Most of our social problems would be solved if we could some- how get rid of the immoral, crook~d, and
feebleminded
people.
Adorno-T-Authoritarian-Personality-Harper-Bros-1950
51
3. 17 1. 46 2. 'i0 2. 60 2. 08 2. 82 1. 43 2. 42 2. 83 0. 73 1. 68 3. 28 2. 15
2. 48 2. 31 2. 46 1. 60 3. 48 2. 52 2. 15 1. 43 2. 74 2. 12 2. 12 1. 45 3. 18 2. 13 3. 87 1. 83 4. 24 1. 55 2. 29 2. 20
3. 42 2. 15
Rank D. P . F (14) (11)
(29. 5) (23) (24) (26) (4) (3) (20. 5) (12) (10)
(2) (29. 5) (7) (8) (20. 5) (6)
D. P. ~
1. 52 1. 46 1. 18 1. 56 1. 32 1. 70 1. 38 2. 83 1. 18 2. 34 1. 83
2. 28 1. 17 2. 29 2. 28 1. 33 1. 95
Rank D. P . E
(17)
(19) (25. 5) (13. 5) (23) (10) (21) (1) (25. 5) (4) (9)
(6. 5) (27) (5) (6. 5) (22) (8) (30) (20) (3) (34) (28) (2) (11) (13. 5) (33) (13. 5) (29)
Final Rankd (O. P. p+-D. P. E)
(13) (12) (27) (22) (25) (21) (10) (1) (23) (7) (9)
(3) (28) (5) (6) (20) (8) (30) (15) (4) (34) (26) (2) (16) (14) (33) (11) (29) (18) (31) (19) (24) (32) (17)
Mean D,P . F 4. 86 2. 39
4. 44
4. 46 3. 60 3. 71 3. 15
4. 30 2. 87 3. 30 3. 55 1. 84 4. 49 3. 43 1. 44 4. 00 3. 16
(32. 5) o. 91 (13) 1. 43 (5) 2. 52 (34) o. 38 (25) 1. 03 (1) 2. 56
Brhe four groups on which these data are based are:
Group I: University of Oregon Student Women (N =47)
Group II: University of Oregon and University of California Student Women (N=54) Group III: University of Oregon and University of Californi~ Student Men (N =57) Group IV: Oregon Service Club Men (N =68)
In obtaining the over-all means, the individual group means were not weighted according to N.
bo. P. K is based on the difference between the high quartile and the low quartile of t e F scale distribution,
Co. p. ~ is based on the difference between the high quartile and the low quartile oft e E scale distribution. e. g. , the D. P. , of 1. 52 on Item 1 indicates that the mean of the low quartile on E was 1. 52 poin s lower than the mean of the high quartile on E.
dFor each item the stDD of D. P,? raD. P. E is obtained. The final rank of an item is the rank of this? sum in the d atribution of sums for the whole scale.
? 254
THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY
goodness, had to be dropped in the early fall of 1945 because they had lost their war-period timeliness. More than this, experience had shown that when it came to working with highly diverse groups outside the University, a questionnaire shorter than Form 6o was highly desirable. The other scales having already been reduced to an absolute minimum, the F scale had now to bear some of the pruning. Yet, such pruning had to be extremely judicious if the scale was not to lose in comprehensiveness and if, as was hoped, its reliability and its correlation with E were to be raised. Thirty was the num- ber of items decided upon.
Revision consisted mainly in discarding seven items and adding three new ones. Two excellent items were discarded because, as mentioned above, they were no longer timely. Five items were taken out because they had relatively very low D. P. 's and because other items seemed to fulfill the same functions better: 44 (Bosses outline, R. 0. 33), 50 (Mistake to trust, R. 0. 3I), 30 (Feebleminded, R. 0. 30), 22 (Not everybody in government, R. 0. 28), and 5 (Red-blooded American, R. 0. 27). Several items which ranked low in terms of D. P. were thoroughly revised and kept in the new scale: 35 (Two classes, R. 0. 34), 57 (Plots, R. 0. 32), and 46 (Flood, R. 0. 29).
