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The Social war followed; and though the confederates
were finally conquered, after a long and desperate
contest, the senate thought it advisable to decree,
that all the Latin cities which had not taken part with
the allies should enjoy the rights of Roman citizens.
Many of these towns were, however, deprived of their
privileges by Sylla; and it was not till the close of the
republic that the Latins were admitted generally to par-
ticipate in all the rights and immunities enjoyed by the
Quinies. (Suet. , Vit. Jul. , 8. --Ascon. , Pcd. in Pis. ,
p. 490. --On the Jus Latii and Jus Italicum, consult
lapsius, ad Tacit. , Ann. , 11, 24. -- Pantin. , Comm.
Rap. Rom. , 3, p. 329. --Spanheim, Orb. Horn. , 1,
16. )--The name of Latium was at first given to that
portion of Italy only which extends from the mouth of
the Tiber to the Circsan promontory, a distance of
about 50 miles along the coast; but subsequently this
latter boundary was removed to the river Liris. whence
arose the distinction of Latium Antiquum and Novum.
(Strabo, 231-- Plin. , 3, 5. ) At a still later period,
the southern boundary of Latium was extended from
the Liris to the mouth of the river Vulturnus and the
Massichills. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 1, seqq. )
Latuus, a mountain of Caria, near Miletus. It was
famous as having been the scene of the fable of En-
dymion. (Vii. Endymion. ) In the vicinity of this
mountain stood the city of Heraclea, commonly termed
TipaxXeia % im> Aar/ioi, "Heraclea below, or at the
foot of, Latmus. " The mountain gave to the adja-
cent oay the name of Latmicus Sinus. (Mela, 1,
17-- Plin. , 5, 29. )
LAToaalui, a people of Belgic Gaul, in the vicinity
of the Tulingi, Rauraci, and Helvetii, whose country
lay on the banks of the Rhine, about 90 miles to the
? rest of the Lacus Brigantinus, or Lake of Constance.
If they are the uation called by Ptolemy Latobici, they
must have changed their settlements before that geog-
rapher wrote, as he includes their territories in Pan-
? ? aonia near Noricum. (Cos. , B. G , 1, 2. --Id. ib,
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? LAIT
J. Afl
Laveena, a Romar divinity, the patron-goddess of
thieves, who were anciently called Lavernioncs (Fes-
tun, s. v. ), and of all, in general, who practised artifice
and fraud. (Horat. , Epist. , 1, 16, 60. ) At Rome
she had an altar by the temple of Tellus, near the gate
which was called from her the gate of Laverna.
(Varro, L. L. , 4, p. 45. ) There was also a temple
of this goddess near Famis. (Cic. , Ep. ad Alt. , 7,
8. ) Her name is probably derived from lateo, signifi-
catory o( darkness or obscurity. (Compare the change
of / and v in riXXu and vdlo; wVAu and volo; /cAtrtif
and duns, &c. -- Kcightlcy's Mythology, p. 529. --
Consult Mem. Acad, des Inscript. , dec, vol. 7, p. 77,
"De la beetle Laverne. ")
Laveknium, a temple of Laverna, near Formix.
(Cic. , Alt. , 7, 8. )
LavinIa, a daughter of King Latinus. and Amata,
promised by her mother in marriage to Turnus, but
given eventually to ^Eneas. (Vid. Latinus. ) At her
husband's death she was left pregnant, and being fear-
ful of Ascanius, her step-son, she fled into the woods,
where she brought forth a son called vEueas Sylvius.
(Yirg. , Mn. , 6, 7-- Ovid, Met. , 14, 507. --Liv. , 1, 1. )
Lavinium, a city of Latium, situate on the river
Numicius, near the coast, and to the west of Ardea.
It was said to have been founded by . ^Cneas, on his
marriage with the daughter of Latinus (Dion. Hal. , 1,
45. --Liv. , 1. 1); this story, however, would go but
little towards proving the existence of such a town, if
i were not actually enumerated among the cities of
Latium by Strabo and other authors, as well as by
the Itineraries. Plutarch notices it as the place in
which Tatiua, the colleague of Romulus, was assas-
sinated. (Vit. Rom. ) Strabo mentions that Lavini-
um had a temple consecrated to Venus, which was
common to all the Latins. (Strabo, 232. ) The in-
habitants are styled by Pliny (3, 5) Laviniates V. ion-
enscs. Lavinium and Laurcntum were latterly united
under the name of Lauro Lavinium. (Front, de Col.
