypgWnnestra, and grandson
? f Danaus. He married Ocaleia, who bore him
iwin sons, Acri. sius and Proetus. (Apollod. , 2, 2,
i. --Hygin. , Fab. , 170. ) When he informed his
father of the death of Danaus, he was rewarded
with the shield of his grandfather, which was sa-
cred to Juno. He is described as a successful con-
queror, and as the founder of the town of Abae in
I'] mi-is (Paui. , 10, 36, 1), and of the Pelasgic Argos
in Thessaly. (Strab. , 9, p. 431. ) The fame of
his warlike spirit was so great, that even after his
death, when people revolted whom he had subdued,
they were put to flight by the simple act of showing
them his shield. (Virg. , JEn. , 3, 286. --Sen. , ad loc. )
! t was from this Abas that the kings of Argos were
called by the patronymic Abantiades.
ABASCANTDB ('AtaoitavTOf), a physician of Lugdu-
num (Lyons), who probably lived in the second cen-
tury after Christ. He is several times mentioned
by Galen (It, Compos. Medicam. secund. Locos, 9,
4, vol. 13, p. 278), who has also preserved an an-
tidote invented fty him against the bite of serpents.
(De Anlid. , 2, 12, vol. 14, p. 177. ) -The name is
to be met with in numerous Latin inscriptions in
Grater's collection, five of which refer to a freed-
man of Augustus, who is supposed by Kiihn (Addi-
tam. ad Blench. Medic. Vet. a J. A. Falrricio in
? ? Bibl. Gr. " Exhib. ) to he the same person that is
nentioned by Galen. This, however, is quite uncer-
tain, as also whether HapaidJTiof 'ASdoitavSoc. in
Galen (De Compot. Medicam. secund. Locos. , 7, 3,
vol. 13, p. 71) refers to the subject of this article.
ABDIAS . 'v. . V,<r), the pretended author of an
Apocryphal book, entitled The History of the Apos-
tolical contest. This work claims to have been writ-
ten in Hebrew, to have been tranriated into Greek
by Eutropius, and thence into Latin by Julius Afri-
'lanus. It was, however, originally written in Latin,
about A. D. 910. It is printed in Fabricius, Codex
Apocrypha Noti Tett. , p. 402, 8vo, Hamb. , 1703.
Abdias was called, too, the first Bishop of Babylon.
ABELLIO is the name of a divinity found in in-
scriptions which were discovered at Comminges in
France. (Gruter, Inter. , p. 37, 4. --J. Sealigcr, Lee-
tiones Ausoniana, 1, 9. ) Buttmann (Mythologus, 1,
p. 167, &c. ) considers Abellio to be the same name
as Apollo, who in Crete and elsewhere was called
'\'<</. ">>? . and by the Italians and some Dorians
Apello (f'est. , s. r. Apcllinem. -- Eustalh. ai II. , 2,
99), and that the deity is the same as the Gallic
Apollo mentioned by Caesar (Bell. Gall. , 6, 17), and
also the same as Belis or Belenus mentioned by
Tertullian (Apolopet. , 23) and Herodian (8, 3. --
Comp. Capitol. , Maximin. , 22). As the root of the
word he recognises the Spartan Beta, i. <? . the sun
(Hesych. , s. >- ), whirli appears in the Syriac and
Chaldaic Belus or Baal.
ABISARES or ABISSARKS ('A</<-m;. y). called llm-
hisarus ('E/tliaapofi by Diodorus (17, 90), an In-
dian king beyond the river Hydaspes, whose terri-
tory lay in the mountains, sent embassies to Alex-
ander t! ,e Great, both before and after the conquest
of Porus, although inclined to espouse the side of
the latter. Alexander not only allowed him to re-
lain bis kingdoi- but increased it, and on his tleath
SO
appointed his son as his successor. '! ://,. -<<. i,at
? ? 5, 8, 20, 29. --Curt. , 8, 12, 13, 14; P,'l; 10,1. )
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? MIO
SUPPLEMENT.