One of the three new items was the following: "The businessman and the manufacturer are much more important to society than the artist and the professor. " This is a slightly revised version of an item which appeared in the earlier forms of the PEC scale, where it had proved to be discriminatory both in terms of PEC and in terms of E. Since this item expresses rather well both conventionalism and anti-intraception, it appeared to be a promising addition to the F scale.
A second new item was, "It is best to use some prewar authorities in Ger- many to keep order and prevent chaos. " At the time this item was formulated -late summer 1945-General Patton had been accused of using German Nazis and extremely conservative bigwigs to help carry out certain phases of the occupation. His critics argued that this was a poor way to secure the cooperation of democratic elements in Germany; his defenders pointed to the necessity for promoting efficiency and preventing chaos. The issue was a lively one; and it appeared that an item bearing upon it might give the high scorer a chance to express his admiration for military authority, his means-centeredness, his preoccupation with order vs. chaos. (That the item did not work very well is probably due to inadequate wording: we had not dared to be sufficiently explicit about which prewar authorities were to be used, so that "prewar" could be taken to mean "pre-Nazi. '')
"Nobody ever learned anything really important except through suffer- ing," was the third of the new items. Here the temptation-constantly present during each revision of the F scale-to test a new hypothesis, or better, to obtain quantitative data bearing upon a phenomenon which in clinical study had appeared in relation to the general pattern of potential fascism, became
? MEASUREMENT OF ANTIDEMOCRA TIC TRENDS
TABLE 7 (VII)
F-ScALE CLUSTERS: FoRMS 45 AND 40
a. Conventionalism: Rigid adherence to conventional, middle-class /values.
/ I. Obedience and respect for authority are the most important virtues children should learn.
12. A person who has bad manners, habits, and breeding can hardly expect to get along with decent people.
37? If people would talk less and work more, everybody would be better off.
41. The business man and the manufacturer are much more important to society than the artist and the professor.
b. Authoritarian Submission: Submissive, uncritical attitude toward idealized moral authorities of the ingroup.
I. Obedience and respect for authority are the most important vir- tues children should learn. ?
4? Science has its place, but there are many important things that can never possibly be understood by the human mind.
~8.
21.
23.
42. 44?
Every person should have complete faith in some supernatural power whose decisions he obeys without question.
Young people sometimes get rebellious ideas, but as they grow up they ought to get over them and settle down.
What this country needs most, more than laws and political pro- grams, is a few courageous, tireless, devoted leaders in whom the people can put their faith.
No sane, normal, decent person could ever think of hurting a close friend or relative. ?
Nobody ever learned anything really important except through suffering.
c. Authoritarian Aggression: Tendency to be on the lookout for, and to condemn, reject, and punish people who violate conventional values.
12. A person who has bad manners, habits, and breeding can hardly expect to get along with decent people.
I3? What the youth needs most is strict discipline, rugged determina- tion, and the will to work and fight for family and country.
19. An insult to our honor should always be punished.
25. Sex crimes, such as rape and attacks on children, deserve more than mere imprisonment; such criminals ought to be publicly
whipped, or worse.
27. There is hardly anything lower than a person who does not feel
a great love, gratitude, and respect for his parents.
34?
Most of our social problems would be solved if we could some- how get rid of the immoral, crook~d, and feebleminded people. 37? If people would talk less and work more, everybody would be
better off.
39? Homosexuals are hardly better than criminals and ought to be
severely punished.
? 2 56 d.
THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY
Anti-intraception: Opposition to the subjective, the imaginative, the tender-minded.
9? When a person has a problem or worry, it is best for him not to think about it, but to keep busy with more cheerful things.
31? Nowadays more and more people are prying into matters that should remain personal and private.
e.
41. The businessman and the manufacturer are much more important to society than the artist and the professor.
Superstition and Stereotypy: The belief in mystical determinants of the individual's fate; the disposition to think in rigid categories.
4? Science has its place, but there are many important things that
can never possibly be understood by the human mind.
