No More Learning

Thus they brought about little envy and
discomfort, and often, as objects of mockery and
derision, they served, without wishing to do so, to
make life easier for the men of the vita activa.
Lastly, science ended by becoming of much advan-
tage to all; and if, on account of this utility, many
of the men who were destined for the vita activa
are now slowly making their way along the road
to science in the sweat of their brow, and not with-
out brain-racking and maledictions, this is not the


## p. 48 (#74) ##############################################

48 THE DAWN OF DAY.
fault of the crowd of thinkers and scientific workers:
it is " self-wrought pain. " *
42.
Origin of the Vita Contemplativa. —Dur-
ing barbarous ages, when pessimistic judgments
held sway over men and the world, the individual,
in the consciousness of his full power, always en-
deavoured to act in conformity with such judg-
ments, that is to say, he put his ideas into action
by means of hunting, robbery, surprise attacks,
brutality, and murder: including the weaker forms
of such acts, as far as they are tolerated within the
community. When his strength declines, however,
and he feels tired, ill, melancholy, or satiated—
consequently becoming temporarily void of wishes
or desires—he is a relatively better man, that is
to say, less dangerous; and his pessimistic ideas
will now discharge themselves only in words and
reflections—upon his companions, for example, or
his wife, his life, his gods,—his judgments will be
evil ones. In this frame of mind he develops into
a thinker and prophet, or he adds to his super-
stitions and invents new observances, or mocks his
enemies. Whatever he may devise, however, all
the productions of his brain will necessarily reflect
his frame of mind, such as the increase of fear and
weariness, and the lower value he attributes to
action and enjoyment. The substance of these
productions must correspond to the substance of
* M. Henri Albert points out that this refers to a line of Paul
Gerhardt's well-known song: "Befiel du deine Wege. " Tr.



## p. 49 (#75) ##############################################

THE DAWN OF DAY. 49
these poetic, thoughtful, and priestly moods; the
evil judgment must be supreme.
In later years, all those who acted continuously
as this man did in those special circumstances—
i. e. those who gave out pessimistic judgments, and
lived a melancholy life, poor in action—were called
poets, thinkers, priests, or "medicine-men. " The
general body of men would have liked to disregard
such people, because they were not active enough,
and to turn them out of the community; but there
was a certain risk in doing so: these inactive men
had found out and were following the tracks of
superstition and divine power, and no one doubted
that they had unknown means of power at their
disposal. This was the value which was set upon
the ancient race of contemplative natures—despised
as they were in just the same degree as they were
not dreaded! In such a masked form, in such an
ambiguous aspect, with an evil heart and often with
a troubled head, did Contemplation make its first
appearance on earth: both weak and terrible at
the same time, despised in secret, and covered in
public with every mark of superstitious veneration.
Here, as always, we must say: pudenda origo I
43-
How many Forces must now be united
IN A Thinker. —To rise superior to considerations
of the senses, to raise one's self to abstract con-
templations: this is what was formerly regarded
as elevation; but now it is not practicable for us
to share the same feelings. Luxuriating in the
D


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50 THE DAWN OF DAY.
most shadowy images of words and things; play-
ing with those invisible, inaudible, imperceptible
beings, was considered as existence in another
and higJter world, a world that sprang from the deep
contempt felt for the world which was percep-
tible to the senses, this seductive and wicked world
of ours. "These abstracta no longer mislead us,
but they may lead us"—with such words men
soared aloft. It was not the substance of these
intellectual sports, but the sports themselves, which
was looked upon as "the higher thing" in the
primeval ages of science. Hence we have Plato's
admiration for dialectics, and his enthusiastic belief
in the necessary relationship of dialectics to the
good man who has risen superior to the considera-
tions of his senses. It was not only knowledge
that was discovered little by little, but also the
different means of acquiring it, the conditions and
operations which precede knowledge in man. And
it always seemed as if the newly-discovered opera-
tion or the newly-experienced condition were not
a means of acquiring knowledge, but was even the
substance, goal, and sum-total of everything that
was worth knowing. What does the thinker re-
quire? ■— imagination, inspiration, abstraction,
spirituality, invention, presentiment, induction,
dialectics, deduction, criticism, ability to collect
materials, an impersonal mode of thinking, con-
templation, comprehensiveness, and lastly, but not
least, justice, and love for everything that exists—
but each one of these means was at one time con-
sidered, in the history of the vita contemplatrva, as
a goal and final purpose, and they all secured for



## p. 51 (#77) ##############################################

THE DAWN OF DAY. SI
their inventors that perfect happiness which fills
the human soul when its final purpose dawns upon
it.
44-
Origin and Meaning. — Why does this
thought come into my mind again and again,
always in more and more vivid colours ? —that, in
former times, investigators, in the course of their
search for the origin of things, always thought that
they found something which would be of the highest
importance for all kinds of action and judgment:
yea, that they even invariably postulated that the
salvation of mankind depended upon insight into
the origin of things—whereas now, on the other
hand, the more we examine into origins, the less
do they concern our interests: on the contrary,
all the valuations and interestedness which we
have placed upon things begin to lose their mean-
ing, the more we retrogress where knowledge is
concerned and approach the things themselves.
The origin becomes of less significance in proportion
as we acquire insight into it; whilst things nearest
to ourselves, around and within us, gradually begin
to manifest their wealth of colours, beauties,
enigmas, and diversity of meaning, of which earlier
humanity never dreamed. In former ages thinkers
used to move furiously about, like wild animals in
cages, steadily glaring at the bars which hemmed
them in, and at times springing up against them
in a vain endeavour to break through them: and
happy indeed was he who could look through a
gap to the outer world and could fancy that


