To the Becond vol-
ume of the Paris edition is added the commentary of
Arethas on the book of Revelations.
ume of the Paris edition is added the commentary of
Arethas on the book of Revelations.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
251.
? ? He was succeeded by his son, the subject of this arti-
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? ODINUS.
ODO
brothers. Vile and Vii, defealed and slain the frost-
giant Ymer, out of whose body they formed the habi-
table world. Some expounders of mythology make
Odin and his brethren, together with their antagonist,
as set forth in this fable, to be mere personifications
of the elements of the world. --But there is another
and a younger Odin, who, according to some writers,
is partly a mythological and partly an historical person-
age. In all the Scandinavian traditions preserved by
the chroniclers, mention is made of a chief called Odin,
who came from Asia with a large host of followers call-
ed Ascr (vid. Asi), and conquered Scandinavia, where
they built a city by the name of Sigtuna, with temples,
and established a worship and a hierarchy; he also in-
vented or brought with him the characters of the Runic
alphabet; he was, in short, the legislator and civilizer of
the North. He is represented also as a great magician,
and was worshipped as a god after death, when some
of the attributes of the elder Odin are supposed to have
been ascribed to him. The epoch of this emigration
of Odin and his host is a subject of great uncertainty.
Some place it in the time of the Scythian expedition
of Darius Hystaspis: others (and this has been the
most common opinion among Scandinavian archaeolo-
gists) fix it about the time of the Roman conquests in
1'ontus, 50 or 60 B. C. Suhm, in his " Gcschichtc dcr
Nordischcn Fabelzeit," enumerates four Odins. One
was Jjor's son; he came from the mouths of the Tu-
nas, and introduced into the North the worship of the
Sun. A second came with the Ascr, from the borders
of Europe and Asia, at the time of the invasion of Da-
rius. He brought with him the Runic alphabet, built
temples, and established the mythology of the Edda:
he is called Mid Othin, or Mittel Othin. A third Odin,
according to Suhm, fled from the borders of the Cau-
casus at the time of Pompcy's conquests, 50 or 60
years B. C. The fourth Odin he makes to have lived
in the third or fourth century of ourera. All this, how-
ever, is far from being authenticated; though the north-
western emigration of Odin from the borders of the
Caucasus to Scandinavia has the support of a uniform
tradition in its favour. Odin was worshipped by the
German nations until their conversion to Christianity.
(Encycl. Us. Knowl. , vol. 16, p. 400. )--The legend
of Odin evidently points to the introduction of religious
rites and ceremonies among the northern nations by
some powerful leader from the East, who was himself,
in some degree, identified after death with the deity
whose worship he had brought in with him. This de-
ity appears to have been none other than the Budda
of the East, just as the traditions of the North respect-
ing the Aser connect the mythology of Scandinavia
in a very remarkable manner with that of Upper Asia.
( Vid. Asi. ) The striking resemblance that exists be-
tween Budda and Odin, not only in many of their ap-
pellations, but also in numerous parts of their worship,
has been fully established by several Northern wri-
ters. (Consult Magmucn, Eddaltrren og dens Oprin-
dtlst, vol. 4, praf. v. , scqq. --Id. ib. , vol. 4, p. 474,478,
sr. qq. ; 512, scqq. ; 534, scqq. ; 541, scqq. --Palmblad,
de Budda ct Woden, Upsal, 1822, 4to. --Wallman,om
Odin och Budda, Holm. , 1824, 8vo. --Compare Killer,
Vorhalle, p. 472. --Sir W. Jones, Asiatic Researches,
vol. 1, p. 511. --Id. lb. , vol. 2, p. 343. ) One feature,
however, in which these two deities approximate very
closely, is too remarkable to be here omitted. The
same planet, namely, Mercury, is sacred to both; and
? ? the same day of the week (Wednesday) is called after
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? ODR
dispossess Odoacer of his kingdom. Thcodoric, at
the head of a large army, defeated Odoacer near Aqui-
leia, and entered Verona without opposition. Odoa-
cer shut himself up in Ravenna, A. D. 489. The war,
however, lasted for several years; Odoacer made a
brave resistance, but was compelled by famine to sur-
render Ravenna, A. D. 493. Theodoric at first spared
his life, but in a short time caused him to be put to
death, and proclaimed himself King of Italv. (Encyel.
Us. Knawl. , vol. 16, p. 400. )
< ini: v: i. . one of the most numerous and warlike of
the Thracian tribes. Under the dominion of Sitalces.
a king of theirs, was established what is called in his-
tory the empire of the Odrysse. Thucydides, who has
entered into considerable detail on this subject, ob-
serves, that of all the empires situated between the
Ionian Gulf and the Euxine, this was the most con-
siderable, both in revenue and opulence. Its mili-
tary force was, however, very inferior to that of Scy-
thia both in strength and numbers. The empire of Si-
talces extended along the coast from Abdera to the
mouths of the Danube, a distance of four days' and
nights' sail; and in the interior, from the sources of
the Strymon to Byzantium, a journey of thirteen days.
The first founder of this empire appears to have been
Teres. (Herod. , 7, 137. --Thucyd. , 2, 29. ) For far-
ther remarks on the Odrysce, see the article Thracia.
ODYSSEA, I. a city of Hispania Bietica, north of Ab-
dera, among the mountains. It was founded, accord-
ing to a fabulous tradition, by Ulysses. (Position. ,
Artcmidor. , Asclcp. , Myrl. , ap. Strait. , 149. -- Eus-
tath. ad Od. , p. 1379. -- Id. ad Dionys. Perieg. , 281.
