When I come to a place of inhabitants, I have
always a fatigued air, and show myself to the
people in a very shabby surtout and a wig ill
combed.
always a fatigued air, and show myself to the
people in a very shabby surtout and a wig ill
combed.
Treitschke - 1915 - Confessions of Frederick the Great
Francis de Sales for a saint.
The eleven
thousand virgins met with no more quarter from
his credulity than all the saints and martyrs of
the Jesuit Loyola.
As to the mysteries, he agreed that no explana-
tion of them should be attempted, but that good
sense ought to be put into everything, while he was
by no means for being tied up to the mere sound
of words. As to the Lutherans, he was for making
of them the centre-point of union and of rest. He
wanted the Catholics to be, in appearance, some-
what less faithful to the court of Rome; but
then he admitted that the Lutherans ought to
betray less subtility of argument in their disputes.
He insisted, that, on removing certain distinctions
out of the way, the sects would find themselves
very near to each other. He thought there would
be more trouble required to bring the Calvinists to
a reconciliation, because they had more preten-
sions than the Lutherans. In the meanwhile, he
proposed one good expedient, which was, not to
have any but God for one's confidant, on occasion
of taking the communion. He looked on the
worship of images as a bait for the commor* people,
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? Frederick the Great 45
but admitted that it was proper for a country to
have a tutelar Saint of some kind or other.
As to the Monks, he was for expelling them,
because he looked on them as an enemy that
always laid the country under heavy contributions.
But priests, he allowed them their housekeepers
for wives. This scheme made a great noise,
because those good ladies, the three mother-
churches, thought themselves each respectively
aggrieved, and that it was a sacrilege to touch
upon the holy mysteries. But if this essay of a
project had been relished, there would have been
no efforts spared to have effectuated its execution.
I have not, my dear nephew, renounced it, and
I flatter myself that I shall facilitate to you the
execution of it. The great point is, to be useful
to the whole of humankind, by rendering all men
brothers; and by making it a law to them to live
together as friends and relations, by inculcating
to them the absolute necessity of living and of
dying in commutual peace and concord, and to
seek their sole happiness in the social virtues.
When these maxims shall have once taken root
in the rising generations, the fruit of it will be
the world's forming itself into one numerous
family, and the so much celebrated golden age will
come up to that state of felicity which I ardently
wish to mankind, and which it will then enjoy
without adulteration. Now, pray mark what I am
doing for this purpose: I use my best endeavours
that all the writings in my kingdom, on religion,
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? 46 The Confessions of
should breathe the strongest spirit of contempt
for all the reformers that ever were, and I never
slip any the least occasion of unmasking the ambi-
tious views of the court of Rome, of its priests, and
ministers. Thus, little by little, I shall accustom
my subjects to think as I do, and shall detach
them from all prejudices.
But as it is necessary to have some religious
worship, I will, if I live long enough, underhand,
bring into play some man of eloquence, who shall
preach a new one. At first, I will give myself
the air of designing to persecute him: but, little
by little, I will declare myself his defender, and
will, with warmth, embrace his system. And, if
you must know the truth, that system is already
made.
Voltaire has composed the preamble to it; he
proves the necessity of abandoning everything
that has already been said upon religion, because
there is no one point of it upon which everyone is
agreed. He draws the picture of every chief of a
sect with a mildness which bears a kind of resem-
blance to truth. He has dug up certain curious
anecdotes of popes, of bishops, of priests, of
ministers, of the other sects, which diffuse a sin-
gular gaiety over his work. It is written in a
style so close and so rapid as not to leave time for
reflection: and, full as this author is of the most
subtile art, he has the air of the greatest candour
imaginable, while he is advancing the most
doubtful principles.
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? Frederick the Great 47
D'Alembert and Maupertuis have formed the
groundwork of the plan, and the whole is calcu-
lated with such scrupulous exactness, as to tempt
one to believe that they had endeavoured to
demonstrate it to themselves before they sought
to demonstrate it to others. Rousseau has been
at work for these four years past, to obviate all
objections; and I am anticipating in imagination
the pleasure I shall take in mortifying all the
ignorant wretches that shall dare to contradict
me; for there is an army of prelates and priests,
constantly assembled, who are for ever imposing
on the populace, which has neither the capacity
nor the time to reflect. ^ Thence it comes to pass
that, in those countries that swarm with priests,
the people are more unhappy and more ignorant
than in Protestant countries.
The priests are like soldiers, who do mischief
habitually and for amusement. There are already
prepared fifty consequences for every object of
dispute, and, at least, thirty reflections on each
article of the Holy Scriptures. He is even actually
taken up with furnishing proofs that everything,
at present, preached from thence, is but a fable,
that there never was a terrestrial paradise, and
that it is degrading God to believe that he made,
after his own image, a mere idiot, and his most
perfect creature a rank, lewd, jade.
For, in short, adds he, nothing but the length
of the serpent's tail could have seduced Eve; and,
^ So that more countries than one have a swinish multitude.
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? 48 Confessions of Frederick the Great
in that case, it proves there must have been a
horrid disorder of her imagination. ^ The Marquis
d'Argens and M. Formey have prepared the con-
stitution of a coimcil; I am to preside in it, but
without pretending that the Holy Ghost is to give
any the least particle of light to me more than to
the rest. There shall assist at it but one minister
of each sect of religion, and foiu" deputies of every
province, two of which to be of the nobility and
two of the commons, or third estate. All the other
priests, monks and ministers, in general, to be ex-
cluded, as being parties concerned in the matter.
And that the Holy Ghost may the clearer appear
to preside in this assembly, it will be agreed to
decide everything honestly according to common
sense.
' Oh, fie! Frederick !
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? MORNING THE THIRD
ON JUSTICE
TO our subjects we owe justice, as they owe re-
spect to us. ^ By this, I mean, dear nephew,
that we must do justice to all men, and especially
to our subjects, when it does not overset our own
rights, or wound our own authority; for there
ought to be no sort of equality between the right
of the monarch and the right of the subject or
slave. But we must be firmly impartial and just
when the point is to settle a matter of right between
one subject, whatever he may be, and another.
This is an act which is alone enough to make us
adored.
Represent to yourself Charles I brought to the
scaffold by that justice which the people implores,
and demands with a loud voice. I am born with
too much ambition to suffer in my dominion any
order that should cramp my authority, and this
most certainly is the only reason that obliged me
to make a new code of justice. I am very sensible
that I have reduced the old dame from her long
robes to a jacket and petticoat; but I was afraid
' This sentiment need not be quarrelled with, but mark the
explanation.
4 49
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? 50 The Confessions of
of her sharp sight, as I knew her weight with the
people, and knew, withal, that princes of any
dexterity might, at the same time that they were
satisfying their ambition, make themselves adored.
