According to him, Origen could not
bo admitted to sacred orders, and he insisted that this
?
bo admitted to sacred orders, and he insisted that this
?
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
527.
)
Ordovices, % people of Britain, occupying what
would correspond at the present day to the northern
portion of Wales, together with the isle of Anglesey.
(Tacit. . Hist. , 12, 33. --Mannert, Geogr. , vol. 2, pt.
2, p. 187. ) It was probably owing to the nature of
their country, and to the vicinity of Deva, now Ches-
ter, where a whole Roman legion was quartered, that
the Romans had so few towns and stations among the
Ordovices. Mediomanium was their capital, and was
probably situated at Mayicood or Meifad, in Mont-
gomeryshire. (Mela, 3, 6. --Plm. , 4, 16-,-Manncrt,
I. e. )
Oreades, nymphs of the mountains, so called from
the Greek opoc, "<z mountain. " Another form of the
name is Orcstiades ('OpeoTuUhr). They generally at-
tended upon Diana, and accompanied her in hunting.
(Virg. , ten. , 1, 504-- Ocid, Met. , 8, 787. --Horn. , II. ,
6, 420. )
Orkst. k, a people of Epirus, situate apparently to
the southeast of the Lynccstre, and, like them, origi-
nally independent of the Macedonian kings, though af-
terward annexed to their dominions. At a later peri-
od, having revolted under the protection of a Roman
force, they were declared free on the conclusion of
peace between Philip and the Romans. (Liv. , 33, 34.
--/i{? 42,38. ) Their country was apparently of small
extent, and contained but few towns. Among those
Orestia is named by Stcphanus Byzantinus, who states
it to have been tho birthplace of Ptolemy, the son of
Lagus. Its foundation was ascribed by tradition to
Orestes This is probably the same city called by
Strabo (326) Argos Orcoticum, built, as he" affirms, by
Orestes. Hierocles also (p. 641) recognises an Ar-
gos in Macedonia. (Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 1,
p. 197. )
Orestes, son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra.
On the assassination of Agamemnon, Orestes, then
quite young, was saved from his father's fate by his
sister Elcctra, who had him removed to the court of
their uncle Strophius, king of Phocis. There he form-
ed an intimate friendship with Pylades, the son of
? ? Strophius, and with him concerted the means, which
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? ORI
ORIBASIUS.
er Callas. Thucydidcs first notices Oreus at the close
of his history, as the last place retained by the Athe-
nians in Eubuea (8, 95). From Xcnophon we learn,
that, having been subsequently occupied by the Lace-
demonians, who had expelled Neogenes tuts tyrant, it
revolted from them previous to the battle of Lcuctra.
{Hut. Gr. , 5, 4, 57. ) After that period we find His-
tiea, or Orcus, governed by another tyrant named Phil-
istides, who, as Demosthenes asserts, was secretly sup-
pjrted and befriended by Philip of Macedon (Phil. , 3,
p. 125): he was afterward defeated and slain by the
Athenians and Chalcidians. (Stcph. Byz. , s. v. ) . Es-
chincs, on the other hand, cites a decree of Orcus, to
prove that Demosthenes had been bribed by the citi-
zens of that town. (JEsch. in Ctcs. , p, 68. )--In the
second Punic war, Orcus, when besieged by Attalus
and Sulpicius, a Roman general, was betrayed into
their hands by Plator, who had been intrusted by Phil-
ip with the command of the place, (/-. ir, 28, 6. ) It
must have been restored, however, to that monarch on
peace being concluded; for, in the Macedonian war,
we find it sustaining another obstinate siege against
the same enemies, when it was taken by assault. (Liv. ,
31,46. -- Polyb. , 11, 6. --Id. , 18, 28. ) This city no
lonjrcr existed in Piiny's time (4, 12). Its ruins are
slill to be seen near the coast, opposite to Cape Volo
of Thcssaly. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 126. )
Orgktorix, a nobleman of the Helvetii, the most
conspicuous for rank and riches of any of his country-
men. He attempted to possess himself of the chief
power in his native state, and was, in consequence,
summoned to trial. His retainers, however, assembled
in great numbers, and prevented the case from being
heard. He died not long after, having fallen, as was
supposed, by his own hands. (C<es. , B. G. , 1, 2,
scqq)
Obihasics, an eminent physician, and the intimate
friend of the Emperor Julian, was born at Sardis, in
Lydia, according to Suidas and Philostorgius (Hist. .
Ecclcs. , 7, 15), or, rather, according to Eunapius (Dc j
Vitus Philosoph. ct Sophist. ), who was his contempo-
rary, at Pergamus, a celebrated city of Mysia, and the
birthplace of Galen. After enjoying the advantages of
a goad education, he became a pupil of Zeno, an able
physician of Cyprus, to whom the Emperor Julian ad-
dressed a letter, still extant. (Epist. ,47. ) Oribasius
soon became so famous in the practice of his profession,
as to induce Julian, upon being raised to the rank of
Caesar, to take him with him into Gaul as his physician,
AD. 355. Julian always held him in high esteem;
and, indeed, he owed him a debt of gratitude, if, as
Eunapius asserts, Oribasius aided in procuring for him
the empire. How this was effected by Oribasius, the
writer just mentioned does not state, and history is si-
lent on the subject. It is this circumstance which has
led Boissonadc, the last editor of Eunapius, to doubt
the accuracy of the meaning commonly attached to
the words of this writer. He asks whether the pas-
sage in question, 'O &c tooovtov tizT^eoveiiTci Tait; u. 7. -
Xaic lipeTaic:, ware Kal ftatrtfoa tov 'lovfaavuv dirt- j
fct$t, may not in fact mean that Oribasius had in-
stilled into the bosom of Julian, both by precept and ex-
ample, such virtues as made him truly a king? But,
however this may be, it is certain that they were upon
the most intimate terms, as is proved by one of Ju-
lian's letters, addressed to Oribasius, which still re-
mains (Episl. , 17), and is, at the same time, a monu-
? ? ment of their superstition and pagan idolatry. When
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? ORI
OR!
copied from Galen, is highly valuable from its accu-
racy and precision. As Dr. Freind remarks, he has
given a correct account of the salivary glands, which
appear to have been overlooked by Galen; at least no
description of them is to be found in such anatomical
works of his as have come down to us. His method
of treating epilepsy is also deserving of attention, as
it appears to be a rational one, and yet is not clearly
recommended by any other ancient authority. It con-
sists in first abstracting blood several times, then ad-
ministeringdrastic purgatives, such as colocynth, scam-
mony, and black or white hellebore, applying cupping
instruments to the occiput, and afterward sinapisms
and other stimulants. In confirmation of the benefi-
cial effects of hellebore in epilepsy, I would refer the
reader to a case related by Aulus Gellius (17, 15).