-- Stcph. Byz. , s. v. -- Tzschucke ad Mel. , 3, 1, 6. )
Some have supposed it to be the same with Olisippo
or Ulysippo (now Lisbon), and very probably we owe
Odyssea to the same fabulous legend which assigns
Ulysses as the founder of Ulysippo. There must have
been a town in Bffitica, the name of which, resembling
in some degree the form Odyssea ('Oivoofia), the
Greeks, in their usual way, converted into the latter,
and then appended to it the fable respecting a founding
by Ulysses. (Consult Vkert, Gcogr. , vol. 2, p. 351. --
Merula, Cosmogr. , pt. 2, 1. 2, c. 26. ) -- II. A prom-
ontory of Sicily, near Pachynum, supposed by Fazel-
lus to be the same with the present Cabo Marzo.
(Bischoff und Miller, Wbrterb. der Gcogr. , p. 798. )
--III. The second of the two great poems ascribed
to Homer. It consists, like the Iliad, of twenty-four
books; and the subject is the return of Ulysses ("OdW-
oevf), after the fall of Troy, from a land lying beyond
the range of human intercourse or knowledge, to a home
invaded by a band of insolent intruders, who seek to rob
him of his wife and kill his son. Hence, the Odyssey
begins exactly at that point where the hero is considered
to be farthest from his home, in the island of Ogygia, at
the navel, that is, the central part, of the sea; where
the nymph Calypso (KaAv^iu, "The Concealer"} has
kept him hidden from all mankind for seven years;
thence, having, by the help of the gods, who pity his
misfortunes, passed through the dangers prepared for
him by his implacable enemy, Poseidon or Neptune, he
gains the land of the Phseacians, a careless, peaceable,
and effeminate nation, to whom war is known only by
means of poetry. Borne along by a marvellous Phsea-
cian vessel, he reaches Ithaca sleeping; here he is
entertained by the honest swineherd Eumteus, and,
having been introduced into his own house as a beg-
gar, he is there made to suffer the harshest treatment
? ? from the suiters, in order that he may afterward appear
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? CEA
CECH
ilefinite conclusions as to the person and ago of the
poet. With the exception of the anger of Neptune,
who always works unseen in the obscuro distance, the
gods appear in a milder form; they act in unison,
without dissension or contest, for the relief of man-
kind, not, as is so often the case in the Iliad, for their
destruction. It is, however, true, that the subject af-
forded far less occasion for describing the violent and
angry passions arid vehement combats of the gods.
At the same time, the gods all appear a step higher
above the human race; they are not represented as
descending in a bodily form from their dwellings on
Mount Olympus, and mixing in the tumult of the bat-
tle, but they go about in human forms, only discerni-
ble by their superior wisdom and prudence, in the com-
pany of the adventurous Ulysses and the intelligent
Tclcmachus. But the chief cause of this difference
is to be sought in the nature of the story, and, we may
add, in the fine tact of the poet, who knew how to
preserve unity of subject and harmony of tone in his
picture, and to exclude everything irrelevant. The
attempt of many learned writers to discover a different
religion and mythology for the Iliad and the Odyssey,
leads to the most arbitrary dissection of the two poems.
M. Constant, in particular, in his celebrated work
"De la Religion" (vol. 3), has been forced to go to
this length, as he distinguishes " trois cspeces de my-
thologie" in the Homeric poems, and determines from
them the age of the different parts. It ought, how-
ever, above all things, to have been made clear how
the fable of the Iliad could have been treated by a
professor of this supposed religion of the Odyssey,
without introducing quarrels, battles, and vehement
excitement among the gods; in which there would
have been no difficulty, if the difference of character in
the gods of the two poems were introduced by the
poet, and did not grow out of the subject. On the
other hand, the human race appears, in the houses of
Nestor, Menelaiis, and especially of Alcinoiis, in a far
moro agreeable state, and one of far greater comfort
and luxury, than in the Iliad. But where could the
enjoyments, to which the Atridfc, in their native palace,
and the peaceable Phaiccians could securely abandon
themselves, find a place in a rough camp 1 Granting,
however, that a different taste and feeling is shown in
the choice of the subject and in the whole arrange-
ment of the poem, yet there is not a greater difference
than is found in the inclinations of the same man in
the prime of life and in old age; and, to speak can-
didly, we know no other argument, adduced by the
Chorizonles b>>th of ancient and modern times, for at-
tributing the wonderful genius of Homer to two differ-
ent individuals. It is certain that the Odyssey, in re-
spect of its plan and the conception of its chief char-
acters, of Ulysses himself, of Nestor and Menelaiis,
stands in the closest affinity with the Iliad; that it al-
ways presupposes the existence of the earlier poem,
and silently refers to it; which also serves to explain
the remarkable fact, that the Odyssey mentions many
occurrences in the life of Ulysses which lie out of the
compass of the action, but not one which is celebrated
in the Iliad. If the completion of the Iliad and the
Odyssey seems too vast a work for the lifetime of one
man, we may, perhaps, have recourse to the supposition
that Homer, after having sung the Iliad in the vigour of
f lis youthful years, communicated in his old age to some
devoted disciple the plan of the Odyssey, which had
? ? long been working in his mind, and left it to him for
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? CEDI
CEDIPUS.
well-known town of that province on the Arcadian
frontier (Shako, 339. -- Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol.
3, p. 146. scaq. )
CEcuatNius, an ancient Orcek commentator on the
Scriptures. Tho time at which he lived is uncertain;
but it was after the eighth century and before the
tenth. He is generally placed in the ninth century;
Cave assigns to him the date A. D. 990; Lardner.
A. D. 950. CEcumenius was bishop of Tricca, and
the author of commentaries on the Acts of the Apos-
tles, the fourteen epistles of St. Paul, and the seven
Catholic epistles, which contain a concise and per-
spicuous illustration of these parts of the New Tes-
tament. Besides his own remarks and notes, they
consist of a compilation of the notes and observations
of Chrysostom, Cyrill of Alexandrea, Gregory Nazian-
zen, and others. He is thought to have written also
a commentary on the four gospels, compiled from the
writings of the ancient fathers, which is not now ex-
tant. The works of CEeumenius were first published
in Greek at Verona in 1532, and in Greek and Latin
at Paris in 1631, in 2 vols. fol.