The greatest part of my subjects really believed
that I was moved at the grievances resulting to
them from chicanery, or the tedious processes of
the law. Alas! I own to you, nay, I sometimes
blush to myself for it, that so far from having
had such a relief in view, I am actually regretting
the little advantages those processes used to
procure me; for the taxes on them, and on the
stamped papers made use of in them, have suffered
a diminution, to the detriment of my revenues,
near five hundred thousand livres.
Do not then, my dear nephew, suffer yourself
to be dazzled with the word justice; it is a word
that has different relations, and is susceptible of
different constructions. These are the ideas that
I annex to it :
Justice is the image of God. Now who can
attain to such high perfection? Is it not more
reasonable to give up so vain a project as that of an
entire possession of her? Review all the kingdoms
of the earth, examine and mark whether she is
in any two kingdoms administered in the same
form. Consult next the principles that rule man-
kind, and see whether they and Justice agree.
What is there, then, so extraordinary in a man's
being just after his own way? When I cast my
eyes over all the tribunals of my kingdom, I ob-
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? Frederick the Great 51
served an immense army of lawyers, all presumably
honest men, and yet violently suspected of not
being so. ^
Every tribunal had its superior; I myself had
mine; for even those judgments given by my
council were liable to control or opposition. I
was not angry at this because it was a custom. ^
But on examining, or rather on observing, chican-
ery every day gaining ground, and invading the
property of my subjects, I was frightened at all
^"So are we all; all honourable men! " -- Eighteenth century
translator's note.
' The men of the law can, in process of time, come to such
a pitch, as to be a match for the monarch, to struggle with his
power, and even to overset it. Under a weak prince, surrounded
with ignorant or avaricious ministers, lawyers will start up,
and strengthen themselves with the love of the people, whose
cause they affect to embrace; and, little by little, they will
accomplish their end of breaking, and levelling in the dust, the
idols to which they publicly before burnt incense. Do not
let the shrewd management of the parUaments of France be
forgotten.
Under the pretext of disburthening from the taxes they are
loud for taking off, they exaggerate to the king the public dis-
tresses, they paint the state running to its ruin, they give fresh
spirit to the boldness of its enemies, destroy the patriotism
of the subject, and end with usurping the administration into
which they force themselves.
Instead of doing justice to the wretches whom circumstances
of oppression compel to apply to them, they drag them at their
chariot-wheels, strip them, and send them to die naked on
a dung-hill. All the philosophers of Paris loudly exclaim against
these open depredations exercised on the weak. The men of the
law in that kingdom have been ever depraved, and rapacious of
money. Read the Chancellor de I'HSpital, and you will be con-
vinced of this truth. -- Note by eighteenth century translator.
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? 52 The Confessions of
the immense bewildering labyrinths in which
thousands of my subjects were losing themselves
and being devoured aHve. But what gave me
most disquiet was, the slow, but sure and constant,
march of the people of the law, that spirit of
liberty inseparable from their principles, and that
dextrous management of theirs of preserving their
advantages, and of crushing their enemies, with all
the appearances of the most austere equity.
I made pass in review before my memory all
those acts full of rigour, and often very unaccount-
able, of the parliaments of England and Paris, and
was surprised at some of them being so disgraceful
to the majesty of the throne. It was amidst all
these reflections that I determined to strike at
the foundations of this great power, and it was
only by simplifying it as much as I could, that I
have reduced it to the point at which I wanted it.
You will, perhaps, be surprised, my dear nephew,
that men who have no arms, and who never speak
but with respect of the sacred person of the king,
should be the only people in his kingdom able to
give law to him. It is precisely for these very
reasons that it is not difficult for them to check or
set bounds to our power. There is no suspecting
them of violence, since they always speak to us
with the greatest decency, and our subjects are
soon captivated and led away in chains by that
firm eloquence, which seems never to display itself
but for their happiness and our glory.
I have often reflected on the advantages result-
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? Frederick the Great 53
ing to a kingdom from a body of representatives
of the people, which is a depositary of its laws;
I am even ready to believe that the crown is the
safer on a king's head for its having been given,
or for its being preserved, to him by such a body;
but that he must be strictly an honest man, and
made up of good principles, to permit his actions
to stand every day its scrutiny or examination.
When one has ambition, one must renounce that
plan; I should never have done anything if I
had been cramped. Perhaps I might have ob-
tained the character of a just king, but I should
have missed that of a hero.
The limited monarch is oftener exposed to the
vicissitudes of fortune than the arbitrary despot;
but then the despot must be active, enlightened,
and firm. There are more virtues required to
give a lustre to a state of despotism than to that
of monarchy.
The courtier flatters the monarch, soothes his
vices, and deceives him; the slave prostrates
himself, but gives him right information. It is,
then, of more use to a great man to reign arbi-
trarily, but more grievous to the people to live
under such a government.
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? MORNING THE FOURTH
ON POLITICS
SINCE it has been agreed among men that to
cheat or deceive one's fellow-creatures is a
mean and criminal action, there has been sought
for, and invented, a term that might soften the
appellation of the thing, and the word, wnich
undoubtedly has been chosen for the purpose, is
Politics. Now the word has only been found out
in favour of sovereigns, because we cannot quite
so decently be called rogues and rascals. But,
be that as it may, this is what I think as to politics.
I understand, then, by this word, dear nephew,
that we are ever to try to cheat others. It is the
way to have the advantage, or, at least, to be on a
footing with the rest of mankind. For you may
rest persuaded that all the states of the world run
the same career. Now this principle being once
settled, never be ashamed of making alliances, and
of being yourself the only party that draws advan-
tage from them. Do not commit that stupid fault
of not abandoning them whenever it is your
interest so to do; and especially maintain vigor-
ously this maxim, that stripping your neighbours
4 54
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? Confessions of Frederick the Great 55
is only to take away from them the means of
doing you a mischief.
It is politics, properly speaking, that found
kingdoms and preserve them; so that, dear
nephew, it is fit that you understand them thor-
oughly, and conceive them in their clearest light.
For this purpose, I shall make two divisions of
them to you, the one politics of the state, and
the other private politics ; the first turns on the
great interests of the kingdom; the other on the
particular interests of the king, and of this we shall
first treat.
ON private politics
A prince ought never to present to view but
the fairest aspect of character, and this is a point
to which you must pay a very serious attention.
When I was only prince royal, I had very little
of a military turn; I loved my ease and the
pleasures of the table, and, as to love, I made it
on all sides.
When I came to be king, I appeared the soldier,
the philosopher, the poet; I lay upon straw, I
ate ammunition-bread at the head of my camp;
I drank very little before my subjects, and appeared
to have a contempt for women.
As for my personal conduct, it is this: in my
journeys I always go without a guard, and travel
night and day; my train is far from numerous,
but well chosen. My carriage is plain, but then
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? 56 The Confessions of
it is hung upon special easy springs, and I sleep
in it as well as in my bed.