As a professed copyist from Galen, Oribasius may be
Bafcly consulted for a correct exposition of his doc-
trines. "--We have no complete edition of Oribasius.
The 40th chapter of the first Book of the Hebdomckon-
tabibloi, treating of waters, and the first six chapters
of the fifth book, were edited by Riccius; Roma, 1548,
4to. The first two books were edited by Gruner,
Jena, 1784, 4to. The 24th and 25th books, treating
of anatomy, &c, were edited by Dundas, Lugd. Bat,
1735, 4to. The 46th and 47th books, treating of frac-
tures, &c, as well as the fragments of the books re-
specting bandages and dressings, are contained in the
collection of Oocchi. There remain unedited from
the 3d to the 15th books, and from the 43d to the 45th
inclusive; and there remain to be discovered from the
16th to the 23d, and from the 26th to the 42d, inclu-
sive. Latin translations, however, have been printed
of some of the books that are yet unpublished in the
Greek text. --The text of the Abridgment has never
been printed. A Latin translation by Rasarius ap-
peared at Venice, 1553, 8vo, and at Paris, 1554, 12mo.
--The treatise on Simples, translated into Latin, ap-
peared at the end of Sichard's edition of Ccelius Au-
rclianus, Basle, 1559, fol. Another translation by
Rasarius is contained in the Basle edition of the works
of Oribasius. --The Commentary on the Aphorisms of
Hippocrates was published at Paris by Winter (Quin-
tenus), 1633, 8vo, and reprinted at Basle in 1535, at
Rome in 1553, and at Padua in 1558, in 8vo. (Schbll,
Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 7, p. 250, seaq. )
Oricum or Oricus, a port of Illyricum, at the head
of a bay, the outer side of which is formed by the
Acroceraunian promontory. Scylax (p. 10) and other
early writers place it in Illyria, while Ptolemy enu-
merates it among the cities of Epirus. Herodotus (9,
IJ4) speaks of it as a port not far from Apollonia and the
mouth of the Amis. It was known also to Hccate-
us and Apollodorus (np. Steph. Byz. , s. v. 'UpiKoc).
Scymnus of Chios appears to be tho only writer who
? lives any account of its foundation; he ascribes it to
tho Eubceans after their return from Troy. These are
the same people with the Abantes (v. 440). Apollo-
nius speaks of the arrival of a party of Golchians in
this port (4, 1216), whenco Pliny calls it a colony of
;'iat people (3, 23). Oricum, however, is much more
known in history as a haven frequented by the Ro-
mans in their communication with Greece, being very
conveniently situated for that purpose from its proxim-
ity to Hydruntum and Brundisium. During the sec-
ond Punic war, this town was taken by Philip, king
of Macedonia, but was afterward recovered by tho
? ? prretor Valerius Lavinus, who surprised the enemy in
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? ORIGENES.
OHIGENES.
eventually became acquainted with it. Surprised at
the hardihood of the deed, and yet forced to respect
such ardent and devoted piety in so young a man, he
encouraged him to persevere. Origen himself was
subsequently convinced of his error, and confuted in
his writings the literal interpretation of a text which
had led him to this extreme. --After a visit to Home,
where Zephirinus was the bishop, Origen turned his
attention to the acquiring of the Hebrew tongue, a
thing yery unusual at that time (Hieron. , de Vir. II-
lustr. , c. 56); but his knowledge of the language was
never very great. About the year 212, his preaching
reclaimed from the Valcntinian heresy a wealthy per-
son of the name of Ambrose, who afterward assisted
him materially in the publication of his Commentaries
on the Scriptures. His reputation kept continually in-
creasing, and he became eminent not merely as an in-
structer in religion, but also in philosophy and human
sciences. The governor of Arabia, having heard won-
derful accounts of his abilities, requested Demetrius
and the patriarch of Egypt to send Origen to him,
that they might converse together on literature and
the sciences. The voyage was made, and, when the
curiosity of the ruler was gratified, Origen returned to
his native capital. This city, however, he soon after
qnitted, and fled to Cssarea to avoid the cruelties ex-
ercised upon the Alcxandreans by the odious Caracal-
la. At Cssarea he gave public lectures, and, though
not yet a priest, was invited by the bishops in this
quarter to expound the scriptures in the assemblies of
the faithful. Demetrius took offence at this, and Ori-
gen, at his earnest request, returned to the capital of
Egypt and resumed his former functions. About this
lime the Emperor Alexander Severus had stopped for
a while at Antioch, to expedite the preparations for
war against the Persians; and the Empress Mammea,
who accompanied her son, sent letters and an escort
to Origen, inviting him to Antioch. The opportunity
was eagerly embraced, and Origen unfolded to his il-
lustrious hearer the hopes and the promises of the gos-
pel. At a later period also he had a correspondence
with the Emperor Philip and his wife Severa. On his
return once more to Alcxandrea, he directed his atten-
tion to the writing of commentaries on the Old and
New Testaments, at the instance principally of Am-
brose, whom he had both instructed in the sciences,
and, as we have already observed, reclaimed from his
heretical opinions. This disciple, well known in Alex-
andrea by the fame of his riches, liberally supplied his
former master with all the means requisite for pursuing
his studies. Origen had around him several secreta-
ries, to whom he dictated notes, and seven others to
arrange these notes in order: the former were called
notarii, the latter librarii. Other copyists were em-
ployed in transcribing works. Origen commented first
on the Gospel of St. John, then on Genesis, the first
twenty-five Psalms, and the Lamentations of Jere-
miah. Obliged at this period to undertake a journey
to Athens, for the purpose of succouring the churches
of Aehaia, he again visited Ciesarea on his way, where
the bishop of this church and the bishop of Jerusa-
lem ordained him priest. He was at this time forty-
five years of age. Demetrius vehemently disapproved
of this ordination, and made known the act committed
by Origen on his own person, and which he had thus
far kept secret.