To the Becond vol-
ume of the Paris edition is added the commentary of
Arethas on the book of Revelations. (Consult Hoff-
mann, Lex. Bibliogr. , vol 3, p. 156 )
CEdipus (Oliixovc), was the son of Laius, king
of Thebes, and of Jocasta, the daughter of Menoeccus.
Homer calls his mother Epicasta. An oracle had
warned Laius against having children, declaring that
he would meet his death by means of his offspring;
and the monarch accordingly refrained, until, after
some lapse of time, having indulged in festivity, he
forgot the injunction of the god, and Jocasta gave
birth to a son. The father immediately delivered the
child to his herdsman to expose on Mount Cithaeron.
The herdsman, moved to csmpassion, according to
one account (Soph. , (Ed. Ti/r. , 1038), gave the babe
to a neatherd belonging to Polybus', king of Corinth,
or, as others say (Eurip. , Phceniss. , 28), the neatherds
of Polybus. found the infant after it had been exposed,
and brought it to Peribcea, the wife of Polybus, who,
being childless, reared it as her own, and named it
CEdipus, on account of its sieollen feel (from oldeu, to
sircll, and Trove, a foot); for Laius, previous to its ex-
posure, had pierced its ankles, and had inserted through
the wound a leathern thong. The foundling CEdipus
was brought up by Polybus as his heir. Happening
to be reproached by some one at a banquet with being
a supposititious child, he besought Peribcea to inform
him of the truth , but, unable to get any satisfacti6n
from her, he went to Delphi and consulted the oracle.
The god directed him to shun his native country, or
else he would be the slayer of his father and the sharer
of his mother's bed. He therefore resolved never to
return to Corinth, where so much crime, as he thought,
awaited him, and he took his road through Phocis.
Now it happened that Laius, at this same time, was
on his way to Delphi, for the purpose of ascertaining
whether the child which had been exposed had perish-
ed or not. He was in a chariot, accompanied by his
herald Polyphontes; a few attendants came after.
The father and son, total strangers to each other, met,
in a narrow road in Phocis. CEdipus was ordered to
make way, and, on his disregarding the command, the
charioteer endeavoured to crowd him out of the path.
A contest thereupon ensued, and both Laius and the
charioteer, together with all the attendants except one,
? ? who fled, were slain by the hand of CEdipus. Imme-
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? CENI
CENO
signed by the tragedians are certainly of a more digni-
fied nature than these, which seem trifling and insig-
nificant. --This story affords convincing proof of the
great liberties which the Attic tragedians allowed them-
selves to take with the ancient myths. It was purely
to gratify Athenian vanity that Sophocles, contrary to
the current tradition, made CEdipus die at Colonus.
His blindness also seems a tragic fiction. Euripides
makes Jocasta survive her sons, and terminate her life
by the sword. (Kcighllcy's Mythology, p. 340, scqq. )
CEneus, a king of Calydon in -Etolia, son of Par-
thaon. He married Althaea, the daughter of Thestius,
by whom he had, among other children, Meleagcr and
Deianira. After Althaea's death, he married Peribcea,
the daughter of Hipponoiis, by whom he became the fa-
ther of Tydcus. In a sacrifice which (Dm-us made
to all the gods, upon reaping the rich produce of his
fields, he lorgot Diana, and the goddess, to revenge
this neglect, sent a wild boar to lay waste the terri-
tory of Calydon. The animal was at last killed by Me-
lcatjer and the neighbouring princes of Greece, in a
celebrated chase known by the name of the chase of
the Calydonian boar (Vid. Meleagcr. ) After the
death of Meleagcr, CEneus was dethroned and impris-
oned by the sons of his brother Agrius. Diomede,
having come secretly from the city of Argos, slew all
the sons of Agrius but two, who escaped to the Pelo-
ponnesus, and then, giving the throne of Calydon to
Andrtemon, son-in-law of CEnc us, who was himself now
too old to reign, led the latter with him to Argolis.
CEneus was alterward slain by the two sons of Agrius,
who had fled into the Peloponnesus. Diomede buried
him in Argolis, on the spot where the city of CEnoe,
called after (Eiicus. was subsequently erected. CEn-
eus is said to have been the first that received the vine
from Bacchus. The god taught him how to cultivate
it, and the juice of the grape was called after his name
(olvoc, "inne. ''--Apollod. 1, 8. --Hygin, Fab 129).
CEniad^e, a city of Acarnania, near the mouth of
the Acheloiis. Thucydides represents it as situated
on the Acheloiis, a little above the sea, and surround-
ed by marshes caused by the overflowing of the river,
which rendered it a place of great strength, and de-
terred the Athenians from undertaking its siege; when,
unlike the other cities of Acarnania, it embraced the
cause of the Peloponncsians, and became hostile to
Athens. (Tkucyd. , 1, 111 ; 2, 102. ) At a later pe-
riod of the war, it was, however, compelled by the
Acarnanian confederacy to enter into an alliance with
that power. (Thucyd. , 3, 77. ) The same writer
gives us to understand, that CEniadre was first founded
by Alcmaeon, according to an oracle which he consult-
ed after the murder of his mother, and that the prov-
ince was named after his son Acarnan (2,102). Ste-
phanus asserts that this city was first called Erysiche,
a fact of which the poet Alcman had made mention in
a passage cited by more than one writer; but Strabo,
on the authority of Apollodorus, places the Erysichrci
in the interior of Acarnania, and consequently appears
to distinguish them from the CEniada). From Pau-
sanias we learn (4, 25), that the Mcsscnians, who had
been settled at Naupactus by the Athenians not long
after the Persian invasion, made an expedition from
that city to CEniada:, which, after some resistance,
they captured and held fur one year, when they were
in their turn besieged by the united forces of the
Acarnanians. The Messenians, despairing of being
? ? able to defend the town against so great a number of
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? CETA
CEmopia, one of the ancient names of tho island
. Egina. (Chid, Met. , 7, 473. )
&NOPIOM, a son of Bacchus and Ariadne, and king
of Chios. His name is connected with the legend of
Orion. (Vid. Orion. )
ffitioTRi, the inhabitants of CEnotri. i.