I seem to have no nicety about my eating and
drinking. A lacquey, a cook, a confectioner, are
all the menials I have for providing my table. I
order my own dinner myself, and it is not what I
acquit myself the worst of, as I know the country ;
and whatever I call for, of wild game, of fish, or
butcher's meat, it is always sure to be of the best
produce of the land.
When I come to a place of inhabitants, I have
always a fatigued air, and show myself to the
people in a very shabby surtout and a wig ill
combed.
These are trifles, but trifles that often make a
marvellous impression. I give audience to the
whole universe, except to priests, ministers of the
Church, and monks; as those gentry are used to
speak so as to be heard at a distance, I hear
them from my window; a page receives them,
and makes my compliments to them at the door.
In everything I say, I affect the air of thinking of
nothing but the happiness of my subjects; I
ask questions of the nobility, of citizens, of
mechanics, and enter with them into the minutest
particulars.
You have, my dear nephew, heard, as well as
myself, the flattering discourse of those good kinds
of people. You cannot forget him that said, that
I must be an extraordinary good king, who could
put myself to so much fatigue after having carried
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? Frederick the Great 57
on so long a war. You may also remember him,
who pities me from his heart, on observing the bad
surtout I had on, and the small dishes that were
served on my table. The poor man did not know
that I had a very good coat underneath, and could
not imagine it possible to dine anything like well
without a ham and a whole shoulder of veal on
the table.
At a review of my troops, before a regiment is
to pass muster, I take care to read over the names
of all its officers and sergeants, and I retain three
or four of them, with the names of the companies
to which they belong. I procure an exact informa-
tion of the petty abuses which may have been
committed by my captains, and I allow the soldiers
liberty of complaining.
The hour of the review being come, I set out
from wherever I am. Presently the mob gets
round me; nor do I suffer it to be kept off, but
chat by the way with the first person that is near-
est me, or that can make the most reasonable
answer. As soon as I am come to the regiment,
I see that the exercise be without too much trouble,
and rather with ease, performed throughout all the
ranks, and I speak to all the captains. When I
am over-against those whose names I have retained,
I speak to them freely, as likewise to all the
lieutenants and sergeants : this gives me a wonder-
ful fine air of memory and reflection.
You saw, dear nephew, in what manner I
mortified the major who used to furnish his com-
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? 58 The Confessions of
pany with shirts too short ; I used him so ill, that
one of the soldiers had the impudence, by way of
shewing the scanty measure, to pull his shirt out
of his breeches.
If a regiment does not acquit itself of the exercise
to my satisfaction, I have a kind of punishment
for it that is not amiss; I order it to perform the
exercise for thirteen days longer than usual, and
ask none of the ofQcers to my table. If the
manoeuvres are well executed, I have all the
captains to dine with me, and even some of
the lieutenants.
By means, then, of the reviews being conducted
in this manner, I come at a perfect knowledge
of my troops; and when I find any officer that
answers me with firmness, intelligence, and clear-
ness, I set him down in my list for making use of
his service on proper occasions.
Hitherto it has been believed by the world that
it is the stark love and kindness I bear to my
subjects that engages me to visit my dominions
as often as I possibly can. I like to leave that
same world in quiet possession of that idea; but
there enters very little of the reality of such a
motive into that trouble I give myself; the truth
is, that I am obliged to it, and this is the reason.
My kingdom is despotic, consequently I, who
am the possessor of it, am alone in charge of it.
If I did not make, at times, a tour of inspection
through my dominions, my governors would put
themselves in my place, and would, little by little,
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? Frederick the Great 59
divest themselves of their principles of obedience,
and adopt in their stead those of independence.
Besides, as my orders cannot be other than
stem and absolute, those who represent me would
usurp the same tone of tyranny. Whereas, by
visiting my kingdom from time to time, I am
enabled to take cognizance of all the abuses that
may have been committed of the powers intrusted
by me, and to keep within the botinds of their
duty such as might otherwise take it into their
head to transgress them.
Add to these reasons, that of making my sub-
jects believe, that I come familiarly among them
purely to receive their complaints, and to redress
their grievances.
ON LITERATURE
I have done everything in my power to acqmre
a reputation in literature, and, in that, have been
more successful than Cardinal Richelieu, for, thank
God, I pass for an author; but, between you and
me, and not to let it go any farther, they are a
damned set of people, those they call wits. They
are insupportable for their vanity; insolent, de-
spising the great, and yet fond of greatness:
tyrants in their opinions, implacable enemies,
inconstant friends, difficult to live with, and
often flatterers and satirists in the same day.
And yet, for all this, they are necessary beings to
a prince who would reign despotically, and who
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? 6o The Confessions of
loves glory. They are the dispensers of the
honours of celebrity; without them, there is no
acqtdring a solid reputation. They must, then,
be caressed from our need of them, and recom-
pensed from good policy.
As this is a profession, or call it, if you will,
a trade, that takes us off from the occupations
worthy of the majesty of the throne, I never
compose but when I have nothing better to do;
and to give myself the more ease in it, I keep at
my court some wits, who take care to put my
ideas into order.
You have seen with what distinction I treated
Monsieur D'Alembert in his last visit here; I
always set him at my table, and did nothing but
praise him. You even seemed surprised at the
great respect I shewed this author; but you do
not know, perhaps, that this philosopher is listened
to at Paris like an oracle ; that he talks of nothing
else there but of my talents and my virtues; and
that he maintains everywhere that I fulfil the
character of a true hero and of a great king.
Besides, there is a sort of pleasure to me, in
hearing myself praised with wit and delicacy;
and, to deal sincerely with you, I am far from
being insensible to panegyric. I cannot dissemble
to myself, that all my actions are not clearly praise-
worthy; but D'Alembert is so good-natured, that,
when he sits by me, he never opens his mouth but
to say obliging things to me.
Voltaire was not of so pliable a character; ac-
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? Frederick the Great 6i
cordingly I drove him from my court, of which
I made a merit to Maupertuis, though the true
reason at bottom was, that I stood in fear of him,
because I was not sure that I could always humour
his avarice, and knew perfectly well, that half-a-
crown less than he expected would draw on me
two thousand scratches from his satirical claws.
Besides, everything well considered, and after
having taken the advice of my academy, it was
a clearly decided point that it was impossible for
two wits to breathe the same air.
I was forgetting to tell you, that in the midst
of my greatest straits and disasters, I took care
that the wits should have their pensions duly paid
them. These philosophers exclaim against war as
the most execrable of all madnesses the moment
that it touches their pocket.
CONDUCT IN THE SMALLER MATTERS OF LIFE
Have you a mind to satisfy all the world at a
very little cost? This is the secret. Let all your
subjects have leave to apply to yourself directly
by writing, or in personal audience; and, accord-
ing as you admit of either of these, answer or hear
what they have to say. But this is the style you
are to employ:
^* If what you tell me he true, I will do you justice;
but you may also lay your account with the zeal I
have for punishing calumny and falsity. I am your
king, F ck, "
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? 62 The Confessions of
If they complain, in person, to you, hear them
with attention, or at least with an air that may
make them think you have it. Let your answer
especially be firm and laconic. Two letters, or
two verbal answers, in such a style, will save you
from the importunity of many complaints, and
will give you among your own subjects, and more
yet in foreign courts, such an air of simplicity,
and of descending into particulars, as in point of
character makes the fortune of kings.