8. Every person should have complete faith in some supernatural
power whose decisions he obeys without question.
x6. Some people are born with an urge to jump from high places.
v{. If people would talk less and work more, everybody would be \. /"- better off.
, . ;26.
People can be divided into two distinct classes: the weak and the
V
f.
strong.
29. Some day it will probably be shown that astrology can explain
a lot of things.
33? Wars and social troubles may someday be ended by an earth-
quake or flood that will destroy the whole world.
Power and "Toughness": Preoccupation with the dominance-submis- sion, strong-weak, leader-follower dimension; identification with power figures; overemphasis upon the conventionalized attributes of the ego; exaggerated assertion of strength and toughness.
2. No weakness or difficulty can hold us back if we have enough will power.
13? What the youth needs most is strict discipline, rugged deter- mination, and the will to work and fight for family and country.
V/~38.
19. 22.
2 3?
26.
An insult to our honor should always be punished.
It is best to use some prewar authorities in Germany to keep order and prevent chaos.
What this country needs most, more than laws and political pro- grams, is a few courageous, tireless, devoted leaders in whom the people can put their faith.
People can be divided into two distinct classes: the weak and the strong.
Most people don't realize how much our lives are controlled by plots hatched in secret places.
g. Destructiveness and Cynicism: Generalized hostility, vilification of the human.
6. Human nature being what it is, there will always be war and conflict.
43? Familiarity breeds contempt.
? MEASUREMENT OF ANTIDEMOCRA TIC TRENDS 2 57
h. Projectivity: The disposition to believe that wild and dangerous things go on in the world; the projection outwards of unconscious emo- tional impulses.
18.
31.
Nowadays when so many different kinds of people move around and mix together so much, a person has to protect himself es- pecially carefully against catching an infection or disease from them.
Nowadays more and more people are prying into matters that
should remain personal and private.
33? Wars and social troubles may someday be ended by an earth-
quake or flood that will destroy the whole world.
35? The wild sex life of the old Greeks and Romans was tame com- pared to some of the goings-on in this country, even in places
where people might least expect it. ?
38. Most people don't realize how much our lives are controlled by
plots hatched in secret places.
than mere imprisonment; such criminals ought to be publicly
whipped, or worse.
35? The wild sex life of the old Greeks and Romans was tame com-
pared to some of the goings-on in this country, even in places
where people might least expect it.
39? Homosexuals are hardly better than criminals and ought to be
severely punished.
too strong. The item was taken from an editorial in a prominent picture magazine, where it had appeared in a context of political reaction. It seemed well adapted to bring out the sado-masochistic theme believed to be prom- inent in the personality of the high scorer: he believes that he has suffered and, therefore, knows the important things and that those who have not suc- ceeded in raising their status, i. e. , the underprivileged, should suffer more if they hope to improve their lot. The item did not work very well, its rank in order of goodness for men being 29. (Its D. P . , 1. 70, is still significant at the 5 per cent level, however. ) It seems that this was partly because many subjects thought it unreasonable (the mean was 2. 54), and partly because, where it was agreed with, it probably appealed to different subjects for dif- ferent reasons: if it tapped the deep-lying sado-masochistic structures in some high scorers, it also appealed to the surface masochism, and perhaps to the intraceptiveness, of some low scorers.
The final F items, grouped according to the variables to which they per- tain, are presented in Table 7 (VII).
Reliability of the scale, mean score per item, S. D. , and range for each of the fourteen groups (total N = 1518) taking Form 40 and/or 45 are given in Table 8 (VII). The average of the reliability coefficients is . 90, their range . 81 to ? 97? Not only is there a slight improvement in reliability over Form 6o
Exaggerated concern with sexual "goings-on. "
i. Sex:
,/t). Sex crimes, such as rape and attacks on children, deserve more
(av. r = . 87) and a very marked improvement over the original Form 78
? Fora 40:
Mean
3. 51 4. 08 3. 69 3. 62 4. 19 3. 86 3. 68 3. 49
3. 76
3. 62 4. 73 3. 69 3. 82
3. 96
California Service Club Men Middle-Class Men Middle-Class Women Working-Class Men Working-Class Women
Los Angeles Men Los Angeles Women
63 ? 94
69 . 92 154 . 93 61 ? 88 53 ? 97 117 . 92 130 . 91
THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY TABLE 8 (VII)
RELIABILITY OF THE F
SCALE (FORMS 40 AND 45)