G2notrIa, a name derived from the ancient race of
the (Knotri, and in early use among the Greeks, to
designate a portion of the southeastern coast of Italy.
The name is derived by some from oivoc, "wine,"
and they maintain that the early Greeks called the
country CSnotria, or the wine-land, from the number
of vines they found growing there when they first be-
came acquainted with the region. (Manncrt, Geogr. ,
vol. 9, pt. 1, p. 542. ) With the poets of a later age
it is a general appellation for all Italy. The GDnotri,
as they were called, appear to have been spread over
a large portion of Southern Italy, and may be regard-
ed, not as a very early branch of the primitive Italian
stock, but rather as the last scion propagated in a
southerly direction. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p.
336. )
03motrides, small islands, two in number, off the
coast of Lucania, and a little above the promontory
of Palinurus. They lay in front of the city of Velia,
where the river Heles empties into the sea. (Plin. ,
7, 7. )
03notrh9, a son of Lycaon. He was fabled to
have passed with a body of followers from Arcadia
into Southern Italy, and to have given the name of
CEnotria to that part of the country where he settled.
(But consult remarks under the article Q3notria, where
a more probable etymology is given for the name of
the country. )
GEnusje or C5noss. e, I. small islands in the JEge-
an Sea, between Chios and the mainland, now Spcr-
madori, or (as the modern Greeks more commoniy
term them) Egonuses. (Herod. , 1, 165. -- Thucyd. ,
0, 24. -- Phn. , 5, 31. -- Bischoff und Mbllcr, Wbrtcrb.
dcr Geogr. , p. 800. ) -- II. Small islands off the coast
of Messenia, and nearly facing the city of Methone.
They are two in number, and are now called Sapien-
za. and Cabrera. (Pausan. , 4, 34. --Plin. , 4, 11. )
G2. NUS, I. a town of Laconia, supposed to have been
situated on the river of the same name flowing near
Sellasia. (Polyh. , 2, 65. -- Lib. , 34, 28. ) The mod-
ern name is Tchclesina. Sir W. Gcll describes the
river as a large stream, which falls into the Eurotas a
little north of Sparta. (Itin. of the Morea, p. 223. )
--II. or ^Enus, a river of Germany, separating Nori-
c-im from Vindelicia, and falling into the Danube at
B>iodurum or Passau. It is now the Inn. (Tacit. ,
Hist. , 3, 5. --Id. , Germ. , 28--Ptol. , 2, 14. )
CEta, a celebrated chain of mountains in Thcssaly,
whose eastern extremity, in conjunction with the sea,
forms the famous pass of Thermopylae It extended
its ramifications westward into the country of the Do-
rians, Mini still farther into JStolia, while to the south
it was connected with the mountains of Locris, and
those of Boeotia. (Liu. , 36, 15. --Strabo, 428. -- He-
ron! . , 7,217. ) Its modern name is Kalavothra. Soph-
ocles represents Jove as thundering on the lofty crags
of OZta. (Track. , 436. ) As regards the expression
of Virgil, " tibi descrit Hesperus CEtam," the meaning
of which many have misconceived, consult the re-
marks of Heyne (ad Eclog. , 8, 30). The highest
summit of G? ta, according to Livy, was named Calli-
dromus: it was occupied by Cato with a body of
? ? troops in tho battle fought at the pass of Thermopylae
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? OLB
OLI
various species of animals known at the present day,
were overflowed by the ocean; out of which emerged
the present habitable portions of the globe. This cel-
ebrated naturalist maintains, that these regions of the
earth were peopled by the few individuals who were
saved, and that the tradition of the catastrophe has
been preserved among these new races of people, va-
rionsly modified by the difference of their situation
and their social condition. According to Cuvier, sim-
ilar revolutions of nature had taken place at periods
long antecedent to that of the Mosaic deluge. The
dry land was inhabited, if not by human beings, at
least by land animals at an earlier period; and must
have been changed from the dry land to the bed of
the ocean; and it might even be concluded, from the
various species of animals contained in it, that this
change, as well as its opposite, had occurred more
than once. {Theory of the Earth, Jameson's transl. ,
p. 418. ) This theory, however, has been ably attack-
ed by Jameson. --Various etymologies have been pro-
posed for the name Ogygcs. Kenrick supposes that
the word was derived from the root yvyn, signifying
darkness or night, and quotes a passage of Hesychi-
us in support of his view, which appears, however,
to be corrupt. The more favourite theory of mod-
em scholars connects the name with Occanus: which
etymology is supported, as is thought, by the tradi-
tion that places Ogyges in the time of the deluge.
In support of this view, it is remarked that Ogygcs
is only a reduplication of the radical syllable Og or
Oe, which we find in Occanus (tid. Occanus II), and
also in Ogen (which is explained by Hesychius as
equivalent to Occanus: 'Uyr/v, 'Qkcuvoc). A similar
reduplication appears to take place in ervaoc, It^tv-
ftoe ? oTTTouat, oiwrTevw ura? . oc, uTtTu/J. u. (Ken-
rick, Philol. Museum, No. 5, "On the early Kings
of Attica. "--Thirlwall, Philol. Mus. , No. 6, "On
Ogyges. "--Creuzer und Hermann, Briefe iibcr Ho-
mer und Hcsiodus, p. 105, m notis. -- Voider, My-
thol. des lap. Gcsehl. , p. 67.