? orrenJered Susa to Alexander when the latter ap-
proached the city. The satrapy was restored to
him by Alexander, but he and his son Oxyathres
were afterward executed by Alexander for th. e
crimes they had committed in the government of
the satrapy. (Curt. , 6, 2. --Arrian, Anab. , 3, 16; 7,
4. --Diod. , 17, 05. )
ABDHIA GENS, plebeian. On the coins of this
gens we find the cognomen GEH. , which is perhaps
an abbreviation of Geminus. The coins have no
beads of persons on them. The most distinguished
members of this gens were--I. C. ABURIUS, one of
the ambassadors sent to Masinissa and the Cartha-
ginians, B. C. 171. (Li>>. , 42, 35. )--II. M. ABURIOS,
tribune of the plebs, B. C. 187, opposed M. Fulvius,
the proconsul, in his petition for a triumph, but with-
drew his opposition chiefly through the influence of
his colleague Ti. Gracchus. (Liv. , 39, 4, 5. ) He
was praetor peregrinus, B. C. 176. (Liv. , 41, 18,19. )
ABURNUS VALENO, a Roman lawyer, probably the
same w,ith the Valens who formed one of the con-
silium of the Emperor Antoninus Pius. (Capitoli-
>><<*, Ant. Piiu, 12. ) We have, in the Pandects,
selections from his seven books of " Fidcicommis-
to. " IZimmern, Gtsch. d. Bom. Privatrcckts, 1, 1,
934. )
ACACAI. I. IS ('AKOHcalUif), daughter of Minos, by
whom, according to a Cretan tradition, Hermes
begot Cydon; while, according to a tradition of the
Tegeatans, Cydon was a son of Tegeates, and im-
migrated to Crete from Tegea. (Pan*. , 8, 63, $ 2. )
Apollo begot by her a son, Miletus, whom, for fear
of her father, Acacallis exposed in a forest, where
wolves watched and suckled the child until he was
found by shepherds, who brought him up. (Antonin.
Lib. , 30. ) Other sons of her and Apollo are Amphi-
themis and Garamas. (Apollon. , 4,1490, &c. ) Apol-
lodorus (3,1, $ 3) calls this daughter of Minos Acalle
''AM*/ / /,! , but does not mention Miletus as her son.
Acacallis was in Crete a common name for a nar-
eitsus. (Alhen. , 15, p. 681.
? ZEN
extravagant and impracticable. The piety which it
teaches is nothing more than a quiet submission to ir-
resistible fate; the self-command which it enjoins an-
nihilates the best affections of the human heart; the
indulgence which it grants to suicide is inconsistent,
not only with the general principles of piety, but even
with that constancy which was the height of Stoical
nerfection ; and even its moral doctrine of benevolence
* tinctured with the fanciful principle, which lay at the
foundation of the whole Stoical system, that e;ery
being is a portion of one great whole, from which it
tvoull be unnatural and impious to attempt a separa-
tion. (Enfield's History of Philosirphy, vol. 1, p. 315,
teqj. )--II. A philosopher, a native of Tarsus, or,Ac-
cording to some, of Sidon. and the immediate succes-
sor of Chrysippus in the Stoic school. He docs not
appear to have receded in any respect from the Stoic
tenets, except that he withheld his assent to the doc-
trine of the final conflagration. (Diog. Laert. , 7, 38.