## p. 52 (#78) ##############################################

52 THE DAWN OF DAY.
he saw something of what lay beyond and afar
off.
45-
A Tragic Termination to Knowledge. —
Of all the means of exaltation, human sacrifices
have at times done most to elevate man. And
perhaps the one powerful thought—the idea of
self-sacrificing humanity—might be made to pre-
vail over every other aspiration, and thus to prove
the victor over even the most victorious. But to
whom should the sacrifice be made? We may
already swear that, if ever the constellation of such
an idea appeared on the horizon, the knowledge of
truth would remain the single but enormous object
with which a sacrifice of such a nature would be
commensurate—because no sacrifice is too great
for it . In the meantime the problem has never
been expounded as to how far humanity, con-
sidered as a whole, could take steps to encourage
the advancement of knowledge; and even less as
to what thirst for knowledge could impel humanity
to the point of sacrificing itself with the light of an
anticipated wisdom in its eyes. When,perhaps, with
a view to the advancement of knowledge, we are
able to enter into communication with the inhabi-
tants of other stars, and when, during thousands of
years, wisdom will have been carried from star to
star, the enthusiasm of knowledge may rise to such
a dizzy height!
46.
Doubt in Doubt. —" What a good pillow doubt
is for a well-balanced head! " This saying of


## p. 53 (#79) ##############################################

THE DAWN OF DAY. 53
Montaigne always made Pascal angry, for nobody
ever wanted a good pillow so much as he did.
Whatever was the matter with him?
47-
Words block up OUR Path. —Wherever
primitive men put down a word, they thought they
had made a discovery. How different the case
really was ! —they had come upon a problem, and,
while they thought they had solved it, they had in
reality placed an obstacle in the way of its solution.
Now, with every new piece of knowledge, we stumble
over petrified words and mummified conceptions,and
would rather break a leg than a word in doing so.
48.
"Know Thyself" is the Whole of Science.
-—Only when man shall have acquired a knowledge
of all things will he be able to know himself. For
things are but the boundaries of man.
49.
The New Fundamental Feeling: our
Final Corruptibility. —In former times people
sought to show the feeling of man's greatness by
pointing to his divine descent. This, however, has
now become a forbidden path, for the ape stands at
its entrance, and likewise other fearsome animals,
showing their teeth in a knowing fashion, as if to
say, No further this way! Hence people now try the
opposite direction: the road along which humanity
is proceeding shall stand as an indication of their


## p. 53 (#80) ##############################################

52
THE DAWN OF DAY.
he saw something of what lay beyond and afar
off.
45.
A TRAGIC TERMINATION TO KNOWLEDGE. —
Of all the means of exaltation, human sacrifices
have at times done most to elevate man. And
perhaps the one powerful thought—the idea of
self-sacrificing humanity-might be made to pre-
vail over every other aspiration, and thus to prove
the victor over even the most victorious. But to
whom should the sacrifice be made? We may
already swear that, if ever the constellation of such
an idea appeared on the horizon, the knowledge of
truth would remain the single but enormous object
with which a sacrifice of such a nature would be
commensurate--because no sacrifice is too great
for it. In the meantime the problem has never
been expounded as to how far humanity, con-
sidered as a whole, could take steps to encourage
the advancement of knowledge; and even less as
to what thirst for knowledge could impel humanity
to the point of sacrificing itself with the light of an
anticipated wisdom in its eyes. When, perhaps, with
a view to the advancement of knowledge, we are
able to enter into communication with the inhabi-
tants of other stars, and when, during thousands of
years, wisdom will have been carried from star to
star, the enthusiasm of knowledge may rise to such
a dizzy height!
46.
DOUBT IN DOUBT. —“What a good pillow doubt
is for a well-balanced head ! ” This saying of


## p. 53 (#81) ##############################################

THE DAWN OF DAY.
53
Montaigne always made Pascal angry, for nobody
ever wanted a good pillow so much as he did.
Whatever was the matter with him?
47.
WORDS BLOCK UP OUR PATH. Wherever
primitive men put down a word, they thought they
had made a discovery. How different the case
really was ! - they had come upon a problem, and,
while they thought they had solved it, they had in
reality placed an obstacle in the way of its solution.
Now, with every new piece of knowledge, we stumble
over petrified words and mummified conceptions, and
would rather break a leg than a word in doing so.
48.
“KNOW THYSELF” IS THE WHOLE OF SCIENCE.
Only when man shall have acquired a knowledge
of all things will he be able to know himself. For
things are but the boundaries of man.
49.
THE NEW FUNDAMENTAL FEELING: OUR
FINAL CORRUPTIBILITY. —In former times people
sought to show the feeling of man's greatness by
pointing to his divine descent. This, however, has
now become a forbidden path, for the ape stands at
its entrance, and likewise other fearsome animals,
showing their teeth in a knowing fashion, as if to
say, No further this way! Hence people now try the
opposite direction : the road along which humanity
is proceeding shall stand as an indication of their


## p. 54 (#82) ##############################################

54 THE DAWN OF DAY.
greatness and their relationship to God. But alas!
this, too, is useless! At the far end of this path
stands the funeral urn of the last man and grave-
digger (with the inscription, Nihil humani a vie
alicnum putd). To whatever height mankind may
have developed—and perhaps in the end it will not
be so high as when they began ! —there is as little
prospect of their attaining to a higher order as there
is for the ant and the earwig to enter into kinship
with God and eternity at the end of their career on
earth. What is to come will drag behind it that
which has passed: why should any little star, or
even any little species on that star, form an excep-
tion to that eternal drama? Away with such senti-
mentalities!
50.
Belief in Inebriation. —Those men who have
moments of sublime ecstasy, and who, on ordinary
occasions, on account of the contrast and the exces-
sive wearing away of their nervous forces, usually
feel miserable and desolate, come to consider such
moments as the true manifestation of their real
selves, of their " ego," and their misery and dejec-
tion, on the other hand, as the effect of the " non-
ego" This is why they think of their environment,
the age in which they live, and the whole world in
which they have their being, with feelings of
vindictiveness. This intoxication appears to them
as their true life, their actual ego; and everywhere
else they see only those who strive to oppose and
^prevent this intoxication, whether of an intellectual,
moral, religious, or artistic nature.