? ? He was succeeded by his son, the subject of this arti-
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? ODINUS.
ODO
brothers. Vile and Vii, defealed and slain the frost-
giant Ymer, out of whose body they formed the habi-
table world. Some expounders of mythology make
Odin and his brethren, together with their antagonist,
as set forth in this fable, to be mere personifications
of the elements of the world. --But there is another
and a younger Odin, who, according to some writers,
is partly a mythological and partly an historical person-
age. In all the Scandinavian traditions preserved by
the chroniclers, mention is made of a chief called Odin,
who came from Asia with a large host of followers call-
ed Ascr (vid. Asi), and conquered Scandinavia, where
they built a city by the name of Sigtuna, with temples,
and established a worship and a hierarchy; he also in-
vented or brought with him the characters of the Runic
alphabet; he was, in short, the legislator and civilizer of
the North. He is represented also as a great magician,
and was worshipped as a god after death, when some
of the attributes of the elder Odin are supposed to have
been ascribed to him. The epoch of this emigration
of Odin and his host is a subject of great uncertainty.
Some place it in the time of the Scythian expedition
of Darius Hystaspis: others (and this has been the
most common opinion among Scandinavian archaeolo-
gists) fix it about the time of the Roman conquests in
1'ontus, 50 or 60 B. C. Suhm, in his " Gcschichtc dcr
Nordischcn Fabelzeit," enumerates four Odins. One
was Jjor's son; he came from the mouths of the Tu-
nas, and introduced into the North the worship of the
Sun. A second came with the Ascr, from the borders
of Europe and Asia, at the time of the invasion of Da-
rius. He brought with him the Runic alphabet, built
temples, and established the mythology of the Edda:
he is called Mid Othin, or Mittel Othin. A third Odin,
according to Suhm, fled from the borders of the Cau-
casus at the time of Pompcy's conquests, 50 or 60
years B. C. The fourth Odin he makes to have lived
in the third or fourth century of ourera. All this, how-
ever, is far from being authenticated; though the north-
western emigration of Odin from the borders of the
Caucasus to Scandinavia has the support of a uniform
tradition in its favour. Odin was worshipped by the
German nations until their conversion to Christianity.
(Encycl. Us. Knowl. , vol. 16, p. 400. )--The legend
of Odin evidently points to the introduction of religious
rites and ceremonies among the northern nations by
some powerful leader from the East, who was himself,
in some degree, identified after death with the deity
whose worship he had brought in with him. This de-
ity appears to have been none other than the Budda
of the East, just as the traditions of the North respect-
ing the Aser connect the mythology of Scandinavia
in a very remarkable manner with that of Upper Asia.
( Vid. Asi. ) The striking resemblance that exists be-
tween Budda and Odin, not only in many of their ap-
pellations, but also in numerous parts of their worship,
has been fully established by several Northern wri-
ters. (Consult Magmucn, Eddaltrren og dens Oprin-
dtlst, vol. 4, praf. v. , scqq. --Id. ib. , vol. 4, p. 474,478,
sr. qq. ; 512, scqq. ; 534, scqq. ; 541, scqq. --Palmblad,
de Budda ct Woden, Upsal, 1822, 4to. --Wallman,om
Odin och Budda, Holm. , 1824, 8vo. --Compare Killer,
Vorhalle, p. 472. --Sir W. Jones, Asiatic Researches,
vol. 1, p. 511. --Id. lb. , vol. 2, p. 343. ) One feature,
however, in which these two deities approximate very
closely, is too remarkable to be here omitted. The
same planet, namely, Mercury, is sacred to both; and
? ? the same day of the week (Wednesday) is called after
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? ODR
dispossess Odoacer of his kingdom. Thcodoric, at
the head of a large army, defeated Odoacer near Aqui-
leia, and entered Verona without opposition. Odoa-
cer shut himself up in Ravenna, A. D. 489. The war,
however, lasted for several years; Odoacer made a
brave resistance, but was compelled by famine to sur-
render Ravenna, A. D. 493. Theodoric at first spared
his life, but in a short time caused him to be put to
death, and proclaimed himself King of Italv. (Encyel.
Us. Knawl. , vol. 16, p. 400. )
< ini: v: i. . one of the most numerous and warlike of
the Thracian tribes. Under the dominion of Sitalces.
a king of theirs, was established what is called in his-
tory the empire of the Odrysse. Thucydides, who has
entered into considerable detail on this subject, ob-
serves, that of all the empires situated between the
Ionian Gulf and the Euxine, this was the most con-
siderable, both in revenue and opulence. Its mili-
tary force was, however, very inferior to that of Scy-
thia both in strength and numbers. The empire of Si-
talces extended along the coast from Abdera to the
mouths of the Danube, a distance of four days' and
nights' sail; and in the interior, from the sources of
the Strymon to Byzantium, a journey of thirteen days.
The first founder of this empire appears to have been
Teres. (Herod. , 7, 137. --Thucyd. , 2, 29. ) For far-
ther remarks on the Odrysce, see the article Thracia.
ODYSSEA, I. a city of Hispania Bietica, north of Ab-
dera, among the mountains. It was founded, accord-
ing to a fabulous tradition, by Ulysses. (Position. ,
Artcmidor. , Asclcp. , Myrl. , ap. Strait. , 149. -- Eus-
tath. ad Od. , p. 1379. -- Id. ad Dionys. Perieg. , 281.