--Euseb. , Prttp. En. , 15, 18. )--III. A philosopher of
Elea, called the Eleatic, to distinguish him from Ze-
no the Stoic. He flourished about 444 B. C. Zcno
was a zealous friend of civil liberty, and is celebrated
for his courageous and successful opposition to tyrants;
but the inconsistency of the stories related by different
writers concerning him in a great measure destroys
their credit. --The invention of the dialectic art has
oeen improperly ascribed to him; but there can be no
doubt that this philosopher, and other metaphysical
disputants in the Eleatic seat, employed much inge-
nuity and subtlety in exhibiting examples of most of
the logical arts which were afterward reduced to rule
by Aristotle and others. According to Aristotle, Ze-
no of Elea taught that nothing can be produced either
from that which is similar or dissimilar; that there is
only one being, and that is God; that this being is
eternal, homogeneous, and spherical, neither finite nor
infinite, neither quiescent nor movealile; that there
are many worlds; that there is in nature no vacuum,
Ac. If Seneca's account of this philosopher deserves
tredit, he reached the highest point of scepticism, and
denied the real existence of external objects. (Sen-
eca, Ep. , 5S. -- Enfield, Hist. Philot. , vol. 1, p. 419,
teg. )
ZENOBIA, a celebrated princess, wife of Odenatus,
and after his death queen of Palmyra. (Vid. Odena-
tus, and Palmyra. ) With equal talents for jurispru-
dence and finance, thoroughly skilled in the arts and
duties of government, and adapting severity and clem-
ency with nice discernment to the exigency of the
circumstances, her agile and elastic frame enabled her
to direct and share the labours and enterprises of war.
Disdaining the female litter, she was continually on
horseback, and could even keep pace on foot with the
march of her soldiery. History has preserved some
reminiscences of her personal appearance, her dress,
and" her habits, which represent this apparent amazon
as a woman of the most engaging beauty, gifted with
the versatile graces of a court, and accomplished in
literary endowments. In complexion a brunette, her
teeth were of a pearly whiteness, and her eyes black
and sparkling; her mien was animated, and her voice
clear and powerful. With a helmet on ner neaa, ana
wearing a purple mantle fringed with gems and clasp-
ed with a buckle at the waist, so as to leave one of her
<<rm>> bare to the shoulder, sho presented herself at the
council of war; and affecting, from the policy of her
country, a regal pomp, she was worshipped with Per-
? ? sian prostration. Pure in her manners to the utmost
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? ZEU
ZEUXIS.
fia, who accompanied the Argonauts to Colchis along
with his brother Calais. In Biluynia, the two broth-
era, who are represented with wings, delivered 1'hin-
eus from the persecution of the Harpies, and drove
these monsters as far as the islands called Strophades.
Vid. Strophades, and Harpyia*. --Apollod. , 1, 9; 3, 15.
--Hygm. , fab. , U. --Otid, Met. , 8, 716. -- Pausan. ,
3, 16. ) .
ZETIIUS, a son of Jupiter and Antiope, brother ,>>
Amphion. (Vid. Amph. on. )
ZKUGIS or ZEUOITANA, a district of Africa in which
Carthage waq eituated. It extended from the river
Tusca to the Herrmean promontory, and from the
coast to 11m mountains that separated it from Uyzaci-
uro. (Irid. , Hist. , 14, 5. --Plin. , 5, 4. )
ZEUOMA, or the Bridge, the name of the principal
passage of the river Euphrates, southwest of Edessa.
An ancient fortress by which it was commanded is
still called Roum-Cala, or the Roman Castle; to
which may be added, that on the opposite shore there
is a place called Zcueme. (Plin. , 5, 24. --Curt. , 3,
7. --Tacit. , Ann. , 12, 12. )
ZEUS, the name of Jupiter among the Greeks.
(Vid. remarks under the article Jupiter. )
ZGUXIS, a celebrated painter, born at Heraclea, in
Magna Graceia, and who flourished about B. C. 400.
(Ptin. , 35, 9, 36. --JElian, V. H. , 4, Vt. --Hardouin,
ad Plin, I. c. --Sillig, Diet. Art. , p. 130, not. ) He
studied under either IJemophilus or Neseas, artists re-
specting whom nothing is known but that one of them
was his master. Soon, however, he far outstripped
his instructer, as Apollodorus intimated in verses ex-
pressive of his indignation that Zeuxis should have
moulded to his own use all previous inventions, and
stolen the graces of the best masters; thus paying a
high though involuntary compliment to his gifted rival.