## p. 55 (#83) ##############################################

THE DAWN OF DAY. 55
Humanity owes no small part of its evils to these
fantastic enthusiasts; for they are the insatiable
sowers of the weed of discontent with one's self and
one's neighbour, of contempt for the world and the
age, and, above all, of world-lassitude. An entire
hell of criminals could not, perhaps, bring about
such unfortunate and far-reaching consequences,
such heavy and disquieting effects that corrupt
earth and sky, as are brought about by that
"noble" little community of unbridled, fantastic,
half-mad people—of geniuses, too—who cannot
control themselves, or experience any inward joy,
until they have lost themselves completely: while,
on the other hand, the criminal often gives a proof
of his admirable self-control, sacrifice, and wisdom,
and thus maintains these qualities in those who fear
him. Through him life's sky may at times seem
overcast and threatening, but the atmosphere ever
remains brisk and vigorous. —Furthermore, these
enthusiasts bring their entire strength to bear on
the task of imbuing mankind with belief in inebria-
tion as in life itself: a dreadful belief! As savages
are now quickly corrupted and ruined by "fire-
water," so likewise has mankind in general been
slowly though thoroughly corrupted by these
spiritual " fire-waters " of intoxicating feelings and
by those who keep alive the craving for them. It
may yet be ruined thereby.
5i-
SUCH AS WE STILL ARE. —" Let us be indulgent
to the great one-eyed! " said Stuart Mill, as if it


## p. 56 (#84) ##############################################

56 THE DAWN OF DAY.
were necessary to ask for indulgence when we are
willing to believe and almost to worship them. I
say: Let us be indulgent towards the two-eyed,
both great and small; for, such as we are now, we
shall never rise beyond indulgence!
52.
Where are the New Physicians of the
SOul? —It is the means of consolation which have
stamped life with that fundamental melancholy
character in which we now believe: the worst
disease of mankind has arisen from the struggle
against diseases, and apparent remedies have in the
long run brought about worse conditions than those
which it was intended to remove by their use. Men,
in their ignorance, used to believe that the stupefy-
ing and intoxicating means, which appeared to act
immediately, the so-called "consolations," were the
true healing powers: they even failed to observe
that they had often to pay for their immediate relief
by a general and profound deterioration in health,
that the sick ones had to suffer from the after-effects
of the intoxication, then from the absence of the
intoxication, and, later on, from a feeling of dis-
quietude, depression, nervous starts, and ill-health.
Again, men whose illness had advanced to a certain
extent never recovered from it—those physicians
of the soul, universally believed in and worshipped
as they were, took care of that.
It has been justly said of Schopenhauer that he
was one who again took the sufferings of humanity
seriously: where is the man who will at length take


## p. 57 (#85) ##############################################

THE DAWN OF DAY. 57
the antidotes against these sufferings seriously, and
who will pillory the unheard-of quackery with which
men, even up to our own age, and in the most
sublime nomenclature, have been wont to treat
the illnesses of their souls?
53-
Abuse of the Conscientious Ones. —It is
the conscientious, and not the unscrupulous, who
have suffered so greatly from exhortations to
penitence and the fear of hell, especially if they
happened to be men of imagination. In other words,
a gloom has been cast over the lives of those who
had the greatest need of cheerfulness and agreeable
images—not only for the sake of their own con-
solation and recovery from themselves, but that
humanity itself might take delight in them and
absorb a ray of their beauty. Alas, how much
superfluous cruelty and torment have been brought
about by those religions which invented sin! and
by those men who, by means of such religions,
desired to reach the highest enjoyment of their
power!
54-
Thoughts ON Disease. —To soothe the im-
agination of the patient, in order that he may at
least no longer keep on thinking about his illness,
and thus suffer more from such thoughts than from
the complaint itself, which has been the case
hitherto—that, it seems to me, is something! and
it is by no means a trifle! And now do ye under-
stand our task?


## p. 58 (#86) ##############################################

58 THE DAWN OF DAY.
55-
The "Ways. "—So-called "short cuts" have
always led humanity to run great risks: on hearing
the " glad tidings" that a "short cut" had been
found, they always left the straight path—and lost
their way.
56.
The Apostate of the Free Spirit. —Is
there any one, then, who seriously dislikes pious
people who hold formally to their belief? Do we
not, on the contrary, regard them with silent esteem
and pleasure, deeply regretting at the same time
that these excellent people do not share our own
feelings? But whence arises that sudden, profound,
and unreasonable dislike for the man who, having
at one time possessed freedom of spirit, finally
becomes a "believer"? In thinking of him we
involuntarily experience the sensation of having
beheld some loathsome spectacle, which we must
quickly efface from our recollection. Should we
not turn our backs upon even the most venerated
man if we entertained the least suspicion of him
in this regard? Not, indeed, from a moral point
of view, but because of sudden disgust and horror!
Whence comes this sharpness of feeling? Perhaps
we shall be given to understand that, at bottom,
we are not quite certain of our own selves? Or
that, early in life, we build round ourselves hedges
of the most pointed contempt, in order that, when
old age makes us weak and forgetful, we may not
feel inclined to brush our own contempt away from
us?
S