I am well assured, dear nephew, that on the
credit of two letters of this kind, actually extant
in those countries which the French took in 1757,
I passed among them for a king the most popular,
the most plain-dealing, and the most equitable, that
ever was or could be.
AS TO DRESS
If my grandfather had lived twenty years more,
we should have been an undone people, for his
birthday would have devoured the kingdom. I
never wear any coat but my uniform. The military
imagine that this proceeds from the regard I have
for their profession; but in fact it is to make my
example enforce my preachments of simplicity of
dress. My father was right in his notion of bring-
ing in the blue for birthdays.
Those who are not rich, and would appear well
dressed, would do well to avoid the half -lace. One
should leave embroidery, and the tawdry daubings
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? Frederick the Great 63
of gold and silver, to those idle, effeminate princes
who live in the midst of nothing but pleasures,
balls, and debauchery. There is a necessity for
the frivolous to study every day some new fanciful
taste in dress, that they may please the ladies,
which they make their sole occupation.
AS TO PLEASURES
Love is a little deity that spares no one. When
one resists those darts he lets fly at us in a fair way,
he takes another turn; so that I would not wish
you to have the vanity of making head against
him. One way or other he is sure of you. Though
I have not to complain of the trick he has played
me, I would not advise you to follow my example.
It might come in time to have very bad con-
sequences; for, by degrees, your governors and
officers would, in their choice of recruits, consult
more their own pleasures than the honour of your
service, and your army might come at length to be
like the regiment of your imcle Henry.
I should have liked himting well enough, but
the accompt-expenses of my grandfather's grand
huntsman corrected me of that inclination.
My father has told me a hundred times, that
there were but two kings in Europe rich enough to
keep buck-hounds, because it is indecent for a
crowned head to hunt with no more state than a
private gentleman.
Nature has given me self-indulgent-enough dis-
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? 64 The Confessions of
positions. I love good eating, good wines, coffee,
and even spirituous cordials, and yet my subjects
believe me the most abstemious king in the uni-
verse. When I eat in public, it is my German cook
that dresses my dinner; but when I am snug in my
little private apartments, I have a French cook
who does his best to humour my palate, which, I
must confess, is rather of the nicest. Philosophers
may say what they will, with all their lessons, but
the pleasures of the senses very well deserve that
we should spare them a couple of hours a day;
for, in fact, what would our existence be without
them?
I could take a pleasure in play, but I cannot
bring myself to a habit of enduring to lose. Be-
sides, play is the looking-glass of the soul; and
this does not at all do for me, for I do not much
care that anyone should look into mine.
I love theatrical entertainments extremely, and
especially music; but I find the Opera cursedly
dear, and the pleasure I take in hearing a fine
voice or a good violin would be much more lively
and pure if it did not cost me so much money.
As no one can be imposed upon as to this ex-
pense, I have used my best endeavours to per-
suade that it was useful and even necessary; but
I never could get the old generals to come into the
opinion, that an eunuch or a virtuoso ought to
have the same pay as they.
I will now give up to you the knowledge of man,
though at his expense. Believe me, he is always
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? Frederick the Great 65
delivered up to his passions; vanity is at the bot-
tom of all his thirst after glory, and his virtues
are all founded on his self-interest and ambition.
Have you a mind to pass for a hero ? Make boldly
your approaches to crimes. Would you like to be
thought virtuous? Learn to appear artfully what
you are not.
s
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? MORNING THE FIFTH
ON POLITICS OF THE STATE
THESE politics may be reduced to three heads,
or principles. The first, self-preservation,
and aggrandizement, according to circumstances.
Second, alliances never to be made but for one's
own advantage. And the third, to make one's self
respected and feared in the most difficult times.
PRINCIPLE THE FIRST
OF SELF-PRESERVATION AND AGGRANDIZEMENT
On my ascending to the throne, I visited the
coffers of my father. His great economy, I found,
had put me in a condition of conceiving great
projects. Soon afterwards I made a review of my
troops, and fine ones they appeared to me: upon
which I returned to my coffers, and took out of
them wherewith to double my military force.
As I had then just rendered my power twice as
great as it was before, it was natural for me not
to be contented with only preserving what I had,
so that I was q,uickly determined to avail myself
of the first opportunity that should offer. In the
meanwhile I exercised my troops, and used my
66
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? Confessions of Frederick the Great 67
best endeavours to draw the eyes of all Europe
on my manoeuvres; I renewed them every year,
in order to appear more and more master of the
art of war; and at length I obtained my wish of
procuring a general attention.
I turned the head of all the powers, and all the
world gave themselves up for lost, if their military
did not move head, legs, and arms, a la mode of the
Prussian exercise. All my soldiers and my officers
took it into their heads that they were twice the
men they were before on seeing they were every-
where aped.
When my troops had thus acquired an advan-
tage over all the others, I had nothing to do but to
examine what pretensions it was possible for me
to form upon different provinces. Four different
points offered themselves to my view: Silesia,
Polish Prussia, Dutch Gueldre and Swedish Pome-
rania.
I fixed, however, on Silesia, both because that
object deserved my attention more than all the
others put together, and because the circumstances
were more favourable to me.
I left to time the care of the execution of my
projects on the other points. I will not here
enter on a demonstration to you of the validity of
my pretensions on Silesia, I took care to have it
established by my orators. The empress-queen
opposed hers to them, and the cause was pleaded
and decided by great guns, small arms, and sabres.
But let me return to those favourable circum-
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? 68 The Confessions of
stances I intimated: thus it was that they pre-
sented themselves. France wanted to take the
empire out of the hands of the House of Austria : --
there was nothing I wished for more. France also
had a mind to form in Italy a state for the Infant :
-- this too I liked, because it could not be done but
at the expense of the empress-queen. In short,
France had conceived the noble project of march-
ing to the gates of Vienna: -- that was the very
point I waited for, that I might seize upon Silesia.
Be then, my dear nephew, provided of money;
wait for circumstances; and be assured of not
barely preserving your dominions, but of aggran-
dizing them. There are certain small politicians
who pretend, that, when a state is arrived at a
certain point, it ought not to think of aggrandize-
ment, because the system of the balance of power
has limited each state to a certain fixed extent.
I remember that the ambition of Lewis XlVth
had like to have cost France dear, and I am not
insensible of all the disquiet that mine has given
me : I know, also, that France, in the midst of her
greatest disasters, disposed of a crown, and pre-
served the provinces she had conquered; and
you may, as to myself, see, that, amidst all the
storm that threatened me, I have lost nothing;
so that everything depends on the circumstances
of the times, and on the courage of him that takes
and holds.