-- Stcph. Byz. , s. v. -- Tzschucke ad Mel. , 3, 1, 6. )
Some have supposed it to be the same with Olisippo
or Ulysippo (now Lisbon), and very probably we owe
Odyssea to the same fabulous legend which assigns
Ulysses as the founder of Ulysippo. There must have
been a town in Bffitica, the name of which, resembling
in some degree the form Odyssea ('Oivoofia), the
Greeks, in their usual way, converted into the latter,
and then appended to it the fable respecting a founding
by Ulysses. (Consult Vkert, Gcogr. , vol. 2, p. 351. --
Merula, Cosmogr. , pt. 2, 1. 2, c. 26. ) -- II. A prom-
ontory of Sicily, near Pachynum, supposed by Fazel-
lus to be the same with the present Cabo Marzo.
(Bischoff und Miller, Wbrterb. der Gcogr. , p. 798. )
--III. The second of the two great poems ascribed
to Homer. It consists, like the Iliad, of twenty-four
books; and the subject is the return of Ulysses ("OdW-
oevf), after the fall of Troy, from a land lying beyond
the range of human intercourse or knowledge, to a home
invaded by a band of insolent intruders, who seek to rob
him of his wife and kill his son. Hence, the Odyssey
begins exactly at that point where the hero is considered
to be farthest from his home, in the island of Ogygia, at
the navel, that is, the central part, of the sea; where
the nymph Calypso (KaAv^iu, "The Concealer"} has
kept him hidden from all mankind for seven years;
thence, having, by the help of the gods, who pity his
misfortunes, passed through the dangers prepared for
him by his implacable enemy, Poseidon or Neptune, he
gains the land of the Phseacians, a careless, peaceable,
and effeminate nation, to whom war is known only by
means of poetry. Borne along by a marvellous Phsea-
cian vessel, he reaches Ithaca sleeping; here he is
entertained by the honest swineherd Eumteus, and,
having been introduced into his own house as a beg-
gar, he is there made to suffer the harshest treatment
? ? from the suiters, in order that he may afterward appear
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? CEA
CECH
ilefinite conclusions as to the person and ago of the
poet. With the exception of the anger of Neptune,
who always works unseen in the obscuro distance, the
gods appear in a milder form; they act in unison,
without dissension or contest, for the relief of man-
kind, not, as is so often the case in the Iliad, for their
destruction. It is, however, true, that the subject af-
forded far less occasion for describing the violent and
angry passions arid vehement combats of the gods.
At the same time, the gods all appear a step higher
above the human race; they are not represented as
descending in a bodily form from their dwellings on
Mount Olympus, and mixing in the tumult of the bat-
tle, but they go about in human forms, only discerni-
ble by their superior wisdom and prudence, in the com-
pany of the adventurous Ulysses and the intelligent
Tclcmachus. But the chief cause of this difference
is to be sought in the nature of the story, and, we may
add, in the fine tact of the poet, who knew how to
preserve unity of subject and harmony of tone in his
picture, and to exclude everything irrelevant. The
attempt of many learned writers to discover a different
religion and mythology for the Iliad and the Odyssey,
leads to the most arbitrary dissection of the two poems.
M. Constant, in particular, in his celebrated work
"De la Religion" (vol. 3), has been forced to go to
this length, as he distinguishes " trois cspeces de my-
thologie" in the Homeric poems, and determines from
them the age of the different parts. It ought, how-
ever, above all things, to have been made clear how
the fable of the Iliad could have been treated by a
professor of this supposed religion of the Odyssey,
without introducing quarrels, battles, and vehement
excitement among the gods; in which there would
have been no difficulty, if the difference of character in
the gods of the two poems were introduced by the
poet, and did not grow out of the subject. On the
other hand, the human race appears, in the houses of
Nestor, Menelaiis, and especially of Alcinoiis, in a far
moro agreeable state, and one of far greater comfort
and luxury, than in the Iliad. But where could the
enjoyments, to which the Atridfc, in their native palace,
and the peaceable Phaiccians could securely abandon
themselves, find a place in a rough camp 1 Granting,
however, that a different taste and feeling is shown in
the choice of the subject and in the whole arrange-
ment of the poem, yet there is not a greater difference
than is found in the inclinations of the same man in
the prime of life and in old age; and, to speak can-
didly, we know no other argument, adduced by the
Chorizonles b>>th of ancient and modern times, for at-
tributing the wonderful genius of Homer to two differ-
ent individuals. It is certain that the Odyssey, in re-
spect of its plan and the conception of its chief char-
acters, of Ulysses himself, of Nestor and Menelaiis,
stands in the closest affinity with the Iliad; that it al-
ways presupposes the existence of the earlier poem,
and silently refers to it; which also serves to explain
the remarkable fact, that the Odyssey mentions many
occurrences in the life of Ulysses which lie out of the
compass of the action, but not one which is celebrated
in the Iliad. If the completion of the Iliad and the
Odyssey seems too vast a work for the lifetime of one
man, we may, perhaps, have recourse to the supposition
that Homer, after having sung the Iliad in the vigour of
f lis youthful years, communicated in his old age to some
devoted disciple the plan of the Odyssey, which had
? ? long been working in his mind, and left it to him for
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? CEDI
CEDIPUS.
well-known town of that province on the Arcadian
frontier (Shako, 339. -- Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol.
3, p. 146. scaq. )
CEcuatNius, an ancient Orcek commentator on the
Scriptures. Tho time at which he lived is uncertain;
but it was after the eighth century and before the
tenth. He is generally placed in the ninth century;
Cave assigns to him the date A. D. 990; Lardner.
A. D. 950. CEcumenius was bishop of Tricca, and
the author of commentaries on the Acts of the Apos-
tles, the fourteen epistles of St. Paul, and the seven
Catholic epistles, which contain a concise and per-
spicuous illustration of these parts of the New Tes-
tament. Besides his own remarks and notes, they
consist of a compilation of the notes and observations
of Chrysostom, Cyrill of Alexandrea, Gregory Nazian-
zen, and others. He is thought to have written also
a commentary on the four gospels, compiled from the
writings of the ancient fathers, which is not now ex-
tant. The works of CEeumenius were first published
in Greek at Verona in 1532, and in Greek and Latin
at Paris in 1631, in 2 vols. fol.