Apollodorus having first practised chiaro-oscuro, could
not endure that his glory should be eclipsed by a
irounger artist, who availed himself of his improve-
ments to rise to a higher degree of excellence. Zeux-
* seems to have rapidly risen to the highest distinc-
tion in Greece, and acquired by the exercise of his
<<-. , not only renown, but riches. Of the latter ad-
r. i. :. :'_! '? hi- was more vain than became a man of cx-
ilted genius. He appeared at the Olympic games
<ttired in a mantle on which. his name was embroidered
in letters of gold, a piece of most absurd display in
one whose name was deeply impressed on the hearts
*nd imaginations of those by whom he was surrounded.
He does not, however, eeern to have been chargeable
with avarice; or, at least, this passion, if it existed,
was subservient to his pride; for, when he had attained
the height of his fame, he refused any longer to re-
ceive money for his pictures, but made presents of
them, because he regarded them as above all pecuni-
ary value. In the earlier part of his career he was
accustomed, however, to exhibit his productions for
money, especially his most celebrated painting of Hel-
en. The truth seems to have been, that the ruling pas-
<<ion of Zeuxis was the love of pomp, an ever-restless
vanity, a constant desire and craving after every kind
of distinction. --Very little is known respecting the
events of the lifo-of this celebrated painter. He was
not only successful in securing wealth and the applause
of the multitude, but was honoured with the friend-
ship of Archelaiis, king of Macedon. For the palace
of this monarch he executed numerous pictures. Ci-
? ? cero informs us, that the inhabitants of Crotona pre-
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? ZON
extraoidinary a circumstance, however, vrould surely
rave been alluded to by some other writer, had it been
? rue. There seems good reason, therefore, to believe
it fictitious. (Encyclop. Mctropol. , div. 2, vol. 1, p.
405, . '. . '/</)
/mi. i *, a sophist and grammarian of Amphipolis,
wh8 rendered himself known by his severe criticisms
on the poems of Homer, for which he received the
name of Homeromastix, or the chastiser of Homer,
and also on the productions of Plato and other writers.
. 'Elian ( V. H. , 11, 10) draws a very unfavourable pic-
ture of both his character and personal appearance.
In all this, however, there is very probably much of
exaggeration. Dionysius of Halicarnaasus (/? . '/'. ad
Pomp. ) appears, on the other hand, to praise the man;
be ranks him, at least, among those who have censured
Plato, not from a feeling of envy or enmity, but a de-
sire for the truth. The age of Zoilus is. uncertain.
Vitruvius (Prtef. , ad lib. 7) refers him to the time of
Ptolemy Philadelphus, and is followed by Vossius.
Keinesius, however (far. Leer. , 3, 2), and lonsius
(de Script. Hist. PhU. , c. 9) are opposed lo this, be-
cause Zoilus is said to have been a hearer of Polyc-
rates, who lived in the time of Socrates. (Consult
the remarks of Perizonius on this subject,ml . }'J:,:,! ,,
V, II. I. c. ) Some say that Zoilus was stoned to
death, or exposed on a cross, by order of Ptolemy,
while others maintain that he was burned alive at
Smyrna. According to another account, he recited
his invectives against Homer at the Olympic games,
and was thrown from a rock for his offence. (Julian,
V. H. , I. c. --Longin. , 9, 4. )
ZO. XA or ZONK, a city . on the . t>r;m coast of
Thrace, near the promontory of Serrhium. It is men-
tioned by Herodotus (7, 59) and by Hecatajus (ap.