Group N Reliability
S. D.
? 90 1. 03 1. 22 1. 26 1. 18 1. 67 1. 17 1. 13
1. 20
? 99
. 86 1. 30 1. 01
1. 04
3. 74
4. 06 ? 77
3. 90 ? 90
3. 84 1. 10
Range
1. 2- 5. 4 1. 8- 7. 0 1. 3- 6. 7 1. 1- 6. 7 1. 8 - 6. 9 1. 3- 6. 6 1. 1- 6. 0 1. 2-5. 8
1. 3-6. 4.
1. 3-5. 9 2. 0- 6. 8 1. 0-6. 3 1. 7-5. 9
1. 5-6. 2
1. 2-5. 8 1. 6 - 6. 1
1. 4-5. 9
1. 4- 6. 3
George Washington Univ. Women 132 . 84
Meana 779 ? 91
Fora 45:
Testing Class Women
San Quentin Men Prisoners Psychiatric Clinic Womenb Psychiatric Clinic Menb
59 . 89 110 ? 87 71 . 94 50 . 89
Mean 290 ? 90
Fora 40 and Fora 45:
Employment Service Men Veterans
Maritime School Men
Over-all mean
106 . 89 343 ? 81
449 . 85
1518 . 90
1. 04
aln obtaining the combined group means, the individual group means were not weighted by N.
boue to a substitution of fOrms, the F scale for the Psychiatric Clinic subjects contained only 28 items.
(av. r = . 74), but the scale has now been developed to a point where it meets rigorous statistical requirements. A reliability of . 90 may be interpreted to mean that the scale can place individuals along a dimension-in this case a broad and complex dimension-with a small margin of error. In other words, the score attained by an individual can be relied upon in the sense that chance errors of measurement have been minimized, so that in a repetition of the scale, at a time when political-socioeconomic conditions were generally the
?
3. 17 1. 46 2. 'i0 2. 60 2. 08 2. 82 1. 43 2. 42 2. 83 0. 73 1. 68 3. 28 2. 15
2. 48 2. 31 2. 46 1. 60 3. 48 2. 52 2. 15 1. 43 2. 74 2. 12 2. 12 1. 45 3. 18 2. 13 3. 87 1. 83 4. 24 1. 55 2. 29 2. 20
3. 42 2. 15
Rank D. P . F (14) (11)
(29. 5) (23) (24) (26) (4) (3) (20. 5) (12) (10)
(2) (29. 5) (7) (8) (20. 5) (6)
D. P. ~
1. 52 1. 46 1. 18 1. 56 1. 32 1. 70 1. 38 2. 83 1. 18 2. 34 1. 83
2. 28 1. 17 2. 29 2. 28 1. 33 1. 95
Rank D. P . E
(17)
(19) (25. 5) (13. 5) (23) (10) (21) (1) (25. 5) (4) (9)
(6. 5) (27) (5) (6. 5) (22) (8) (30) (20) (3) (34) (28) (2) (11) (13. 5) (33) (13. 5) (29)
Final Rankd (O. P. p+-D. P. E)
(13) (12) (27) (22) (25) (21) (10) (1) (23) (7) (9)
(3) (28) (5) (6) (20) (8) (30) (15) (4) (34) (26) (2) (16) (14) (33) (11) (29) (18) (31) (19) (24) (32) (17)
Mean D,P . F 4. 86 2. 39
4. 44
4. 46 3. 60 3. 71 3. 15
4. 30 2. 87 3. 30 3. 55 1. 84 4. 49 3. 43 1. 44 4. 00 3. 16
(32. 5) o. 91 (13) 1. 43 (5) 2. 52 (34) o. 38 (25) 1. 03 (1) 2. 56
Brhe four groups on which these data are based are:
Group I: University of Oregon Student Women (N =47)
Group II: University of Oregon and University of California Student Women (N=54) Group III: University of Oregon and University of Californi~ Student Men (N =57) Group IV: Oregon Service Club Men (N =68)
In obtaining the over-all means, the individual group means were not weighted according to N.