## p. 59 (#87) ##############################################

THE DAWN OF DAY. 59
Now, speaking frankly, this suspicion is quite
erroneous, and whoever forms it knows nothing of
what agitates and determines the free spirit: how
little, to him, does the cltanging of an opinion seem
contemptible per se! On the contrary, how highly
he prizes the ability to change an opinion as a rare
and valuable distinction, especially if he can retain
it far into old age! And his pride (not his pusil-
lanimity) even reaches so high as to be able to
pluck the fruits of the spernere se sperni and the
spernere se ipsum: without his being troubled by
the sensation of fear of vain and easy-going men.
Furthermore, the doctrine of the innocence of all
opinions appears to him to be as certain as the
doctrine of the innocence of all actions: how could
he act as judge and hangman before the apostate
of intellectual liberty! On the contrary, the sight
of such a person would disgust him as much as
the sight of a nauseous illness disgusts the physi-
cian: the physical repulsion caused by everything
spongy, soft, and suppurating momentarily over-
comes reason and the desire to help. Hence our
goodwill is overcome by the conception of the
monstrous dishonesty which must have gained the
upper hand in the apostate from the free spirit:
by the conception of a general gnawing which is
eating its way down even to the framework of the
character.
57-
Other Fears, other Safeties. — Chris-
tianity overspread life with a new and unlimited
insecurity, thereby creating new safeties, enjoy-


## p. 59 (#88) ##############################################

58
THE DAWN OF DAY.
:
55.
THE “Ways. ”—So-called “short cuts” have
always led humanity to run great risks : on hearing
the “glad tidings” that a “short cut” had been
found, they always left the straight path—and lost
their way.
56.
THE APOSTATE OF THE FREE SPIRIT. - Is
there any one, then, who seriously dislikes pious
people who hold formally to their belief? Do we
not, on the contrary, regard them with silent esteem
and pleasure, deeply regretting at the same time
that these excellent people do not share our own
feelings? But whence arises that sudden, profound,
and unreasonable dislike for the man who, having
at one time possessed freedom of spirit, finally
becomes a “believer"? In thinking of him we
involuntarily experience the sensation of having
beheld some loathsome spectacle, which we must
quickly efface from our recollection. Should we
not turn our backs upon even the most venerated
man if we entertained the least suspicion of him
in this regard? Not, indeed, from a moral point
of view, but because of sudden disgust and horror!
Whence comes this sharpness of feeling? Perhaps
we shall be given to understand that, at bottom,
we are not quite certain of our own selves? Or
that, early in life, we build round ourselves hedges
of the most pointed contempt, in order that, when
old age makes us weak and forgetful, we may not
feel inclined to brush our own contempt away from
us ?


## p. 59 (#89) ##############################################

THE DAWN OF DAY.
59
Now, speaking frankly, this suspicion is quite
erroneous, and whoever forms it knows nothing of
what agitates and determines the free spirit: how
little, to him, does the changing of an opinion seem
contemptible per se! On the contrary, how highly
he prizes the ability to change an opinion as a rare
and valuable distinction, especially if he can retain
it far into old age! And his pride (not his pusil-
lanimity) even reaches so high as to be able to
pluck the fruits of the spernere se sperni and the
spernere se ipsum: without his being troubled by
the sensation of fear of vain and easy-going men.
Furthermore, the doctrine of the innocence of all
opinions appears to him to be as certain as the
doctrine of the innocence of all actions : how could
he act as judge and hangman before the apostate
of intellectual liberty! On the contrary, the sight
of such a person would disgust him as much as
the sight of a nauseous illness disgusts the physi-
cian: the physical repulsion caused by everything
spongy, soft, and suppurating momentarily over-
comes reason and the desire to help. Hence our
goodwill is overcome by the conception of the
monstrous dishonesty which must have gained the
upper hand in the apostate from the free spirit:
by the conception of a general gnawing which is
eating its way down even to the framework of the
character.
57.
OTHER FEARS, OTHER SAFETIES. — Chris-
tianity overspread life with a new and unlimited
insecurity, thereby creating new safeties, enjoy-


## p. 59 (#90) ##############################################

60 THE DAWN OF DAY.
ments and recreations, and new valuations of all
things.
Our own century denies the existence of
this insecurity, and does so with a good con-
science, yet it clings to the old habit of Christian
certainties, enjoyments, recreations, and valuations!
—even in its noblest arts and philosophies. How
feeble and worn out must all this now seem, how
imperfect and clumsy, how arbitrarily fanatical,
and, above all, how uncertain: now that its horrible
contrast has been taken away—the ever-present
fear of the Christian for his eternal salvation!
S8.
Christianity and the Emotions. —In Chris-
tianity we may see a great popular protest against
philosophy: the reasoning of the sages of antiquity
had withdrawn men from the influence of the
emotions, but Christianity would fain give men
their emotions back again. With this aim in view,
it denies any moral value to virtue such as phil-
osophers understood it—as a victory of the reason
over the passions—generally condemns every kind
of goodness, and calls upon the passions to manifest
themselves in their full power and glory : as love of
God,/«w* of God, fanatic belief'in God, blind hope
in God.
59-
Error as a Cordial. —Let people say what
they will, it is nevertheless certain that it was the
aim of Christianity to deliver mankind from the
yoke of moral engagements by indicating what it