To the Becond vol-
ume of the Paris edition is added the commentary of
Arethas on the book of Revelations. (Consult Hoff-
mann, Lex. Bibliogr. , vol 3, p. 156 )
CEdipus (Oliixovc), was the son of Laius, king
of Thebes, and of Jocasta, the daughter of Menoeccus.
Homer calls his mother Epicasta. An oracle had
warned Laius against having children, declaring that
he would meet his death by means of his offspring;
and the monarch accordingly refrained, until, after
some lapse of time, having indulged in festivity, he
forgot the injunction of the god, and Jocasta gave
birth to a son. The father immediately delivered the
child to his herdsman to expose on Mount Cithaeron.
The herdsman, moved to csmpassion, according to
one account (Soph. , (Ed. Ti/r. , 1038), gave the babe
to a neatherd belonging to Polybus', king of Corinth,
or, as others say (Eurip. , Phceniss. , 28), the neatherds
of Polybus. found the infant after it had been exposed,
and brought it to Peribcea, the wife of Polybus, who,
being childless, reared it as her own, and named it
CEdipus, on account of its sieollen feel (from oldeu, to
sircll, and Trove, a foot); for Laius, previous to its ex-
posure, had pierced its ankles, and had inserted through
the wound a leathern thong. The foundling CEdipus
was brought up by Polybus as his heir. Happening
to be reproached by some one at a banquet with being
a supposititious child, he besought Peribcea to inform
him of the truth , but, unable to get any satisfacti6n
from her, he went to Delphi and consulted the oracle.
The god directed him to shun his native country, or
else he would be the slayer of his father and the sharer
of his mother's bed. He therefore resolved never to
return to Corinth, where so much crime, as he thought,
awaited him, and he took his road through Phocis.
Now it happened that Laius, at this same time, was
on his way to Delphi, for the purpose of ascertaining
whether the child which had been exposed had perish-
ed or not. He was in a chariot, accompanied by his
herald Polyphontes; a few attendants came after.
The father and son, total strangers to each other, met,
in a narrow road in Phocis. CEdipus was ordered to
make way, and, on his disregarding the command, the
charioteer endeavoured to crowd him out of the path.
A contest thereupon ensued, and both Laius and the
charioteer, together with all the attendants except one,
? ? who fled, were slain by the hand of CEdipus. Imme-
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? CENI
CENO
signed by the tragedians are certainly of a more digni-
fied nature than these, which seem trifling and insig-
nificant. --This story affords convincing proof of the
great liberties which the Attic tragedians allowed them-
selves to take with the ancient myths. It was purely
to gratify Athenian vanity that Sophocles, contrary to
the current tradition, made CEdipus die at Colonus.
His blindness also seems a tragic fiction. Euripides
makes Jocasta survive her sons, and terminate her life
by the sword. (Kcighllcy's Mythology, p. 340, scqq. )
CEneus, a king of Calydon in -Etolia, son of Par-
thaon. He married Althaea, the daughter of Thestius,
by whom he had, among other children, Meleagcr and
Deianira. After Althaea's death, he married Peribcea,
the daughter of Hipponoiis, by whom he became the fa-
ther of Tydcus. In a sacrifice which (Dm-us made
to all the gods, upon reaping the rich produce of his
fields, he lorgot Diana, and the goddess, to revenge
this neglect, sent a wild boar to lay waste the terri-
tory of Calydon. The animal was at last killed by Me-
lcatjer and the neighbouring princes of Greece, in a
celebrated chase known by the name of the chase of
the Calydonian boar (Vid. Meleagcr. ) After the
death of Meleagcr, CEneus was dethroned and impris-
oned by the sons of his brother Agrius. Diomede,
having come secretly from the city of Argos, slew all
the sons of Agrius but two, who escaped to the Pelo-
ponnesus, and then, giving the throne of Calydon to
Andrtemon, son-in-law of CEnc us, who was himself now
too old to reign, led the latter with him to Argolis.
CEneus was alterward slain by the two sons of Agrius,
who had fled into the Peloponnesus. Diomede buried
him in Argolis, on the spot where the city of CEnoe,
called after (Eiicus. was subsequently erected. CEn-
eus is said to have been the first that received the vine
from Bacchus. The god taught him how to cultivate
it, and the juice of the grape was called after his name
(olvoc, "inne. ''--Apollod. 1, 8. --Hygin, Fab 129).
CEniad^e, a city of Acarnania, near the mouth of
the Acheloiis. Thucydides represents it as situated
on the Acheloiis, a little above the sea, and surround-
ed by marshes caused by the overflowing of the river,
which rendered it a place of great strength, and de-
terred the Athenians from undertaking its siege; when,
unlike the other cities of Acarnania, it embraced the
cause of the Peloponncsians, and became hostile to
Athens. (Tkucyd. , 1, 111 ; 2, 102. ) At a later pe-
riod of the war, it was, however, compelled by the
Acarnanian confederacy to enter into an alliance with
that power. (Thucyd. , 3, 77. ) The same writer
gives us to understand, that CEniadre was first founded
by Alcmaeon, according to an oracle which he consult-
ed after the murder of his mother, and that the prov-
ince was named after his son Acarnan (2,102). Ste-
phanus asserts that this city was first called Erysiche,
a fact of which the poet Alcman had made mention in
a passage cited by more than one writer; but Strabo,
on the authority of Apollodorus, places the Erysichrci
in the interior of Acarnania, and consequently appears
to distinguish them from the CEniada). From Pau-
sanias we learn (4, 25), that the Mcsscnians, who had
been settled at Naupactus by the Athenians not long
after the Persian invasion, made an expedition from
that city to CEniada:, which, after some resistance,
they captured and held fur one year, when they were
in their turn besieged by the united forces of the
Acarnanians. The Messenians, despairing of being
? ? able to defend the town against so great a number of
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? CETA
CEmopia, one of the ancient names of tho island
. Egina. (Chid, Met. , 7, 473. )
&NOPIOM, a son of Bacchus and Ariadne, and king
of Chios. His name is connected with the legend of
Orion. (Vid. Orion. )
ffitioTRi, the inhabitants of CEnotri. i.