According to him, Origen could not
bo admitted to sacred orders, and he insisted that this
? ? point of ancient discipline could not be abandoned by
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? ORIGENES.
logic, geometry, arithmetic, music, grammar, rhetoric,
and all the sects of the philosophers; so that he was
resorted to by many students of secular literature,
whom he received chiefly that lie might embrace the
opportunity of instructing them in the faith of Christ"
(de Vir. Illustr. , c. 54). Elsewhere he calls him the
greatest teacher since the Apostles. \Ve find this
same Jerome, however, at a later period of his life, vi-
olently attacking Origen, and approving of the perse-
cution of his followers. Sulpicius Severus says, that
in reading Origen's works he saw many things that
pleased him, hut many also in which he (Origen) was
undoubtedly mistaken. He wonders how one and the
same man could be so different from himself; and
adds, "where he is right, he has not an equal since
the Apostles; where he is in the wrong, no man has
erred more shamefully. " (Dialog. , 1, 3. ) All agree
that he was a man of an active and powerful mind,
and of fervent piety; fond of investigating truth, and
free from all mean prejudices, of the most profound
learning, and the most untiring industry. His whole
life was occupied in writing, teaching, and especially
in explaining the Scriptures. No man, certainly none
in ancient times, did more to settle the true text of
the sacred writings, and to spread them among the
people; and yet few, perhaps, have introduced more
dangerous principles into their interpretation. For,
whether from a defect in judgment or from a fault in
his education, he applied to the Scriptures the allegor-
ical method which the Tlatonists used in interpreting
the heathen mythology. He says himself, "that the
source of many evils lies in adhering to the carnal or
external part of Scripture. Those who do so shall
not attain the kingdom of God. Let us therefore seek
after the spirit and the substantial fruit of the word,
which are hidden and mysterious. " And, again, " the
Scriptures are of little use to those who understand
them as they are written. "--In the fourth century, the
writings of Origen led to violent controversies in the
Church. Epiphanius, in a letter preserved by Jerome,
enumerates eight erroneous opinions as contained in
his works. He is charged with holding heretical no-
tions concerning the Son and the Holy Spirit; with
maintaining that the human soul is not created with
the body, but has a previous existence; that in the
resurrection the body will not have the same members
as before; and that future punishments will not be
eternal, but that both fallen angels and wicked men
will be restored, at some distant period, to the favour
of God. (Hicron. adv. Ruf. , lib. 2, vol. 4, p. 403. )
These opinions were not generally held by his follow-
ers, who maintained that the passages from which they
had been drawn had been interpolated in his writings
by heretics. In 401, Theophilus, bishop of Alexan-
drea, held a synod, in which Origen and his followers
were condemned, and the reading of his works was
prohibited; and the monks, most of whom were Ori-
genists, were driven out of Alexandrea. His opin-
ions were again condemned by the second general
council of Constantinople, in A. D. 553. -- We will
now proceed to give a more particular account of the
several works of this father, as far as they have come
down to us, or are known from the statements of other
writers. 1. Tlepi 'Apxuv (" On Pint Principles'").
This work was divided into four books; but we pos-
sess only a short notice of it in the Myriobiblon of
Photius (Cod. , 8), an extract in Euscbius (contra. Mar-
cell. Ancyran. , lib. 1), and some fragments in the Phi-
? ? localia. Rufinus made a Latin translation of the work
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? ORIGENES.
ORI
quently discovered two other Greek versions of some
parts of the Scriptures, usually called the fifth and
sixth, he added them to the preceding, inserting them
in their respective places, and thus composed the Oc-
tapla, containing eight columns. A separate transla-
tion of the Psalms, usually called the seventh version,
being afterward added, the entire work has by some
been termed the Enncapla. This last appellation,
however, was never generally adopted. But, as the
two editions made by Origen generally bore the name
of the Tetrapla and Hexapla, Urabe thinks that they
were thus called, not from the number of the columns,
but of the versions, which were six, the seventh con-
taining the Psalms only. Bauer, after Montfaucon, is
of opinion that Origen edited only the Tetrapla and
Hexapla; and this appears to be the real fact. --The
original Hebrow being regarded as the basis of the
whole work, the proximity of each translation to the
text, in point of closeness and fidelity, determined its
rank in the order of the columns; thus, Aquila's ver-
sion, being the most faithful, is placed next to the sa-
cred text; that of Symmachus occupies the fourth
column; the Scptuagint the fifth; and Theodotion's
the sixth. The other three anonymous translations,
not containing the entire books of' the Old Testament,
were placed in the last three columns of the Enneapla,
according to the order of time in which they were dis-
covered by Origen. In the Pentateuch, Origen com-
pared the Samaritan text with the Hebrew as received
by the Jews, and noted their differences. To each of
the translations inserted in this Hexapla was prefixed
an account of the author; each had its separate pro-
legomena; and the ample margins were filled with
notes. A few fragments of these prolegomena and
marginal annotations have been preserved, but nothing
remains of his history of the Greek versions. Mont-
faucon supposes that the Hexapla must have made
fifty large folio volumes. During nearly half a cen-
tury this great work remained buried, as it were, in
a corner of the city of Tyre, probably because the
expense of procuring a copy exceeded the means of
any single individual. It would, no doubt, have pcT-
ished there, had not Eusebius and Pamphilus restored
it to the light, and placed it in the library of the lat-
ter at Cesarea. It may be doubted whether a copy
ofthc original work was ever made. St. Jerome saw
it still at Csssarea, but as no writer makes mention
of it after his time, it is probable that it perished in
653 A. D. , when Cssarea was taken by the Arabi-
ans. --To repair as much as possible the loss of the
Hexapla of Origen, various scholars have occupied
themselves, in modern times, with the care of restoring
it. The first that undertook this task was Flaminio
N'obili, in the notes to his edition of the Scptuagint
(Roma, 1587); and after him Drusius, in his Frag-
menta vetrrum intcrpretum (Arnh. , 1622). With
these materials, and with the aid of manuscripts,
Montfaucon arranged1 his Hexapla Origcnis, which
were printed in 2 vols, folio, at Paris, in 1713. and
were reprinted by Bahrdt (Lips. , 2 vols. 8vo. , 1769).