## p. 59 (#91) ##############################################

THE DAWN OF DAY.
61
believed to be the shortest way to perfection : exactly
in the same manner as a few philosophers thought
they could dispense with tedious and laborious
dialectics, and the collection of strictly proved
facts, and point out a royal road to truth. It
was an error in both cases, but nevertheless a great
cordial for those who were worn out and despairing
in the wilderness.
60.
Offronore viver Pets
ALL SPIRIT FINALLY BECOMES VISIBLE. —
Christianity has assimilated the entire spirituality
of an incalculable number of men who were by
nature submissive, all those enthusiasts of humilia-
tion and reverence, both refined and coarse. It has
in this way freed itself from its own original rustic
coarseness—of which we are vividly reminded when
we look at the oldest image of St. Peter the Apostle
—and has become a very intellectual religion,
with thousands of wrinkles, arrière-pensées, and
masks on its face. It has made European humanity
more clever, and not only cunning from a theo-
logical standpoint. By the spirit which it has thus
given to European humanity—in conjunction with
the power of abnegation, and very often in con-
junction with the profound conviction and loyalty of
thatabnegation—ithas perhaps chiselled and shaped
the most subtle individualities which have ever
existed in human society : the individualities of the
higher ranks of the Catholic clergy, especially when
these priests have sprung from a noble family, and
have brought to their work, from the very beginning,
the innate grace of gesture, the dominating glance


## p. 60 (#92) ##############################################

62
THE DAWN OF DAY.
of the eye, and beautiful hands and feet. Here the
human face acquires that spiritualisation brought
about by the continual ebb and flow of two kinds
of happiness (the feeling of power and the feeling
of submission) after a carefully-planned manner
of living has conquered the beast in man. Here
an activity, which consists in blessing, forgiving
sins, and representing the Almighty, ever keeps
alive in the soul, and even in the body, the conscious-
ness of a supreme mission; here we find that noble
contempt concerning the perishable nature of the
body, of well-being, and of happiness, peculiar to
born soldiers: their pride lies in obedience, a dis-
tinctly aristocratic trait; their excuse and their
idealism arise from the enormous impossibility of
their task. The surpassing beauty and subtleties
of these princes of the Church have always proved
to the people the truth of the Church; a momentary
brutalisation of the clergy (such as came about in
Luther's time) always tended to encourage the con-
trary belief. And would it be maintained that this
result of beauty and human subtlety, shown in
harmony of figure, intellect, and task, would come
to an end with religions ? and that nothing higher
could be obtained, or even conceived ?
61.
THE NEEDFUL SACRIFICE. —Those earnest,
able, and just men of profound feelings, who
are still Christians at heart, owe it to themselves
to make one attempt to live for a certain space
of time without Christianity! they owe it to their
faith that they should thus for once take up their


## p. 61 (#93) ##############################################

THE DAWN OF DAY. 6i
believed to be the shortest way to perfection : exactly
in the same manner as a few philosophers thought
they could dispense with tedious and laborious
dialectics, and the collection of strictly-proved
facts, and point out a royal road to truth. It
was an error in both cases, but nevertheless a great
cordial for those who were worn out and despairing
in the wilderness.
60.
All Spirit finally becomes Visible. —
Christianity has assimilated the entire spirituality
of an incalculable number of men who were by
nature submissive, all those enthusiasts of humilia-
tion and reverence, both refined and coarse. It has
in this way freed itself from its own original rustic
coarseness—of which we are vividly reminded when
we look at the oldest image of St. Peter the Apostle
—and has become a very intellectual religion,
with thousands of wrinkles, arriere-pense'es, and
masks on its face. It has made European humanity
more clever, and not only cunning from a theo-
logical standpoint. By the spirit which it has thus
given to European humanity—in conjunction with
the power of abnegation, and very often in con-
junction with the profound conviction and loyalty of
that abnegation—it has perhaps chiselled and shaped
the most subtle individualities which have ever
existed in human society : the individualities of the
higher ranks of the Catholic clergy, especially when
these priests have sprung from a noble family, and
have brought to their work, from the very beginning,
the innate grace of gesture, the dominating glance


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62 THE DAWN OF DAY.
of the eye, and beautiful hands and feet. Here the
human face acquires that spiritualisation brought
about by the continual ebb and flow of two kinds
of happiness (the feeling of power and the feeling
of submission) after a carefully-planned manner
of living has conquered the beast in man. Here
an activity, which consists in blessing, forgiving
sins, and representing the Almighty, ever keeps
alive in the soul, and even in the body, the conscious-
ness of a supreme mission; here we find that noble
contempt concerning the perishable nature of the
body, of well-being, and of happiness, peculiar to
born soldiers: their pride lies in obedience, a dis-
tinctly aristocratic trait; their excuse and their
idealism arise from the enormous impossibility of
their task. The surpassing beauty and subtleties
of these princes of the Church have always proved
to the people the truth of the Church; a momentary
brutalisation of the clergy (such as came about in
Luther's time) always tended to encourage the con-
trary belief. And would it be maintained that this
result of beauty and human subtlety, shown in
harmony of figure, intellect, and task, would come
to an end with religions? and that nothing higher
could be obtained, or even conceived?
61.
The Needful Sacrifice. —Those earnest,
able, and just men of profound feelings, who
are still Christians at heart, owe it to themselves
to make one attempt to live for a certain space
of time without Christianity! they owe it to their
faith that they should thus for once take up their