G2notrIa, a name derived from the ancient race of
the (Knotri, and in early use among the Greeks, to
designate a portion of the southeastern coast of Italy.
The name is derived by some from oivoc, "wine,"
and they maintain that the early Greeks called the
country CSnotria, or the wine-land, from the number
of vines they found growing there when they first be-
came acquainted with the region. (Manncrt, Geogr. ,
vol. 9, pt. 1, p. 542. ) With the poets of a later age
it is a general appellation for all Italy. The GDnotri,
as they were called, appear to have been spread over
a large portion of Southern Italy, and may be regard-
ed, not as a very early branch of the primitive Italian
stock, but rather as the last scion propagated in a
southerly direction. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p.
336. )
03motrides, small islands, two in number, off the
coast of Lucania, and a little above the promontory
of Palinurus. They lay in front of the city of Velia,
where the river Heles empties into the sea. (Plin. ,
7, 7. )
03notrh9, a son of Lycaon. He was fabled to
have passed with a body of followers from Arcadia
into Southern Italy, and to have given the name of
CEnotria to that part of the country where he settled.
(But consult remarks under the article Q3notria, where
a more probable etymology is given for the name of
the country. )
GEnusje or C5noss. e, I. small islands in the JEge-
an Sea, between Chios and the mainland, now Spcr-
madori, or (as the modern Greeks more commoniy
term them) Egonuses. (Herod. , 1, 165. -- Thucyd. ,
0, 24. -- Phn. , 5, 31. -- Bischoff und Mbllcr, Wbrtcrb.
dcr Geogr. , p. 800. ) -- II. Small islands off the coast
of Messenia, and nearly facing the city of Methone.
They are two in number, and are now called Sapien-
za. and Cabrera. (Pausan. , 4, 34. --Plin. , 4, 11. )
G2. NUS, I. a town of Laconia, supposed to have been
situated on the river of the same name flowing near
Sellasia. (Polyh. , 2, 65. -- Lib. , 34, 28. ) The mod-
ern name is Tchclesina. Sir W. Gcll describes the
river as a large stream, which falls into the Eurotas a
little north of Sparta. (Itin. of the Morea, p. 223. )
--II. or ^Enus, a river of Germany, separating Nori-
c-im from Vindelicia, and falling into the Danube at
B>iodurum or Passau. It is now the Inn. (Tacit. ,
Hist. , 3, 5. --Id. , Germ. , 28--Ptol. , 2, 14. )
CEta, a celebrated chain of mountains in Thcssaly,
whose eastern extremity, in conjunction with the sea,
forms the famous pass of Thermopylae It extended
its ramifications westward into the country of the Do-
rians, Mini still farther into JStolia, while to the south
it was connected with the mountains of Locris, and
those of Boeotia. (Liu. , 36, 15. --Strabo, 428. -- He-
ron! . , 7,217. ) Its modern name is Kalavothra. Soph-
ocles represents Jove as thundering on the lofty crags
of OZta. (Track. , 436. ) As regards the expression
of Virgil, " tibi descrit Hesperus CEtam," the meaning
of which many have misconceived, consult the re-
marks of Heyne (ad Eclog. , 8, 30). The highest
summit of G? ta, according to Livy, was named Calli-
dromus: it was occupied by Cato with a body of
? ? troops in tho battle fought at the pass of Thermopylae
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? OLB
OLI
various species of animals known at the present day,
were overflowed by the ocean; out of which emerged
the present habitable portions of the globe. This cel-
ebrated naturalist maintains, that these regions of the
earth were peopled by the few individuals who were
saved, and that the tradition of the catastrophe has
been preserved among these new races of people, va-
rionsly modified by the difference of their situation
and their social condition. According to Cuvier, sim-
ilar revolutions of nature had taken place at periods
long antecedent to that of the Mosaic deluge. The
dry land was inhabited, if not by human beings, at
least by land animals at an earlier period; and must
have been changed from the dry land to the bed of
the ocean; and it might even be concluded, from the
various species of animals contained in it, that this
change, as well as its opposite, had occurred more
than once. {Theory of the Earth, Jameson's transl. ,
p. 418. ) This theory, however, has been ably attack-
ed by Jameson. --Various etymologies have been pro-
posed for the name Ogygcs. Kenrick supposes that
the word was derived from the root yvyn, signifying
darkness or night, and quotes a passage of Hesychi-
us in support of his view, which appears, however,
to be corrupt. The more favourite theory of mod-
em scholars connects the name with Occanus: which
etymology is supported, as is thought, by the tradi-
tion that places Ogyges in the time of the deluge.
In support of this view, it is remarked that Ogygcs
is only a reduplication of the radical syllable Og or
Oe, which we find in Occanus (tid. Occanus II), and
also in Ogen (which is explained by Hesychius as
equivalent to Occanus: 'Uyr/v, 'Qkcuvoc). A similar
reduplication appears to take place in ervaoc, It^tv-
ftoe ? oTTTouat, oiwrTevw ura? . oc, uTtTu/J. u. (Ken-
rick, Philol. Museum, No. 5, "On the early Kings
of Attica. "--Thirlwall, Philol. Mus. , No. 6, "On
Ogyges. "--Creuzer und Hermann, Briefe iibcr Ho-
mer und Hcsiodus, p. 105, m notis. -- Voider, My-
thol. des lap. Gcsehl. , p. 67.