? --SymmacHt*, 1, 65. -- Vulp. , Vet. Lot. , 10, 6. )
Various opinions have been entertained by antiquaries
relative to the site which ought to be assigned to La-
vinium. Cluverius placed it near tho church of St.
PetroneUa (Ilal. Ant. , 2, p. 894); Holstenius on the
hill called Monte di Liranu (ad Steph. Bys. , p. 175);
but more recent topographers concur in fixing it at a
place called Practica, about three miles from the coast.
( Vulp. , Vet. Lot. , 10, 1. --ffibby, Viaggio Antiquario,
vol. 2, p. 265jkrCramer's Ane. Italy, vol. 2, p. 19. )
Laurracum, a fortified town of Noricum Ripense,
the station of a Roman fleet on the Danube, end the
headquarters of the second legion. (Notit. , Imp.
Occident. ) It lay to the east of the junction of the
CEnus and Danube. The modem village of Lohr
stands near the site of this place, a short distance to
the north of the present city of Ens. (Mannert,
Geogr. , vol. 3, p. 637. )
Laurentes Asri, the country in the neighbourhood
'? f Laurentum. (Tibull, 2, 5, 41. )
Laurentia. Vid. Acca.
Laurentum, the capital of Latium, about sixteen
<<iles below Ostia, following the coast, and near the
i>pot now called Paterno. (Vulp. , Vet. Lai. , 10, 1.
Nibby^ Viaggio Antiq. , vol. 2, p. 313 ) Cluverius
and Holstenius are both wrong in assigning to Lau-
rcntum the position of San Lorenzo. Of the existence
of this city, whatever may be thought of . Eneas and
? ? the Trojan colony, there can be no doubt: without
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? LAURION.
LAU
house {Travel), vol. 1, p. 417, Land, ed. ) describes
Laurium as a high uml alirupt bill, covered with pine-
trees and abounding with marble. Stewart also rec-
ognised in Lcgnna and Lagriona, near Snnium, the
name I. aunon, which has also evidently been preserved
in the names Lauronoris, Mauronoris, Mauronorise
(Aaipwv Spor). According to his statement, it is an
uneven range of hills full of exhausted mines and sco-
. i>>. (. I/1//7. of Attica, vol. 3, p. 13. ) Mr. Hawkins,
in his surrey of this part of the Attic coast, discovered
many veins of the argentiferous lead ore, with which
the country seems to abound; he observed traces of
the silver-mines not far beyond Keralia. The site of
the smelling furnaces may be traced to the southward
of Thorieo for some miles, immense quantities of sco-
riaa occurring there. These were probably placed near
the seacoast for the convenience of fuel, which it soon
became necessary to import. (Walpole's Memoirs,
vol. 1, p 430. -- GcWs Itinerary, p. 79. --Dodwell's
Tour, vol. 1, p. 358. )--The mines at Laurium were
worked either by shafts (Qpeara, putei) or adits {inzov-
ouot, cunei); and by neither of these two modes of
working did they, in the time of Xenophon, arrive at the
termination of the ore (Xen. , de Vectig. , 24, 6).
For
the chambering of the mines timber was probably im-
ported by sea (Demosth. in Mid. , p. 568,17), which, ac-
cording to Pliny (33, 21), was the case also in Spain.
Hobhouse mentions (I. e. ) that one or two shafts have
been discovered in a small shrubby plain not far from
the sea, on the eastern coast; and he states also that
a specimen of ore, lately found, was shown to him at
Athens. If the hole which Chandler (Travels, c. 30)
saw upon Mount Hymettua was really, as he conjec-
tures, a shaft, it follows that some, at least, had a con-
siderable width, for the circular opening was of more
than forty feet in diameter; at the bottom of the hole
two narrow passages led into the hill in opposite di-
rections It was also the practice, according to Vi-
truvius. to make large hollows in the silver mines (7,
7). The pillars which were left standing for the sup-
port of the overlying mountain were called ip/iot, and
more commonly ficaoxptveic (Plut. , Vit. X. , Orat. --
Op. , vol. 6, p. 256, ed. Hull. --Pollux, 3, 87. --Id. ,
7, 98), as they, at the same time, served for the di-
visions between the different . compartments, or, as
they were called, workshops. As these pillars con-
tained ore, the proprietors were tempted by their ava-
rice to remove them, although by law they were strictly
prohibited from doing so; in the time of the orator
Lycurgus, the wealthy Diphilus was condemned to
death for this offence. {Vit. X. , Oral. , I. c. ) The
opening of new mines was called naivorouia, and on
account of the great risk and expense, no one would
willingly undertake it. If the speculator was suc-
cessful, he was amply remunerated for his undertaking;
if unsuccessful, he lost all his trouble and expense;
on which account Xenophon proposed to form compa-
nies for this purpose. The ancients speak in general
terms of the unwholesome evaporations from silver-
mines (Casaub , ad Strab. , 101), and the noxious at-
mosphere of those in Attica. is particularly mentioned
{Xen. , Mem. , 3, 6, IS. --Plut. , Comp. jVie. el Crass,
hut. ), although the Greeks as well as the Romans
were acquainted Wjfth the use of shafts for ventilation,
which the former called yfwxayuyia. (Lex. Seg. , p.