You cannot, my dear nephew, conceive how
important it is for a king and a state to go often
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thousand virgins met with no more quarter from
his credulity than all the saints and martyrs of
the Jesuit Loyola.
As to the mysteries, he agreed that no explana-
tion of them should be attempted, but that good
sense ought to be put into everything, while he was
by no means for being tied up to the mere sound
of words. As to the Lutherans, he was for making
of them the centre-point of union and of rest. He
wanted the Catholics to be, in appearance, some-
what less faithful to the court of Rome; but
then he admitted that the Lutherans ought to
betray less subtility of argument in their disputes.
He insisted, that, on removing certain distinctions
out of the way, the sects would find themselves
very near to each other. He thought there would
be more trouble required to bring the Calvinists to
a reconciliation, because they had more preten-
sions than the Lutherans. In the meanwhile, he
proposed one good expedient, which was, not to
have any but God for one's confidant, on occasion
of taking the communion. He looked on the
worship of images as a bait for the commor* people,
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? Frederick the Great 45
but admitted that it was proper for a country to
have a tutelar Saint of some kind or other.
As to the Monks, he was for expelling them,
because he looked on them as an enemy that
always laid the country under heavy contributions.
But priests, he allowed them their housekeepers
for wives. This scheme made a great noise,
because those good ladies, the three mother-
churches, thought themselves each respectively
aggrieved, and that it was a sacrilege to touch
upon the holy mysteries. But if this essay of a
project had been relished, there would have been
no efforts spared to have effectuated its execution.
I have not, my dear nephew, renounced it, and
I flatter myself that I shall facilitate to you the
execution of it. The great point is, to be useful
to the whole of humankind, by rendering all men
brothers; and by making it a law to them to live
together as friends and relations, by inculcating
to them the absolute necessity of living and of
dying in commutual peace and concord, and to
seek their sole happiness in the social virtues.
When these maxims shall have once taken root
in the rising generations, the fruit of it will be
the world's forming itself into one numerous
family, and the so much celebrated golden age will
come up to that state of felicity which I ardently
wish to mankind, and which it will then enjoy
without adulteration. Now, pray mark what I am
doing for this purpose: I use my best endeavours
that all the writings in my kingdom, on religion,
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? 46 The Confessions of
should breathe the strongest spirit of contempt
for all the reformers that ever were, and I never
slip any the least occasion of unmasking the ambi-
tious views of the court of Rome, of its priests, and
ministers. Thus, little by little, I shall accustom
my subjects to think as I do, and shall detach
them from all prejudices.
But as it is necessary to have some religious
worship, I will, if I live long enough, underhand,
bring into play some man of eloquence, who shall
preach a new one. At first, I will give myself
the air of designing to persecute him: but, little
by little, I will declare myself his defender, and
will, with warmth, embrace his system. And, if
you must know the truth, that system is already
made.
Voltaire has composed the preamble to it; he
proves the necessity of abandoning everything
that has already been said upon religion, because
there is no one point of it upon which everyone is
agreed. He draws the picture of every chief of a
sect with a mildness which bears a kind of resem-
blance to truth. He has dug up certain curious
anecdotes of popes, of bishops, of priests, of
ministers, of the other sects, which diffuse a sin-
gular gaiety over his work. It is written in a
style so close and so rapid as not to leave time for
reflection: and, full as this author is of the most
subtile art, he has the air of the greatest candour
imaginable, while he is advancing the most
doubtful principles.
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? Frederick the Great 47
D'Alembert and Maupertuis have formed the
groundwork of the plan, and the whole is calcu-
lated with such scrupulous exactness, as to tempt
one to believe that they had endeavoured to
demonstrate it to themselves before they sought
to demonstrate it to others. Rousseau has been
at work for these four years past, to obviate all
objections; and I am anticipating in imagination
the pleasure I shall take in mortifying all the
ignorant wretches that shall dare to contradict
me; for there is an army of prelates and priests,
constantly assembled, who are for ever imposing
on the populace, which has neither the capacity
nor the time to reflect. ^ Thence it comes to pass
that, in those countries that swarm with priests,
the people are more unhappy and more ignorant
than in Protestant countries.
The priests are like soldiers, who do mischief
habitually and for amusement. There are already
prepared fifty consequences for every object of
dispute, and, at least, thirty reflections on each
article of the Holy Scriptures. He is even actually
taken up with furnishing proofs that everything,
at present, preached from thence, is but a fable,
that there never was a terrestrial paradise, and
that it is degrading God to believe that he made,
after his own image, a mere idiot, and his most
perfect creature a rank, lewd, jade.
For, in short, adds he, nothing but the length
of the serpent's tail could have seduced Eve; and,
^ So that more countries than one have a swinish multitude.
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? 48 Confessions of Frederick the Great
in that case, it proves there must have been a
horrid disorder of her imagination. ^ The Marquis
d'Argens and M. Formey have prepared the con-
stitution of a coimcil; I am to preside in it, but
without pretending that the Holy Ghost is to give
any the least particle of light to me more than to
the rest. There shall assist at it but one minister
of each sect of religion, and foiu" deputies of every
province, two of which to be of the nobility and
two of the commons, or third estate. All the other
priests, monks and ministers, in general, to be ex-
cluded, as being parties concerned in the matter.
And that the Holy Ghost may the clearer appear
to preside in this assembly, it will be agreed to
decide everything honestly according to common
sense.
' Oh, fie! Frederick !
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? MORNING THE THIRD
ON JUSTICE
TO our subjects we owe justice, as they owe re-
spect to us. ^ By this, I mean, dear nephew,
that we must do justice to all men, and especially
to our subjects, when it does not overset our own
rights, or wound our own authority; for there
ought to be no sort of equality between the right
of the monarch and the right of the subject or
slave. But we must be firmly impartial and just
when the point is to settle a matter of right between
one subject, whatever he may be, and another.
This is an act which is alone enough to make us
adored.
Represent to yourself Charles I brought to the
scaffold by that justice which the people implores,
and demands with a loud voice. I am born with
too much ambition to suffer in my dominion any
order that should cramp my authority, and this
most certainly is the only reason that obliged me
to make a new code of justice. I am very sensible
that I have reduced the old dame from her long
robes to a jacket and petticoat; but I was afraid
' This sentiment need not be quarrelled with, but mark the
explanation.
4 49
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? 50 The Confessions of
of her sharp sight, as I knew her weight with the
people, and knew, withal, that princes of any
dexterity might, at the same time that they were
satisfying their ambition, make themselves adored.
The greatest part of my subjects really believed
that I was moved at the grievances resulting to
them from chicanery, or the tedious processes of
the law. Alas! I own to you, nay, I sometimes
blush to myself for it, that so far from having
had such a relief in view, I am actually regretting
the little advantages those processes used to
procure me; for the taxes on them, and on the
stamped papers made use of in them, have suffered
a diminution, to the detriment of my revenues,
near five hundred thousand livres.