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THE DAWN OF DAY. 63
abode "in the wilderness "—if for no other reason
than that of being able to pronounce on the question
as to whether Christianity is needful. So far,
however, they have confined themselves to their
own narrow domain and insulted every one who
happened to be outside of it: yea, they even be-
come highly irritated when it is suggested to them
that beyond this little domain of theirs lies the great
world, and that Christianity is, after all,only a corner
of it! No; your evidence on the question will be
valueless until you have lived year after year with-
out Christianity, and with the inmost desire to
continue to exist without it: until, indeed, you have
withdrawn far, far away from it. It is not when
your nostalgia urges you back again, but when your
judgment, based on a strict comparison, drives you
back, that your homecoming has any significance!
—Men of coming generations will deal in this
manner with all the valuations of the past; they
must be voluntarily lived over again, together with
their contraries, in order that such men may finally
acquire the right of shifting them.
62.
On the Origin of Religions. —How can
any one regard his own opinion of things as a re-
velation? This is the problem of the formation
of religions: there has always been some man in
whom this phenomenon was possible. A postulate
is that such a man already believed in revelations.
Suddenly, however, a new idea occurs to him one
day, his idea; and the entire blessedness of a great


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64 THE DAWN OF DAY.
personal hypothesis, which embraces all existence
and the whole world, penetrates with such force
into his conscience that he dare not think himself
the creator of such blessedness, and he therefore
attributes to his God the cause of this new idea and
likewise the cause of the cause, believing it to be
the revelation of his God. How could a man be
the author of so great a happiness? ask his pessi-
mistic doubts. But other levers are secretly at
work: an opinion may be strengthened by one's
self if it be considered as a revelation; and in this
way all its hypothetic nature is removed; the matter
is set beyond criticism and even beyond doubt: it
is sanctified. It is true that, in this way, a man
lowers himself to playing the r61e of " mouthpiece,"
but his thought will end by being victorious as a
divine thought—the feeling of finally gaining the
victory conquers the feeling of degradation. There
is also another feeling in the background: if a man
raises his products above himself, and thus appar-
ently detracts from his own worth, there neverthe-
less remains a kind of joyfulness, paternal love, and
paternal pride, which compensates man—more than
compensates man—for everything.
63-
Hatred of One's Neighbour. —Supposing
that we felt towards our neighbour as he does him-
self—Schopenhauer calls this compassion, though it
would be more correct to call it auto-passion, fellow-
feeling—we should be compelled to hate him, if, like
Pascal, he thought himself hateful. And this was


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THE DAWN OF DAY. 65
probably the general feeling of Pascal regarding
mankind, and also that of ancient Christianity,
which, under Nero, was "convicted" of odium
generis humani, as Tacitus has recorded.
64.
The Broken-Hearted Ones. —Christianity
has the instinct of a hunter for finding out all those
who may by hook or by crook be driven to despair
—only a very small number of men can be brought
to this despair. Christianity lies in wait for such
as those,and pursues them. Pascal made an attempt
to find out whether it was not possible, with the
help of the very subtlest knowledge, to drive every-
body into despair. He failed : to his second despair.
65.
Brahminism and Christianity. —There are
certain precepts for obtaining a consciousness of
power: on the one hand, for those who already
know how to control themselves, and who are there-
fore already quite used to the feeling of power; and,
on the other hand, for those who cannot control
themselves. Brahminism has given its care to the
former type of man; Christianity to the latter.
66.
The Faculty of Vision. —During the whole
of the Middle Ages it was believed that the real dis-
tinguishing trait of higher men was the faculty of
E


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66" THE DAWN OF DAY.
having visions—that is to say, of having a grave
mental trouble. And, in fact, the rules of life of all
the higher natures of the Middle Ages (the religiosi)
were drawn up with the object of making man cap-
able of vision! Little wonder, then, that the exag-
gerated esteem for these half-mad fanatics, so-called
men of genius, has continued even to our own days.
"They have seen things that others do not see "—
no doubt! and this fact should inspire us with caution
where they are concerned, and not with belief!
67.
The Price of Believers. —He who sets such
a value on being believed in has to promise heaven
in recompense for this belief: and every one, even
a thief on the Cross, must have suffered from a
terrible doubt and experienced crucifixion in every
form: otherwise he would not buy his followers so
dearly.
68.
The First Christian. —The whole world still
believes in the literary career of the " Holy Ghost,"
or is still influenced by the effects of this belief:
when we look into our Bibles we do so for the
purpose of " edifying ourselves," to find a few words
of comfort for our misery, be it great or small—in
short, we read ourselves into it and out of it.
But who—apart from a few learned men-—know
that it likewise records the history of one of the
most ambitious and importunate souls that ever


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THE DAWN OF DAY. 67
existed, of a mind full of superstition and cunning:
the history of the Apostle Paul? Nevertheless,
without this singular history, without the tribula-
tions and passions of such a mind, and of such a
soul, there would have been no Christian kingdom;
we should have scarcely have even heard of a little
Jewish sect, the founder of which died on the Cross.
It is true that, if this history had been understood
in time, if we had read, really read, the writings of
St. Paul, not as the revelations of the "Holy
Ghost," but with honest and independent minds,
oblivious of all our personal troubles—there were
no such readers for fifteen centuries—it would have
been all up with Christianity long ago: so search-
ingly do these writings of the Jewish Pascal lay bare
the origins of Christianity, just as the French Pascal
let us see its destiny and how it will ultimately
perish. That the ship of Christianity threw over-
board no inconsiderable part of its Jewish ballast,
that it was able to sail into the waters of the heathen
and actually did do so: this is due to the history
of one single man, this apostle who was so greatly
troubled in mind and so worthy of pity, but who
was also very disagreeable to himself and to others.
This man suffered from a fixed idea, or rather
a fixed question, an ever-present and ever-burning
question : what was the meaning of the Jewish Law?
and, more especially, the fulfilment of this Law?
In his youth he had done his best to satisfy it, thirst-
ing as he did for that highest distinction which the
Jews could imagine—this people, which raised the
imagination of moral loftiness to a greater elevation
than any other people, and which alone succeeded