It is thought, however, that the learned Benedictine
was not sufficiently well acquainted with Hebrew, and
that he was deficient in critical acumen. --7. The last
work of Origen's deserving of mention is his Reply to
Celsius. This philosopher, a member of the Epicu-
rean sect, had composed, under the Emperor Hadrian,
a work against Christianity, replete with calumny and
? ? falsehood. (Vid. Celsus II. ) At the instance of his
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? ORM
ORO
the. sea. The archer-goddess discharged a shaft: the
waves rolled the dead body of Orion to the land; and,
bewailing her fatal error with many tears, Diana placed
him among the stars. --The hero Orion is not mention-
ed in the Iliad; but in the Odyssey (5, 121) wc are
told by Calypso, that rosy-fingered Aurora took him,
and that Diana slew him with her gentle darts in Or-
tygia. In another place his size and beauty are praised.
(Oil. , 11, 309-- Keighlley's Mythology, p. 461, seqq. )
^-The constellation of Orion, which represents a man
of gigantic stature wielding a sword, is mentioned as
early as the time of Homer and Hesiod (II. , 17, 486.
--Op. et D. , 589, 615, 619). Both poets, in alluding
to it. use the expression odevoc 'Qpiuvoc. "the strength
of Orion" (i. e. , the strong or powerful Orion), analo-
gous to the (tin 'HpaKXein. We must connect, there-
fore, with the idea of Orion, as represented on the ce-
lestial planisphere, that of a powerful warrior, armed
with his " golden sword," or, as Aratus expresses it,
t'Hpeo; . . . l<pt ire-rrotdue (v. 588). So, too, the Ara-
bic name for this constellation, namely, El-dschebbdr,
means the " Giant," the " Hero. " According to Butt-
man, the form Oarion ('ilapiuv, Pind. , Isih. , 3, 67)
is earlier than Orion, and the letter o itself has arisen
from a peculiar mode of pronouncing the digamma,
which is known to have had a sound resembling our
wh or w. The name Yapiuv, therefore, will be de-
rived from Fdpric or 'Apnc, and signify "a warrior. ''
Indeed, the English term Warrior is almost identical
in form with the Greek 'Oapiav, and the word War
connects itself as plainly with the root of Fop-i/f or
Mars. It is worthy of remark, too, that the constella-
tion Orion was called by the Boeotians KavSduv, a de-
rivative in all likelihood of Kavouor, a name given to
the god Mars. (Lycophr. , 328. --Tzetz. , ad loc. --Ly-
eophr. , 938. )--That part of the legend, also, which re-
lates to the ox's hide, is explained by the same eminent
scholar, on the supposition of some resemblance hav-
ing been discovered between the position of the stars
in this constellation and the hide of an ox. Thus the
four stars, a, (i, y, k, will indicate the four extremities
or corners, and the feebler stars, which now form the
head, will represent the neck. In the same way, the
three brilliant stars in the middle may have suggested
the idea of the three deities, Jupiter, Neptune, and
Mercury. (Buttmann, Anmcrk. --Idelcr, Sternnamen,
p. 331. )--The cosmical setting of Orion, which took
place towards the end of Autumn, was always ac-
companied with rain and wind. Hence the south
wind is called by Horace "the rapid companion of the
setting Orion" (Od. , 1, 28, 21), and Orion himself as
"fraught with harm to mariners. " (Epod. , 15, 7. --
Compare Od. , 3, 27, 18. -- Virg. , . En. , 1, 535. --Id.
ib. , 4, 52. )--From the view which has here been taken
of the origin of the name Orion, it will be seen at
once how erroneous is the etymology assigned by Isi-
dorus, when he says, " Orion dictus ab urina, id est
ab tnundatione aquarum. Tempore enim hiemis abor-
tus, mare et terras aquis et tempestatibus lurbat. "
(Ong. , 3, 70. ) There is also another error here. It
was not the rising, but the cosmical setting, of the
constellation which brought stormy weather. (Ideler,
Sternnamen, p. 219. )
Oeithyu (four syllables), a daughter of Erechtheus,
king of Athens, by Praxithea. She was carried off by
Boreas, the god of the northern wind. (Vid. Boreas. )
Ormenium, a city of Thessaly, in the district of
? ? Magnesia, near the shores of the Sinus Pelasgicus, and
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? ORO
Oropds, I. a city on the confines of Bceotia and At-
tica, on the lower bank of the Asopus, and not far
from its mouth. The possession of this place was
long the object of eager contest between the Boeotians
and the Athenians. There is little doubt but that the
former could prove priority of possession; but, as the
Athenians were anxious to enlarge their territory at
the expense of their Boeotian neighbours, and to make
(as all nations have been anxious to do) a river (the
Asopus) their boundary, and also to secure their com-
munication with Eubaea, they used their rising pow-
er to appropriate this place to themselves. {Bloom/,
ad Tkueyd. , 2, 23. ) In the Peloponnesian war we
find it occupied by the Athenians; but, towards the
close of that contest, we hear of the city being sur-
prised by the Boeotians, who retained possession of it
for many years. (Thucyd. , 8, 60. ) In consequence
of a sedition which occurred there, the Thebans chan-
ged the site of the place, and removed it about seven
stadia from the sea. (Diod. Sic. , 14, 17. ) After the
overthrow of Thebes, Oropus was ceded to the Athe-
nians by Alexander. Hence Livy, Pausanias, and
Pliny place the town in Attica. Dicearchus and
Stephanus, on the other hand, ascribe it to Bceotia.
Dicaearchus (Stat. Gr. , p. 11) styles Oropus "the
dwelling-house of Thebes, the traffic of retail venders,
the unsurpassable avarice of excisemen versed in ex-
cess of wickedness for ages, ever imposing duties on
imported goods. The generality are rough in their
manners, but courteous to those who are shrewd; they
are repulsive to the Boeotians, but the Athenians are
Boeotians. " The meaning of this last passage is per-
haps this, that the Athenians on this border were so
much mixed with the Boeotians as to have lost their
usual characteristics for acutenoss and intelligence.