bo. P. K is based on the difference between the high quartile and the low quartile of t e F scale distribution,
Co. p. ~ is based on the difference between the high quartile and the low quartile oft e E scale distribution. e. g. , the D. P. , of 1. 52 on Item 1 indicates that the mean of the low quartile on E was 1. 52 poin s lower than the mean of the high quartile on E.
dFor each item the stDD of D. P,? raD. P. E is obtained. The final rank of an item is the rank of this? sum in the d atribution of sums for the whole scale.
? 254
THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY
goodness, had to be dropped in the early fall of 1945 because they had lost their war-period timeliness. More than this, experience had shown that when it came to working with highly diverse groups outside the University, a questionnaire shorter than Form 6o was highly desirable. The other scales having already been reduced to an absolute minimum, the F scale had now to bear some of the pruning. Yet, such pruning had to be extremely judicious if the scale was not to lose in comprehensiveness and if, as was hoped, its reliability and its correlation with E were to be raised. Thirty was the num- ber of items decided upon.
Revision consisted mainly in discarding seven items and adding three new ones. Two excellent items were discarded because, as mentioned above, they were no longer timely. Five items were taken out because they had relatively very low D. P. 's and because other items seemed to fulfill the same functions better: 44 (Bosses outline, R. 0. 33), 50 (Mistake to trust, R. 0. 3I), 30 (Feebleminded, R. 0. 30), 22 (Not everybody in government, R. 0. 28), and 5 (Red-blooded American, R. 0. 27). Several items which ranked low in terms of D. P. were thoroughly revised and kept in the new scale: 35 (Two classes, R. 0. 34), 57 (Plots, R. 0. 32), and 46 (Flood, R. 0. 29).
One of the three new items was the following: "The businessman and the manufacturer are much more important to society than the artist and the professor. " This is a slightly revised version of an item which appeared in the earlier forms of the PEC scale, where it had proved to be discriminatory both in terms of PEC and in terms of E. Since this item expresses rather well both conventionalism and anti-intraception, it appeared to be a promising addition to the F scale.
A second new item was, "It is best to use some prewar authorities in Ger- many to keep order and prevent chaos. " At the time this item was formulated -late summer 1945-General Patton had been accused of using German Nazis and extremely conservative bigwigs to help carry out certain phases of the occupation. His critics argued that this was a poor way to secure the cooperation of democratic elements in Germany; his defenders pointed to the necessity for promoting efficiency and preventing chaos. The issue was a lively one; and it appeared that an item bearing upon it might give the high scorer a chance to express his admiration for military authority, his means-centeredness, his preoccupation with order vs. chaos. (That the item did not work very well is probably due to inadequate wording: we had not dared to be sufficiently explicit about which prewar authorities were to be used, so that "prewar" could be taken to mean "pre-Nazi. '')
"Nobody ever learned anything really important except through suffer- ing," was the third of the new items. Here the temptation-constantly present during each revision of the F scale-to test a new hypothesis, or better, to obtain quantitative data bearing upon a phenomenon which in clinical study had appeared in relation to the general pattern of potential fascism, became
? MEASUREMENT OF ANTIDEMOCRA TIC TRENDS
TABLE 7 (VII)
F-ScALE CLUSTERS: FoRMS 45 AND 40
a. Conventionalism: Rigid adherence to conventional, middle-class /values.
/ I. Obedience and respect for authority are the most important virtues children should learn.
12. A person who has bad manners, habits, and breeding can hardly expect to get along with decent people.
37? If people would talk less and work more, everybody would be better off.
41. The business man and the manufacturer are much more important to society than the artist and the professor.
b. Authoritarian Submission: Submissive, uncritical attitude toward idealized moral authorities of the ingroup.
I. Obedience and respect for authority are the most important vir- tues children should learn. ?
4? Science has its place, but there are many important things that can never possibly be understood by the human mind.