317. ) In what manner the water was withdrawn from
the mines we are not informed; it is, however, prob-
? ? able that the Greeks made ose of the same artificial
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? LEA
LIC
no modem Lina, fivo leagues from Valcntia. It
was this city of which Sertorius made hirhseif master
in the face of Pompey's army; and in its vicinity, at
<< subsequent period, Cncius Pompeius, son of Pom-
pey the Great, was slain after the battle of Munda.
(Ptut. , Vit. Sert. --Oros. , 6,23. --Florut, 4,2. --Co*. ,
Bell. Hisp, c. 37. )
Laus, I a river of Lucania, now Lao, running into
the Sinus Lads, or Gulf of Policastro, at the aouthern
extremity of the province. At its mouth stood the
city of Laiis. --II. A city at the southern extremity
of Lucania, at the mouth of the river Laiis, and on the
gulf of the same name. It was a colony of Sybarites
{Herod. , 6, 20. --Slrab. , 253), but beyond this fact
we are very little acquainted with its history. Strabo
reports, that the allied Greeks met with a signal de-
feat in the neighbourhood of this place from the Lu-
canians. These were probably the Posidoniatte, and
the other colonists on this coast, and we may conjec-
ture that this disaster led to the downfall of their sev-
eral towns. In Pliny's time Laiis no longer existed.
(Plin. , 3, 5. --Ptol. , p. 67. ) Cluverius identified its
site with the present Laino (Ital. Ant. , 2, p. 1262);
but later topographers have justly observed, that this
town is fourteen miles from the sea, whereas the Ta-
ble Itinerary evidently marks the position of Laiis near
the coast. It is more probable, therefore, that Scalea
represents this ancient city. (Romanclli, vol. 1, p.
383. )
Laus Pompeia, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, next in
Importance to Mediolanum, and situate to the south-
east of that place, near the river Lambrus. It was
founded, as Pliny reports, by the Boii (3, 17), and
afterward probably colonized by Pompeius Strabo,
father of the great Pompey. In a letter of Cicero to
his brother, it is simply called Laus (2, 15). Its po-
sition answers to that of Loili Vecchio, which, having
been destroyed by the Milanese, the Emperor Barba-
rossa caused the new town of Lodi to be built at the
distance of three miles from the ancient site. (Cra-
mer'* Anc. holy, vol. 1, p. 53. )
Lautumia or LatomLu, a name properly denoting
a quarry, and derived from the Greek /. aw;, " a stone,"
and Tfpvu, "to cat" or " quarry. " This appellation
was particularly applied to certain quarries near Syra-
cuse, one of which still bears the name of " The Ear
of Dionysius," because it is said to have been used
by that tyrant for a prison, and to have been so con-
structed that all the sounds uttered in it converged
to and united in one particular point, termed, in con-
sequence, the tympanum. This point communicated
with an apartment, where Dionysius placed himself,
and thus overheard all that was said by his unsuspect-
ing captives. Such is the popular opinion respecting
this place, an opinion which has no other support save
the narratives of travellers and the accounts of some
modern historians, who have been equally misled by
vulgar tradition. There is no doubt, however, but
that these quarries actually served as places of impris-
onment, and Cicero reproaches Verrcs with having
employed them for this purpose in the case of Komar.