"Oropus," says Dodwell, "is now called Ropo, and
contains only few and imperfect ruins" (vol. 2, p. 156.
Ordovices, % people of Britain, occupying what
would correspond at the present day to the northern
portion of Wales, together with the isle of Anglesey.
(Tacit. . Hist. , 12, 33. --Mannert, Geogr. , vol. 2, pt.
2, p. 187. ) It was probably owing to the nature of
their country, and to the vicinity of Deva, now Ches-
ter, where a whole Roman legion was quartered, that
the Romans had so few towns and stations among the
Ordovices. Mediomanium was their capital, and was
probably situated at Mayicood or Meifad, in Mont-
gomeryshire. (Mela, 3, 6. --Plm. , 4, 16-,-Manncrt,
I. e. )
Oreades, nymphs of the mountains, so called from
the Greek opoc, "<z mountain. " Another form of the
name is Orcstiades ('OpeoTuUhr). They generally at-
tended upon Diana, and accompanied her in hunting.
(Virg. , ten. , 1, 504-- Ocid, Met. , 8, 787. --Horn. , II. ,
6, 420. )
Orkst. k, a people of Epirus, situate apparently to
the southeast of the Lynccstre, and, like them, origi-
nally independent of the Macedonian kings, though af-
terward annexed to their dominions. At a later peri-
od, having revolted under the protection of a Roman
force, they were declared free on the conclusion of
peace between Philip and the Romans. (Liv. , 33, 34.
--/i{? 42,38. ) Their country was apparently of small
extent, and contained but few towns. Among those
Orestia is named by Stcphanus Byzantinus, who states
it to have been tho birthplace of Ptolemy, the son of
Lagus. Its foundation was ascribed by tradition to
Orestes This is probably the same city called by
Strabo (326) Argos Orcoticum, built, as he" affirms, by
Orestes. Hierocles also (p. 641) recognises an Ar-
gos in Macedonia. (Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 1,
p. 197. )
Orestes, son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra.
On the assassination of Agamemnon, Orestes, then
quite young, was saved from his father's fate by his
sister Elcctra, who had him removed to the court of
their uncle Strophius, king of Phocis. There he form-
ed an intimate friendship with Pylades, the son of
? ? Strophius, and with him concerted the means, which
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? ORI
ORIBASIUS.
er Callas. Thucydidcs first notices Oreus at the close
of his history, as the last place retained by the Athe-
nians in Eubuea (8, 95). From Xcnophon we learn,
that, having been subsequently occupied by the Lace-
demonians, who had expelled Neogenes tuts tyrant, it
revolted from them previous to the battle of Lcuctra.
{Hut. Gr. , 5, 4, 57. ) After that period we find His-
tiea, or Orcus, governed by another tyrant named Phil-
istides, who, as Demosthenes asserts, was secretly sup-
pjrted and befriended by Philip of Macedon (Phil. , 3,
p. 125): he was afterward defeated and slain by the
Athenians and Chalcidians. (Stcph. Byz. , s. v. ) . Es-
chincs, on the other hand, cites a decree of Orcus, to
prove that Demosthenes had been bribed by the citi-
zens of that town. (JEsch. in Ctcs. , p, 68. )--In the
second Punic war, Orcus, when besieged by Attalus
and Sulpicius, a Roman general, was betrayed into
their hands by Plator, who had been intrusted by Phil-
ip with the command of the place, (/-. ir, 28, 6. ) It
must have been restored, however, to that monarch on
peace being concluded; for, in the Macedonian war,
we find it sustaining another obstinate siege against
the same enemies, when it was taken by assault. (Liv. ,
31,46. -- Polyb. , 11, 6. --Id. , 18, 28. ) This city no
lonjrcr existed in Piiny's time (4, 12). Its ruins are
slill to be seen near the coast, opposite to Cape Volo
of Thcssaly. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 126. )
Orgktorix, a nobleman of the Helvetii, the most
conspicuous for rank and riches of any of his country-
men. He attempted to possess himself of the chief
power in his native state, and was, in consequence,
summoned to trial. His retainers, however, assembled
in great numbers, and prevented the case from being
heard. He died not long after, having fallen, as was
supposed, by his own hands. (C<es. , B. G. , 1, 2,
scqq)
Obihasics, an eminent physician, and the intimate
friend of the Emperor Julian, was born at Sardis, in
Lydia, according to Suidas and Philostorgius (Hist. .
Ecclcs. , 7, 15), or, rather, according to Eunapius (Dc j
Vitus Philosoph. ct Sophist. ), who was his contempo-
rary, at Pergamus, a celebrated city of Mysia, and the
birthplace of Galen. After enjoying the advantages of
a goad education, he became a pupil of Zeno, an able
physician of Cyprus, to whom the Emperor Julian ad-
dressed a letter, still extant. (Epist. ,47. ) Oribasius
soon became so famous in the practice of his profession,
as to induce Julian, upon being raised to the rank of
Caesar, to take him with him into Gaul as his physician,
AD. 355. Julian always held him in high esteem;
and, indeed, he owed him a debt of gratitude, if, as
Eunapius asserts, Oribasius aided in procuring for him
the empire. How this was effected by Oribasius, the
writer just mentioned does not state, and history is si-
lent on the subject. It is this circumstance which has
led Boissonadc, the last editor of Eunapius, to doubt
the accuracy of the meaning commonly attached to
the words of this writer. He asks whether the pas-
sage in question, 'O &c tooovtov tizT^eoveiiTci Tait; u. 7. -
Xaic lipeTaic:, ware Kal ftatrtfoa tov 'lovfaavuv dirt- j
fct$t, may not in fact mean that Oribasius had in-
stilled into the bosom of Julian, both by precept and ex-
ample, such virtues as made him truly a king? But,
however this may be, it is certain that they were upon
the most intimate terms, as is proved by one of Ju-
lian's letters, addressed to Oribasius, which still re-
mains (Episl. , 17), and is, at the same time, a monu-
? ? ment of their superstition and pagan idolatry. When
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? ORI
OR!
copied from Galen, is highly valuable from its accu-
racy and precision. As Dr. Freind remarks, he has
given a correct account of the salivary glands, which
appear to have been overlooked by Galen; at least no
description of them is to be found in such anatomical
works of his as have come down to us. His method
of treating epilepsy is also deserving of attention, as
it appears to be a rational one, and yet is not clearly
recommended by any other ancient authority. It con-
sists in first abstracting blood several times, then ad-
ministeringdrastic purgatives, such as colocynth, scam-
mony, and black or white hellebore, applying cupping
instruments to the occiput, and afterward sinapisms
and other stimulants. In confirmation of the benefi-
cial effects of hellebore in epilepsy, I would refer the
reader to a case related by Aulus Gellius (17, 15).