~8.
21.
23.
42. 44?
Every person should have complete faith in some supernatural power whose decisions he obeys without question.
Young people sometimes get rebellious ideas, but as they grow up they ought to get over them and settle down.
What this country needs most, more than laws and political pro- grams, is a few courageous, tireless, devoted leaders in whom the people can put their faith.
No sane, normal, decent person could ever think of hurting a close friend or relative. ?
Nobody ever learned anything really important except through suffering.
c. Authoritarian Aggression: Tendency to be on the lookout for, and to condemn, reject, and punish people who violate conventional values.
12. A person who has bad manners, habits, and breeding can hardly expect to get along with decent people.
I3? What the youth needs most is strict discipline, rugged determina- tion, and the will to work and fight for family and country.
19. An insult to our honor should always be punished.
25. Sex crimes, such as rape and attacks on children, deserve more than mere imprisonment; such criminals ought to be publicly
whipped, or worse.
27. There is hardly anything lower than a person who does not feel
a great love, gratitude, and respect for his parents.
34?
Most of our social problems would be solved if we could some- how get rid of the immoral, crook~d, and feebleminded people. 37? If people would talk less and work more, everybody would be
better off.
39? Homosexuals are hardly better than criminals and ought to be
severely punished.
? 2 56 d.
THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY
Anti-intraception: Opposition to the subjective, the imaginative, the tender-minded.
9? When a person has a problem or worry, it is best for him not to think about it, but to keep busy with more cheerful things.
31? Nowadays more and more people are prying into matters that should remain personal and private.
e.
41. The businessman and the manufacturer are much more important to society than the artist and the professor.
Superstition and Stereotypy: The belief in mystical determinants of the individual's fate; the disposition to think in rigid categories.
4? Science has its place, but there are many important things that
can never possibly be understood by the human mind.
8. Every person should have complete faith in some supernatural
power whose decisions he obeys without question.
x6. Some people are born with an urge to jump from high places.
v{. If people would talk less and work more, everybody would be \. /"- better off.
, . ;26.
People can be divided into two distinct classes: the weak and the
V
f.
strong.
29. Some day it will probably be shown that astrology can explain
a lot of things.
33? Wars and social troubles may someday be ended by an earth-
quake or flood that will destroy the whole world.
Power and "Toughness": Preoccupation with the dominance-submis- sion, strong-weak, leader-follower dimension; identification with power figures; overemphasis upon the conventionalized attributes of the ego; exaggerated assertion of strength and toughness.
2. No weakness or difficulty can hold us back if we have enough will power.
13? What the youth needs most is strict discipline, rugged deter- mination, and the will to work and fight for family and country.
V/~38.
19. 22.
2 3?
26.
An insult to our honor should always be punished.
It is best to use some prewar authorities in Germany to keep order and prevent chaos.
What this country needs most, more than laws and political pro- grams, is a few courageous, tireless, devoted leaders in whom the people can put their faith.
People can be divided into two distinct classes: the weak and the strong.
Most people don't realize how much our lives are controlled by plots hatched in secret places.
g. Destructiveness and Cynicism: Generalized hostility, vilification of the human.
6. Human nature being what it is, there will always be war and conflict.
43? Familiarity breeds contempt.
? MEASUREMENT OF ANTIDEMOCRA TIC TRENDS 2 57
h. Projectivity: The disposition to believe that wild and dangerous things go on in the world; the projection outwards of unconscious emo- tional impulses.
18.
31.
Nowadays when so many different kinds of people move around and mix together so much, a person has to protect himself es- pecially carefully against catching an infection or disease from them.
Nowadays more and more people are prying into matters that
should remain personal and private.
33? Wars and social troubles may someday be ended by an earth-
quake or flood that will destroy the whole world.
35? The wild sex life of the old Greeks and Romans was tame com- pared to some of the goings-on in this country, even in places
where people might least expect it. ?
38. Most people don't realize how much our lives are controlled by
plots hatched in secret places.
than mere imprisonment; such criminals ought to be publicly
whipped, or worse.