Do not then, my dear nephew, suffer yourself
to be dazzled with the word justice; it is a word
that has different relations, and is susceptible of
different constructions. These are the ideas that
I annex to it :
Justice is the image of God. Now who can
attain to such high perfection? Is it not more
reasonable to give up so vain a project as that of an
entire possession of her? Review all the kingdoms
of the earth, examine and mark whether she is
in any two kingdoms administered in the same
form. Consult next the principles that rule man-
kind, and see whether they and Justice agree.
What is there, then, so extraordinary in a man's
being just after his own way? When I cast my
eyes over all the tribunals of my kingdom, I ob-
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? Frederick the Great 51
served an immense army of lawyers, all presumably
honest men, and yet violently suspected of not
being so. ^
Every tribunal had its superior; I myself had
mine; for even those judgments given by my
council were liable to control or opposition. I
was not angry at this because it was a custom. ^
But on examining, or rather on observing, chican-
ery every day gaining ground, and invading the
property of my subjects, I was frightened at all
^"So are we all; all honourable men! " -- Eighteenth century
translator's note.
' The men of the law can, in process of time, come to such
a pitch, as to be a match for the monarch, to struggle with his
power, and even to overset it. Under a weak prince, surrounded
with ignorant or avaricious ministers, lawyers will start up,
and strengthen themselves with the love of the people, whose
cause they affect to embrace; and, little by little, they will
accomplish their end of breaking, and levelling in the dust, the
idols to which they publicly before burnt incense. Do not
let the shrewd management of the parUaments of France be
forgotten.
Under the pretext of disburthening from the taxes they are
loud for taking off, they exaggerate to the king the public dis-
tresses, they paint the state running to its ruin, they give fresh
spirit to the boldness of its enemies, destroy the patriotism
of the subject, and end with usurping the administration into
which they force themselves.
Instead of doing justice to the wretches whom circumstances
of oppression compel to apply to them, they drag them at their
chariot-wheels, strip them, and send them to die naked on
a dung-hill. All the philosophers of Paris loudly exclaim against
these open depredations exercised on the weak. The men of the
law in that kingdom have been ever depraved, and rapacious of
money. Read the Chancellor de I'HSpital, and you will be con-
vinced of this truth. -- Note by eighteenth century translator.
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? 52 The Confessions of
the immense bewildering labyrinths in which
thousands of my subjects were losing themselves
and being devoured aHve. But what gave me
most disquiet was, the slow, but sure and constant,
march of the people of the law, that spirit of
liberty inseparable from their principles, and that
dextrous management of theirs of preserving their
advantages, and of crushing their enemies, with all
the appearances of the most austere equity.
I made pass in review before my memory all
those acts full of rigour, and often very unaccount-
able, of the parliaments of England and Paris, and
was surprised at some of them being so disgraceful
to the majesty of the throne. It was amidst all
these reflections that I determined to strike at
the foundations of this great power, and it was
only by simplifying it as much as I could, that I
have reduced it to the point at which I wanted it.
You will, perhaps, be surprised, my dear nephew,
that men who have no arms, and who never speak
but with respect of the sacred person of the king,
should be the only people in his kingdom able to
give law to him. It is precisely for these very
reasons that it is not difficult for them to check or
set bounds to our power. There is no suspecting
them of violence, since they always speak to us
with the greatest decency, and our subjects are
soon captivated and led away in chains by that
firm eloquence, which seems never to display itself
but for their happiness and our glory.
I have often reflected on the advantages result-
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? Frederick the Great 53
ing to a kingdom from a body of representatives
of the people, which is a depositary of its laws;
I am even ready to believe that the crown is the
safer on a king's head for its having been given,
or for its being preserved, to him by such a body;
but that he must be strictly an honest man, and
made up of good principles, to permit his actions
to stand every day its scrutiny or examination.
When one has ambition, one must renounce that
plan; I should never have done anything if I
had been cramped. Perhaps I might have ob-
tained the character of a just king, but I should
have missed that of a hero.
The limited monarch is oftener exposed to the
vicissitudes of fortune than the arbitrary despot;
but then the despot must be active, enlightened,
and firm. There are more virtues required to
give a lustre to a state of despotism than to that
of monarchy.
The courtier flatters the monarch, soothes his
vices, and deceives him; the slave prostrates
himself, but gives him right information. It is,
then, of more use to a great man to reign arbi-
trarily, but more grievous to the people to live
under such a government.
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? MORNING THE FOURTH
ON POLITICS
SINCE it has been agreed among men that to
cheat or deceive one's fellow-creatures is a
mean and criminal action, there has been sought
for, and invented, a term that might soften the
appellation of the thing, and the word, wnich
undoubtedly has been chosen for the purpose, is
Politics. Now the word has only been found out
in favour of sovereigns, because we cannot quite
so decently be called rogues and rascals. But,
be that as it may, this is what I think as to politics.
I understand, then, by this word, dear nephew,
that we are ever to try to cheat others. It is the
way to have the advantage, or, at least, to be on a
footing with the rest of mankind. For you may
rest persuaded that all the states of the world run
the same career. Now this principle being once
settled, never be ashamed of making alliances, and
of being yourself the only party that draws advan-
tage from them. Do not commit that stupid fault
of not abandoning them whenever it is your
interest so to do; and especially maintain vigor-
ously this maxim, that stripping your neighbours
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? Confessions of Frederick the Great 55
is only to take away from them the means of
doing you a mischief.
It is politics, properly speaking, that found
kingdoms and preserve them; so that, dear
nephew, it is fit that you understand them thor-
oughly, and conceive them in their clearest light.
For this purpose, I shall make two divisions of
them to you, the one politics of the state, and
the other private politics ; the first turns on the
great interests of the kingdom; the other on the
particular interests of the king, and of this we shall
first treat.
ON private politics
A prince ought never to present to view but
the fairest aspect of character, and this is a point
to which you must pay a very serious attention.
When I was only prince royal, I had very little
of a military turn; I loved my ease and the
pleasures of the table, and, as to love, I made it
on all sides.
When I came to be king, I appeared the soldier,
the philosopher, the poet; I lay upon straw, I
ate ammunition-bread at the head of my camp;
I drank very little before my subjects, and appeared
to have a contempt for women.
As for my personal conduct, it is this: in my
journeys I always go without a guard, and travel
night and day; my train is far from numerous,
but well chosen. My carriage is plain, but then
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? 56 The Confessions of
it is hung upon special easy springs, and I sleep
in it as well as in my bed.
I seem to have no nicety about my eating and
drinking. A lacquey, a cook, a confectioner, are
all the menials I have for providing my table. I
order my own dinner myself, and it is not what I
acquit myself the worst of, as I know the country ;
and whatever I call for, of wild game, of fish, or
butcher's meat, it is always sure to be of the best
produce of the land.