;itizcns. (Cic. in Verr. , 6, 27. ) . Elian informs us,
that some of the workmen in the quarries near Syra-
cuse remained so long there as to marry and rear fam-
ilies in them, and that some of their children, having
never before seen a city, were terrified on their com-
ing to Syracuse, and beholding for the first time horses
? ? and oxen. (. E/ian, V. H. , 12, 44. )
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? LEO
Let
"Lechseum i<< thirty-five minutes distant from Corinth,
and consists of about six houses, magazines, and a
custom-house. East of it, the remains of the port are
yet visible at a place where the sea runs up a channel
? n'. o the f elds. Near it are the remains of a modern
Venetian fort. " (Itin. of the Morca, p. 205. )
LectcnIa. Ancient traditions, as well as physical
observations, point out the former existence of the land
of Lectonia, which would seem to have occupied a
part of the apace now filled by the Grecian Sea. An
earthquake probably broke down its foundations, and
the whole was finally submerged under the waves.
Perhaps this event happened when the sea, which was
formerly extended over the Scythian plains, forced its
way through the Bosporus, and precipitated itself into
the basin of the Mediterranean. (Compare remarks
under the articles Cyanea and Mcditerrancum Mare. )
The numerous islands of the Archipelago appear to be
the remains of Lectonia, and this tract of land proba-
cy facilitated the passage of the first colonists out of
Asia into our part of the world. It was the opinion of
Pallas that the Euxine and Caspian Seas, as well as
the Lake Aral and several others, are the remains of
an extensive sea, which covered a great part of the
north of Asia. This conjecture of Pallas, which was
drawn from his observations in Siberia, has been con-
firmed by Klaproth's survey of the country northward
of Mount Caucasus. Lastly, M. de Choiseul Goufficr
adds, that a great part of Moldavia, Wallachia, and
Besarabia bears evident traces of having been form-
ed by the sea. It has often been conjectured that the
opening of the Bosporus was the occasion of the drain-
ing of this ocean in the midst of Europe and Asia.
The memory of this disruption of the two continents
was preserved in the traditions of Greece. Strabo
(49), Pliny (2, 90), and Diodorus Siculus (5, 47), have
collected the ancient memorials which existed of so
striking a catastrophe. The truth of the story, how-
ever, has been placed on more secure grounds by
physical observations on the districts in the vicinity of
the Bosporus. (Consult Dr. Clarke's Travels, and
particularly a Memoirc by M. de Choiseul Goufficr in
the Mems. de VInstitut. Royal de France, 1815, in
Much the author has collected much curious informa-
tion on this subject. ) It appears that the catastrophe
was produced by the operation of volcanoes, the fires
of which were still burning in the era of the Argonau-
tic voyage, and enter into the poetical descriptions of
Apollonius and Valerius Flaccus. According to the
false Orpheus, Neptune, being angry with Jupiter,
struck the land of Lectonia with his golden trident,
and submerged it in the sea, forming islands of many
of its scattered fragments. There seems to be some
resemblance between the name Lectonia and Lycao-
nia, but then we must refer the latter term, not to a
portion of Asia Minor, but to the northern regions of
the globe. Thus we have in Ovid {Fast. , 3, 793) the
expression "Lyeaonia Arctos," in the same poet
(Trist. , 32, 2) " Lyeaonia sub axe," and in Claudian
(Com. Mall. Theod. , 299) "Lyeaonia astra. " By
the northern regions of the globe, however, Italy and
Greece can easily be meant, since they were both re-
ferred by the ancients to the countries of the North.
(Miller's Unher. History, vol. 1, p. 32, in notis. --
Ukert, Geograpkie dcr Grieehen und Romcr, vol. 1,
p. 346. --Hermann in Orph. , Arg. , 1274. )
Lecti'm, a promontory of Troas, below the island
? ? of Tenedos, now Cape Baba. It formed the northern
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? I, RM
I. EM
Pvlus. tht grandson ol this Lelcx, ia said to have led
a colony cl Mcgariau Leleges into Measenia, where
he founded tiic city of Pylua. (Pausan. , 4, 36, 1. )
The Lacedaemonian tradition*, on the contrary, repre-
sent the I. elcges aa the original inhabitants of Laco-
nia. (Pausan. , 3, 1, 1. )--It can scarcely be doubted,
from the numerous traditions on the subject, that the
Leleges were in some manner closely connected with
<ha Carians. (Vvl. Caria. ) The most probable sup-
position u, that the Lelegca were a people of Pelas-
gnn race, a portion of whom emigrated at a very ear-
ly period from the continent of Greece tc the islands
the iEgean Sea, where they became connected with
the Carians (who were a portion, probably, of the same
great family), and subsequently joined them in their
descent upon Asia Minor. (Thirlwall's History of
Greece, vol. 1, p. 44. --Philological Museum, No. 1,
>>. v. Ancasus. --Encycl. Us. Knowl. , vol.