Steph. lli/~. ). Here Orpheus sang, and by his strains
drew after him both the woods and the beasts that
tenanted them. (Apollon. Rhod. , 1, 28. )
ZONARAS, a Byzantine historian, who flourished to-
wards the close of the eleventh and the commence-
ment of the twelfth centuries. He held the offices
originally of Grand Dungarius (commander of the Beet)
and chief secretary of the imperial cabinet; but he
afterward became a monk, and attached himself to a
religious house on Mount Athos, where he died sub-
sequently to A. D. 1118. His Annals, or Chronicle,
extend from the creation of the world down to 1118
A. D. , the period of the death of Alexis I. They pos-
sess a double interest: for more ancient times, he has
availed himself, independently of Eutropius and Dio
Cassius, of other authors that are lost to us; and at a
later period he details events of which he himself was
a witness. Though deficient in critical spirit, he has
still displayed great good sense in adding nothing of
his own to the extracts which he has inserted in his
history, except what might serve to unite thim to-
gether in regular order. There results from this, it is
true, a great variety of style in his work, but this is
easily paidoned, and the only regret is, that Zonaras
had not indicated with more exactness the authors
whence he drew his materials. The impartiality of
the writer is worthy of praise.
This work is found in
the collections of the Byzantine Historians. --Zonaras
was the author also of a Glossary or Lexicon, in the
manner of Hesychius a -J Suidas It was published
ZOS
by Tittman, in 1808, at the Leipzig press, along >>:i
the Lexicon of Photius, in 3 vols. 4to, the first tw<
? ? volumes being devoted to the Lexicon of Zonarai.
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? SUPPLEMENT.
Ai*i,III. the twelfth king of Argos. He was the
ion of Lynceus and HypgWnnestra, and grandson
? f Danaus. He married Ocaleia, who bore him
iwin sons, Acri. sius and Proetus. (Apollod. , 2, 2,
i. --Hygin. , Fab. , 170. ) When he informed his
father of the death of Danaus, he was rewarded
with the shield of his grandfather, which was sa-
cred to Juno. He is described as a successful con-
queror, and as the founder of the town of Abae in
I'] mi-is (Paui. , 10, 36, 1), and of the Pelasgic Argos
in Thessaly. (Strab. , 9, p. 431. ) The fame of
his warlike spirit was so great, that even after his
death, when people revolted whom he had subdued,
they were put to flight by the simple act of showing
them his shield. (Virg. , JEn. , 3, 286. --Sen. , ad loc. )
! t was from this Abas that the kings of Argos were
called by the patronymic Abantiades.
ABASCANTDB ('AtaoitavTOf), a physician of Lugdu-
num (Lyons), who probably lived in the second cen-
tury after Christ. He is several times mentioned
by Galen (It, Compos. Medicam. secund. Locos, 9,
4, vol. 13, p. 278), who has also preserved an an-
tidote invented fty him against the bite of serpents.
(De Anlid. , 2, 12, vol. 14, p. 177. ) -The name is
to be met with in numerous Latin inscriptions in
Grater's collection, five of which refer to a freed-
man of Augustus, who is supposed by Kiihn (Addi-
tam. ad Blench. Medic. Vet. a J. A. Falrricio in
? ? Bibl. Gr. " Exhib. ) to he the same person that is
nentioned by Galen. This, however, is quite uncer-
tain, as also whether HapaidJTiof 'ASdoitavSoc. in
Galen (De Compot. Medicam. secund. Locos. , 7, 3,
vol. 13, p. 71) refers to the subject of this article.
ABDIAS . 'v. . V,<r), the pretended author of an
Apocryphal book, entitled The History of the Apos-
tolical contest. This work claims to have been writ-
ten in Hebrew, to have been tranriated into Greek
by Eutropius, and thence into Latin by Julius Afri-
'lanus. It was, however, originally written in Latin,
about A. D. 910. It is printed in Fabricius, Codex
Apocrypha Noti Tett. , p. 402, 8vo, Hamb. , 1703.
Abdias was called, too, the first Bishop of Babylon.