When I come to a place of inhabitants, I have
always a fatigued air, and show myself to the
people in a very shabby surtout and a wig ill
combed.
These are trifles, but trifles that often make a
marvellous impression. I give audience to the
whole universe, except to priests, ministers of the
Church, and monks; as those gentry are used to
speak so as to be heard at a distance, I hear
them from my window; a page receives them,
and makes my compliments to them at the door.
In everything I say, I affect the air of thinking of
nothing but the happiness of my subjects; I
ask questions of the nobility, of citizens, of
mechanics, and enter with them into the minutest
particulars.
You have, my dear nephew, heard, as well as
myself, the flattering discourse of those good kinds
of people. You cannot forget him that said, that
I must be an extraordinary good king, who could
put myself to so much fatigue after having carried
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? Frederick the Great 57
on so long a war. You may also remember him,
who pities me from his heart, on observing the bad
surtout I had on, and the small dishes that were
served on my table. The poor man did not know
that I had a very good coat underneath, and could
not imagine it possible to dine anything like well
without a ham and a whole shoulder of veal on
the table.
At a review of my troops, before a regiment is
to pass muster, I take care to read over the names
of all its officers and sergeants, and I retain three
or four of them, with the names of the companies
to which they belong. I procure an exact informa-
tion of the petty abuses which may have been
committed by my captains, and I allow the soldiers
liberty of complaining.
The hour of the review being come, I set out
from wherever I am. Presently the mob gets
round me; nor do I suffer it to be kept off, but
chat by the way with the first person that is near-
est me, or that can make the most reasonable
answer. As soon as I am come to the regiment,
I see that the exercise be without too much trouble,
and rather with ease, performed throughout all the
ranks, and I speak to all the captains. When I
am over-against those whose names I have retained,
I speak to them freely, as likewise to all the
lieutenants and sergeants : this gives me a wonder-
ful fine air of memory and reflection.
You saw, dear nephew, in what manner I
mortified the major who used to furnish his com-
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? 58 The Confessions of
pany with shirts too short ; I used him so ill, that
one of the soldiers had the impudence, by way of
shewing the scanty measure, to pull his shirt out
of his breeches.
If a regiment does not acquit itself of the exercise
to my satisfaction, I have a kind of punishment
for it that is not amiss; I order it to perform the
exercise for thirteen days longer than usual, and
ask none of the ofQcers to my table. If the
manoeuvres are well executed, I have all the
captains to dine with me, and even some of
the lieutenants.
By means, then, of the reviews being conducted
in this manner, I come at a perfect knowledge
of my troops; and when I find any officer that
answers me with firmness, intelligence, and clear-
ness, I set him down in my list for making use of
his service on proper occasions.
Hitherto it has been believed by the world that
it is the stark love and kindness I bear to my
subjects that engages me to visit my dominions
as often as I possibly can. I like to leave that
same world in quiet possession of that idea; but
there enters very little of the reality of such a
motive into that trouble I give myself; the truth
is, that I am obliged to it, and this is the reason.
My kingdom is despotic, consequently I, who
am the possessor of it, am alone in charge of it.
If I did not make, at times, a tour of inspection
through my dominions, my governors would put
themselves in my place, and would, little by little,
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? Frederick the Great 59
divest themselves of their principles of obedience,
and adopt in their stead those of independence.
Besides, as my orders cannot be other than
stem and absolute, those who represent me would
usurp the same tone of tyranny. Whereas, by
visiting my kingdom from time to time, I am
enabled to take cognizance of all the abuses that
may have been committed of the powers intrusted
by me, and to keep within the botinds of their
duty such as might otherwise take it into their
head to transgress them.
Add to these reasons, that of making my sub-
jects believe, that I come familiarly among them
purely to receive their complaints, and to redress
their grievances.
ON LITERATURE
I have done everything in my power to acqmre
a reputation in literature, and, in that, have been
more successful than Cardinal Richelieu, for, thank
God, I pass for an author; but, between you and
me, and not to let it go any farther, they are a
damned set of people, those they call wits. They
are insupportable for their vanity; insolent, de-
spising the great, and yet fond of greatness:
tyrants in their opinions, implacable enemies,
inconstant friends, difficult to live with, and
often flatterers and satirists in the same day.
And yet, for all this, they are necessary beings to
a prince who would reign despotically, and who
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? 6o The Confessions of
loves glory. They are the dispensers of the
honours of celebrity; without them, there is no
acqtdring a solid reputation. They must, then,
be caressed from our need of them, and recom-
pensed from good policy.
As this is a profession, or call it, if you will,
a trade, that takes us off from the occupations
worthy of the majesty of the throne, I never
compose but when I have nothing better to do;
and to give myself the more ease in it, I keep at
my court some wits, who take care to put my
ideas into order.
You have seen with what distinction I treated
Monsieur D'Alembert in his last visit here; I
always set him at my table, and did nothing but
praise him. You even seemed surprised at the
great respect I shewed this author; but you do
not know, perhaps, that this philosopher is listened
to at Paris like an oracle ; that he talks of nothing
else there but of my talents and my virtues; and
that he maintains everywhere that I fulfil the
character of a true hero and of a great king.
Besides, there is a sort of pleasure to me, in
hearing myself praised with wit and delicacy;
and, to deal sincerely with you, I am far from
being insensible to panegyric. I cannot dissemble
to myself, that all my actions are not clearly praise-
worthy; but D'Alembert is so good-natured, that,
when he sits by me, he never opens his mouth but
to say obliging things to me.
Voltaire was not of so pliable a character; ac-
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? Frederick the Great 6i
cordingly I drove him from my court, of which
I made a merit to Maupertuis, though the true
reason at bottom was, that I stood in fear of him,
because I was not sure that I could always humour
his avarice, and knew perfectly well, that half-a-
crown less than he expected would draw on me
two thousand scratches from his satirical claws.
Besides, everything well considered, and after
having taken the advice of my academy, it was
a clearly decided point that it was impossible for
two wits to breathe the same air.
I was forgetting to tell you, that in the midst
of my greatest straits and disasters, I took care
that the wits should have their pensions duly paid
them. These philosophers exclaim against war as
the most execrable of all madnesses the moment
that it touches their pocket.
CONDUCT IN THE SMALLER MATTERS OF LIFE
Have you a mind to satisfy all the world at a
very little cost? This is the secret. Let all your
subjects have leave to apply to yourself directly
by writing, or in personal audience; and, accord-
ing as you admit of either of these, answer or hear
what they have to say. But this is the style you
are to employ:
^* If what you tell me he true, I will do you justice;
but you may also lay your account with the zeal I
have for punishing calumny and falsity. I am your
king, F ck, "
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? 62 The Confessions of
If they complain, in person, to you, hear them
with attention, or at least with an air that may
make them think you have it. Let your answer
especially be firm and laconic. Two letters, or
two verbal answers, in such a style, will save you
from the importunity of many complaints, and
will give you among your own subjects, and more
yet in foreign courts, such an air of simplicity,
and of descending into particulars, as in point of
character makes the fortune of kings.