35? The wild sex life of the old Greeks and Romans was tame com-
pared to some of the goings-on in this country, even in places
where people might least expect it.
39? Homosexuals are hardly better than criminals and ought to be
severely punished.
too strong. The item was taken from an editorial in a prominent picture magazine, where it had appeared in a context of political reaction. It seemed well adapted to bring out the sado-masochistic theme believed to be prom- inent in the personality of the high scorer: he believes that he has suffered and, therefore, knows the important things and that those who have not suc- ceeded in raising their status, i. e. , the underprivileged, should suffer more if they hope to improve their lot. The item did not work very well, its rank in order of goodness for men being 29. (Its D. P . , 1. 70, is still significant at the 5 per cent level, however. ) It seems that this was partly because many subjects thought it unreasonable (the mean was 2. 54), and partly because, where it was agreed with, it probably appealed to different subjects for dif- ferent reasons: if it tapped the deep-lying sado-masochistic structures in some high scorers, it also appealed to the surface masochism, and perhaps to the intraceptiveness, of some low scorers.
The final F items, grouped according to the variables to which they per- tain, are presented in Table 7 (VII).
Reliability of the scale, mean score per item, S. D. , and range for each of the fourteen groups (total N = 1518) taking Form 40 and/or 45 are given in Table 8 (VII). The average of the reliability coefficients is . 90, their range . 81 to ? 97? Not only is there a slight improvement in reliability over Form 6o
Exaggerated concern with sexual "goings-on. "
i. Sex:
,/t). Sex crimes, such as rape and attacks on children, deserve more
(av. r = . 87) and a very marked improvement over the original Form 78
? Fora 40:
Mean
3. 51 4. 08 3. 69 3. 62 4. 19 3. 86 3. 68 3. 49
3. 76
3. 62 4. 73 3. 69 3. 82
3. 96
California Service Club Men Middle-Class Men Middle-Class Women Working-Class Men Working-Class Women
Los Angeles Men Los Angeles Women
63 ? 94
69 . 92 154 . 93 61 ? 88 53 ? 97 117 . 92 130 . 91
THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY TABLE 8 (VII)
RELIABILITY OF THE F
SCALE (FORMS 40 AND 45)
Group N Reliability
S. D.
? 90 1. 03 1. 22 1. 26 1. 18 1. 67 1. 17 1. 13
1. 20
? 99
. 86 1. 30 1. 01
1. 04
3. 74
4. 06 ? 77
3. 90 ? 90
3. 84 1. 10
Range
1. 2- 5. 4 1. 8- 7. 0 1. 3- 6. 7 1. 1- 6. 7 1. 8 - 6. 9 1. 3- 6. 6 1. 1- 6. 0 1. 2-5. 8
1. 3-6. 4.
1. 3-5. 9 2. 0- 6. 8 1. 0-6. 3 1. 7-5. 9
1. 5-6. 2
1. 2-5. 8 1. 6 - 6. 1
1. 4-5. 9
1. 4- 6. 3
George Washington Univ. Women 132 . 84
Meana 779 ? 91
Fora 45:
Testing Class Women
San Quentin Men Prisoners Psychiatric Clinic Womenb Psychiatric Clinic Menb
59 . 89 110 ? 87 71 . 94 50 . 89
Mean 290 ? 90
Fora 40 and Fora 45:
Employment Service Men Veterans
Maritime School Men
Over-all mean
106 . 89 343 ? 81
449 . 85
1518 . 90
1. 04
aln obtaining the combined group means, the individual group means were not weighted by N.
boue to a substitution of fOrms, the F scale for the Psychiatric Clinic subjects contained only 28 items.
(av. r = . 74), but the scale has now been developed to a point where it meets rigorous statistical requirements. A reliability of . 90 may be interpreted to mean that the scale can place individuals along a dimension-in this case a broad and complex dimension-with a small margin of error. In other words, the score attained by an individual can be relied upon in the sense that chance errors of measurement have been minimized, so that in a repetition of the scale, at a time when political-socioeconomic conditions were generally the
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