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68
THE DAWN OF DAY.
in uniting the conception of a holy God with the idea
of sin considered as an offence against this holiness.
St. Paul became at once the fanatic defender and
guard-of-honour of this God and His Law. Cease-
lessly battling against and lying in wait for all
transgressors of this Law and those who presumed
to doubt it, he was pitiless and cruel towards all evil-
doers, whom he would fain have punished in the
most rigorous fashion possible.
Now, however, he was aware in his own person
of the fact that such a man as himself—violent,
sensual, melancholy, and malicious in his hatred-
could not fulfil the Law; and furthermore, what
seemed strangest of all to him, he saw that his
boundless craving for power was continually
provoked to break it, and that he could not help
yielding to this impulse. Was it really “the flesh”
which made him a trespasser time and again? Was
it not rather, as it afterwards occurred to him,
the Law itself, which continually showed itself
to be impossible to fulfil, and seduced men into
transgression with an irresistible charm? But
at that time he had not thought of this means of
escape. As he suggests here and there, he had
many things on his conscience-hatred, murder,
sorcery, idolatry, debauchery, drunkenness, and
orgiastic revelry,—and to however great an extent
he tried to soothe his conscience, and, even more,
his desire for power, by the extreme fanaticism of
his worship for and defence of the Law, there were
times when the thought struck him : “It is all in
vain! The anguish of the unfulfilled Law cannot be
overcome. ” Luther must have experienced similar


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THE DAWN OF DAY. 69
feelings, when, in his cloister, he endeavoured to
become the ideal man of his imagination; and, as
Lutherone day began to hate the ecclesiastical ideal,
and the Pope, and the saints, and the whole clergy,
with a hatred which was all the more deadly as he
could not avow it even to himself, an analogous
feeling took possession of St. Paul. The Law was
the Cross on which he felt himself crucified. How
he hated it! What a grudge he owed it! How he
began to look round on all sides to find a means for
its total annihilation, that he might no longer be
obliged to fulfil it himself! And at last a liberating
thought, together with a vision—which was only to
be expected in the case of an epileptic like himself
—flashed into his mind: to him, the stern upholder
of the Law—who, in his innermost heart, was tired
to death of it—there appeared on the lonely path
that Christ, with the divine effulgence on His coun-
tenance, and Paul heard the words: "Why perse-
cutest thou Me? "
What actually took place, then, was this: his
mind was suddenly enlightened, and he said to
himself: "It is unreasonable to persecute this
Jesus Christ! Here is my means of escape, here
is my complete vengeance, here and nowhere else
have I the destroyer of the Law in my hands! "
The sufferer from anguished pride felt himself
restored to health all at once, his moral despair
disappeared in the air; for morality itself was
blown away, annihilated—that is to say, fulfilled,
there on the Cross! Up to that time that ig-
nominious death had seemed to him to be the
principal argument against the "Messiahship"


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? 0 THE DAWN OF DAY.
proclaimed by the followers of the new doctrine:
but what if it were necessary for doing away with
the Law? The enormous consequences of this
thought, of this solution of the enigma, danced
before his eyes, and he at once became the happiest
of men. The destiny of the Jews, yea, of all
mankind, seemed to him to be intertwined with this
instantaneous flash of enlightenment: he held the
thought of thoughts, the key of keys, the light of
lights; history would henceforth revolve round him!
For from that time forward he would be the apostle
of the annihilation of the Law! To be dead to sin
—that meant to be dead to the Law also; to be
in the flesh—that meant to be under the Law!
To be one with Christ—that meant to have become,
like Him, the destroyer of the Law; to be dead
with Him—that meant likewise to be dead to the
Law. Even if it were still possible to sin, it would
not at any rate be possible to sin against the Law:
"I am above the Law," thinks Paul; adding, " If I
were now to acknowledge the Law again and to
submit to it, I should make Christ an accomplice
in the sin "; for the Law was there for the purpose
of producing sin and setting it in the foreground,
as an emetic produces sickness. God could not
have decided upon the death of Christ had it been
possible to fulfil the Law without it; henceforth,
not only are all sins expiated, but sin itself is
abolished; henceforth the Law is dead; henceforth
"the flesh" in which it dwelt is dead—or at all
events dying, gradually wasting away. To live for
a short time longer amid this decay! —this is the
Christian's fate, until the time when, having become


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THE DAWN OF DAY. 71
one with Christ, he arises with Him, sharing with
Christ the divine glory, and becoming, like Christ,
a " Son of God. " Then Paul's exaltation was at its
height, and with it the importunity of his soul—
the thought of union with Christ made him lose all
shame, all submission, all constraint, and his un-
governable ambition was shown to be revelling in
the expectation of divine glories.
Such was the first Christian, the inventor of
Christianity! before him there were only a few
Jewish sectaries.
69.
Inimitable. —There is an enormous strain and
distance between envy and friendship, between self-
contempt and pride: the Greek lived in the former,
the Christian in the latter.
70.
The Use of a Coarse Intellect. —The
Christian Church is an encyclopaedia of primitive
cults and views of the most varied origin; and is,
in consequence, well adapted to missionary work:
in former times she could—and still does—go
wherever she would, and in doing so always found
something resembling herself, to which she could
assimilate herself and gradually substitute her own
spirit for it. It is not to what is Christian in her
usages, but to what is universally pagan in them,
that we have to attribute the development of this
universal religion. Her thoughts, which have their
origin at once in the Judaic and in the Hellenic
spirit, were able from the very beginning to raise