As a professed copyist from Galen, Oribasius may be
Bafcly consulted for a correct exposition of his doc-
trines. "--We have no complete edition of Oribasius.
The 40th chapter of the first Book of the Hebdomckon-
tabibloi, treating of waters, and the first six chapters
of the fifth book, were edited by Riccius; Roma, 1548,
4to. The first two books were edited by Gruner,
Jena, 1784, 4to. The 24th and 25th books, treating
of anatomy, &c, were edited by Dundas, Lugd. Bat,
1735, 4to. The 46th and 47th books, treating of frac-
tures, &c, as well as the fragments of the books re-
specting bandages and dressings, are contained in the
collection of Oocchi. There remain unedited from
the 3d to the 15th books, and from the 43d to the 45th
inclusive; and there remain to be discovered from the
16th to the 23d, and from the 26th to the 42d, inclu-
sive. Latin translations, however, have been printed
of some of the books that are yet unpublished in the
Greek text. --The text of the Abridgment has never
been printed. A Latin translation by Rasarius ap-
peared at Venice, 1553, 8vo, and at Paris, 1554, 12mo.
--The treatise on Simples, translated into Latin, ap-
peared at the end of Sichard's edition of Ccelius Au-
rclianus, Basle, 1559, fol. Another translation by
Rasarius is contained in the Basle edition of the works
of Oribasius. --The Commentary on the Aphorisms of
Hippocrates was published at Paris by Winter (Quin-
tenus), 1633, 8vo, and reprinted at Basle in 1535, at
Rome in 1553, and at Padua in 1558, in 8vo. (Schbll,
Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 7, p. 250, seaq. )
Oricum or Oricus, a port of Illyricum, at the head
of a bay, the outer side of which is formed by the
Acroceraunian promontory. Scylax (p. 10) and other
early writers place it in Illyria, while Ptolemy enu-
merates it among the cities of Epirus. Herodotus (9,
IJ4) speaks of it as a port not far from Apollonia and the
mouth of the Amis. It was known also to Hccate-
us and Apollodorus (np. Steph. Byz. , s. v. 'UpiKoc).
Scymnus of Chios appears to be tho only writer who
? lives any account of its foundation; he ascribes it to
tho Eubceans after their return from Troy. These are
the same people with the Abantes (v. 440). Apollo-
nius speaks of the arrival of a party of Golchians in
this port (4, 1216), whenco Pliny calls it a colony of
;'iat people (3, 23). Oricum, however, is much more
known in history as a haven frequented by the Ro-
mans in their communication with Greece, being very
conveniently situated for that purpose from its proxim-
ity to Hydruntum and Brundisium. During the sec-
ond Punic war, this town was taken by Philip, king
of Macedonia, but was afterward recovered by tho
? ? prretor Valerius Lavinus, who surprised the enemy in
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? ORIGENES.
OHIGENES.
eventually became acquainted with it. Surprised at
the hardihood of the deed, and yet forced to respect
such ardent and devoted piety in so young a man, he
encouraged him to persevere. Origen himself was
subsequently convinced of his error, and confuted in
his writings the literal interpretation of a text which
had led him to this extreme. --After a visit to Home,
where Zephirinus was the bishop, Origen turned his
attention to the acquiring of the Hebrew tongue, a
thing yery unusual at that time (Hieron. , de Vir. II-
lustr. , c. 56); but his knowledge of the language was
never very great. About the year 212, his preaching
reclaimed from the Valcntinian heresy a wealthy per-
son of the name of Ambrose, who afterward assisted
him materially in the publication of his Commentaries
on the Scriptures. His reputation kept continually in-
creasing, and he became eminent not merely as an in-
structer in religion, but also in philosophy and human
sciences. The governor of Arabia, having heard won-
derful accounts of his abilities, requested Demetrius
and the patriarch of Egypt to send Origen to him,
that they might converse together on literature and
the sciences. The voyage was made, and, when the
curiosity of the ruler was gratified, Origen returned to
his native capital. This city, however, he soon after
qnitted, and fled to Cssarea to avoid the cruelties ex-
ercised upon the Alcxandreans by the odious Caracal-
la. At Cssarea he gave public lectures, and, though
not yet a priest, was invited by the bishops in this
quarter to expound the scriptures in the assemblies of
the faithful. Demetrius took offence at this, and Ori-
gen, at his earnest request, returned to the capital of
Egypt and resumed his former functions. About this
lime the Emperor Alexander Severus had stopped for
a while at Antioch, to expedite the preparations for
war against the Persians; and the Empress Mammea,
who accompanied her son, sent letters and an escort
to Origen, inviting him to Antioch. The opportunity
was eagerly embraced, and Origen unfolded to his il-
lustrious hearer the hopes and the promises of the gos-
pel. At a later period also he had a correspondence
with the Emperor Philip and his wife Severa. On his
return once more to Alcxandrea, he directed his atten-
tion to the writing of commentaries on the Old and
New Testaments, at the instance principally of Am-
brose, whom he had both instructed in the sciences,
and, as we have already observed, reclaimed from his
heretical opinions. This disciple, well known in Alex-
andrea by the fame of his riches, liberally supplied his
former master with all the means requisite for pursuing
his studies. Origen had around him several secreta-
ries, to whom he dictated notes, and seven others to
arrange these notes in order: the former were called
notarii, the latter librarii. Other copyists were em-
ployed in transcribing works. Origen commented first
on the Gospel of St. John, then on Genesis, the first
twenty-five Psalms, and the Lamentations of Jere-
miah. Obliged at this period to undertake a journey
to Athens, for the purpose of succouring the churches
of Aehaia, he again visited Ciesarea on his way, where
the bishop of this church and the bishop of Jerusa-
lem ordained him priest. He was at this time forty-
five years of age. Demetrius vehemently disapproved
of this ordination, and made known the act committed
by Origen on his own person, and which he had thus
far kept secret.