I am well assured, dear nephew, that on the
credit of two letters of this kind, actually extant
in those countries which the French took in 1757,
I passed among them for a king the most popular,
the most plain-dealing, and the most equitable, that
ever was or could be.
AS TO DRESS
If my grandfather had lived twenty years more,
we should have been an undone people, for his
birthday would have devoured the kingdom. I
never wear any coat but my uniform. The military
imagine that this proceeds from the regard I have
for their profession; but in fact it is to make my
example enforce my preachments of simplicity of
dress. My father was right in his notion of bring-
ing in the blue for birthdays.
Those who are not rich, and would appear well
dressed, would do well to avoid the half -lace. One
should leave embroidery, and the tawdry daubings
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? Frederick the Great 63
of gold and silver, to those idle, effeminate princes
who live in the midst of nothing but pleasures,
balls, and debauchery. There is a necessity for
the frivolous to study every day some new fanciful
taste in dress, that they may please the ladies,
which they make their sole occupation.
AS TO PLEASURES
Love is a little deity that spares no one. When
one resists those darts he lets fly at us in a fair way,
he takes another turn; so that I would not wish
you to have the vanity of making head against
him. One way or other he is sure of you. Though
I have not to complain of the trick he has played
me, I would not advise you to follow my example.
It might come in time to have very bad con-
sequences; for, by degrees, your governors and
officers would, in their choice of recruits, consult
more their own pleasures than the honour of your
service, and your army might come at length to be
like the regiment of your imcle Henry.
I should have liked himting well enough, but
the accompt-expenses of my grandfather's grand
huntsman corrected me of that inclination.
My father has told me a hundred times, that
there were but two kings in Europe rich enough to
keep buck-hounds, because it is indecent for a
crowned head to hunt with no more state than a
private gentleman.
Nature has given me self-indulgent-enough dis-
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? 64 The Confessions of
positions. I love good eating, good wines, coffee,
and even spirituous cordials, and yet my subjects
believe me the most abstemious king in the uni-
verse. When I eat in public, it is my German cook
that dresses my dinner; but when I am snug in my
little private apartments, I have a French cook
who does his best to humour my palate, which, I
must confess, is rather of the nicest. Philosophers
may say what they will, with all their lessons, but
the pleasures of the senses very well deserve that
we should spare them a couple of hours a day;
for, in fact, what would our existence be without
them?
I could take a pleasure in play, but I cannot
bring myself to a habit of enduring to lose. Be-
sides, play is the looking-glass of the soul; and
this does not at all do for me, for I do not much
care that anyone should look into mine.
I love theatrical entertainments extremely, and
especially music; but I find the Opera cursedly
dear, and the pleasure I take in hearing a fine
voice or a good violin would be much more lively
and pure if it did not cost me so much money.
As no one can be imposed upon as to this ex-
pense, I have used my best endeavours to per-
suade that it was useful and even necessary; but
I never could get the old generals to come into the
opinion, that an eunuch or a virtuoso ought to
have the same pay as they.
I will now give up to you the knowledge of man,
though at his expense. Believe me, he is always
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? Frederick the Great 65
delivered up to his passions; vanity is at the bot-
tom of all his thirst after glory, and his virtues
are all founded on his self-interest and ambition.
Have you a mind to pass for a hero ? Make boldly
your approaches to crimes. Would you like to be
thought virtuous? Learn to appear artfully what
you are not.
s
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? MORNING THE FIFTH
ON POLITICS OF THE STATE
THESE politics may be reduced to three heads,
or principles. The first, self-preservation,
and aggrandizement, according to circumstances.
Second, alliances never to be made but for one's
own advantage. And the third, to make one's self
respected and feared in the most difficult times.
PRINCIPLE THE FIRST
OF SELF-PRESERVATION AND AGGRANDIZEMENT
On my ascending to the throne, I visited the
coffers of my father. His great economy, I found,
had put me in a condition of conceiving great
projects. Soon afterwards I made a review of my
troops, and fine ones they appeared to me: upon
which I returned to my coffers, and took out of
them wherewith to double my military force.
As I had then just rendered my power twice as
great as it was before, it was natural for me not
to be contented with only preserving what I had,
so that I was q,uickly determined to avail myself
of the first opportunity that should offer. In the
meanwhile I exercised my troops, and used my
66
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? Confessions of Frederick the Great 67
best endeavours to draw the eyes of all Europe
on my manoeuvres; I renewed them every year,
in order to appear more and more master of the
art of war; and at length I obtained my wish of
procuring a general attention.
I turned the head of all the powers, and all the
world gave themselves up for lost, if their military
did not move head, legs, and arms, a la mode of the
Prussian exercise. All my soldiers and my officers
took it into their heads that they were twice the
men they were before on seeing they were every-
where aped.
When my troops had thus acquired an advan-
tage over all the others, I had nothing to do but to
examine what pretensions it was possible for me
to form upon different provinces. Four different
points offered themselves to my view: Silesia,
Polish Prussia, Dutch Gueldre and Swedish Pome-
rania.
I fixed, however, on Silesia, both because that
object deserved my attention more than all the
others put together, and because the circumstances
were more favourable to me.
I left to time the care of the execution of my
projects on the other points. I will not here
enter on a demonstration to you of the validity of
my pretensions on Silesia, I took care to have it
established by my orators. The empress-queen
opposed hers to them, and the cause was pleaded
and decided by great guns, small arms, and sabres.
But let me return to those favourable circum-
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? 68 The Confessions of
stances I intimated: thus it was that they pre-
sented themselves. France wanted to take the
empire out of the hands of the House of Austria : --
there was nothing I wished for more. France also
had a mind to form in Italy a state for the Infant :
-- this too I liked, because it could not be done but
at the expense of the empress-queen. In short,
France had conceived the noble project of march-
ing to the gates of Vienna: -- that was the very
point I waited for, that I might seize upon Silesia.
Be then, my dear nephew, provided of money;
wait for circumstances; and be assured of not
barely preserving your dominions, but of aggran-
dizing them. There are certain small politicians
who pretend, that, when a state is arrived at a
certain point, it ought not to think of aggrandize-
ment, because the system of the balance of power
has limited each state to a certain fixed extent.
I remember that the ambition of Lewis XlVth
had like to have cost France dear, and I am not
insensible of all the disquiet that mine has given
me : I know, also, that France, in the midst of her
greatest disasters, disposed of a crown, and pre-
served the provinces she had conquered; and
you may, as to myself, see, that, amidst all the
storm that threatened me, I have lost nothing;
so that everything depends on the circumstances
of the times, and on the courage of him that takes
and holds.
You cannot, my dear nephew, conceive how
important it is for a king and a state to go often
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