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72 THE DAWN OF DAY.
themselves above the exclusiveness and subtleties
of races and nations, as above prejudices. Although
we may admire the power which makes even the
most difficult things coalesce, we must nevertheless
not overlook the contemptible qualities of this power
—the astonishing coarseness and narrowness of the
Church's intellect when it was in process of formation,
a coarseness which permitted it to accommodate
itself to any diet, and to digest contradictions like
pebbles.
7i-
The Christian Vengeance against Rome.
—Perhaps nothing is more fatiguing than the sight
of a continual conqueror: for more than two
hundred years the world had seen Rome over-
coming one nation after another, the circle was
closed, all future seemed to be at an end, every-
thing was done with a view to its lasting for all
time—yea, when the Empire built anything it was
erected with a view to being acre ferennius. We,
who know only the "melancholy of ruins," can
scarcely understand that totally different melancholy
of eternal buildings, from which men endeavoured
to save themselves as best they could—with the
light-hearted fancy of a Horace, for example.
Others sought different consolations for the weari-
ness which was closely akin to despair, against the
deadening knowledge that from henceforth all
progress of thought and heart would be hopeless,
that the huge spider sat everywhere and merci-
lessly continued to drink all the blood within
its reach, no matter where it mr^ht spring forth.



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THE DAWN OF DAY. 73
This mute, century-old hatred of the wearied spec-
tators against Rome, wherever Rome's domination
extended, was at length vented in Christianity,
which united Rome, " the world," and " sin " into a
single conception. The Christians took their re-
venge on Rome by proclaiming the immediate and
sudden destruction of the world; by once more
introducing a future—for Rome had been able to
transform everything into the history of its own
past and present—a future in which Rome was no
longer the most important factor; and by dreaming
of the last judgment—while the crucified Jew, as
the symbol of salvation, was the greatest derision
on the superb Roman praetors in the provinces;
for now they seemed to be only the symbols of
ruin and a "world " ready to perish.
72.
The "Life after Death. " — Christianity
found the idea of punishment in hell in the entire
Roman Empire: for the numerous mystic cults have
hatched this idea with particular satisfaction as
being the most fecund egg of their power. Epicurus
thought he could do nothing better for his followers
than to tear this belief up by the roots: his triumph
found its finest echo in the mouth of one of his
disciples, the Roman Lucretius, a poet of a gloomy,
though afterwards enlightened, temperament.
Alas! his triumph had come too soon: Christi-
anity took under its special protection this belief
in subterranean horrors, which was already begin-
ning to die away in the minds of men; and that


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74 THE DAWN OF DAY.
was clever of it. For, without this audacious leap
into the most complete paganism, how could it
have proved itself victorious over the popularity
of Mithras and Isis? In this way it managed
to bring timorous folk over to its side—the most
enthusiastic adherents of a new faith! The Jews,
being a people which, like the Greeks, and even in
a greater degree than the Greeks, loved and still
love life, had not cultivated that idea to any great
extent: the thought of final death as the punishment
of the sinner, death without resurrection as an
extreme menace: this was sufficient to impress these
peculiar men, who did not wish to get rid of their
bodies, but hoped, with their refined Egypticism,
to preserve them for ever. (A Jewish martyr,
about whom we may read in the Second Book of
the Maccabees, would not think of giving up his
intestines, which had been torn out: he wanted to
have them at the resurrection: quite a Jewish
characteristic! )
Thoughts of eternal damnation were far from the
minds of the early Christians: they thought they
were delivered from death, and awaited a trans-
formation from day to day, but not death. (What
a curious effect the first death must have produced
on these expectant people! How many different
feelings must have been mingled together—as-
tonishment, exultation, doubt, shame, and passion!
Verily, a subject worthy of a great artist! ) St.
Paul could say nothing better in praise of his
Saviour than that he had opened the gates of im-
mortality to everybody—he did not believe in the
resurrection of those who had not been saved: more


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THE DAWN OF DAY. 75
than this, by reason of his doctrine of the impossi-
bility of carrying out the Law, and of death con-
sidered as a consequence of sin, he even suspected
that, up to that time, no one had become immortal
(or at all events only a very few, solely owing to
special grace and not to any merits of their own):
it was only in his time that immortality had begun
to open its gates—and only a few of the elect would
finally gain admittance, as the pride of the elect can-
not help saying.
In other places, where the impulse towards life
was not so strong as among the Jews and the
Christian Jews, and where the prospect of im-
mortality did not appear to be more valuable than
the prospect of a final death, that pagan, yet not
altogether un-Jewish addition of Hell became a very
useful tool in the hands of the missionaries: then
arose the new doctrine that even the sinners and
the unsaved are immortal, the doctrine of eternal
damnation, which was more powerful than the idea
of a final death, which thereafter began to fade
away. It was science alone which could overcome
this idea, at the same time brushing aside all other
ideas about death and an after-life. We are poorer
in one particular: the "life after death" has no
further interest for us! an indescribable blessing,
which is as yet too recent to be considered as such
throughout the world. And Epicurus is once more
triumphant.
73-
For the "Truth " ! —" The truth of Chris-
tianity was attested by the virtuous lives of the


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j6 THE DAWN OF DAY.
Christians, their firmness in suffering, their un-
shakable belief, and above all by the spread and
increase of the faith in spite of all calamities. "—
That's how you talk even now. The more's the
pity.