According to him, Origen could not
bo admitted to sacred orders, and he insisted that this
? ? point of ancient discipline could not be abandoned by
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? ORIGENES.
logic, geometry, arithmetic, music, grammar, rhetoric,
and all the sects of the philosophers; so that he was
resorted to by many students of secular literature,
whom he received chiefly that lie might embrace the
opportunity of instructing them in the faith of Christ"
(de Vir. Illustr. , c. 54). Elsewhere he calls him the
greatest teacher since the Apostles. \Ve find this
same Jerome, however, at a later period of his life, vi-
olently attacking Origen, and approving of the perse-
cution of his followers. Sulpicius Severus says, that
in reading Origen's works he saw many things that
pleased him, hut many also in which he (Origen) was
undoubtedly mistaken. He wonders how one and the
same man could be so different from himself; and
adds, "where he is right, he has not an equal since
the Apostles; where he is in the wrong, no man has
erred more shamefully. " (Dialog. , 1, 3. ) All agree
that he was a man of an active and powerful mind,
and of fervent piety; fond of investigating truth, and
free from all mean prejudices, of the most profound
learning, and the most untiring industry. His whole
life was occupied in writing, teaching, and especially
in explaining the Scriptures. No man, certainly none
in ancient times, did more to settle the true text of
the sacred writings, and to spread them among the
people; and yet few, perhaps, have introduced more
dangerous principles into their interpretation. For,
whether from a defect in judgment or from a fault in
his education, he applied to the Scriptures the allegor-
ical method which the Tlatonists used in interpreting
the heathen mythology. He says himself, "that the
source of many evils lies in adhering to the carnal or
external part of Scripture. Those who do so shall
not attain the kingdom of God. Let us therefore seek
after the spirit and the substantial fruit of the word,
which are hidden and mysterious. " And, again, " the
Scriptures are of little use to those who understand
them as they are written. "--In the fourth century, the
writings of Origen led to violent controversies in the
Church. Epiphanius, in a letter preserved by Jerome,
enumerates eight erroneous opinions as contained in
his works. He is charged with holding heretical no-
tions concerning the Son and the Holy Spirit; with
maintaining that the human soul is not created with
the body, but has a previous existence; that in the
resurrection the body will not have the same members
as before; and that future punishments will not be
eternal, but that both fallen angels and wicked men
will be restored, at some distant period, to the favour
of God. (Hicron. adv. Ruf. , lib. 2, vol. 4, p. 403. )
These opinions were not generally held by his follow-
ers, who maintained that the passages from which they
had been drawn had been interpolated in his writings
by heretics. In 401, Theophilus, bishop of Alexan-
drea, held a synod, in which Origen and his followers
were condemned, and the reading of his works was
prohibited; and the monks, most of whom were Ori-
genists, were driven out of Alexandrea. His opin-
ions were again condemned by the second general
council of Constantinople, in A. D. 553. -- We will
now proceed to give a more particular account of the
several works of this father, as far as they have come
down to us, or are known from the statements of other
writers. 1. Tlepi 'Apxuv (" On Pint Principles'").
This work was divided into four books; but we pos-
sess only a short notice of it in the Myriobiblon of
Photius (Cod. , 8), an extract in Euscbius (contra. Mar-
cell. Ancyran. , lib. 1), and some fragments in the Phi-
? ? localia. Rufinus made a Latin translation of the work
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? ORIGENES.
ORI
quently discovered two other Greek versions of some
parts of the Scriptures, usually called the fifth and
sixth, he added them to the preceding, inserting them
in their respective places, and thus composed the Oc-
tapla, containing eight columns. A separate transla-
tion of the Psalms, usually called the seventh version,
being afterward added, the entire work has by some
been termed the Enncapla. This last appellation,
however, was never generally adopted. But, as the
two editions made by Origen generally bore the name
of the Tetrapla and Hexapla, Urabe thinks that they
were thus called, not from the number of the columns,
but of the versions, which were six, the seventh con-
taining the Psalms only. Bauer, after Montfaucon, is
of opinion that Origen edited only the Tetrapla and
Hexapla; and this appears to be the real fact. --The
original Hebrow being regarded as the basis of the
whole work, the proximity of each translation to the
text, in point of closeness and fidelity, determined its
rank in the order of the columns; thus, Aquila's ver-
sion, being the most faithful, is placed next to the sa-
cred text; that of Symmachus occupies the fourth
column; the Scptuagint the fifth; and Theodotion's
the sixth. The other three anonymous translations,
not containing the entire books of' the Old Testament,
were placed in the last three columns of the Enneapla,
according to the order of time in which they were dis-
covered by Origen. In the Pentateuch, Origen com-
pared the Samaritan text with the Hebrew as received
by the Jews, and noted their differences. To each of
the translations inserted in this Hexapla was prefixed
an account of the author; each had its separate pro-
legomena; and the ample margins were filled with
notes. A few fragments of these prolegomena and
marginal annotations have been preserved, but nothing
remains of his history of the Greek versions. Mont-
faucon supposes that the Hexapla must have made
fifty large folio volumes. During nearly half a cen-
tury this great work remained buried, as it were, in
a corner of the city of Tyre, probably because the
expense of procuring a copy exceeded the means of
any single individual. It would, no doubt, have pcT-
ished there, had not Eusebius and Pamphilus restored
it to the light, and placed it in the library of the lat-
ter at Cesarea. It may be doubted whether a copy
ofthc original work was ever made. St. Jerome saw
it still at Csssarea, but as no writer makes mention
of it after his time, it is probable that it perished in
653 A. D. , when Cssarea was taken by the Arabi-
ans. --To repair as much as possible the loss of the
Hexapla of Origen, various scholars have occupied
themselves, in modern times, with the care of restoring
it. The first that undertook this task was Flaminio
N'obili, in the notes to his edition of the Scptuagint
(Roma, 1587); and after him Drusius, in his Frag-
menta vetrrum intcrpretum (Arnh. , 1622). With
these materials, and with the aid of manuscripts,
Montfaucon arranged1 his Hexapla Origcnis, which
were printed in 2 vols, folio, at Paris, in 1713. and
were reprinted by Bahrdt (Lips. , 2 vols. 8vo. , 1769).