ABELLIO is the name of a divinity found in in-
scriptions which were discovered at Comminges in
France. (Gruter, Inter. , p. 37, 4. --J. Sealigcr, Lee-
tiones Ausoniana, 1, 9. ) Buttmann (Mythologus, 1,
p. 167, &c. ) considers Abellio to be the same name
as Apollo, who in Crete and elsewhere was called
'\'<</. ">>? . and by the Italians and some Dorians
Apello (f'est. , s. r. Apcllinem. -- Eustalh. ai II. , 2,
99), and that the deity is the same as the Gallic
Apollo mentioned by Caesar (Bell. Gall. , 6, 17), and
also the same as Belis or Belenus mentioned by
Tertullian (Apolopet. , 23) and Herodian (8, 3. --
Comp. Capitol. , Maximin. , 22). As the root of the
word he recognises the Spartan Beta, i. <? . the sun
(Hesych. , s. >- ), whirli appears in the Syriac and
Chaldaic Belus or Baal.
ABISARES or ABISSARKS ('A</<-m;. y). called llm-
hisarus ('E/tliaapofi by Diodorus (17, 90), an In-
dian king beyond the river Hydaspes, whose terri-
tory lay in the mountains, sent embassies to Alex-
ander t! ,e Great, both before and after the conquest
of Porus, although inclined to espouse the side of
the latter. Alexander not only allowed him to re-
lain bis kingdoi- but increased it, and on his tleath
SO
appointed his son as his successor. '! ://,. -<<. i,at
? ? 5, 8, 20, 29. --Curt. , 8, 12, 13, 14; P,'l; 10,1. )
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? MIO
SUPPLEMENT.
? orrenJered Susa to Alexander when the latter ap-
proached the city. The satrapy was restored to
him by Alexander, but he and his son Oxyathres
were afterward executed by Alexander for th. e
crimes they had committed in the government of
the satrapy. (Curt. , 6, 2. --Arrian, Anab. , 3, 16; 7,
4. --Diod. , 17, 05. )
ABDHIA GENS, plebeian. On the coins of this
gens we find the cognomen GEH. , which is perhaps
an abbreviation of Geminus. The coins have no
beads of persons on them. The most distinguished
members of this gens were--I. C. ABURIUS, one of
the ambassadors sent to Masinissa and the Cartha-
ginians, B. C. 171. (Li>>. , 42, 35. )--II. M. ABURIOS,
tribune of the plebs, B. C. 187, opposed M. Fulvius,
the proconsul, in his petition for a triumph, but with-
drew his opposition chiefly through the influence of
his colleague Ti. Gracchus. (Liv. , 39, 4, 5. ) He
was praetor peregrinus, B. C. 176. (Liv. , 41, 18,19. )
ABURNUS VALENO, a Roman lawyer, probably the
same w,ith the Valens who formed one of the con-
silium of the Emperor Antoninus Pius. (Capitoli-
>><<*, Ant. Piiu, 12. ) We have, in the Pandects,
selections from his seven books of " Fidcicommis-
to. " IZimmern, Gtsch. d. Bom. Privatrcckts, 1, 1,
934. )
ACACAI. I. IS ('AKOHcalUif), daughter of Minos, by
whom, according to a Cretan tradition, Hermes
begot Cydon; while, according to a tradition of the
Tegeatans, Cydon was a son of Tegeates, and im-
migrated to Crete from Tegea. (Pan*. , 8, 63, $ 2. )
Apollo begot by her a son, Miletus, whom, for fear
of her father, Acacallis exposed in a forest, where
wolves watched and suckled the child until he was
found by shepherds, who brought him up. (Antonin.
Lib. , 30. ) Other sons of her and Apollo are Amphi-
themis and Garamas. (Apollon. , 4,1490, &c. ) Apol-
lodorus (3,1, $ 3) calls this daughter of Minos Acalle
''AM*/ / /,! , but does not mention Miletus as her son.
Acacallis was in Crete a common name for a nar-
eitsus. (Alhen. , 15, p. 681.