It is thought, however, that the learned Benedictine
was not sufficiently well acquainted with Hebrew, and
that he was deficient in critical acumen. --7. The last
work of Origen's deserving of mention is his Reply to
Celsius. This philosopher, a member of the Epicu-
rean sect, had composed, under the Emperor Hadrian,
a work against Christianity, replete with calumny and
? ? falsehood. (Vid. Celsus II. ) At the instance of his
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? ORM
ORO
the. sea. The archer-goddess discharged a shaft: the
waves rolled the dead body of Orion to the land; and,
bewailing her fatal error with many tears, Diana placed
him among the stars. --The hero Orion is not mention-
ed in the Iliad; but in the Odyssey (5, 121) wc are
told by Calypso, that rosy-fingered Aurora took him,
and that Diana slew him with her gentle darts in Or-
tygia. In another place his size and beauty are praised.
(Oil. , 11, 309-- Keighlley's Mythology, p. 461, seqq. )
^-The constellation of Orion, which represents a man
of gigantic stature wielding a sword, is mentioned as
early as the time of Homer and Hesiod (II. , 17, 486.
--Op. et D. , 589, 615, 619). Both poets, in alluding
to it. use the expression odevoc 'Qpiuvoc. "the strength
of Orion" (i. e. , the strong or powerful Orion), analo-
gous to the (tin 'HpaKXein. We must connect, there-
fore, with the idea of Orion, as represented on the ce-
lestial planisphere, that of a powerful warrior, armed
with his " golden sword," or, as Aratus expresses it,
t'Hpeo; . . . l<pt ire-rrotdue (v. 588). So, too, the Ara-
bic name for this constellation, namely, El-dschebbdr,
means the " Giant," the " Hero. " According to Butt-
man, the form Oarion ('ilapiuv, Pind. , Isih. , 3, 67)
is earlier than Orion, and the letter o itself has arisen
from a peculiar mode of pronouncing the digamma,
which is known to have had a sound resembling our
wh or w. The name Yapiuv, therefore, will be de-
rived from Fdpric or 'Apnc, and signify "a warrior. ''
Indeed, the English term Warrior is almost identical
in form with the Greek 'Oapiav, and the word War
connects itself as plainly with the root of Fop-i/f or
Mars. It is worthy of remark, too, that the constella-
tion Orion was called by the Boeotians KavSduv, a de-
rivative in all likelihood of Kavouor, a name given to
the god Mars. (Lycophr. , 328. --Tzetz. , ad loc. --Ly-
eophr. , 938. )--That part of the legend, also, which re-
lates to the ox's hide, is explained by the same eminent
scholar, on the supposition of some resemblance hav-
ing been discovered between the position of the stars
in this constellation and the hide of an ox. Thus the
four stars, a, (i, y, k, will indicate the four extremities
or corners, and the feebler stars, which now form the
head, will represent the neck. In the same way, the
three brilliant stars in the middle may have suggested
the idea of the three deities, Jupiter, Neptune, and
Mercury. (Buttmann, Anmcrk. --Idelcr, Sternnamen,
p. 331. )--The cosmical setting of Orion, which took
place towards the end of Autumn, was always ac-
companied with rain and wind. Hence the south
wind is called by Horace "the rapid companion of the
setting Orion" (Od. , 1, 28, 21), and Orion himself as
"fraught with harm to mariners. " (Epod. , 15, 7. --
Compare Od. , 3, 27, 18. -- Virg. , . En. , 1, 535. --Id.
ib. , 4, 52. )--From the view which has here been taken
of the origin of the name Orion, it will be seen at
once how erroneous is the etymology assigned by Isi-
dorus, when he says, " Orion dictus ab urina, id est
ab tnundatione aquarum. Tempore enim hiemis abor-
tus, mare et terras aquis et tempestatibus lurbat. "
(Ong. , 3, 70. ) There is also another error here. It
was not the rising, but the cosmical setting, of the
constellation which brought stormy weather. (Ideler,
Sternnamen, p. 219. )
Oeithyu (four syllables), a daughter of Erechtheus,
king of Athens, by Praxithea. She was carried off by
Boreas, the god of the northern wind. (Vid. Boreas. )
Ormenium, a city of Thessaly, in the district of
? ? Magnesia, near the shores of the Sinus Pelasgicus, and
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? ORO
Oropds, I. a city on the confines of Bceotia and At-
tica, on the lower bank of the Asopus, and not far
from its mouth. The possession of this place was
long the object of eager contest between the Boeotians
and the Athenians. There is little doubt but that the
former could prove priority of possession; but, as the
Athenians were anxious to enlarge their territory at
the expense of their Boeotian neighbours, and to make
(as all nations have been anxious to do) a river (the
Asopus) their boundary, and also to secure their com-
munication with Eubaea, they used their rising pow-
er to appropriate this place to themselves. {Bloom/,
ad Tkueyd. , 2, 23. ) In the Peloponnesian war we
find it occupied by the Athenians; but, towards the
close of that contest, we hear of the city being sur-
prised by the Boeotians, who retained possession of it
for many years. (Thucyd. , 8, 60. ) In consequence
of a sedition which occurred there, the Thebans chan-
ged the site of the place, and removed it about seven
stadia from the sea. (Diod. Sic. , 14, 17. ) After the
overthrow of Thebes, Oropus was ceded to the Athe-
nians by Alexander. Hence Livy, Pausanias, and
Pliny place the town in Attica. Dicearchus and
Stephanus, on the other hand, ascribe it to Bceotia.
Dicaearchus (Stat. Gr. , p. 11) styles Oropus "the
dwelling-house of Thebes, the traffic of retail venders,
the unsurpassable avarice of excisemen versed in ex-
cess of wickedness for ages, ever imposing duties on
imported goods. The generality are rough in their
manners, but courteous to those who are shrewd; they
are repulsive to the Boeotians, but the Athenians are
Boeotians. " The meaning of this last passage is per-
haps this, that the Athenians on this border were so
much mixed with the Boeotians as to have lost their
usual characteristics for acutenoss and intelligence.
"Oropus," says Dodwell, "is now called Ropo, and
contains only few and imperfect ruins" (vol. 2, p. 156.
